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Dora J, Kuczynski AM, Schultz ME, Acuff SF, Murphy JG, King KM. An experimental investigation into the effect of negative affect on the behavioral economic demand for alcohol. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:1-7. [PMID: 35201808 PMCID: PMC10759813 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influential theoretical models hypothesize that alcohol use is an especially potent reinforcer when used as a strategy to cope with negative affect. Although the evidence for this idea in observational data is weak, some experimental evidence suggests that the behavioral economic demand for alcohol increases immediately following a negative emotional event. Because existing studies testing the effect of negative mood inductions on the demand for alcohol have several methodological limitations and do not take inter- and intraindividual variability into account, we developed an improved experimental design to increase our confidence in any potential within-person effect of negative mood inductions on alcohol demand as well as to test whether this effect exhibits systematic inter- and intraindividual variability. We hypothesize that people will show a higher demand for alcohol following negative compared to neutral mood inductions and that this effect is stronger in heavy compared to light drinkers as well as stronger on days characterized by higher coping motives and negative urgency. Three hundred twenty college students will complete the alcohol purchase task (APT) after being subjected to 100 mood inductions (six negative, six neutral) on 20 separate days. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Spillane JA, Soyster P. Modeling Idiographic Longitudinal Relationships between Affect and Cigarette Use: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1883-1894. [PMID: 37735802 PMCID: PMC10872632 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2257312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Despite public knowledge of the adverse health effects of tobacco use, cigarettes remain widely used due to the addictive nature of nicotine. Physiologic adaptation to the presence of nicotine over time leads to unpleasant effects during withdrawal periods. Alongside these physiological effects, tobacco users often report changes in their consumption of tobacco in response to their emotional state. Objectives: We hypothesized that idiographic, or person-specific level, increases in participants' negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) ratings at a given time point would be associated with higher and lower craving and smoking over the following several hours, respectively. Fifty-two participants completed block randomized ecological momentary assessment surveys on their smartphones 4 times per day for 30 days, reporting from 0-100 their level of seven discrete emotions, stress, current craving, and smoking behavior. We analyzed the relationships between affect and smoking and craving using idiographic generalized linear models. Results: While some participants exhibited the hypothesized relationships, each participant varied in the strength and direction of the relationships between affect and craving/smoking. These outcomes were partially moderated at the group level by anxiety/depression at baseline, but not by level of nicotine dependence or sex. Conclusions: This suggests that the factors driving cigarette use vary significantly between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Soyster
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Chiang SC, Knapp KS, Bai S, Cleveland HH, Harris KS. Examining Within- and Between-Person Facets of Negative Affect and Associations with Daily Craving Among Young Adults in Substance Use Disorder Recovery. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2022; 31:52-59. [PMID: 37009164 PMCID: PMC10061576 DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2022.2102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of negative affect in precipitating drug craving and relapse among young adults in recovery from substance use disorder (SUD) is well documented. However, most studies focus on negative affect as a trait-level congregate of multiple negative emotion states. The present study examined the associations between specific facets of negative affect, college stressors, and craving among young adult college students in SUD recovery. Data were drawn from a three-week daily diary study of 50 students participating in a collegiate recovery community at a U.S. university (M age = 21.42, 76% males). At the within-person level, craving was higher on days when young adults experienced higher than usual anger, fear, and sadness, but not guilt. At the between-person level, individuals higher in agitation reported greater levels of craving on average. Moderation analyses further showed that college stressors heightened the within-person association between anger and craving. Findings demonstrate that negative affect is not monolithic and that its different aspects are uniquely associated with craving at both between- and within-person levels. Findings from this study could guide collegiate SUD recovery programs that wish to provide greater support to their members by helping them identify both individual- and time-specific relapse risks, such as generally high levels of agitation or days when anger, fear, or sadness are higher than usual for a particular individual. Our findings also suggest that future research should consider distinct features and implications of affective structures at between- and within-person levels, and how these may be uniquely associated with craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chun Chiang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Kyler S. Knapp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Sunhye Bai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
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Selva Kumar D, Nahvi S, Rivera-Mindt M, Arnsten J, Minami H. The Impact of Coping With Stressful Events on Negative Affect and Cravings Among Smokers With Mood Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:881-889. [PMID: 34918163 PMCID: PMC9048876 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokers with mental illness report elevated levels of stress and negative affect. Craving is often cited as a key precipitant of smoking. Coping with stress has been associated with reduced cravings among smokers attempting to quit. However, the effect of coping with stress on negative affect and craving among smokers with mental illness is not well understood. This study investigated whether coping with stress predicts lower subsequent craving, mediated by reduced negative affect, among socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers with mood disorders. AIMS AND METHODS This study used ecologically momentary assessment (EMA) data from a randomized controlled trial involving smokers with mood disorders. The final sample included 39 participants. RESULTS Traditional mediation path analyses showed that coping with stress predicts lower craving (p = .02) through its impact on negative affect (p < .001) for the contemporaneous model (ie, when craving was measured at the same report as coping). However, coping with stress did not have a prospective effect on craving (ie, when craving was measured at the next report, up to 12 hours later) (p = .11). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that coping with stress reduces craving through negative effect, but only for a limited timeframe. The findings could guide future research on the length of time that the effect of coping lasts and research on interventions to increase coping with stress among smokers with mental illness. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to use EMA to demonstrate that coping with stressful events effectively reduces craving through reducing negative affect among smokers with mood disorders. This finding suggests that individuals heavily burdened with stress and negative affect benefit from coping with stress. We utilized within-subject analyses of EMA data which allowed us to understand these effects within an individual near real time. Our sample is hard to reach and ethnoculturally diverse. Findings could guide intervention research on helping smokers with mental illness cope when experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shadi Nahvi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Monica Rivera-Mindt
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Latin American and Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julia Arnsten
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Haruka Minami
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, Bronx, NY, USA
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Cyr L, Bernard L, Pedinielli JL, Cutarella C, Bréjard V. Association Between Negative Affectivity and Craving in Substance-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Direct and Indirect Relationships. Psychol Rep 2022; 126:1143-1180. [PMID: 35105221 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sizeable literature highlighted that negative affectivity and craving are both known to be implicated in relapses. OBJECTIVES The present study synthetized the existing litterature to determine strength of the interaction between negative affectivity and craving for substance-related disorders including illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco. METHODS We conducted a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines followed by a meta-analysis. Online computer databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched systematically and thoroughly. Jamovi 1.8.1 Current version was used to conduct meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in the review, and 14 of these, including 2257 subjects, were used for meta-analysis. The raw correlation ranged from 0.17 to 0.58, which indicated weak to moderate association between negative affects and craving. In total, approximately 90% of the selection revealed a positive correlation between negative affects and craving. Alcohol and tobacco use disorders have received the most attention. Additionally, negative affectivity was often defined as a transient state rather than a stable personality trait. CONCLUSIONS In both of our meta-analyses and in the narratively reported studies, we found that negative affectivity is an important component related to craving, but individual differences in craving reactivity existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cyr
- LPCPP, 128791Aix Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France; Clinique Saint-Barnabé, 52806Ramsay Santé, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Bernard
- LPCPP, 128791Aix Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France; Clinique Saint-Barnabé, 52806Ramsay Santé, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Bréjard
- LPCPP, 128791Aix Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Gunter R, Szeto E, Suh S, Kim Y, Jeong SH, Waters A. Associations between affect, craving, and smoking in Korean smokers: An ecological momentary assessment study. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100301. [PMID: 33364310 PMCID: PMC7752717 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains the largest cause of preventable death in the United States and worldwide. In South Korea and other Asian countries, a large proportion of males smoke, increasing the need to examine cigarette smoking in these populations. Research suggests that the association between positive affect and negative affect, and between affect and craving, may differ across cultures, and that it is useful to examine these associations using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). South Korean smokers (N = 20, Mean Age = 21.15, 25% female) completed baseline questionnaires and downloaded an EMA app which prompted 4 random assessments (RAs) each day for 1-week. At each assessment, participants responded to items assessing momentary negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA), craving, and number of cigarettes smoked since the previous EMA assessment. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to analyze EMA data (544 assessments), separating out between- and within- subject associations. There was a significant positive association between positive affect and negative affect at the between-subjects level. Both positive affect and negative affect were significantly positively associated with craving at between-subjects and within-subject levels. Craving was associated with subsequent smoking behavior at the within-subjects level. Overall, results suggest that associations between positive affect and negative affect may be different in South Korean smokers than in Western smokers, and that there are robust associations between both negative and positive affect and craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Gunter
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E.H. Szeto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S. Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - S-H. Jeong
- School of Media & Communication, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A.J. Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Huang HL, Hong SH, Tsai YC. Approaches to text mining for analyzing treatment plan of quit smoking with free-text medical records: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20999. [PMID: 32702841 PMCID: PMC7373589 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a complex behavior associated with multiple factors such as personality, environment, genetics, and emotions. Text data are a rich source of information. However, pure text data requires substantial human resources and time to extract and apply the knowledge, resulting in many details not being discovered and used. This study proposes a novel approach that explores a text mining flow to capture the behavior of smokers quitting tobacco from their free-text medical records. More importantly, the paper examines the impact of these changes on smokers. The goal is to help smokers quit smoking. The study population included adult patients that were >20 years old of age who consulted the medical center's smoking cessation outpatient clinic from January to December 2016. A total of 246 patients visited the clinic in the study period. After excluding incomplete medical records or lost follow up, there were 141 patients included in the final analysis. There are 141 valid data points for patients who only treated once and patients with empty medical records. Two independent review authors will make the study selection based on the study eligibility criteria. Our participants are from all the patients that were involved in this study and the staff of Division of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital. Interventions and study appraisal are not required. METHODS The paper develops an algorithm for analyzing smoking cessation treatment plans documented in free-text medical records. The approach involves the development of an information extraction flow that uses a combination of data mining techniques, including text mining. It can use not only to help others quit smoking but also for other medical records with similar data elements. The Apriori associations of our algorithm from the text mining revealed several important clinical implications for physicians during smoking cessation. For example, an apparent association between nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and other medications such as Inderal, Rivotril, Dogmatyl, and Solaxin. Inderal and Rivotril use in patients with anxiety disorders as anxiolytics frequently. RESULTS Finally, we find that the rules associating with NRT combination with blood tests may imply that the use of NRT combination therapy in smokers with chronic illness may result in lower abstinence. Further large-scale surveys comparing varenicline or bupropion with NRT combination in smokers with a chronic disease are warranted. The Apriori algorithm suffers from some weaknesses despite being transparent and straightforward. The main limitation is the costly wasting of time to hold a vast number of candidates sets with frequent itemsets, low minimum support, or large itemsets. CONCLUSION In the paper, the most visible areas for the therapeutic application of text mining are the integration and transfer of advances made in basic sciences, as well as a better understanding of the processes involved in smoking cessation. Text mining may also be useful for supporting decision-making processes associated with smoking cessation. Systematic review registration number is not registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Liang Huang
- Division of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Zhongzheng Dist
| | - Shi-Hao Hong
- Computer Science and Technology, HeFei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province
| | - Yun-Cheng Tsai
- School of Big Data Management, Soochow University, Shihlin District, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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