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Aoshiba K, Tsuji T, Itoh M, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura H. An evolutionary medicine approach to understanding factors that contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2015; 89:243-52. [PMID: 25677028 DOI: 10.1159/000369861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have been published on the causes and mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the reason for the existence of COPD and the reasons why COPD develops in humans have hardly been studied. Evolutionary medical approaches are required to explain not only the proximate factors, such as the causes and mechanisms of a disease, but the ultimate (evolutionary) factors as well, such as why the disease is present and why the disease develops in humans. According to the concepts of evolutionary medicine, disease susceptibility is acquired as a result of natural selection during the evolutionary process of traits linked to the genes involved in disease susceptibility. In this paper, we discuss the following six reasons why COPD develops in humans based on current evolutionary medical theories: (1) evolutionary constraints; (2) mismatch between environmental changes and evolution; (3) co-evolution with pathogenic microorganisms; (4) life history trade-off; (5) defenses and their costs, and (6) reproductive success at the expense of health. Our perspective pursues evolutionary answers to the fundamental question, 'Why are humans susceptible to this common disease, COPD, despite their long evolutionary history?' We believe that the perspectives offered by evolutionary medicine are essential for researchers to better understand the significance of their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Japan
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Hajiani M, Razi F, Golestani A, Frouzandeh M, Owji AA, Khaghani S, Ghannadian N, Shariftabrizi A, Pasalar P. Time- and dose-dependent differential regulation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity and mRNA level by vitamin E in rat blood cells. Redox Rep 2012; 17:101-7. [PMID: 22732938 PMCID: PMC6837400 DOI: 10.1179/1351000212y.0000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant. Recently, it has been proposed as a gene regulator, and its gene modulation effects have been observed at different levels of gene expression and cell signaling. This study was performed to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the activity and expression of the most important endogenous antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), in rat plasma. METHODS Twenty-eight male Sprauge-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group and three dosing groups. The control group received the vehicle (liquid paraffin), and the dosing groups received twice-weekly intraperitoneal injections of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg of vitamin E ((±)-α-Tocopherol) for 6 weeks. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme assays were used to assess the levels of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA and enzyme activity levels in blood cells at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks following vitamin E administration. Catalase enzyme activity and total antioxidant capacity were also assessed in plasma at the same time intervals. RESULTS Mn-SOD activity was significantly increased in the 100 and 30 mg/kg dosing groups after 4 and 6 weeks, with corresponding significant increase in their mRNA levels. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was not significantly changed in response to vitamin E administration at any time points, whereas Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA levels were significantly increased after longer time points with high doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) of vitamin E. Catalase enzyme activity was transiently but significantly increased after 4 weeks of vitamin E treatment in 30 and 100 mg/kg dosing groups. Total antioxidant status was significantly increased after 4 and 6 weeks in the 100 mg/kg dosing group. CONCLUSION Only the chronic administration of higher doses of alpha-tocopherol is associated with the increased activity and expression of Mn-SOD in rats. Cu/Zn-SOD activity and expression does not dramatically change in response to vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Hajiani
- Department of BiochemistryTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Razi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism CenterShariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Frouzandeh
- Department of BiotechnologyTabiat Moddares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Owji
- Department of BiochemistryShiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Khaghani
- Department of BiochemistryTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Ghannadian
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC)Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shariftabrizi
- Department of BiochemistryTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of BiochemistryTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases (GRAD)Tehran, Iran
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Balfoort HW, Bloemen HJT, Bree LV, Dormans JAMA, Rombout PJA. Tolerance to Ozone Induced in Rats by Preexposure to Cadmium Chloride Aerosol. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378909145662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chow CK. Biological functions and metabolic fate of vitamin E revisited. J Biomed Sci 2004; 11:295-302. [PMID: 15067212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02254433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information accumulated lately has confirmed the essentiality of vitamin E for humans and provided a better understanding of its biological function and metabolic fate. The discovery of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein, which preferentially binds to RRR-alpha-tocopherol, not only provides conclusive evidence of the essentiality of vitamin E for humans, but also sheds light on the superiority of RRR-alpha-tocopherol biologically over other isomers. The presence of tocopherol regeneration systems and multiple interdependent antioxidant systems is largely responsible for the lack of a widespread deficiency in humans and the difficulty to deplete vitamin E in the adult. The bulk of excess tocopherols consumed is excreted to feces unchanged or to urine with the side chain shortened but the chroman ring intact. The ability of dietary vitamin E to mediate mitochondrial superoxide generation affords a possible mode of action of vitamin E at the tissue levels. By decreasing the generation and/or the levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, dietary vitamin E not only protects against oxidative damage, but also modulates the expression and/or activation of redox-sensitive biological response modifiers that regulate important cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Kuang Chow
- Graduate Center for Nutrition Sciences and Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Chow CK, Yen HC, Ibrahim W, St Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase transgenic mice: characteristics and implications. Methods Enzymol 2002; 353:398-409. [PMID: 12078513 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)53064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching K Chow
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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Ibrahim W, Lee US, Yen HC, St Clair DK, Chow CK. Antioxidant and oxidative status in tissues of manganese superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:397-402. [PMID: 10699751 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) plays an important role in attenuating free radical-induced oxidative damage. The purpose of this research was to determine if increased expression of Mn-SOD gene alters intracellular redox status. Twelve week old male B6C3 mice, engineered to express human Mn-SOD in multiple organs, and their nontransgenic littermates were assessed for oxidative stress and antioxidant status in heart, brain, lung, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. Relative to their nontransgenic littermates, transgenic mice had significantly (p <.01) higher activity of Mn-SOD in heart, skeletal muscle, lung, and brain. Copper, zinc (Cu,Zn)-SOD activity was significantly higher in kidney, whereas catalase activity was lower in brain and liver. The activities of selenium (Se)-GSH peroxidase and non-Se-GSH peroxidase, and levels of vitamin E, ascorbic acid and GSH were not significantly different in any tissues measured between Mn-SOD transgenic mice and their nontransgenic controls. The levels of malondialdehyde were significantly lower in the muscle and heart of Mn-SOD mice, and conjugated dienes and protein carbonyls were not altered in any tissues measured. The results obtained showed that expression of human SOD gene did not systematical alter antioxidant systems or adversely affect the redox state of the transgenic mice. The results also suggest that expression of human SOD gene confers protection against peroxidative damage to membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0054, USA
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Marubashi K, Hirano S, Suzuki KT. Effects of intratracheal pretreatment with yttrium chloride (YCl3) on inflammatory responses of the rat lung following intratracheal instillation of YCl3. Toxicol Lett 1998; 99:43-51. [PMID: 9801029 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated pulmonary clearance of yttrium (Y) and acute lung injury following intratracheal instillation (i.t.) of yttrium chloride (YCl3) in saline- or YCl3-pretreated rats (30 days before the second challenge). About 67% of the initial dose of Y remained in the lung even 31 days after the i.t. treatment. The pretreatment with YCl3 significantly reduced i.t.-YCl3-induced increases in biochemical inflammatory indicators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), such as lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities and protein concentration, while the pretreatment increased the number of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) in BALF. These results suggest that the augmentation of PMN infiltration does not play an important role, if any, in i.t. YCl3-induced increases in biochemical indicators in BALF. The reduction of the increases in those biochemical inflammatory indicators may be due, at least in part, to the increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity in the lung tissue, because the lung Mn-SOD activity in the YCl3-pretreated group was two times higher than that of the saline-pretreated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Marubashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Thurnham
- Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine
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Paquette NC, Tankersley CG, Zhang LY, Kleeberger SR. Repeated subacute ozone exposure of inbred mice: airway inflammation and ventilation. Exp Lung Res 1994; 20:579-94. [PMID: 7882907 DOI: 10.3109/01902149409031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the effects of repeated subacute ozone (O3) exposure on pulmonary inflammation and ventilation in two inbred strains of mice differentially susceptible to a single O3 exposure. Susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) and resistant C3H/HeJ (C3) mice were exposed to 0.3 ppm O3 for 48 and 72 h and, after 14 days recovery, both strains were reexposed. Airway inflammation and lung injury were assessed by counting inflammatory cells and measuring total protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) returns. Minute ventilation [VE, the product of breathing frequency (f), and tidal volume (VT)] was measured prior to and immediately following each exposure. After the initial exposure, B6 mice developed greater O3-induced increases in total protein, inflammatory cell influx, and LDH activity compared to C3 mice. In normal air, VE was also significantly elevated in B6, but not C3, mice after O3. The hypercapnic f of B6 and hypercapnic VT of C3 mice were significantly altered after O3 exposure. Reexposure to O3 caused a smaller increase in the numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and BAL protein in both strains, and no changes in LDH activity. However, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes significantly increased in B6 and C3 mice as compared to the initial O3 exposure. In both strains, the ventilatory responses to normal air or hypercapnia were largely reproducible after O3 reexposure. Results indicated that differential susceptibility to O3-induced inflammation was maintained in B6 and C3 mice with O3 reexposure although the magnitude of the difference was reduced. Results also suggest that the ventilatory responses to O3 in B6 and C3 mice were reproducible with reexposure, and that airway inflammation and ventilation were not codependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Paquette
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Rahman I, Massaro D. Endotoxin treatment protects rats against ozone-induced lung edema: with evidence for the role of manganese superoxide dismutase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 113:13-8. [PMID: 1553746 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90003-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that can cause lung damage and edema. There is evidence that it does so by causing peroxidation of membrane lipids. However, the elevation in lung activity of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu, ZnSOD), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) during exposure to ozone suggests that increased production of superoxide could contribute to lung edema caused by ozone. This latter observation, and preliminary evidence that treatment of rats with endotoxin elevates lung activity of MnSOD without elevation of the activity of Cu, ZnSOD, catalase (CAT), or glutathione peroxidase (GP), led to the present study. We treated rats with endotoxin, exposed them to different concentrations of ozone, measured lung wet weight to dry weight ratio, thiobarbituric acid-reactive material (TBAR), and assayed lung tissue for Cu, ZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, and GP activity. Our major findings are, (1) a strongly edemogenic concentration of ozone-lowered MnSOD activity; (2) endotoxin treatment of air-breathing rats did not decrease lipid peroxidation as indicated by the lung concentration of TBAR; (3) induction of increased MnSOD activity in lung by treatment with endotoxin was associated with virtually complete protection against an otherwise edemogenic concentration of ozone, with less lipid peroxidation, and with less loss of weight; and (4) this protection occurred without elevated Cu, ZnSOD, CAT, or GP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rahman
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Abstract
Oxidative stress can result from or be enhanced by a large variety of conditions, including nutritional imbalance, exposure to chemical and physical agents in the environment, strenuous physical activities, injury, and hereditary disorders. While many enzymes and compounds are involved in protecting cells from the adverse effects of oxidative stress, vitamin E occupies an important and unique position in the overall antioxidant defense. The antioxidant function of vitamin E is closely related to the status of many dietary components. Vitamin E-depleted animals are generally more susceptible to the adverse effects of environmental agents than supplemented animals. Also, vitamin E supplementation is beneficial to certain groups of the population. However, supplementing vitamin E in experimental subjects maintained on a nutritionally adequate diet does not always provide additional protection. Differential metabolic responses in various organs and differences in experimental conditions often contribute in the discrepancies in the literature. The lack of clear evidence for the occurrence of lipid peroxidation or antioxidant function of vitamin E in vivo can be attributed partly to the presence of active pathways for metabolizing hydroperoxides, aldehydes, and other oxidation products. Specific and sensitive techniques for measuring lipid peroxidation products in biological systems are essential for understanding the role of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation in tissue damage and antioxidant function of vitamin E in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Chow
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0054
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Abstract
Preexposure of rats to sublethal levels of hyperoxia or ozone reduces morbidity and mortality when the animals are subsequently exposed to lethal levels of either oxidant stress. Lung homogenates and isolated type II pneumocytes from rats exposed to these oxidant stresses demonstrate enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase are responsible for the detoxification of partially reduced oxygen species, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, to less reactive states. Potential pulmonary cellular loci of partially reduced oxygen include mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase, endoplasmic reticulum-derived NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and cytosolic xanthine oxido reductase. Thus partially reduced oxygen species are hypothesized to mediate hyperoxia and ozone-induced pulmonary damage. This damage may be attenuated by enhanced intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities. Pharmacologic augmentation of pulmonary antioxidant enzymes may be accomplished via intratracheal or intravascular delivery of liposomes containing antioxidant enzymes. Rats pretreated with liposomes containing both superoxide dismutase and catalase, when subsequently exposed to lethal levels of hyperoxia, demonstrate enhanced survival compared with control animals or with animals treated with control liposomes or native antioxidant enzymes. Finally, knowledge obtained from in vitro investigations optimizing liposomal delivery to specific pulmonary cell types may further aid in reducing in vivo pulmonary damage to hyperoxia and ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Panus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Rietjens IM, Van Bree L, Marra M, Poelen MC, Rombout PJ, Alink GM. Glutathione pathway enzyme activities and the ozone sensitivity of lung cell populations derived from ozone exposed rats. Toxicology 1985; 37:205-14. [PMID: 4071550 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(85)90083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats were exposed to 1.5 +/- 0.1 mg ozone/m3 for 4 days and the activities of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured in the cytosolic fraction of lungs from exposed and control rats. Enzyme activities were also measured in isolated alveolar macrophages and type II cells. After ozone exposure enzyme activities, expressed per gram of protein, showed the following changes. G6PDH activity was increased (P less than 0.001) in the whole rat lung and showed the same tendency in isolated alveolar macrophages and type II cells. GR activity did not change significantly neither in whole lungs, nor in isolated cell populations. GSHPx activity was increased (P less than 0.001) in whole lung homogenates, and was also markedly increased in both alveolar macrophages (P less than 0.05) and type II cells (P less than 0.01) isolated from ozone-exposed rats. From these results it was concluded that biochemical changes measured in whole lung homogenates might reflect biochemical changes that occur within specific cell types. Furthermore, it was demonstrated, using an in vitro ozone exposure system, that lung cell populations isolated from ozone-exposed rats, in spite of their marked increase in GSHPx activity, did not show a decreased ozone sensitivity compared to cells from unexposed rats, as determined by trypan blue exclusion or phagocytosis. So an increase in GSHPx activity might not be related to an increased cellular resistance to ozone.
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Abstract
Rats were initially exposed to 2 ppm ozone for 3 hr in order to induce ozone tolerance. The time course of the content of nonprotein SH as well as the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (so-called antioxidant system) in lungs of the animals was compared to the development of tolerance in the animals to a challenge exposure of 5.6 ppm ozone for 3 hr. An enhancement of a part of the antioxidant system was detected on the second day and thereafter following the initial exposure, but the clear and complete tolerance to ozone was demonstrated 1 day before the enhancement of the antioxidant system. Alternatively, the induction of tolerance to ozone was found to be experimentally suppressed by actinomycin D or colchicine, but the levels of the antioxidant system in animals thus treated were not significantly different from the matched controls, or only partly enhanced. These events suggest that the tolerance to ozone is not related to an enhancement of the antioxidant system.
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Nambu Z, Yokoyama E. Experimental suppression of tolerance to ozone and of cross-tolerance (NO2-O3) in rats by actinomycin D and colchicine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1982; 29:62-69. [PMID: 6216101 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(82)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Tyson CA, Lunan KD, Stephens RJ. Age-related differences in GSH-shuttle enzymes in NO2- or O3-exposed rat lungs. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1982; 37:167-76. [PMID: 7201297 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1982.10667558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of age on changes in glutathione (GSH)-shuttle enzyme activities in rat lungs following a 72-hr exposure to NO2 (14 ppm) or O3 (approximately 0.9 ppm) was investigated. Exposed animals survived and were in the adaptive recovery phase at sacrifice. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly elevated in young adult or older rats (maternal nursing or normal) and, to a lesser degree, in weanlings. Enzyme levels of neonates remained essentially unchanged and their lungs showed minimal morphological injury. At 50 ppm NO2, neonates also exhibited significant elevations in all three enzyme levels. The comparative unresponsiveness of neonates to short-term, low-level exposure to NO2 or O3, together with other observations, indicate that the relative importance of the GSH-shuttle in protecting lungs against injury requires further investigation.
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Verweij H, Christianse K, Van Steveninck J. Ozone-induced formation of O,O'-dityrosine cross-linked in proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 701:180-4. [PMID: 7041979 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of spectrin, insulin, glucagon and ribonuclease with ozone results in covalent cross-linking of these proteins. This cross-linking is not reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol and thus can not be ascribed to -S-S- bond formation. A concomitant O,O'-dityrosine formation is observed by spectrofluorometric analysis of the protein and by amino acid analysis and thin-layer chromatography of hydrolyzed protein samples. It is highly probable that the observed protein cross-linking should be attributed to interpeptide O,O'-dityrosine bonds. Several authors have shown before that oxidation of proteins with horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 also leads to O,O'-dityrosine formation. Peroxidase-induced O,O'-dityrosine formation in galactose oxidase (d-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.9) causes a strong increase of enzyme activity. In accordance with these observations ozone treatment of galactose oxidase also leads to O,O'-dityrosine formation with a concomitant 8-fold increase of enzyme activity.
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Carmichael NG, Winder C, Borges SH, Backhouse BL, Lewis PD. Minireview: the health implications of water treatment with ozone. Life Sci 1982; 30:117-29. [PMID: 7033710 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a highly efficient disinfectant which may have significant advantages in water treatment compared to chlorine. It has, however, been shown that mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic byproducts may be produced under certain conditions of ozonation. Light chlorination following ozonization may meet the highest standards of disinfection. In addition the destruction of much of the organic matter by prior ozone treatment may well result in less harmful chlorinated and brominated products in the finished water. In many cases ozone treatment alone may suffice. It would be desirable to test with long term in vivo experiments which of the alternatives produces the best combination of microbiologically clean and pleasant water with minimum mutagenic and carcinogenic effect.
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Verweij H, van Steveninck J. Protective effects of semicarbazide and p-aminobenzoic acid against ozone toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:1033-7. [PMID: 6973341 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Thurnham DI. Red cell enzyme tests of vitamin status: do marginal deficiencies have any physiological significance? Proc Nutr Soc 1981; 40:155-63. [PMID: 7017737 DOI: 10.1079/pns19810024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sweet F, Kao MS, Lee SC, Hagar WL, Sweet WE. Ozone selectively inhibits growth of human cancer cells. Science 1980; 209:931-3. [PMID: 7403859 DOI: 10.1126/science.7403859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The growth of human cancer cells from lung, breast, and uterine tumors was selectively inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by ozone at 0.3 to 0.8 part per million of ozone in ambient air during 8 days of culture. Human lung diploid fibroblasts served as noncancerous control cells. The presence of ozone at 0.3 to 0.5 part per million inhibited cancer cell growth 40 and 60 percent, respectively. The noncancerous lung cells were unaffected at these levels. Exposure to ozone at 0.8 part per million inhibited cancer cell growth more than 90 percent and control cell growth less than 50 percent. Evidently, the mechanisms for defense against ozone damage are impaired in human cancer cells.
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Plopper CG, Chow CK, Dungworth DL, Tyler WS. Pulmonary alterations in rats exposed to 0.2 and 0.1 ppm ozone: a correlated morphological and biochemical study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1979; 34:390-5. [PMID: 518118 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1979.10667438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a synthetic diet supplemented with 11 mg vitamin E/kg body weight (to approximate average U.S. human dietary intake) or a commercial rat chow for 5 wk. At 2 months of age, rats were exposed to either 0.0, 0.1, or 0.2 ppm ozone continuously for 7 days. Morphological lesions were consistently present in centriacinar regions of lungs of both groups of rats at the 0.2 ppm level. At 0.1 ppm ozone, two of six rats fed the synthetic diet and two of five fed lab chow had minimal centriacinar lesions. Biochemical assays showeed that the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, and G-6-P dehydrogenase and level of nonprotein sulfhydryls in the lungs of rats fed the synthetic diet and exposed to 0.1 ppm were elevated to about one-half the level that was produced by 0.2 ppm. The authors conclude that the level whereby there are no observable morphologic effects for short-term exposure to ozone in 2-month-old rats is less than, but close to, 0.1 ppm.
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Goldstein BD, Rozen MG, Quintavalla JC, Amoruso MA. Decrease in mouse lung and liver glutathione peroxidase activity and potentiation of the lethal effects of ozone and paraquat by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:27-30. [PMID: 215167 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ayaz KL, Csallany AS. Long-term NO2 exposure of mice in the presence and absence of vitamin E. II. Effect of glutathione peroxidase. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1978; 33:292-6. [PMID: 736611 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1978.10667350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and twenty female mice fed diets containing various levels of vitamin E were continuously exposed to 0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and filtered air for 17 months. Blood, lung, and liver tissues were assayed for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-peroxidase) activity. Exposure to 0.5 ppm NO2 did not affect blood and lung GSH-peroxidase activity; 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure, however, caused suppression of the enzyme. A combination of vitamin E deficiency and 1.0 ppm NO2 exposure resulted in the lowest GSH-peroxidase activities in the blood and lung. High levels of vitamin E in the diet resulted in elevated GSH-peroxidase in the blood and lung. Liver GSH-peroxidase activity was unaffected by either dietary vitamin E or NO2 exposure. No inverse relationship was found between GSH-peroxidase levels and concentrations of organic solvent soluble lipofuscin pigments present in tissues.
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Clark KW, Posin CI, Buckley RD. Biochemical response of squirrel monkeys to ozone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1978; 4:741-53. [PMID: 104043 DOI: 10.1080/15287397809529696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical studies were performed on blood and lung tissue of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) following acute exposure to 0.75 ppm ozone (O3) for 4 h/d for 4 consecutive days. One group of animals was sacrificed at the end of the last exposure day and another group was sacrificed 4 d later after the last exposure. Evidence was sought for oxidation-induced changes known to occur in rodents when high levels of O3 are inhaled. A significant increase in red blood cell membrane fragility was observed, as well as significant decreases in red blood cell glutathione and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase; however, the red blood cell enzymes, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were not changed significantly. Lung tissue analysis showed that lipid peroxidation was markedly increased and tissue vitamin E levels were significantly decreased. The tissue enzymes G6PDH, glutathione reductase, and LDH significantly increased in activity. No significant changes were seen in either superoxide dismutase or malic acid dehydrogenase. The results of this experiment indicate that O3, or reaction products resulting from O3-tissue interaction in the lung, pass the air-blood barrier and are capable of producing biochemical changes in blood as well as in lung tissue.
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