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Lorimer S, McCormack T, Hoerl C, Johnston M, Beck SR, Feeney A. Do both anticipated relief and anticipated regret predict decisions about influenza vaccination? Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:134-148. [PMID: 37722923 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anticipated regret has been found to predict vaccination intentions and behaviours. We examined whether anticipated relief also predicts seasonal influenza vaccination intentions and behaviour. Given claims about differences in their antecedents and function, we distinguished between counterfactual relief (relief that a worse outcome did not obtain) and temporal relief (relief that an unpleasant experience is over). DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Unvaccinated participants (N = 295) were recruited online in November 2020. Participants completed measures of anticipated regret, anticipated counterfactual relief, and anticipated temporal relief and measures of theory of planned behaviour constructs (attitudes, norms, perceived control, and intentions). One month later, the same participants were re-surveyed and asked to report their vaccination status. RESULTS Although all anticipated emotion measures were associated with intentions and behaviour, only anticipated counterfactual relief and regret independently predicted vaccination intentions in regression analyses. Mediation analysis showed both anticipated counterfactual relief and regret were indirectly, via intentions, associated with behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that, regardless of valence, counterfactual emotions predict vaccination intention and, indirectly, behaviour. Furthermore, participants may differ in their sensitivity to the anticipation of positive versus negative counterfactual emotions. These findings may permit more precise targeting of interventions to increase vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lorimer
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Christoph Hoerl
- Department of Philosophy, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Sarah R Beck
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aidan Feeney
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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2
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Carreiras D, Cunha M, Sharp C, Castilho P. The Clinical Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder for Adolescents (CI-BOR-A): Development, acceptability and expert panel evaluation. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:377-386. [PMID: 37183381 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder with marked impulsivity, instability, emotional dysregulation and self-harm. These features tend to develop over time and can be identified in adolescence. Early diagnosis is the first step to prevent the development of these features to a personality disorder. The purpose of this study was to develop the Clinical Interview for BPD for Adolescents (CI-BOR-A), a new instrument based on a sound clinical interview for BPD in youth (CI-BPD). We tested its acceptability with 43 adolescents and its content validity with the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of 23 experts in mental health. The CI-BOR-A is a hybrid semi-structured interview that considers both categorical and dimensional approaches of personality disorders of DSM-5-TR, including 16 items, decision tables for diagnosis, and an appendix to explore self-harm history further. Adolescents accepted the interview, and none refused to complete the assessment. The expert panel considered the interview relevant, clear, accurate and complete. Important feedback was provided in terms of structure and content to improve the CI-BOR-A quality. In general, the CI-BOR-A is a rigorous interview to assess BPD in adolescents and adds an important contribution to early detection in clinical and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Carreiras
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Miguel Torga Higher Institute, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marina Cunha
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Miguel Torga Higher Institute, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Paula Castilho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Sah E, Asher A, Houtsma C, Constans JI. The Firearm Implicit Association Test: A Validation Study. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:770-778. [PMID: 36507628 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2153253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Firearm violence causes significant public health burden, but there is a lack of research concerning motivations for firearm access despite clear epidemiological risk. Developing robust tools to measure attitudes toward firearms and firearm-related behaviors can improve our ability to conduct firearm violence research. We aimed to develop a feasible and effective tool that could indirectly measure firearm beliefs. A total of 274 undergraduates were recruited from two southern universities and completed an implicit association test (IAT) designed to indirectly assess attitudes toward firearms (Firearm IAT). Participants also completed self-report measures, including Attitude Toward Guns Scale (ATGS) and Gun Beliefs and Behavior Scale (GBBS) to examine explicit attitudes toward firearms. Demographic and firearm-related data were also assessed. The Firearm IAT revealed an association between firearms and negatively valenced words. The Firearm IAT had a good internal consistency and construct validity with a D score that is significantly different from 0 and a reliability score of 0.84. The Firearm IAT showed significant positive correlations with ATGS and GBBS suggesting this measure could serve as an indirect assessment of firearm attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sah
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie Asher
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
- School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claire Houtsma
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
- Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), South Central Mental Illness Research, New Orleans, Louisiana
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joseph I Constans
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Tull MT, DeMoss ZT, Anestis MD, Lavender JM, McDermott MJ, Gratz KL. Examining associations between suicidal desire, implicit fearlessness about death, and lifetime frequency of suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:1110-1120. [PMID: 35899809 PMCID: PMC10087538 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide models propose that the capability for suicide, such as fearlessness about death (FAD), is necessary for the transition from suicidal desire to a suicide attempt. Most studies have relied on self-report methods to assess FAD. However, this research has produced equivocal results. As individuals may have limited awareness of learned or pre-existing associations between fearlessness and death, implicit measures of FAD hold promise. This study used a novel implicit association test (IAT), the IAT-FAD, to examine associations between suicidal desire, implicit FAD, and lifetime suicide attempt frequency. METHODS Patients in residential substance use treatment (N = 75), a population with increased suicide risk and exposure to painful and provocative events, completed the IAT-FAD and assessments of suicidal desire and past suicide attempts. RESULTS Implicit FAD moderated the association between suicidal desire and lifetime frequency of suicide attempts associated with an intent to die and requiring medical attention (although not ambivalent suicide attempts). Suicidal desire related to medically attended suicide attempts only at high implicit FAD levels, and to suicide attempts with a clear intent to die only at high or mean implicit FAD levels. CONCLUSION Results provide initial support for the relevance of implicit measures of FAD for understanding suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary T DeMoss
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael D Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,School of Public Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J McDermott
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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5
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Robillard CL, Chapman AL, Turner BJ. Learning from experience: Within- and between-person associations of the consequences, frequency, and versatility of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:836-847. [PMID: 35385177 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral models of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) propose that experiencing desirable consequences following NSSI reinforces the behavior. However, these models do not specify whether experiencing more desirable consequences relative to other people (between-person), an individual's own average (within-person), or both, predicts NSSI severity. To address this gap, this study investigated the prospective, within- and between-person associations of desirable NSSI consequences with NSSI frequency (number of episodes) and versatility (number of methods). METHODS Two hundred and ten individuals (93.81% female, Mage = 22.95) with a history of NSSI completed online surveys assessing NSSI consequences, frequency, and versatility every three months for one year. RESULTS Within-person increases in desirable emotional consequences were unrelated to NSSI frequency three months later but predicted increases in NSSI versatility. Within-person increases in desirable social consequences predicted decreases in NSSI frequency three months later but were unrelated to NSSI versatility. Between-person variability in desirable consequences was unrelated to NSSI severity. CONCLUSIONS Findings were partially consistent with behavioral models of NSSI. Going forward, we recommend that: (1) behavioral models articulate the salience of within-person fluctuations in consequences; (2) research clarifies the role of social consequences; and (3) clinicians use repeated assessments of emotional consequences to identify periods of elevated NSSI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Robillard
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander L Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brianna J Turner
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Turner BJ, Haliczer LA, Gratz KL, Tull MT, Chapman AL. Self-injury motives: A person-centered examination. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:812-827. [PMID: 35362639 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People report multiple motives for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), but few studies have examined how these motives relate to one another. This study identified person-centered classes of NSSI motives, their NSSI and psychopathological correlates, and their utility in predicting future NSSI across two samples. METHODS Participants were adolescents and young adults (aged 15-35) with recent NSSI recruited from online forums (n = 155, Sample 1) or the community (n = 127, Sample 2). Participants completed measures of NSSI, emotion regulation difficulties, borderline personality disorder (BPD), depression, and reported on their NSSI over 12 months. RESULTS Latent profile analyses yielded five classes in each sample: low interpersonal, self-punishment/interpersonal, moderate intra/interpersonal, high intra/interpersonal, and mainly interpersonal motives. Classes were not associated with lifetime NSSI characteristics, but highly motivated participants reported more severe depression and BPD symptoms, and greater emotion dysregulation than low-motivated participants. Those in the mainly interpersonal (Sample 1) and self-punishment/interpersonal (Sample 2) motives classes reported greater NSSI frequency during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study identified five classes of NSSI motives. Participants who report multiple motives for NSSI may be more clinically severe, whereas those who report strong desires to communicate with others or punish themselves may be at the highest risk for more frequent NSSI over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brianna J Turner
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren A Haliczer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander L Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Per M, Simundic A, Argento A, Khoury B, Heath N. Examining the Relationship Between Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Emotion Regulation in Self-Injury. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:1286-1301. [PMID: 33596395 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.1885534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to investigate whether mindfulness and self-compassion are negatively associated with engagement in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and whether emotion dysregulation would mediate this relation. METHOD 343 participants (82.2% female; Mage = 23.98; SD = 7.47) were recruited from university and community settings, and completed online questionnaires. Two groups of participants were created: those with lifetime engagement in NSSI (n = 153) and a comparison group with no prior engagement in NSSI (n = 190). RESULTS First, two one-way MANOVAs revealed significant mean differences (NSSI/comparison) across the self-compassion dimensions and specific mindfulness facets. Second, logistic regressions revealed that the self-coldness dimension of self-compassion significantly predicted engagement in NSSI, and specific mindfulness facets (nonjudging and acting with awareness) were found to negatively predict NSSI engagement. Lastly, mediation analyses revealed that emotion dysregulation fully mediated the relationships between both mindfulness total and self-coldness, and NSSI group status. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates preliminary support for the protective role of key mindfulness facets and potential risk of the self-coldness aspect of self-compassion in NSSI engagement. Implications for potential use of treatment protocols may include teaching key aspects of mindfulness and self-compassion as healthier and kinder alternatives to coping with dysregulated emotions.HighlightsMindfulness and self-compassion significantly differ between NSSI/comparison groupsKey mindfulness facets and self-compassion dimensions negatively predict engagement in NSSIEmotion dysregulation fully mediates self-coldness and mindfulness with NSSI group status.
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Forbes CN, Tull MT, Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL, Gratz KL. Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:565-580. [PMID: 32866425 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1811182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although once considered a defining feature of borderline personality disorder, research has found high rates of NSSI among individuals with other psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders. A recent study from our research team found that lifetime PTSD and depressive disorders were associated with unique self-reported NSSI motives. Given well-established limitations of assessing motives via self-report measures, the present study sought to extend this line of research by using a novel laboratory measure of the implicit NSSI-relief association to examine NSSI emotional relief motives. METHOD A subset of participants from our previous study (N = 109) completed diagnostic interviews and the laboratory-based DSH-Relief Implicit Association Test (IAT). RESULTS Findings indicated that individuals with lifetime PTSD evidenced stronger NSSI-relief associations than those without PTSD. Further, this main effect was qualified by a PTSD by depressive disorder interaction, such that stronger NSSI-relief associations were found among individuals with lifetime PTSD but no lifetime depressive disorder than among individuals without a history of either PTSD or a depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of investigating NSSI motives associated with different symptom profiles using a multi-method approach.
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Mancinelli E, Ruocco E, Napolitano S, Salcuni S. A network analysis on self-harming and problematic smartphone use - The role of self-control, internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of self-harming adolescents. Compr Psychiatry 2022; 112:152285. [PMID: 34798535 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown an increased risk for Non-suicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behavior as well as Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU) and particularly in adolescence, a developmental period defined by multi-level changes and still poor self-control capacities associating with risk-taking behaviors. OBJECTIVE The current study was aimed to assess the pattern of mutual relations characterizing NSSI considering self-control, internalizing and externalizing problems, and investigating how PSU fits within the network since NSSI and PSU are here conceptualized as attempts at emotion regulation. Age and gender differences were also assessed. METHOD Participants were Italian adolescents presenting NSSI behavior (N = 155; Mage = 14.68; SD = 1.647; Range = 11-18; 43.2%-females); the sample is based on community recruitment. A Network Analysis was performed to assess the organizational structure of NSSI; age and gender differences were assessed through multivariate rank tests further applying multiplicity control. RESULTS The emerged Network showed the centrality of low self-control and internalizing problems for NSSI. NSSI and PSU were associated through low self-control, and so were PSU and externalizing problems. Significant age differences were observed showing a decrease in NSSI as age increases (stat = -2.86; adj.p = .029). No gender differences have emerged. CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide support for the consideration and investigation of PSU as regards NSSI behavior in adolescence. Moreover, these findings point to the relevance of prevention practices during this peculiar developmental period, particularly sustaining self-control capacities and the use of more adaptive emotion regulation strategies, thereby limiting the accrue of at-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mancinelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, Padua, Italy; Digital Health Lab, Centre for Digital Health and Wellbeing, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Via Sommarive 18, Povo, Italy.
| | | | - Stefania Napolitano
- The Net-ONLUS, Via degli Scrovegni 7, Padua, Italy; Complex Operating Unit - Childhood Adolescence Family and Consultants, Child Neuropsychiatry, ULSS6 Euganea, Via Enrico degli Scrovegni 14, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, Padua, Italy.
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Mancinelli E, Sharka O, Lai T, Sgaravatti E, Salcuni S. Self-injury and Smartphone Addiction: Age and gender differences in a community sample of adolescents presenting self-injurious behavior. Health Psychol Open 2021; 8:20551029211038811. [PMID: 34659789 PMCID: PMC8512283 DOI: 10.1177/20551029211038811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the variables (i.e., internalizing, and externalizing problems, self-control, emotion dysregulation, and alexithymia) relevant for Smartphone Addiction and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), conceptualized as emotion-regulation strategies, also assessing age and gender differences. Based on power analysis, N = 78 Italian adolescents (11-19 years; Mage = 14.24; SD = 1.56; 73.1% females) were considered. Step-wise multivariate linear regressions evidence a mutual association between NSSI and Smartphone Addiction, particularly relevant in pre-adolescence. Low self-control is significantly associated with the Smartphone Addiction, while emotion dysregulation and alexithymia with NSSI. This study supports NSSI and Smartphone Addiction conceptualization as emotion-regulation strategies and the importance of prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mancinelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ona Sharka
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Sgaravatti
- The Net-ONLUS, Padua, Italy.,Complex Psychology Unit - Infancy, Adolescence and Family, USSL3, Via Piazzetta Unità d'Italia, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Angelakis I, Gooding P. Experiential avoidance in non-suicidal self-injury and suicide experiences: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:978-992. [PMID: 34184775 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (i) examine the associations between experiential avoidance (EA), non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide experiences, and (ii) identify sample- and methodological-related variables affecting the strength of these associations. METHOD Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched until April 2020. Random-effect meta-analyses were applied. The I2 statistic and the Egger's test assessed heterogeneity and publication bias. Meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of moderator variables on the strength of these associations. RESULTS Data from 19 independent studies based on n = 9900 participants were pooled. The analyses demonstrated a weak but significant association between EA and NSSI. None of the examined moderator variables influenced the strength of this relationship. There was an indication of publication bias, suggesting that this association may have been inflated. The associations between EA, and suicide ideation and behaviors were moderate to strong. DISCUSSION The current study concluded that (i) the EA model for NSSI should be revised by incorporating new evidence implicating feelings of relief in NSSI, and (ii) future studies should examine interactive factors between EA and key psychological components in the pathways to suicide experiences because these findings have direct clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Angelakis
- School of Psychology, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, UK
| | - Patricia Gooding
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biological, School of Health Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
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12
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Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Parhoon H, Mohammadkhani S, Munawar K, Moradi A, Jobson L. Investigating cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation in Iranian depressed women with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:586-595. [PMID: 33565166 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared cognitive control (working memory, interference control, perseveration) and cognitive emotion regulation among Iranian women with depression who had attempted suicide, had only suicidal ideation, and healthy controls. METHOD Participants (N = 75) completed a clinical interview, cognitive control tasks, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. RESULTS Those with suicidal ideation or previous attempts had poorer cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation than controls. Furthermore, those who had attempted suicide had poorer cognitive control and reported greater use of self-blame, rumination, and catastrophizing, and less use of acceptance, than those with suicidal ideation only. There was an indirect effect of cognitive control deficits on suicidality through cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing). CONCLUSIONS Exploring these cognitive deficits and difficulties can assist in further understanding the risk factors for suicidality and improve targeted interventions. This is of particular relevance in Iran where the need for policies and interventions targeting the prevention of suicide has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Parhoon
- Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Khadeeja Munawar
- Department of Psychology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - AliReza Moradi
- Kharazmi University and Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Jobson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Australia, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Spitzen TL, Tull MT, Baer MM, Dixon-Gordon KL, Chapman AL, Gratz KL. Predicting engagement in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) over the course of 12 months: the roles of borderline personality disorder pathology and emotional consequences of NSSI. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:631-639. [PMID: 32905915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite theories that negative reinforcement in the form of relief from negative emotions maintains nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), no studies have examined the extent to which specific emotional consequences of NSSI predict the maintenance of NSSI over time or explain the greater risk for NSSI found among individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) pathology. This study examined whether specific emotional consequences of NSSI relate to the continuance of NSSI behavior over a 12-month period and explain the relation of baseline BPD pathology to future NSSI. METHODS Participants with a history of recent repeated NSSI (N = 84) completed baseline measures of BPD pathology, NSSI, and the emotional antecedents and consequences of NSSI, including self-conscious emotions, undifferentiated negative affect, anger, emptiness, sadness, and anxiety; follow-up data on NSSI were collected every three months for one year. RESULTS Of the emotional consequences of NSSI examined here, only self-conscious emotions significantly predicted the presence and frequency of NSSI during the 12-month follow-up period. Likewise, whereas BPD pathology was not directly associated with later NSSI, both overall BPD pathology and the specific BPD feature of identity problems were indirectly related to the presence of 12-month NSSI through the greater frequency of post-NSSI self-conscious emotions. LIMITATIONS Emotional consequences of NSSI were assessed using a retrospective self-report measure. Only frequency, and not intensity, of emotions before and after NSSI were assessed. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a distinct role of post-NSSI self-conscious emotions in the maintenance of NSSI among individuals with and without BPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Spitzen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Margaret M Baer
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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14
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Dawkins J, Hasking P, Luck C, Boyes M. Implicit Assessment of Self-Injury Related Outcome Expectancies: A Comparison of Three behavioural Tasks. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:2524-2548. [PMID: 33043793 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120961512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to Social Cognitive Theory, the anticipated consequences of a behaviour (outcome expectancies), influence the likelihood of engaging in a behaviour. Results from self-report studies suggest that people who have self-injured expect self-injury will regulate emotions while people who have never self-injured expect self-injury to result in pain. In this study we trialled three experimental tasks measuring implicit self-injury related outcome expectancies. 150 Australian university students aged 18-45 (M = 21.45, SD = 3.84) completed the experimental tasks (Sentence Completion Task, Implicit Association Tests, Covariation Bias Task) within a laboratory setting. Results revealed that implicit associations with affect regulation, pain, and communication differentiated people according to self-injury history in the sentence completion task. The strength of implicit associations with affect regulation also predicted the recency of self-injury. People who had self-injured, but not in the past 12 months appeared to have a bias towards associating images of self-injury and neutral words when compared to people who had recently self-injured. Implicit associations, as measured by the Implicit Association Tests did not significantly differentiate participants by self-injury history. Results suggest that the sentence completion task could further research and theoretical understanding of the role of implicit outcome expectancies in facilitating self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Luck
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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15
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Abstract
This study aimed to systemically review the literature regarding self-harm, emotion regulation, and experiential avoidance. Articles were identified through systematic searches of several databases using combinations of the phrases "emotion regulation" AND "experiential avoidance" AND "self-harm," or "self-injury," and "BPD" or "Borderline Personality Disorder." Additional searches were conducted inclusive of terms related to experiential avoidance and emotion regulation, as well as other disorders related to self-harm. 17 articles were identified and reviewed. Results tentatively support the role of experiential avoidance in self-harm; some studies described phenomena similar to experiential avoidance without using the term. Poor emotion regulation was often cited as a reason for engagement in self-harm. Several gaps in the literature were identified and discussed.
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16
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Dorahy MJ, Carrell JM, Thompson N. Assessing the Validity of the Quartile Risk Model of Dissociation for Predicting Deliberate Self-Harm. J Trauma Dissociation 2019; 20:548-563. [PMID: 30933660 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2019.1597812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) involves a physical act with the intent of harming the self. There are many precipitants to this behavior, with dissociation receiving increasing attention. The current study examined the quartile risk model for predicting deliberate self-harm, which proposes that four quadrants of dissociation (low normative, high normative, low clinical, and high clinical) represent varying levels of risk for engagement in DSH. The model posits that quadrants one and three (low normative, low clinical), protect against engagement in deliberate self-harm. Quadrants two and four (high normative, high clinical), represent an increased risk of engaging in DSH. The current study also investigated the association between shame and deliberate self-harm. College students (n = 247) completed measures assessing trait dissociation, state and trait shame, and deliberate self-harm. Results did not support the quartile risk model, rather they suggested a general increasing level of deliberate self-harm with heightened dissociation. Furthermore, trait shame was significantly associated with deliberate self-harm. Significantly more state shame was found to occur before engaging in deliberate self-harm relative to after. Results suggest shame and dissociation are related to increased DSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Dorahy
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - John M Carrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Neil Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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17
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Weston CSE. Four Social Brain Regions, Their Dysfunctions, and Sequelae, Extensively Explain Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptomatology. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E130. [PMID: 31167459 PMCID: PMC6627615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenging neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms in social, language, sensory, motor, cognitive, emotional, repetitive behavior, and self-sufficient living domains. The important research question examined is the elucidation of the pathogenic neurocircuitry that underlies ASD symptomatology in all its richness and heterogeneity. The presented model builds on earlier social brain research, and hypothesizes that four social brain regions largely drive ASD symptomatology: amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), temporoparietal cortex (TPC), and insula. The amygdala's contributions to ASD largely derive from its major involvement in fine-grained intangible knowledge representations and high-level guidance of gaze. In addition, disrupted brain regions can drive disturbance of strongly interconnected brain regions to produce further symptoms. These and related effects are proposed to underlie abnormalities of the visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), caudate nucleus, and hippocampus as well as associated symptoms. The model is supported by neuroimaging, neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, cellular, physiological, and behavioral evidence. Collectively, the model proposes a novel, parsimonious, and empirically testable account of the pathogenic neurocircuitry of ASD, an extensive account of its symptomatology, a novel physiological biomarker with potential for earlier diagnosis, and novel experiments to further elucidate the mechanisms of brain abnormalities and symptomatology in ASD.
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18
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Motives for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Individuals with Lifetime Depressive Disorders and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Kimbrel NA, Thomas SP, Hicks TA, Hertzberg MA, Clancy CP, Elbogen EB, Meyer EC, DeBeer BB, Gross GM, Silvia PJ, Morissette SB, Gratz KL, Calhoun PS, Beckham JC. Wall/Object Punching: An Important but Under-Recognized Form of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2018; 48:501-511. [PMID: 28925016 PMCID: PMC6366325 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present research investigated wall/object punching as a form of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among 1,143 veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Wall/object punching was remarkably common in this sample (43%), and its inclusion in the definition of NSSI increased estimated prevalence of recent NSSI by 14%. As expected, wall/object punching was strongly associated with other traditional forms of NSSI, post-NSSI relief, and suicide ideation. Male veterans and veterans with PTSD were significantly more likely to engage in wall/object punching than female veterans and veterans without PTSD. More research on this important but under-recognized form of NSSI is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shaun P. Thomas
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrell A. Hicks
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Hertzberg
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carolina P. Clancy
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric B. Elbogen
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric C. Meyer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Bryann B. DeBeer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, Texas, USA,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Georgina M. Gross
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Paul J. Silvia
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick S. Calhoun
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, NC, USA,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Is the association of deliberate self-harm with emotional relief stable or dependent on emotional context? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:61-68. [PMID: 29605669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite strong support for the role of emotional relief in deliberate self-harm (DSH), no research has examined the impact of emotional distress on the strength of the DSH-relief association. Thus, it remains unclear whether the association of DSH with emotional relief is stable across emotional contexts or context-dependent. This study aimed to examine if the implicit DSH-relief association is stronger in the context of emotional distress (relative to a neutral emotional context). METHODS Young adult women with (n = 60) and without (n = 60) a history of recent recurrent DSH were randomly assigned to complete a novel version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing the DSH-relief association at baseline (following an initial neutral emotion induction) and again following either a neutral or negative (i.e., social rejection) emotion induction. RESULTS Consistent with hypotheses, the DSH-relief association was stronger among women with recent recurrent DSH (vs. those without DSH) at baseline. Contrary to hypotheses, however, whereas the DSH-relief association remained stable following both the neutral and negative emotion inductions among participants with DSH, it became stronger across both conditions for participants without DSH. LIMITATIONS The use of a community sample of young adult women may limit generalizability to other relevant populations (e.g., clinical populations, young men, adolescents). Additionally, the negative emotion induction may not have been powerful enough to affect the strength of the learned DSH-relief association among individuals with a repeated history of DSH. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the repeated use of DSH to bring about emotional relief may engender associations of DSH with relief that are relatively insensitive to emotional context.
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Tull MT, Hackel LM, Gratz KL. The Influence of Emotional State on Learning From Reward and Punishment in Borderline Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:433-446. [PMID: 28594633 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite preliminary evidence that individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) demonstrate deficits in learning from corrective feedback, no studies have examined the influence of emotional state on these learning deficits in BPD. This laboratory study examined the influence of negative emotions on learning among participants with BPD (n = 17), compared with clinical (past-year mood/anxiety disorder; n = 20) and healthy (n = 23) controls. Participants completed a reinforcement learning task before and after a negative emotion induction. The learning task involved presenting pairs of stimuli with probabilistic feedback in the training phase, and subsequently assessing accuracy for choosing previously rewarded stimuli or avoiding previously punished stimuli. ANOVAs and ANCOVAs revealed no significant between-group differences in overall learning accuracy. However, there was an effect of group in the ANCOVA for postemotion induction high-conflict punishment learning accuracy, with the BPD group showing greater decrements in learning accuracy than controls following the negative emotion induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Leor M Hackel
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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22
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Riquino MR, Priddy SE, Howard MO, Garland EL. Emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism of opioid misuse and suicidality among chronic pain patients. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29992025 PMCID: PMC5989346 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-018-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a prevalent condition that causes functional impairment and emotional suffering. To allay pain-induced suffering, opioids are often prescribed for chronic pain management. Yet, chronic pain patients on opioid therapy are at heightened risk for opioid misuse-behaviors that can lead to addiction and overdose. Relatedly, chronic pain patients are at elevated risk for suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors. MAIN BODY Opioid misuse and suicidality are maladaptive processes aimed at alleviating the negative emotional hyperreactivity, hedonic hyporeactivity, and emotion dysregulation experienced by chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. In this review, we explore the role of emotion dysregulation in chronic pain. We then describe why emotionally dysregulated chronic pain patients are vulnerable to opioid misuse and suicidality in response to these negative affective states. CONCLUSION Emotion dysregulation is an important and malleable treatment target with the potential to reduce or prevent opioid misuse and suicidality among opioid-treated chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Riquino
- University of Utah College of Social Work, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Sarah E. Priddy
- University of Utah College of Social Work, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Matthew O. Howard
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate Turner Kuralt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 25799 USA
| | - Eric L. Garland
- University of Utah College of Social Work, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, 395 South 1500 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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23
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Turner BJ, Wakefield MA, Gratz KL, Chapman AL. Characterizing Interpersonal Difficulties Among Young Adults Who Engage in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Using a Daily Diary. Behav Ther 2017; 48:366-379. [PMID: 28390499 PMCID: PMC5505726 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compared to people who have never engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), people with a history of NSSI report multiple interpersonal problems. Theories propose that these interpersonal difficulties play a role in prompting and maintaining NSSI. The cross-sectional nature of most studies in this area limits our understanding of how day-to-day interpersonal experiences relate to the global interpersonal impairments observed among individuals with NSSI, and vice versa. This study compared young adults with (n=60) and without (n=56) recent, repeated NSSI on baseline and daily measures of interpersonal functioning during a 14-day daily diary study. Groups differed in baseline social anxiety, excessive reassurance seeking, and use of support seeking relative to other coping strategies, but did not differ in self-perceived interpersonal competence. In terms of day-to-day functioning, participants with (vs. without) NSSI had significantly less contact with their families and friends, perceived less support following interactions with friends, and were less likely to seek support to cope, regardless of level of negative affect. With the exception of contact with family members, these group differences in daily interpersonal functioning were accounted for by baseline levels of social anxiety and use of support seeking. Contrary to expectations, participants with NSSI had more frequent contact with their romantic partners, did not differ in perceptions of support in romantic relationships, and did not report more intense negative affect following negative interpersonal interactions. This study provides a novel test of recent interpersonal theories of NSSI using daily reports.
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Turner BJ, Cobb RJ, Gratz KL, Chapman AL. The role of interpersonal conflict and perceived social support in nonsuicidal self-injury in daily life. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:588-98. [PMID: 26845256 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although accumulating microlongitudinal research has examined emotion regulatory models of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), few studies have examined how interpersonal contingencies influence daily NSSI behavior. Participants with repeated NSSI (N = 60) provided daily ratings of perceived social support, interpersonal conflict, and NSSI urges and behaviors for 14 days. Consistent with interpersonal models of NSSI, we hypothesized that participants would be more likely to engage in NSSI on days when they experienced high levels of interpersonal conflict, that NSSI acts that were revealed to others would be followed by desirable interpersonal changes (i.e., greater support, less conflict), and that these interpersonal changes would, in turn, predict stronger NSSI urges and more frequent NSSI behavior. Consistent with hypotheses, daily conflict was associated with stronger same-day NSSI urges and greater likelihood of NSSI acts. Perceived support increased following NSSI acts that had been revealed to others, but not unrevealed NSSI acts. This perceived support was, in turn, associated with a stronger NSSI urges and greater likelihood of engaging in NSSI on the following day. Moreover, participants whose NSSI was revealed to others engaged in more total NSSI acts during the diary period than those whose NSSI was not revealed to others. Inconsistent with hypotheses, interpersonal conflict did not decrease following NSSI, regardless of whether or not these acts were revealed to others. Together, these results provide preliminary support for interpersonal reinforcement models of NSSI and highlight the importance of expanding research in this area to include interpersonal contingencies that may influence this behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center
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