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Greule A, Marolt M, Deubel D, Peintner I, Zhang S, Jessen-Trefzer C, De Ford C, Burschel S, Li SM, Friedrich T, Merfort I, Lüdeke S, Bisel P, Müller M, Paululat T, Bechthold A. Wide Distribution of Foxicin Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Streptomyces Strains - An Unusual Secondary Metabolite with Various Properties. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:221. [PMID: 28270798 PMCID: PMC5318452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028 is known to produce the polyketide antibiotic polyketomycin. The deletion of the pokOIV oxygenase gene led to a non-polyketomycin-producing mutant. Instead, novel compounds were produced by the mutant, which have not been detected before in the wild type strain. Four different compounds were identified and named foxicins A–D. Foxicin A was isolated and its structure was elucidated as an unusual nitrogen-containing quinone derivative using various spectroscopic methods. Through genome mining, the foxicin biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in the draft genome sequence of S. diastatochromogenes. The cluster spans 57 kb and encodes three PKS type I modules, one NRPS module and 41 additional enzymes. A foxBII gene-inactivated mutant of S. diastatochromogenes Tü6028 ΔpokOIV is unable to produce foxicins. Homologous fox biosynthetic gene clusters were found in more than 20 additional Streptomyces strains, overall in about 2.6% of all sequenced Streptomyces genomes. However, the production of foxicin-like compounds in these strains has never been described indicating that the clusters are expressed at a very low level or are silent under fermentation conditions. Foxicin A acts as a siderophore through interacting with ferric ions. Furthermore, it is a weak inhibitor of the Escherichia coli aerobic respiratory chain and shows moderate antibiotic activity. The wide distribution of the cluster and the various properties of the compound indicate a major role of foxicins in Streptomyces strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marija Marolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Denise Deubel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Iris Peintner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Songya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian De Ford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sabrina Burschel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philippe Bisel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen Siegen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Peano C, Damiano F, Forcato M, Pietrelli A, Palumbo C, Corti G, Siculella L, Fuligni F, Tagliazucchi GM, De Benedetto GE, Bicciato S, De Bellis G, Alifano P. Comparative genomics revealed key molecular targets to rapidly convert a reference rifamycin-producing bacterial strain into an overproducer by genetic engineering. Metab Eng 2014; 26:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yuan H, Zhao W, Zhong Y, Wang J, Qin Z, Ding X, Zhao GP. Two genes, rif15 and rif16, of the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Amycolatopsis mediterranei likely encode a transketolase and a P450 monooxygenase, respectively, both essential for the conversion of rifamycin SV into B. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:948-56. [PMID: 21986914 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amycolatopsis mediterranei produces an important antibiotic rifamycin, the biosynthesis of which involves many unusual modifications. Previous work suggested a putative P450 enzyme encoded by rif16 within the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (rif) was required for the conversion of the intermediate rifamycin SV into the end product rifamycin B. In this study, we genetically proved that a putative transketolase encoded by rif15 is another essential enzyme for this conversion. Expression of merely rif15 and rif16 in a rif cluster null mutant of A. mediterranei U32 was able to convert rifamycin SV into B. However, this Rif15- and Rif16-mediated conversion was only detected in intact cells of A. meidterranei, but not in Streptomyce coelicolor or Mycobacterium smegmatis, suggesting that yet-characterized gene(s) in A. mediterranei other than those encoded by the rif cluster should be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Floss HG, Yu TW, Arakawa K. The biosynthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), the precursor of mC7N units in ansamycin and mitomycin antibiotics: a review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:35-44. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Zhao W, Zhong Y, Yuan H, Wang J, Zheng H, Wang Y, Cen X, Xu F, Bai J, Han X, Lu G, Zhu Y, Shao Z, Yan H, Li C, Peng N, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lin W, Fan Y, Qin Z, Hu Y, Zhu B, Wang S, Ding X, Zhao GP. Complete genome sequence of the rifamycin SV-producing Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32 revealed its genetic characteristics in phylogeny and metabolism. Cell Res 2010; 20:1096-108. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Funayama S, Cordell GA. Ansamycin antibioticsA discovery, classification, biosynthesis and biological activities. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART D) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700
| | - Tin-Wein Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700
| | - Heinz G. Floss
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700
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Panek JS, Xu F, Rondón AC. Chiral Crotylsilane-Based Approach to Benzoquinoid Ansamycins: Total Synthesis of (+)-Macbecin I. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja974318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Panek
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Feng Xu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Ana C. Rondón
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Gould
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Floss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
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Kim CG, Kirschning A, Bergon P, Zhou P, Su E, Sauerbrei B, Ning S, Ahn Y, Breuer M, Leistner E, Floss HG. Biosynthesis of 3-Amino-5-hydroxybenzoic Acid, the Precursor of mC7N Units in Ansamycin Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9601292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gyu Kim
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Phillipe Bergon
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pei Zhou
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Su
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Sauerbrei
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Ning
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yonghyun Ahn
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Breuer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eckhard Leistner
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz G. Floss
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, and the Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Miyashita M, Yoshihara K, Kawamine K, Hoshino M, Irie H. Synthetic studies on polypropionate antibiotics based on the stereospecific methylation of γ δ-epoxy acrylates by trimethylaluminum. A highly stereoselective construction of the eight contiguous chiral centers of ansa-chains of rifamycins. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meier RM, Tamm C. Studies Directed Towards the Biosynthesis of the C7N Unit of Rifamycin B: A New Synthesis of Quinic Acid from Shikimic Acid. Helv Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nakata M, Wada S, Tatsuta K, Kinoshita M. Synthetic Studies of Rifamycins. VII. A Facile Synthesis of the Aromatic Chromophore of Rifamycin S through a Rifamycin W Aromatic Segment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1985. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.58.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Synthetic studies of rifamycins. VI. Preparation and elaboration of the aromatic segment for the synthesis of rifamycin W. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nakata M, Enari H, Kinoshita M. Synthetic Studies of Rifamycins. V. A Chiral Synthesis of an Ansa-chain Compound for the C-17–C-29 Portion of Rifamycin W. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1982. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.55.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ganem B. From glucose to aromatics: recent developments in natural products of the shikimic acid pathway. Tetrahedron 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(78)80222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Halliday D, Lockhart IM. The use of stable isotopes in medicinal chemistry. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1978; 15:1-86. [PMID: 400610 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rinehart KL, Shield LS. Chemistry of the ansamycin antibiotics. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1976; 33:231-307. [PMID: 11155 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-3262-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kakinuma K, Hanson C, Rinehart K. Spectinabilin, a new nitro-containing metabolite isolated from streptomyces spectabilis. Tetrahedron 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(76)87004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Robert JL, Tamm C. Biosynthesis of cytochalasans. Part 5. The incorporation of deoxaphomin into cytochalasin B (phomin). Helv Chim Acta 1975; 58:2501-4. [PMID: 1194059 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19750580830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hsieh D, Seiber J, Reece C, Fitzell D, Yang S, Dalezios J, La Mar G, Budd D, Motell E. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of aflatoxin B1 derived from acetate. Tetrahedron 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(75)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fitzell DL, Hsieh DPH, Reece CA, Seiber JN. Preparation of acetic-1-13C and malonic-1-13C acids for biosynthetic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2590110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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White RJ, Martinelli E. Ansamycin biogenesis: incorporation of (1-13C)glucose and (1-13C)glycerate into the chromophore of rifamycin S. FEBS Lett 1974; 49:233-6. [PMID: 4442602 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Karlsson A, Sartori G, White RJ. Rifamycin biosynthesis: further studies on origin of the ansa chain and chromophore. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:251-6. [PMID: 4415635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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White RJ, Martinelli E, Lancini G. Ansamycin biogenesis: studies on a novel rifamycin isolated from a mutant strain of Nocardia mediterranei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:3260-4. [PMID: 4528428 PMCID: PMC388664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.8.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel ansamycin, rifamycin W, was isolated from a mutant strain of Nocardia mediterranei. The metabolic origin of rifamycin W was studied by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Examination of the proton-decoupled pulse and Fourier transform (13)C spectra of rifamycin W biogenetically enriched with [1-(13)C]-, [2-(13)C]-, and [3-(13)C]propionate and with [1-(13)C]acetate has revealed that the alignment of acetate and propionate units corresponds to that previously proposed for rifamycin S. Washed mycelium from a rifamycin B-producing strain of N. mediterranei transformed rifamycin W into rifamycin B. We suggest that rifamycin W is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of the other rifamycins. These results, together with the structural similarity of rifamycin W to the streptovaricins, reinforce our hypothesis that a common progenitor is involved in the biogenesis of all naphthalenic ansamycins.
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Carbon-13 nmr spectrum of rifamycin s: a re-examination of the assignments with special reference to their biogenetic implication. Tetrahedron Lett 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)82491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nachweis spezifischer calcium- und natriumkomplexierung durch das antibiotikum rifamycin S mit hilfe der C-13 NMR-spektroskopie. Tetrahedron Lett 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)92101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brufani M, Kluepfel D, Lancini GC, Leitich J, Mesentsev AS, Prelog V, Schmook FP, Sensi P. [The biogenesis of rifamycin S]. Helv Chim Acta 1973; 56:2315-23. [PMID: 4761273 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19730560718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fuhrer H. [Coordination of the 13C-NMR. spectrum of rifamycin S on the basis of selective uncoupling of protons]. Helv Chim Acta 1973; 56:2377-86. [PMID: 4761276 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19730560721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Oppolzer W, Prelog V. [The constitution and configuration of rifamycins B, O, S and SV]. Helv Chim Acta 1973; 56:2287-314. [PMID: 4761272 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19730560717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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