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Matthews TC, Munstermann LE. CHROMOSOMAL REPATTERNING AND LINKAGE GROUP CONSERVATION IN MOSQUITO KARYOTYPIC EVOLUTION. Evolution 2017; 48:146-154. [PMID: 28567783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/1992] [Accepted: 01/22/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome number and morphology in mosquitoes is remarkably uniform: virtually all mosquitoes have a diploid chromosome number of six (2N = 6), and their chromosomes are invariably metacentric or submetacentric. Numerical changes obviously have not been important in mosquito chromosomal evolution, and because of the morphological similarity of their chromosomes, it appears that structural changes have played little or no role in mosquito karyotypic evolution. The goal of the present study was to identify the types and relative numbers of chromosomal changes in mosquito evolution and to extend the comparison where possible to the higher diptera. To do this, we compared the enzyme linkage maps of six species of Aedes to each other and to enzyme maps of seven other mosquito species and to Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate that Aedes chromosomes have been modified by inversions, most which were paracentric, and by translocations, most which were Robertsonian. Intrageneric comparison of Aedes enzyme maps also revealed groups of linked enzyme loci whose integrity has been maintained throughout Aedes evolution (conserved linkages/syntenies). Intergeneric comparisons of Aedes enzyme maps with those of species in the genera Culex, Anopheles, and Toxorhynchites disclosed conserved associations of enzyme loci between mosquito genera. These findings lead us to postulate that the ancestral mosquito karyotype consisted of six chromosomal elements which, other than being combined in different ways in various mosquito groups, have remained essentially intact during mosquito evolution. Furthermore, the identification of groups of linked enzyme loci common to mosquitoes and to D. melanogaster indicates that linkage group conservation may characterize the karyotypic evolution of all dipteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Matthews
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois, 62522
| | - L E Munstermann
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, 60 College Street, 606 LEPH, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
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2
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Genetic Structure and Variation of Van Cats. Biochem Genet 2011; 49:511-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-011-9426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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HOELZEL ARUS. Impact of population bottlenecks on genetic variation and the importance of life-history; a case study of the northern elephant seal. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Makarieva AM. Variance of protein heterozygosity in different species of mammals with respect to the number of loci studied. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:41-51. [PMID: 11678986 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of published data on protein heterozygosity of 321 species of mammals shows that it varies from 0 up to 22%, an average species being heterozygous at 5% of its protein-coding loci. Many attempts have been made to explain the observed differences in protein heterozygosity, relating its value to various species-, population-, or environment-specific parameters. In this work it is shown that the wide scatter of protein heterozygosity in different species of mammals can be explained by the small numbers of loci studied (usually 20-30). It is shown that with an increasing number of studied loci, the mean of the heterozygosity does not change, while its variance among different species decreases in accordance with a Poisson distribution. The true heterozygosity of the whole protein-coding region of the mammalian genome is thus characterized by a narrow spread around the mean. This means that the true heterozygosity of the protein-coding region is similar in all mammalian species. Its value can be viewed as the threshold level of variability of the protein-coding region of mammals, which characterizes the permissible level of erosion of genetic information of species and is maintained by stabilizing selection in natural ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Makarieva
- Theoretical Biology Group, Coltegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study, Szentháromság utca 2, H-1014, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the BrazilianAkodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae). Biochem Genet 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Rieger TT, Langguth A, Weimer TA. Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the Brazilian Akodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae). Biochem Genet 1995; 33:283-95. [PMID: 8748454 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study involved an electrophoretic survey of 22 protein loci in 269 individuals belonging to three species of the genus Akodon, A. aff. cursor (2n = 16), A. cursor (2n = 14/15), and A. montensis (2n = 24/25/26), collected in Eastern Brazil. The joint results of gene diversity, genetic distances, phenetic analyses, and phylogenetic trees suggested that A. aff. cursor has recently separated from A. cursor and that the three species have experienced a recent chromosomal divergence followed by low allozyme differentiation. These data are in agreement with their classification as sibling species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Rieger
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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7
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Hartl GB, Willing R, Nadlinger K. Allozymes in mammalian population genetics and systematics: indicative function of a marker system reconsidered. EXS 1994; 69:299-310. [PMID: 7994111 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7527-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Data from an extensive research project on lagomorphs were compiled and re-analyzed from a synoptical point of view for examining the indicative function of allozymic variation. Empirical data suggested the Shannon-Weaver information index to be a better indicator of allelic diversity than expected average heterozygosity. There were differences in polymorphism among various structural and physiological classes of enzymes. Reliable estimates of gene diversity and genetic distances can be obtained only if more than 30 loci are examined. At the population level, allozymic diversity was not related to morphological variation. It was, however, indicative of increased developmental homeostasis as assessed by overall fluctuating asymmetry in non-metric morphological traits. Allozymes served well for fully resolving genetic differentiation among populations and for assessing levels of migration, whereas mtDNA and morphological data provided only additional information. The results are discussed with respect to data from other mammalian taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Hartl
- Forschungsinstitut für Wildtierkunde und Okologie, Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Silva BTF, Sampaio MIC, Schneider H, Schneider MPC, Montoya E, Encarnación F, Callegari-Jacques SM, Salzano FM. Protein electrophoretic variability inSaimiri and the question of its species status. Am J Primatol 1993; 29:183-193. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350290304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1991] [Revised: 10/12/1992] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Miththapala S, Seidensticker J, Phillips LG, Goodrowe KL, Fernando SBU, Forman L, O'brien SJ. Genetic variation in Sri Lankan leopards. Zoo Biol 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ. A molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:3307-11. [PMID: 3106965 PMCID: PMC304858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.10.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular phylogeny for the hominoid primates was constructed by using genetic distances from a survey of 383 radiolabeled fibroblast polypeptides resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). An internally consistent matrix of Nei genetic distances was generated on the basis of variants in electrophoretic position. The derived phylogenetic tree indicated a branching sequence, from oldest to most recent, of cercopithecoids (Macaca fascicularis), gibbon-siamang, orangutan, gorilla, and human-chimpanzee. A cladistic analysis of 240 electrophoretic characters that varied between ape species produced an identical tree. Genetic distance measures obtained by 2DE are largely consistent with those generated by other molecular procedures. In addition, the 2DE data set appears to resolve the human-chimpanzee-gorilla trichotomy in favor of a more recent association of chimpanzees and humans.
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11
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O'Brien SJ, Joslin P, Smith GL, Wolfe R, Schaffer N, Heath E, Ott-Joslin J, Rawal PP, Bhattacharjee KK, Martenson JS. Evidence for African origins of founders of the asiatic lion species survival plan. Zoo Biol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Mullakandov MR, Gradov AA, Zakijan SM, Rubtsov NB, Serov OL. Peptidases A, B, C, D and S in the American mink: polymorphism and chromosome localization. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 73:272-277. [PMID: 24240861 DOI: 10.1007/bf00289285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/1986] [Accepted: 07/08/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An electrophoretic analysis of peptidases was carried out in a population of American mink. Based on substrate and tissue specificities, as well as subunit composition, homologies were established between mink peptidases A, B, C, D and S and human peptidases. Polymorphism for peptidases B and D was demonstrated for minks of three coat colour types. Breeding data indicated that the peptidase variations are under the control of allele pairs at distinct autosomal loci designated as PEPB and PEPD, respectively. Using a panel of American mink-Chinese hamster hybrid clones, the gene for PEPB was assigned to mink chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Mullakandov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 90, Novosibirsk, USSR
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13
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Forman L, Kleiman DG, Bush RM, Dietz JM, Ballou JD, Phillips LG, Coimbra-Filho AF, O'Brien SJ. Genetic variation within and among lion tamarins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1986; 71:1-11. [PMID: 3096142 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330710102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia, one of the rarest and most endangered of New World primates, has been the focus of an intensive research and conservation effort for two decades. During that period, managed breeding from 44 founders has brought the captive population to over 400 individuals, a number that equals or exceeds the estimated number of free-ranging golden lion tamarins. The extent of genetic variation among golden lion tamarins was estimated with an electrophoretic survey of 47 allozyme loci from 67 captive and 73 free-ranging individuals. The amount of variation was low, compared to 15 other primate species, with 4% of the loci being polymorphic (P), and with an average heterozygosity H estimate of 0.01 in these callitrichids. Electrophoretic analyses of captive and free-ranging animals (N = 31) of two allopatric morphotypes, Leontopithecus rosalia chrysopygus and L. r. chrysomelas, were similar to the L. r. rosalia findings insofar as they also revealed limited genetic polymorphism. Computation of the Nei-genetic distance measurements showed that the three morphotypes were genetically very similar, although discernible differentiation had occurred at two loci. These data are consistent with the occurrence of recent reproductive isolations of these subspecies.
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14
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Wayne RK, Forman L, Newman AK, Simonson JM, O'Brien SJ. Genetic monitors of zoo populations: Morphological and electrophoretic assays. Zoo Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Electrophoretically detectable polymorphisms of fructose bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) have been found in the mouse. One polymorphism, found among inbred strains of Mus musculus and feral animals, affects the isozymes found in the muscle and in most other tissues examined but is not expressed in kidney, liver, or testis. These tissues have other electrophoretically distinct isozymes which are monomorphic in Mus musculus but are present as a different electromorph in the sympatric species Mus spretus. Breeding data have established that the genetic control of the muscle enzyme is expressed by an autosomal structural locus Fbp-1 which is distinct from that expressing the liver, kidney, and testis enzyme, Fbp-2. The organ-specific expression of the two loci suggests possible functional differences between the two products.
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16
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O'Brien SJ, Roelke ME, Marker L, Newman A, Winkler CA, Meltzer D, Colly L, Evermann JF, Bush M, Wildt DE. Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science 1985; 227:1428-34. [PMID: 2983425 DOI: 10.1126/science.2983425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A population genetic survey of over 200 structural loci previously revealed that the South African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) has an extreme paucity of genetic variability, probably as a consequence of a severe population bottleneck in its recent past. The genetic monomorphism of the species is here extended to the major histocompatibility complex, since 14 reciprocal skin grafts between unrelated cheetahs were accepted. The apparent consequences of such genetic uniformity to the species include (i) great difficulty in captive breeding, (ii) a high degree of juvenile mortality in captivity and in the wild, and (iii) a high frequency of spermatozoal abnormalities in ejaculates. The species vulnerability of the cheetah was demonstrated by an epizootic of coronavirus-associated feline infectious peritonitis in an Oregon breeding colony in 1983. Exposure and spread of the coronavirus, which has a very low morbidity in domestic cats (approximately 1 percent), has decimated a heretofore productive and healthy captive population. The extreme genetic monomorphism, especially at the major histocompatibility complex, and the apparent hypersensitivity of the cheetah to a viral pathogen may be related, and provide a biological basis for understanding the adaptive significance of abundant genetic variation in outbred mammalian species.
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18
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Bonhomme F, Catalan J, Britton-Davidian J, Chapman VM, Moriwaki K, Nevo E, Thaler L. Biochemical diversity and evolution in the genus Mus. Biochem Genet 1984; 22:275-303. [PMID: 6375655 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen biochemical groups of wild mice from Europe, Asia, and Africa belonging to the genus Mus are analyzed at 22-42 protein loci. Phylogenetic trees are proposed and patterns of biochemical evolution are discussed, as well as the possible contribution of wild mice to the genetic diversity of laboratory stocks.
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O'Brien SJ, Goldman D, Knight J, Moore HD, Wildt DE, Bush M, Montali RJ, Kleiman D. Giant panda paternity. Science 1984; 223:1127-8. [PMID: 6701515 DOI: 10.1126/science.6701515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Diversity: Ecological, Demographic and Life History Correlates. LECTURE NOTES IN BIOMATHEMATICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51588-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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23
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O'brien SJ, Wildt DE, Goldman D, Merril CR, Bush M. The Cheetah Is Depauperate in Genetic Variation. Science 1983; 221:459-62. [PMID: 17755482 DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4609.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 55 South African cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) from two geographically isolated populations in South Africa were found to be genetically monomorphic at each of 47 allozyme (allelic isozyme) loci. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 155 abundant soluble proteins from cheetah fibroblasts also revealed a low frequency of polymorphism (average heterozygosity, 0.013). Both estimates are dramatically lower than levels of variation reported in other cats and mammals in general. The extreme monomorphism may be a consequence of a demographic contraction of the cheetah (a population bottleneck) in association with a reduced rate of increase in the recent natural history of this endangered species.
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Abstract
A genetic map of 31 biochemical loci located on 17 feline syntenic (linkage) groups has been derived by somatic cell genetic analysis of cat-rodent hybrids. Most of these syntenic groups have been assigned to one of the 19 feline chromosomes. Comparative linkage analysis of the feline biochemical loci and homologous human loci revealed considerable conservation of linkage associations between the primates and the Felidae (order Carnivora). Many of these same linkage groups have not been conserved in the murine genome. The genetic and evolutionary implications of comparative mapping analysis among mammalian species are discussed.
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