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Feroz W, Park BS, Siripurapu M, Ntim N, Kilroy MK, Sheikh AMA, Mishra R, Garrett JT. Non-Muscle Myosin II A: Friend or Foe in Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9435. [PMID: 39273383 PMCID: PMC11395477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin IIA (NM IIA) is a motor protein that belongs to the myosin II family. The myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene encodes the heavy chain of NM IIA. NM IIA is a hexamer and contains three pairs of peptides, which include the dimer of heavy chains, essential light chains, and regulatory light chains. NM IIA is a part of the actomyosin complex that generates mechanical force and tension to carry out essential cellular functions, including adhesion, cytokinesis, migration, and the maintenance of cell shape and polarity. These functions are regulated via light and heavy chain phosphorylation at different amino acid residues. Apart from physiological functions, NM IIA is also linked to the development of cancer and genetic and neurological disorders. MYH9 gene mutations result in the development of several autosomal dominant disorders, such as May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) and Epstein syndrome (EPS). Multiple studies have reported NM IIA as a tumor suppressor in melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; however, studies also indicate that NM IIA is a critical player in promoting tumorigenesis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and stemness. The ROCK-NM IIA pathway regulates cellular movement and shape via the control of cytoskeletal dynamics. In addition, the ROCK-NM IIA pathway is dysregulated in various solid tumors and leukemia. Currently, there are very few compounds targeting NM IIA, and most of these compounds are still being studied in preclinical models. This review provides comprehensive evidence highlighting the dual role of NM IIA in multiple cancer types and summarizes the signaling networks involved in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we also discuss the role of NM IIA as a potential therapeutic target with a focus on the ROCK-NM IIA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Feroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Briley SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Cancer Research Scholars Program, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Meghna Siripurapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicole Ntim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mary Kate Kilroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Rosalin Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joan T Garrett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Kalim AS, Nagata K, Toriigahara Y, Shirai T, Kirino K, Xiu-Ying Z, Kondo T, Kawakubo N, Miyata J, Matsuura T, Tajiri T. A lmod1a mutation causes megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis in a CRISPR/Cas9-modified zebrafish model. Pediatr Surg Int 2024; 40:225. [PMID: 39143337 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-024-05809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is defined as a congenital visceral myopathy with genetic mutations. However, the etiology and pathophysiology are not fully understood. We aimed to generate a gene leiomodin-1a (lmod1a) modification technique to establish a zebrafish model of MMIHS. METHODS We targeted lmod1a in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9. After confirming the genotype, we measured the expression levels of the target gene and protein associated with MMIHS. A gut transit assay and spatiotemporal mapping were conducted to analyze the intestinal function. RESULTS Genetic confirmation showed a 5-base-pair deletion in exon 1 of lmod1a, which caused a premature stop codon. We observed significant mRNA downregulation of lmod1a, myh11, myod1, and acta2 and the protein expression of Lmod1 and Acta2 in the mutant group. A functional analysis of the lmod1a mutant zebrafish showed that its intestinal peristalsis was fewer, slower, and shorter in comparison to the wild type. CONCLUSION This study showed that targeted deletion of lmod1a in zebrafish resulted in depletion of MMIHS-related genes and proteins, resulting in intestinal hypoperistalsis. This model may have the potential to be utilized in future therapeutic approaches, such as drug discovery screening and gene repair therapy for MMIHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Santoso Kalim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouji Nagata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Toriigahara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kirino
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhang Xiu-Ying
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kondo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naonori Kawakubo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Miyata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chinthalapudi K, Heissler SM. Structure, regulation, and mechanisms of nonmuscle myosin-2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:263. [PMID: 38878079 PMCID: PMC11335295 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Members of the myosin superfamily of molecular motors are large mechanochemical ATPases that are implicated in an ever-expanding array of cellular functions. This review focuses on mammalian nonmuscle myosin-2 (NM2) paralogs, ubiquitous members of the myosin-2 family of filament-forming motors. Through the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work, NM2 paralogs remodel and shape cells and tissues. This process is tightly controlled in time and space by numerous synergetic regulation mechanisms to meet cellular demands. We review how recent advances in structural biology together with elegant biophysical and cell biological approaches have contributed to our understanding of the shared and unique mechanisms of NM2 paralogs as they relate to their kinetics, regulation, assembly, and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sarah M Heissler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Han YS, Bandi R, Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC, Brozovich FV. Aging related decreases in NM myosin expression and contractility in a resistance vessel. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1411420. [PMID: 38808359 PMCID: PMC11130448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1411420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vasodilatation in response to NO is a fundamental response of the vasculature, and during aging, the vasculature is characterized by an increase in stiffness and decrease in sensitivity to NO mediated vasodilatation. Vascular tone is regulated by the activation of smooth muscle and nonmuscle (NM) myosin, which are regulated by the activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and MLC phosphatase. MLC phosphatase is a trimeric enzyme with a catalytic subunit, myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) and 20 kDa subunit of unknown function. Alternative mRNA splicing produces LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 isoforms and the relative expression of LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 determines the sensitivity to NO mediated vasodilatation. This study tested the hypothesis that aging is associated with changes in LZ+ MYPT1 and NM myosin expression, which alter vascular reactivity. Methods: We determined MYPT1 and NM myosin expression, force and the sensitivity of both endothelial dependent and endothelial independent relaxation in tertiary mesenteric arteries of young (6mo) and elderly (24mo) Fischer344 rats. Results: The data demonstrate that aging is associated with a decrease in both the expression of NM myosin and force, but LZ+ MYPT expression and the sensitivity to both endothelial dependent and independent vasodilatation did not change. Further, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy increases the thickness of the medial layer of smooth muscle with aging. Discussion: The reduction of NM myosin may represent an aging associated compensatory mechanism to normalize the stiffness of resistance vessels in response to the increase in media thickness observed during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Han
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rishiraj Bandi
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Frank V Brozovich
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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5
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Pan M, Tan X, Sun T, Zhu W, Liu H, Liu Q, Dong H. A harmful MYH11 variant detected in a family with thoracic aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:212-218. [PMID: 37306888 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death and is characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and a poor prognosis. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart disease. The pathogenesis of both TAD and PDA has been reported to be related to genetic factors. The MYH11 gene, which encodes myosin heavy chain 11, has been reported in individuals with both TAD and PDA. Herein, we first detected a harmful MYH11 missense variant (c. T3728C, p. L1243P) in a TAD and PDA family. This missense variant co-segregated with the TAD/PDA phenotype in this family of four individuals, providing evidence of its harmfulness. Histopathological examinations revealed the presence of fragmented, broken, and lessened elastic fibers and the deposition of proteoglycans in the median of aortic dissection. Moreover, the immunofluorescence results showed that the labeled MYH11 protein in the tissue of the aortic dissection was weaker than that in the normal aorta. We present this familial case to stress the necessity of postmortem genetic testing in such cases among forensic practices. Identifying those culprit gene variants can direct effective genetic counseling and personalized health management in family members (especially first-degree relatives) with high-risk genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Pan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoshan Tan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tianying Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huine Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Honeycutt SE, N'Guetta PEY, Hardesty DM, Xiong Y, Cooper SL, Stevenson MJ, O'Brien LL. Netrin 1 directs vascular patterning and maturity in the developing kidney. Development 2023; 150:dev201886. [PMID: 37818607 PMCID: PMC10690109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The intricate vascular system of the kidneys supports body fluid and organ homeostasis. However, little is known about how vascular architecture is established during kidney development. More specifically, how signals from the kidney influence vessel maturity and patterning remains poorly understood. Netrin 1 (Ntn1) is a secreted ligand that is crucial for vessel and neuronal guidance. Here, we demonstrate that Ntn1 is expressed by Foxd1+ stromal progenitors in the developing mouse kidney and conditional deletion (Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl) results in hypoplastic kidneys with extended nephrogenesis. Wholemount 3D analyses additionally revealed the loss of a predictable vascular pattern in Foxd1GC/+;Ntn1fl/fl kidneys. As vascular patterning has been linked to vessel maturity, we investigated arterialization. Quantification of the CD31+ endothelium at E15.5 revealed no differences in metrics such as the number of branches or branch points, whereas the arterial vascular smooth muscle metrics were significantly reduced at both E15.5 and P0. In support of our observed phenotypes, whole kidney RNA-seq revealed disruptions to genes and programs associated with stromal cells, vasculature and differentiating nephrons. Together, our findings highlight the significance of Ntn1 to proper vascularization and kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Honeycutt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Y. N'Guetta
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deanna M. Hardesty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yubin Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shamus L. Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew J. Stevenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lori L. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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7
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DeMoya RA, Forman-Rubinsky RE, Fontaine D, Shin J, Watkins SC, Lo CW, Tsang M. Sin3a associated protein 130 kDa, sap130, plays an evolutionary conserved role in zebrafish heart development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1197109. [PMID: 37711853 PMCID: PMC10498550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1197109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital heart disease where the left ventricle is reduced in size. A forward genetic screen in mice identified SIN3A associated protein 130 kDa (Sap130), part of the chromatin modifying SIN3A/HDAC complex, as a gene contributing to the etiology of HLHS. Here, we report the role of zebrafish sap130 genes in heart development. Loss of sap130a, one of two Sap130 orthologs, resulted in smaller ventricle size, a phenotype reminiscent to the hypoplastic left ventricle in mice. While cardiac progenitors were normal during somitogenesis, diminution of the ventricle size suggest the Second Heart Field (SHF) was the source of the defect. To explore the role of sap130a in gene regulation, transcriptome profiling was performed after the heart tube formation to identify candidate pathways and genes responsible for the small ventricle phenotype. Genes involved in cardiac differentiation and cardiac function were dysregulated in sap130a, but not in sap130b mutants. Confocal light sheet analysis measured deficits in cardiac output in MZsap130a supporting the notion that cardiomyocyte maturation was disrupted. Lineage tracing experiments revealed a significant reduction of SHF cells in the ventricle that resulted in increased outflow tract size. These data suggest that sap130a is involved in cardiogenesis via regulating the accretion of SHF cells to the growing ventricle and in their subsequent maturation for cardiac function. Further, genetic studies revealed an interaction between hdac1 and sap130a, in the incidence of small ventricles. These studies highlight the conserved role of Sap130a and Hdac1 in zebrafish cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. DeMoya
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rachel E. Forman-Rubinsky
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Deon Fontaine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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DeMoya RA, Forman-Rubinsky RE, Fontaine D, Shin J, Watkins SC, Lo C, Tsang M. Sin3a Associated Protein 130kDa, sap130, plays an evolutionary conserved role in zebrafish heart development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.30.534737. [PMID: 37034673 PMCID: PMC10081270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital heart disease where the left ventricle is reduced in size. A forward genetic screen in mice identified SIN3A associated protein 130kDa ( Sap130 ), a protein in the chromatin modifying SIN3A/HDAC1 complex, as a gene contributing to the digenic etiology of HLHS. Here, we report the role of zebrafish sap130 genes in heart development. Loss of sap130a, one of two Sap130 orthologs, resulted in smaller ventricle size, a phenotype reminiscent to the hypoplastic left ventricle in mice. While cardiac progenitors were normal during somitogenesis, diminution of the ventricle size suggest the Second Heart Field (SHF) was the source of the defect. To explore the role of sap130a in gene regulation, transcriptome profiling was performed after the heart tube formation to identify candidate pathways and genes responsible for the small ventricle phenotype. Genes involved in cardiac differentiation and cell communication were dysregulated in sap130a , but not in sap130b mutants. Confocal light sheet analysis measured deficits in cardiac output in MZsap130a supporting the notion that cardiomyocyte maturation was disrupted. Lineage tracing experiments revealed a significant reduction of SHF cells in the ventricle that resulted in increased outflow tract size. These data suggest that sap130a is involved in cardiogenesis via regulating the accretion of SHF cells to the growing ventricle and in their subsequent maturation for cardiac function. Further, genetic studies revealed an interaction between hdac1 and sap130a , in the incidence of small ventricles. These studies highlight the conserved role of Sap130a and Hdac1 in zebrafish cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A DeMoya
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Rachel E Forman-Rubinsky
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Deon Fontaine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Joseph Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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9
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Lubomirov LT, Schroeter MM, Hasse V, Frohn M, Metzler D, Bust M, Pryymachuk G, Hescheler J, Grisk O, Chalovich JM, Smyth NR, Pfitzer G, Papadopoulos S. Dual thick and thin filament linked regulation of stretch- and L-NAME-induced tone in young and senescent murine basilar artery. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1099278. [PMID: 37057180 PMCID: PMC10088910 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1099278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stretch-induced vascular tone is an important element of autoregulatory adaptation of cerebral vasculature to maintain cerebral flow constant despite changes in perfusion pressure. Little is known as to the regulation of tone in senescent basilar arteries. We tested the hypothesis, that thin filament mechanisms in addition to smooth muscle myosin-II regulatory-light-chain-(MLC20)-phosphorylation and non-muscle-myosin-II, contribute to regulation of stretch-induced tone. In young BAs (y-BAs) mechanical stretch does not lead to spontaneous tone generation. Stretch-induced tone in y-BAs appeared only after inhibition of NO-release by L-NAME and was fully prevented by treatment with 3 μmol/L RhoA-kinase (ROK) inhibitor Y27632. L-NAME-induced tone was reduced in y-BAs from heterozygous mice carrying a point mutation of the targeting-subunit of the myosin phosphatase, MYPT1 at threonine696 (MYPT1-T696A/+). In y-BAs, MYPT1-T696A-mutation also blunted the ability of L-NAME to increase MLC20-phosphorylation. In contrast, senescent BAs (s-BAs; >24 months) developed stable spontaneous stretch-induced tone and pharmacological inhibition of NO-release by L-NAME led to an additive effect. In s-BAs the MYPT1-T696A mutation also blunted MLC20-phosphorylation, but did not prevent development of stretch-induced tone. In s-BAs from both lines, Y27632 completely abolished stretch- and L-NAME-induced tone. In s-BAs phosphorylation of non-muscle-myosin-S1943 and PAK1-T423, shown to be down-stream effectors of ROK was also reduced by Y27632 treatment. Stretch- and L-NAME tone were inhibited by inhibition of non-muscle myosin (NM-myosin) by blebbistatin. We also tested whether the substrate of PAK1 the thin-filament associated protein, caldesmon is involved in the regulation of stretch-induced tone in advanced age. BAs obtained from heterozygotes Cald1+/− mice generated stretch-induced tone already at an age of 20–21 months old BAs (o-BA). The magnitude of stretch-induced tone in Cald1+/− o-BAs was similar to that in s-BA. In addition, truncation of caldesmon myosin binding Exon2 (CaD-▵Ex2−/−) did not accelerate stretch-induced tone. Our study indicates that in senescent cerebral vessels, mechanisms distinct from MLC20 phosphorylation contribute to regulation of tone in the absence of a contractile agonist. While in y-and o-BA the canonical pathways, i.e., inhibition of MLCP by ROK and increase in pMLC20, predominate, tone regulation in senescence involves ROK regulated mechanisms, involving non-muscle-myosin and thin filament linked mechanisms involving caldesmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir T. Lubomirov
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
- Research Cluster, Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lubomir T. Lubomirov,
| | - Mechthild M. Schroeter
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronika Hasse
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Frohn
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Metzler
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Bust
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Galyna Pryymachuk
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Grisk
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
- Research Cluster, Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Joseph M. Chalovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Neil R. Smyth
- Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zou M, Mangum KD, Magin JC, Cao HH, Yarboro MT, Shelton EL, Taylor JM, Reese J, Furey TS, Mack CP. Prdm6 drives ductus arteriosus closure by promoting ductus arteriosus smooth muscle cell identity and contractility. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163454. [PMID: 36749647 PMCID: PMC10077476 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Based upon our demonstration that the smooth muscle cell-selective (SMC-selective) putative methyltransferase, Prdm6, interacts with myocardin-related transcription factor-A, we examined Prdm6's role in SMCs in vivo using cell type-specific knockout mouse models. Although SMC-specific depletion of Prdm6 in adult mice was well tolerated, Prdm6 depletion in Wnt1-expressing cells during development resulted in perinatal lethality and a completely penetrant patent ductus arteriosus (DA) phenotype. Lineage tracing experiments in Wnt1Cre2 Prdm6fl/fl ROSA26LacZ mice revealed normal neural crest-derived SMC investment of the outflow tract. In contrast, myography measurements on DA segments isolated from E18.5 embryos indicated that Prdm6 depletion significantly reduced DA tone and contractility. RNA-Seq analyses on DA and ascending aorta samples at E18.5 identified a DA-enriched gene program that included many SMC-selective contractile associated proteins that was downregulated by Prdm6 depletion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing experiments in outflow tract SMCs demonstrated that 50% of the genes Prdm6 depletion altered contained Prdm6 binding sites. Finally, using several genome-wide data sets, we identified an SMC-selective enhancer within the Prdm6 third intron that exhibited allele-specific activity, providing evidence that rs17149944 may be the causal SNP for a cardiovascular disease GWAS locus identified within the human PRDM6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zou
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin D. Mangum
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin C. Magin
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi H. Cao
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T. Yarboro
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine L. Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joan M. Taylor
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff Reese
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Terrence S. Furey
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher P. Mack
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Smith JD, Brawley J, Bordenave KC, Olsen RK, Intasiri A, Cremo CR, Bell TW. Isoform selectivities of novel 4-hydroxycoumarin imines as inhibitors of myosin II. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115008. [PMID: 36543032 PMCID: PMC9889102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscle myosin inhibition could be used to treat many medical conditions involving hypercontractile states, including muscle spasticity, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A series of 13 advanced analogs of 3-(N-butylethanimidoyl)ethyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (BHC) were synthesized to explore extended imine nitrogen side chains and compare aldimines vs. ketimines. None of the new analogs inhibit nonmuscle myosin in a cytokinesis assay. ATPase structure-activity relationships reveal that selectivity for cardiac vs. skeletal myosin can be tuned with subtle structural changes. None of the compounds inhibited smooth muscle myosin II. Docking the compounds to homology models of cardiac and skeletal myosin II gave rationales for the effects of side arm length on inhibition selectivity and for cardiac vs. skeletal myosin. Properties including solubility, stability and toxicity, suggest that certain BHC analogs may be useful as candidates for preclinical studies or as lead compounds for advanced candidates for drugs with cardiac or skeletal muscle myosin selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0318, USA
| | - Jhonnathan Brawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Kate C Bordenave
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0318, USA
| | - Ryan K Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Amarawan Intasiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Christine R Cremo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0318, USA.
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA.
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12
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Warthi G, Faulkner JL, Doja J, Ghanam AR, Gao P, Yang AC, Slivano OJ, Barris CT, Kress TC, Zawieja SD, Griffin SH, Xie X, Ashworth A, Christie CK, Bryant WB, Kumar A, Davis MJ, Long X, Gan L, de Chantemèle EJB, Lyu Q, Miano JM. Generation and Comparative Analysis of an Itga8-CreER T2 Mouse with Preferential Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:1084-1100. [PMID: 36424917 PMCID: PMC9681021 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
All current smooth muscle cell (SMC) Cre mice similarly recombine floxed alleles in vascular and visceral SMCs. Here, we present an Itga8-CreER T2 knock-in mouse and compare its activity with a Myh11-CreER T2 mouse. Both Cre drivers demonstrate equivalent recombination in vascular SMCs. However, Myh11-CreER T2 mice, but not Itga8-CreER T2 mice, display high activity in visceral SMC-containing tissues such as intestine, show early tamoxifen-independent activity, and produce high levels of CreERT2 protein. Whereas Myh11-CreER T2 -mediated knockout of serum response factor (Srf) causes a lethal intestinal phenotype precluding analysis of the vasculature, loss of Srf with Itga8-CreER T2 (Srf Itga8 ) yields viable mice with no evidence of intestinal pathology. Male and female Srf Itga8 mice exhibit vascular contractile incompetence, and angiotensin II causes elevated blood pressure in wild type, but not Srf Itga8 , male mice. These findings establish the Itga8-CreER T2 mouse as an alternative to existing SMC Cre mice for unfettered phenotyping of vascular SMCs following selective gene loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Warthi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Jessica L. Faulkner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Jaser Doja
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Amr R. Ghanam
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Pan Gao
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Allison C. Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Orazio J. Slivano
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Candee T. Barris
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Taylor C. Kress
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Scott D. Zawieja
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Susan H. Griffin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158
| | - Christine K. Christie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William B. Bryant
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Michael J. Davis
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | | | - Qing Lyu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Biomedical and Health Institute, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligence Technology, Chongqing, China 400714
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China 401147
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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13
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Larson KF, Malik A, Brozovich FV. Aging and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3813-3822. [PMID: 35950652 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by the inability of the cardiovascular system to provide adequate cardiac output at normal filling pressures. This results in a clinical syndrome characterized by dyspnea, edema, and decreased exertional tolerance. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an increasingly common disease, and the incidence of HFpEF increases with age. There are a variety of factors which contribute to the development of HFpEF, including the presence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and other pro-inflammatory states. These comorbid conditions result in changes at the biochemical and cell signaling level which ultimately lead to a disease with a great deal of phenotypic heterogeneity. In general, the physiologic dysfunction of HFpEF is characterized by vascular stiffness, increased cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary hypertension, and impaired volume management. The normal and abnormal processes associated with aging serve as an accelerant in this process, resulting in the hypothesis that HFpEF represents a form of presbycardia. In this article, we aim to review the processes importance of aging in the development of HFpEF by examining the disease and its causes from the biochemical to physiologic level. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-10, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn F Larson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Awais Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank V Brozovich
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Huang CH, Schuring J, Skinner JP, Mok L, Chong MMW. MYL9 deficiency is neonatal lethal in mice due to abnormalities in the lung and the muscularis propria of the bladder and intestine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270820. [PMID: 35802750 PMCID: PMC9269942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II myosin complexes are responsible for muscle contraction as well as other non-sarcomeric contractile functions in cells. Myosin heavy chain molecules form the core of these structures, while light chain molecules regulate their stability and function. MYL9 is a light chain isoform that is thought to regulate non-sarcomeric myosin. However, whether this in only in specific cell types or in all cells remains unclear. To address this, we generated MYL9 deficient mice. These mice die soon after birth with abnormalities in multiple organs. All mice exhibited a distended bladder, shortening of the small intestine and alveolar overdistension in the lung. The Myl9 allele in these mice included a LacZ reporter knockin that allowed for mapping of Myl9 gene expression. Using this reporter, we show that MYL9 expression is restricted to the muscularis propria of the small intestine and bladder, as well as in the smooth muscle layer of the bronchi in the lung and major bladder vessels in all organs. This suggests that MYL9 is important for the function of smooth muscle cells in these organs. Smooth muscle dysfunction is therefore likely to be the cause of the abnormalities observed in the intestine, bladder and lung of MYL9 deficient mice and the resulting neonatal lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Han Huang
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joyce Schuring
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lawrence Mok
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark M. W. Chong
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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15
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Yarboro MT, Gopal SH, Su RL, Morgan TM, Reese J. Mouse models of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and their relevance for human PDA. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:424-443. [PMID: 34350653 PMCID: PMC8814064 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a unique fetal vascular shunt, which allows blood to bypass the developing lungs in utero. After birth, changes in complex signaling pathways lead to constriction and permanent closure of the DA. The persistent patency of the DA (PDA) is a common disorder in preterm infants, yet the underlying causes of PDA are not fully defined. Although limits on the availability of human DA tissues prevent comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of DA function, mouse models have been developed that reveal critical pathways in DA regulation. Over 20 different transgenic models of PDA in mice have been described, with implications for human DA biology. Similarly, we enumerate 224 human single-gene syndromes that are associated with PDA, including a small subset that consistently feature PDA as a prominent phenotype. Comparison and functional analyses of these genes provide insight into DA development and identify key regulatory pathways that may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the management of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Yarboro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Srirupa H Gopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel L Su
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas M Morgan
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeff Reese
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Matos-Nieves A, Manivannan S, Majumdar U, McBride KL, White P, Garg V. A Multi-Omics Approach Using a Mouse Model of Cardiac Malformations for Prioritization of Human Congenital Heart Disease Contributing Genes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:683074. [PMID: 34504875 PMCID: PMC8421733 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.683074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, affecting ~1% of all live births. Malformations of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) account for ~30% of all CHD and include a range of CHDs from bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) to tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We hypothesized that transcriptomic profiling of a mouse model of CHD would highlight disease-contributing genes implicated in congenital cardiac malformations in humans. To test this hypothesis, we utilized global transcriptional profiling differences from a mouse model of OFT malformations to prioritize damaging, de novo variants identified from exome sequencing datasets from published cohorts of CHD patients. Notch1 +/- ; Nos3 -/- mice display a spectrum of cardiac OFT malformations ranging from BAV, semilunar valve (SLV) stenosis to TOF. Global transcriptional profiling of the E13.5 Notch1 +/- ; Nos3 -/- mutant mouse OFTs and wildtype controls was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Analysis of the RNA-Seq dataset demonstrated genes belonging to the Hif1α, Tgf-β, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways were differentially expressed in the mutant OFT. Mouse to human comparative analysis was then performed to determine if patients with TOF and SLV stenosis display an increased burden of damaging, genetic variants in gene homologs that were dysregulated in Notch1 +/- ; Nos3 -/- OFT. We found an enrichment of de novo variants in the TOF population among the 1,352 significantly differentially expressed genes in Notch1 +/- ; Nos3 -/- mouse OFT but not the SLV population. This association was not significant when comparing only highly expressed genes in the murine OFT to de novo variants in the TOF population. These results suggest that transcriptomic datasets generated from the appropriate temporal, anatomic and cellular tissues from murine models of CHD may provide a novel approach for the prioritization of disease-contributing genes in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Matos-Nieves
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Manivannan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kim L. McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Peter White
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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17
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Hashmi SK, Ceron RH, Heuckeroth RO. Visceral myopathy: clinical syndromes, genetics, pathophysiology, and fall of the cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G919-G935. [PMID: 33729000 PMCID: PMC8285581 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Visceral smooth muscle is a crucial component of the walls of hollow organs like the gut, bladder, and uterus. This specialized smooth muscle has unique properties that distinguish it from other muscle types and facilitate robust dilation and contraction. Visceral myopathies are diseases where severe visceral smooth muscle dysfunction prevents efficient movement of air and nutrients through the bowel, impairs bladder emptying, and affects normal uterine contraction and relaxation, particularly during pregnancy. Disease severity exists along a spectrum. The most debilitating defects cause highly dysfunctional bowel, reduced intrauterine colon growth (microcolon), and bladder-emptying defects requiring catheterization, a condition called megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS). People with MMIHS often die early in childhood. When the bowel is the main organ affected and microcolon is absent, the condition is known as myopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO). Visceral myopathies like MMIHS and myopathic CIPO are most commonly caused by mutations in contractile apparatus cytoskeletal proteins. Here, we review visceral myopathy-causing mutations and normal functions of these disease-associated proteins. We propose molecular, cellular, and tissue-level models that may explain clinical and histopathological features of visceral myopathy and hope these observations prompt new mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Khalid Hashmi
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,2Department of Bioengineering, The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Helen Ceron
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,3Department of Physiology, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- 1Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Singh K, Kim AB, Morgan KG. Non-muscle myosin II regulates aortic stiffness through effects on specific focal adhesion proteins and the non-muscle cortical cytoskeleton. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2471-2483. [PMID: 33547870 PMCID: PMC7933926 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐muscle myosin II (NMII) plays a role in many fundamental cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration, and cytokinesis. However, its role in mammalian vascular function is not well understood. Here, we investigated the function of NMII in the biomechanical and signalling properties of mouse aorta. We found that blebbistatin, an inhibitor of NMII, decreases agonist‐induced aortic stress and stiffness in a dose‐dependent manner. We also specifically demonstrate that in freshly isolated, contractile, aortic smooth muscle cells, the non‐muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) isoform is associated with contractile filaments in the core of the cell as well as those in the non‐muscle cell cortex. However, the non‐muscle myosin IIB (NMIIB) isoform is excluded from the cell cortex and colocalizes only with contractile filaments. Furthermore, both siRNA knockdown of NMIIA and NMIIB isoforms in the differentiated A7r5 smooth muscle cell line and blebbistatin‐mediated inhibition of NM myosin II suppress agonist‐activated increases in phosphorylation of the focal adhesion proteins FAK Y925 and paxillin Y118. Thus, we show in the present study, for the first time that NMII regulates aortic stiffness and stress and that this regulation is mediated through the tension‐dependent phosphorylation of the focal adhesion proteins FAK and paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Anne B Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Choo J, Heo G, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Posttranslational modifications as therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105412. [PMID: 33412276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of biological processes are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage, control diverse physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a better understanding of their implications in intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and colorectal cancer would provide a basis for the identification of novel biomarkers as well as attractive therapeutic targets. Posttranslational modifications can be common denominators, as well as distinct biomarkers, characterizing pathological differences of various intestinal diseases. This review provides experimental evidence that identifies changes in posttranslational modifications from patient samples, primary cells, or cell lines in intestinal disorders, and a summary of carefully selected information on the use of pharmacological modulators of protein modifications as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Sun J, Qiao YN, Tao T, Zhao W, Wei LS, Li YQ, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhou YW, Zheng YY, Chen X, Pan HC, Zhang XN, Zhu MS. Distinct Roles of Smooth Muscle and Non-muscle Myosin Light Chain-Mediated Smooth Muscle Contraction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593966. [PMID: 33424621 PMCID: PMC7793928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both smooth muscle (SM) and non-muscle (NM) myosin II are expressed in hollow organs such as the bladder and uterus, but their respective roles in contraction and corresponding physiological functions remain to be determined. In this report, we assessed their roles by analyzing mice deficient of Myl9, a gene encoding the SM myosin regulatory light chain (SM RLC). We find that global Myl9-deficient bladders contracted with an apparent sustained phase, despite no initial phase. This sustained contraction was mediated by NM myosin RLC (NM RLC) phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). NM myosin II was expressed abundantly in the uterus and young mice bladders, of which the force was accordingly sensitive to NM myosin inhibition. Our findings reveal distinct roles of SM RLC and NM RLC in SM contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qiao
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Sha Wei
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Qiong Li
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhou
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Chun Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xue-Na Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Ovalı F. Molecular and Mechanical Mechanisms Regulating Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:516. [PMID: 32984222 PMCID: PMC7477801 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of ductus arteriosus closure after preterm birth is associated with significant morbidities. Ductal closure requires and is regulated by a complex interplay of molecular and mechanical mechanisms with underlying genetic factors. In utero patency of the ductus is maintained by low oxygen tension, high levels of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. After birth, ductal closure occurs first by functional closure, followed by anatomical remodeling. High oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandin levels mediated by numerous factors including potassium channels, endothelin-1, isoprostanes lead to the contraction of the ductus. Bradykinin and corticosteroids also induce ductal constriction by attenuating the sensitivity of the ductus to PGE2. Smooth muscle cells of the ductus can sense oxygen through a mitochondrial network by the role of Rho-kinase pathway which ends up with increased intracellular calcium levels and contraction of myosin light chains. Anatomical closure of the ductus is also complex with various mechanisms such as migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix production, endothelial cell proliferation which mediate cushion formation with the interaction of blood cells. Regulation of vessel walls is affected by retinoic acid, TGF-β1, notch signaling, hyaluronan, fibronectin, chondroitin sulfate, elastin, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). Formation of the platelet plug facilitates luminal remodeling by the obstruction of the constricted ductal lumen. Vasa vasorum are more pronounced in the term ductus but are less active in the preterm ductus. More than 100 genes are effective in the prostaglandin pathway or in vascular smooth muscle development and structure may affect the patency of ductus. Hemodynamic changes after birth including fluid load and flow characteristics as well as shear forces within the ductus also stimulate closure. Current pharmacological treatment for the closure of a patent ductus is based on the blockage of the prostaglandin pathway mainly through COX or POX inhibition, albeit with some limitations and side effects. Further research for new agents aiming ductal closure should focus on a clear understanding of vascular biology of the ductus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahri Ovalı
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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Billon C, Molin A, Poirsier C, Clemenson A, Dauge C, Grelet M, Sigaudy S, Patrier S, Goldenberg A, Layet V, Tantau J, Fleury C, Liard A, Diguet A, Fritih R, Verspyck E, Rendu J, Boutaud L, Tessier A, Thomas S, Razavi F, Achaiaa A, Elkhartoufi N, Hakkakian L, Magnin E, Bôle-Feysot C, Masson C, Ville Y, Roth P, Prieur F, Bessieres B, Bonniere M, Attie-Bitach T. Fetal megacystis-microcolon: Genetic mutational spectrum and identification of PDCL3 as a novel candidate gene. Clin Genet 2020; 98:261-273. [PMID: 32621347 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal-hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a severe congenital visceral myopathy characterized by an abdominal distension due to a large non-obstructed urinary bladder, a microcolon and intestinal hypo- or aperistalsis. Most of the patients described to date carry a sporadic heterozygous variant in ACTG2. More recently, recessive forms have been reported and mutations in MYH11, LMOD1, MYLK and MYL9 have been described at the molecular level. In the present report, we describe five patients carrying a recurrent heterozygous variant in ACTG2. Exome sequencing performed in four families allowed us to identify the genetic cause in three. In two families, we identified variants in MMIHS causal genes, respectively a nonsense homozygous variant in MYH11 and a previously described homozygous deletion in MYL9. Finally, we identified compound heterozygous variants in a novel candidate gene, PDCL3, c.[143_144del];[380G>A], p.[(Tyr48Ter)];[(Cys127Tyr)]. After cDNA analysis, a complete absence of PDLC3 expression was observed in affected individuals, indicating that both mutated transcripts were unstable and prone to mediated mRNA decay. PDCL3 encodes a protein involved in the folding of actin, a key step in thin filament formation. Presumably, loss-of-function of this protein affects the contractility of smooth muscle tissues, making PDCL3 an excellent candidate gene for autosomal recessive forms of MMIHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Billon
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Département de Génétique, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | - Alix Clemenson
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytotologie Pathologique, CHU de Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Coralie Dauge
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Maude Grelet
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Patrier
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Ch. Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- centre de référence anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, CHU de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique et de Médecine Personnalisée, France
| | - Valérie Layet
- Consultations de génétique, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Le Havre, France
| | - Julia Tantau
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Fleury
- Department of Pathology, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Agnès Liard
- Département de chirurgie infantile, Chu de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Alain Diguet
- Laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique, pavillon Jacques-Delarue, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Radia Fritih
- Pathology Department, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Verspyck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - John Rendu
- Unité Médicale de Génétique Moléculaire, Inserm U1216, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aude Tessier
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ferechté Razavi
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Amale Achaiaa
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Elkhartoufi
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Leila Hakkakian
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Eglantine Magnin
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Cécile Masson
- Bioinformatics Platform, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- Service d'Obstétrique, Maternité, Chirurgie, Médecine et Imagerie Fœtales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Roth
- Service d'Obstétrique, Maternité, Chirurgie, Médecine et Imagerie Fœtales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service de génétique, Hôpital Nord CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Bettina Bessieres
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Bonniere
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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Compound heterozygous variants in MYH11 underlie autosomal recessive megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome in a Chinese family. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1067-1073. [PMID: 31427716 PMCID: PMC6760584 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal-hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare and severe disorder characterized by functional obstruction in the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. The molecular basis of this condition has been defined recently. Heterozygous variants in ACTG2, homozygous mutations in LMOD1, MYLK, and MYH9 were related to the pathogenesis of the syndrome, which encodes proteins involved in the process of smooth muscle contraction, supporting a myopathic basis for the disease. Recent studies have identified homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in MYH11 as a candidate gene of MMIHS. In this report, we described a nonconsanguineous Chinese family with three male fetuses affected with megacystis. Trio-targeted exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants, c.2051 G > A (p.R684H) and c.3540_3541delinsTT (p.(E1180D, Q1181Ter)), in MYH11 (NM_001040114). The variants were inherited from the parents, respectively. Western blotting showed a marked decrease in MYH11 protein in the proband's umbilical cord tissue compared with the control sample. The study's results confirmed that MYH11 is a candidate gene for MMIHS with autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance and expanded the mutation spectrum for this clinical condition. Combining clinical phenotype with molecular diagnosis may enable the identification of candidate genes for potential monogenic diseases and facilitate accurate genetic counseling, informed decision-making, and prenatal diagnosis.
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25
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Wróbel A, Nowakowski Ł, Doboszewska U, Rechberger E, Bańczerowska-Górska M, Wlaźlak E, Zakrocka I, Wlaź P, Semczuk A, Dudka J, Poleszak E. Blebbistatin reveals beneficial effects on the cystometric parameters in an animal model of detrusor overactivity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:843-850. [PMID: 30852655 PMCID: PMC7260150 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the effectiveness of blebbistatin (BLEB) on detrusor overactivity (DO) in an animal model induced by retinyl acetate (RA) and, because of potential urothelial permeability, to evaluate the degenerative impact of BLEB on the urothelium. Three days after RA instillation into the urinary bladder, BLEB was administered into the bladder and immediately after cystometric assessment was performed. Furthermore, Evans Blue extravasation into bladder tissue and urothelium thickness were measured. Sixty female Wistar rats were used and randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 15 in each group): (1) control, (2) RA, (3) BLEB, and (4) RA + BLEB. RA administration induced changes in cystometric parameters reflecting DO, as previously reported. Treatment with BLEB did not significantly alter cystometric parameters in rats which did not receive RA. Administration of BLEB to rats pretreated with RA reversed changes in cystometric parameters induced by RA in basal pressure, threshold pressure, detrusor overactivity index, amplitude of nonvoiding contractions, frequency of nonvoiding contractions, voided volume, volume threshold, intercontraction interval, bladder compliance, and volume threshold to elicit nonvoiding contractions. There were no significant differences in Evans Blue extravasation into bladder tissue or urothelium thickness between the groups. The current research provides new data on the possible utility of blebbistatin in the pharmacotherapy of DO, which is an important feature of overactive bladder (OAB). Further studies in human patients with DO/OAB are warranted to confirm these preclinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Nowakowski
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Rechberger
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Edyta Wlaźlak
- Clinic of Operative Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, Wileńska 37, Łódź, 94-029, Poland
| | - Izabela Zakrocka
- Chair and Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Semczuk
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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26
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Blebbistatin modulates prostatic cell growth and contrapctility through myosin II signaling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2189-2205. [PMID: 30279228 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of blebbistatin (BLEB, a selective myosin inhibitor) on regulating contractility and growth of prostate cells and to provide insight into possible mechanisms associated with these actions. BLEB was incubated with cell lines of BPH-1 and WPMY-1, and intraprostatically injected into rats. Cell growth was determined by flow cytometry, and in vitro organ bath studies were performed to explore muscle contractility. Smooth muscle (SM) myosin isoform (SM1/2, SM-A/B, and LC17a/b) expression was determined via competitive reverse transcriptase PCR. SM myosin heavy chain (MHC), non-muscle (NM) MHC isoforms (NMMHC-A and NMMHC-B), and proteins related to cell apoptosis were further analyzed via Western blotting. Masson's trichrome staining was applied to tissue sections. BLEB could dose-dependently trigger apoptosis and retard the growth of BPH-1 and WPMY-1. Consistent with in vitro effect, administration of BLEB to the prostate could decrease rat prostatic epithelial and SM cells via increased apoptosis. Western blotting confirmed the effects of BLEB on inducing apoptosis through a mechanism involving MLC20 dephosphorylation with down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of BAX and cleaved caspase 3. Meanwhile, NMMHC-A and NMMHC-B, the downstream proteins of MLC20, were found significantly attenuated in BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells, as well as rat prostate tissues. Additionally, BLEB decreased SM cell number and SM MHC expression, along with attenuated phenylephrine-induced contraction and altered prostate SMM isoform composition with up-regulation of SM-B and down-regulation of LC17a, favoring a faster contraction. Our novel data demonstrate BLEB regulated myosin expression and functional activity. The mechanism involved MLC20 dephosphorylation and altered SMM isoform composition.
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27
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Lewis TR, Shelton EL, Van Driest SL, Kannankeril PJ, Reese J. Genetics of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pharmacogenetics of PDA treatment. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 23:232-238. [PMID: 29510900 PMCID: PMC6098727 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a frequent, complex, and difficult to treat clinical syndrome among preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. In addition to known clinical risk factors, there are emerging data about genetic predisposition to PDA in both animal and human models. Clinical response and toxicity from drugs used to treat PDA are highly variable. Developmental and genetic aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics influence exposure and response to pharmacologic therapies. Given the variable efficacy and toxicity of known drug therapies, novel therapeutic targets for PDA treatment offer the promise of precision medicine. This review addresses the known genetic contributions to prolonged ductal patency, variability in response to drug therapy for PDA, and potential novel drug targets for future PDA treatment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamorah R Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Elaine L Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara L Van Driest
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Prince J Kannankeril
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeff Reese
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Li M, Li S, Rao Y, Cui S, Gou K. Loss of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain results in the bladder and stomach developing lesion during foetal development in mice. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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29
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Lin CJ, Lin CY, Stitziel NO. Genetics of the extracellular matrix in aortic aneurysmal diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:128-143. [PMID: 29656146 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms are morbid conditions that can lead to rupture or dissection and are categorized as thoracic (TAA) or abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) depending on their location. While AAA shares overlapping risk factors with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, TAA exhibits strong heritability. Human genetic studies in the past two decades have successfully identified numerous genes involved in both familial and sporadic forms of aortic aneurysm. In this review we will discuss the genetic basis of aortic aneurysm, focusing on the extracellular matrix and how insights from these studies have informed our understanding of human biology and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Lin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; McDonell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Huang J, Gao N, Wang S, Milewicz DM, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Genetic approaches to identify pathological limitations in aortic smooth muscle contraction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193769. [PMID: 29494672 PMCID: PMC5833278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic smooth muscle contains limiting amounts of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) for myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation and contraction that predisposes to thoracic aortic disease in humans containing heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in MYLK. We tested the hypothesis that thoracic aortic smooth muscle contraction may also be susceptible to variations in the smooth muscle-specific isoform of the motor protein myosin where inactivation of one Myh11 allele or the presence of one Myh11 missense variant associated with an increased risk of human aortic disease may result in a reduced force development response. Additionally, other kinds of smooth muscles may be less sensitive to the effects of mutations in one smooth muscle myosin allele, similar to results obtained with Mylk. Force development responses were reduced in aortic tissue from a conditional knockout of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain in adult mice (Myh11+/- or Myh11-/-) with a greater reduction with homozygous vs heterozygous tissues. Similar reductions in force responses were obtained with tissues containing either a heterozygous or homozygous knockin mutation in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (Myh11+/R247C or Myh11R247C/R247C mutations that cause human aortic disease) with no significant changes in RLC phosphorylation. Agonist-dependent force responses were not reduced significantly in urinary bladder, ileal, or tracheal tissues from Myh11+/- mice while only ileal tissue showed a reduced force response in Myh11R247C/R247C mice. Thus, heterozygous mutations in Myh11 associated with reduced myosin function result in compromised contractile function primarily in aortic smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX United States of America
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX United States of America
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX United States of America
| | - Dianna M. Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX United States of America
| | - Kristine E. Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX United States of America
| | - James T. Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Homozygous deletion in MYL9 expands the molecular basis of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:669-675. [PMID: 29453416 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a severe disease characterized by functional obstruction in the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. The molecular basis of this condition started to be defined recently, and the genes related to the syndrome (ACTG2-heterozygous variant in sporadic cases; and MYH11 (myosin heavy chain 11), LMOD1 (leiomodin 1) and MYLK (myosin light chain (MLC) kinase)-autosomal recessive inheritance), encode proteins involved in the smooth muscle contraction, supporting a myopathic basis for the disease. In the present article, we described a family with two affected siblings with MMIHS born to consanguineous parents and the molecular investigation performed to define the genetic etiology. Previous whole exome sequencing of the affected child and parents did not identify a candidate gene for the disease in this family, but now we present a reanalysis of the data that led to the identification of a homozygous deletion encompassing the last exon of MYL9 (myosin regulatory light chain 9) in the affected individual. MYL9 gene encodes a regulatory myosin MLC and the phosphorylation of this protein is a crucial step in the contraction process of smooth muscle cell. Despite the absence of human or animal phenotype related to MYL9, a cause-effect relationship between MYL9 and the MMIHS seems biologically plausible. The present study reveals a strong candidate gene for autosomal recessive forms of MMIHS, expanding the molecular basis of this disease and reinforces the myopathic basis of this condition.
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32
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Boberg L, Szekeres FLM, Arner A. Signaling and metabolic properties of fast and slow smooth muscle types from mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:681-691. [PMID: 29380055 PMCID: PMC5854729 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to improve the classification of smooth muscle types to better understand their normal and pathological functional phenotypes. Four different smooth muscle tissues (aorta, muscular arteries, intestine, urinary bladder) with a 5-fold difference in maximal shortening velocity were obtained from mice and classified according to expression of the inserted myosin heavy chain (SMHC-B). Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses were used to determine 15 metabolic and 8 cell signaling key components in each tissue. The slow muscle type (aorta) with a 12 times lower SMHC-B had 6-fold lower expression of the phosphatase subunit MYPT1, a 7-fold higher expression of Rhokinase 1, and a 3-fold higher expression of the PKC target CPI17, compared to the faster (urinary bladder) smooth muscle. The slow muscle had higher expression of components involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis (type 1 glucose transporter, 3 times; hexokinase, 13 times) and in gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 43 times), but lower expression of the metabolic sensing AMP-activated kinase, alpha 2 isoform (5 times). The slow type also had higher expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (hormone-sensitive lipase, 10 times; lipoprotein lipase, 13 times; fatty acid synthase, 6 times; type 2 acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 8 times). We present a refined division of smooth muscle into muscle types based on the analysis of contractile, metabolic, and signaling components. Slow compared to fast smooth muscle has a lower expression of the deactivating phosphatase and upregulated Ca2+ sensitizing pathways and is more adapted for sustained glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, v Eulers v 8, 171 77, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, v Eulers v 8, 171 77, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
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Chen P, Yin J, Guo YM, Xiao H, Wang XH, DiSanto ME, Zhang XH. The expression and functional activities of smooth muscle myosin and non-muscle myosin isoforms in rat prostate. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:576-588. [PMID: 28990332 PMCID: PMC5742693 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is mainly caused by increased prostatic smooth muscle (SM) tone and volume. SM myosin (SMM) and non-muscle myosin (NMM) play important roles in mediating SM tone and cell proliferation, but these molecules have been less studied in the prostate. Rat prostate and cultured primary human prostate SM and epithelial cells were utilized. In vitro organ bath studies were performed to explore contractility of rat prostate. SMM isoforms, including SM myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (SM1/2 and SM-A/B) and myosin light chain 17 isoforms (LC17a/b ), and isoform ratios were determined via competitive RT-PCR. SM MHC and NM MHC isoforms (NMMHC-A, NMMHC-B and NMMHC-C) were further analysed via Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Prostatic SM generated significant force induced by phenylephrine with an intermediate tonicity between phasic bladder and tonic aorta type contractility. Correlating with this kind of intermediate tonicity, rat prostate mainly expressed LC17a and SM1 but with relatively equal expression of SM-A/SM-B at the mRNA level. Meanwhile, isoforms of NMMHC-A, B, C were also abundantly present in rat prostate with SMM present only in the stroma, while NMMHC-A, B, C were present both in the stroma and endothelial. Additionally, the SMM selective inhibitor blebbistatin could potently relax phenylephrine pre-contracted prostate SM. In conclusion, our novel data demonstrated the expression and functional activities of SMM and NMM isoforms in the rat prostate. It is suggested that the isoforms of SMM and NMM could play important roles in BPH development and bladder outlet obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences of Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Xin-Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1555-1617. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of distensibility, has been implicated in various etiologies of chronic common and monogenic cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The first components that contribute to arterial stiffening are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support the mechanical load, while the second important components are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which not only regulate actomyosin interactions for contraction but mediate also mechanotransduction in cell-ECM homeostasis. Eventually, VSMC plasticity and signaling in both conductance and resistance arteries are highly relevant to the physiology of normal and early vascular aging. This review summarizes current concepts of central pressure and tensile pulsatile circumferential stress as key mechanical determinants of arterial wall remodeling, cell-ECM interactions depending mainly on the architecture of cytoskeletal proteins and focal adhesion, the large/small arteries cross-talk that gives rise to target organ damage, and inflammatory pathways leading to calcification or atherosclerosis. We further speculate on the contribution of cellular stiffness along the arterial tree to vascular wall stiffness. In addition, this review provides the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting arterial stiffening. Now that important hemodynamic and molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness have been elucidated, and the complex interplay between ECM, cells, and sensors identified, further research should study their potential to halt or to reverse the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Segers
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Gao N, Tsai MH, Chang AN, He W, Chen CP, Zhu M, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Physiological vs. pharmacological signalling to myosin phosphorylation in airway smooth muscle. J Physiol 2017; 595:6231-6247. [PMID: 28749013 PMCID: PMC5621497 DOI: 10.1113/jp274715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is phosphorylated by Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase and dephosphorylated by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). Tracheal smooth muscle contains significant amounts of myosin binding subunit 85 (MBS85), another myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT) family member, in addition to MLCP regulatory subunit MYPT1. Concentration/temporal responses to carbachol demonstrated similar sensitivities for bovine tracheal force development and phosphorylation of RLC, MYPT1, MBS85 and paxillin. Electrical field stimulation releases ACh from nerves to increase RLC phosphorylation but not MYPT1 or MBS85 phosphorylation. Thus, nerve-mediated muscarinic responses in signalling modules acting on RLC phosphorylation are different from pharmacological responses with bath added agonist. The conditional knockout of MYPT1 or the knock-in mutation T853A in mice had no effect on muscarinic force responses in isolated tracheal tissues. MLCP activity may arise from functionally shared roles between MYPT1 and MBS85, resulting in minimal effects of MYPT1 knockout on contraction. ABSTRACT Ca2+ /calmodulin activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) initiates myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation for smooth muscle contraction with subsequent dephosphorylation for relaxation by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) containing regulatory (MYPT1) and catalytic (PP1cδ) subunits. RLC phosphorylation-dependent force development is regulated by distinct signalling modules involving protein phosphorylations. We investigated responses to cholinergic agonist treatment vs. neurostimulation by electric field stimulation (EFS) in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Concentration/temporal responses to carbachol demonstrated tight coupling between force development and RLC phosphorylation but sensitivity differences in MLCK, MYPT1 T853, MYPT1 T696, myosin binding subunit 85 (MBS85), paxillin and CPI-17 (PKC-potentiated protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor protein of 17 kDa) phosphorylations. EFS increased force and phosphorylation of RLC, CPI-17 and MLCK. In the presence of the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine, EFS led to an additional increase in phosphorylation of MYPT1 T853, MYPT1 T696, MBS85 and paxillin. Thus, there were distinct pharmacological vs. physiological responses in signalling modules acting on RLC phosphorylation and force responses, probably related to degenerate G protein signalling networks. Studies with genetically modified mice were performed. Expression of another MYPT1 family member, MBS85, was enriched in mouse, as well as bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Carbachol concentration/temporal-force responses were similar in trachea from MYPT1SM+/+ , MYPT1SM-/- and the knock-in mutant mice containing nonphosphorylatable MYPT1 T853A with no differences in RLC phosphorylation. Thus, MYPT1 T853 phosphorylation was not necessary for regulation of RLC phosphorylation in tonic airway smooth muscle. Furthermore, MLCP activity may arise from functionally shared roles between MYPT1 and MBS85, resulting in minimal effects of MYPT1 knockout on contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ming-Ho Tsai
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Present address: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, San Ming District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Audrey N Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weiqi He
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Present address: Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cai-Ping Chen
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Present address: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristine E Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James T Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Lyle MA, Davis JP, Brozovich FV. Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractility in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Implications for Therapy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:614. [PMID: 28878690 PMCID: PMC5572347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two primary components that produce pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); aberrant structural changes (smooth muscle cell proliferation, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, and the deposition of matrix proteins within the media of pulmonary arterial vessels), and excess vasoconstriction. However, in PAH, the target and aim of all current therapeutic agents is to reduce the contractility of the pulmonary vasculature; prostaglandins, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, guanylate cyclase stimulators, endothelin antagonists, NO inhalation and Rho kinase inhibitors all influence signaling pathways in the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle to decrease vasoconstriction, and hence, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This review will therefore primarily focus on discussing the signaling pathways regulating contractility in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, the mechanism for current treatments, as well as highlighting potential targets for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lyle
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Frank V Brozovich
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
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Zhang W, Gunst SJ. Non-muscle (NM) myosin heavy chain phosphorylation regulates the formation of NM myosin filaments, adhesome assembly and smooth muscle contraction. J Physiol 2017; 595:4279-4300. [PMID: 28303576 DOI: 10.1113/jp273906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Non-muscle (NM) and smooth muscle (SM) myosin II are both expressed in smooth muscle tissues, however the role of NM myosin in SM contraction is unknown. Contractile stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle tissues stimulates phosphorylation of the NM myosin heavy chain on Ser1943 and causes NM myosin filament assembly at the SM cell cortex. Expression of a non-phosphorylatable NM myosin mutant, NM myosin S1943A, in SM tissues inhibits ACh-induced NM myosin filament assembly and SM contraction, and also inhibits the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes during contractile stimulation. NM myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation but not SM myosin RLC phosphorylation is regulated by RhoA GTPase during ACh stimulation, and NM RLC phosphorylation is required for NM myosin filament assembly and SM contraction. NM myosin II plays a critical role in airway SM contraction that is independent and distinct from the function of SM myosin. ABSTRACT The molecular function of non-muscle (NM) isoforms of myosin II in smooth muscle (SM) tissues and their possible role in contraction are largely unknown. We evaluated the function of NM myosin during contractile stimulation of canine tracheal SM tissues. Stimulation with ACh caused NM myosin filament assembly, as assessed by a Triton solubility assay and a proximity ligation assay aiming to measure interactions between NM myosin monomers. ACh stimulated the phosphorylation of NM myosin heavy chain on Ser1943 in tracheal SM tissues, which can regulate NM myosin IIA filament assembly in vitro. Expression of the non-phosphorylatable mutant NM myosin S1943A in SM tissues inhibited ACh-induced endogenous NM myosin Ser1943 phosphorylation, NM myosin filament formation, the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes and tension development. The NM myosin cross-bridge cycling inhibitor blebbistatin suppressed adhesome complex assembly and SM contraction without inhibiting NM myosin Ser1943 phosphorylation or NM myosin filament assembly. RhoA inactivation selectively inhibited phosphorylation of the NM myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), NM myosin filament assembly and contraction, although it did not inhibit SM RLC phosphorylation. We conclude that the assembly and activation of NM myosin II is regulated during contractile stimulation of airway SM tissues by RhoA-mediated NM myosin RLC phosphorylation and by NM myosin heavy chain Ser1943 phosphorylation. NM myosin II actomyosin cross-bridge cycling regulates the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes that mediate the cytoskeletal processes required for tension generation. NM myosin II plays a critical role in airway SM contraction that is independent and distinct from the function of SM myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan J Gunst
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Loss of LMOD1 impairs smooth muscle cytocontractility and causes megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome in humans and mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2739-E2747. [PMID: 28292896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620507114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a congenital visceral myopathy characterized by severe dilation of the urinary bladder and defective intestinal motility. The genetic basis of MMIHS has been ascribed to spontaneous and autosomal dominant mutations in actin gamma 2 (ACTG2), a smooth muscle contractile gene. However, evidence suggesting a recessive origin of the disease also exists. Using combined homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing, a genetically isolated family was found to carry a premature termination codon in Leiomodin1 (LMOD1), a gene preferentially expressed in vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells. Parents heterozygous for the mutation exhibited no abnormalities, but a child homozygous for the premature termination codon displayed symptoms consistent with MMIHS. We used CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein) genome editing of Lmod1 to generate a similar premature termination codon. Mice homozygous for the mutation showed loss of LMOD1 protein and pathology consistent with MMIHS, including late gestation expansion of the bladder, hydronephrosis, and rapid demise after parturition. Loss of LMOD1 resulted in a reduction of filamentous actin, elongated cytoskeletal dense bodies, and impaired intestinal smooth muscle contractility. These results define LMOD1 as a disease gene for MMIHS and suggest its role in establishing normal smooth muscle cytoskeletal-contractile coupling.
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Assessment of copy number variations in 120 patients with Poland syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:89. [PMID: 27884122 PMCID: PMC5123256 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poland Syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital disorder presenting with agenesis/hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle variably associated with thoracic and/or upper limb anomalies. Most cases are sporadic, but familial recurrence, with different inheritance patterns, has been observed. The genetic etiology of PS remains unknown. Karyotyping and array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses can identify genomic imbalances that can clarify the genetic etiology of congenital and neurodevelopmental disorders. We previously reported a chromosome 11 deletion in twin girls with pectoralis muscle hypoplasia and skeletal anomalies, and a chromosome six deletion in a patient presenting a complex phenotype that included pectoralis muscle hypoplasia. However, the contribution of genomic imbalances to PS remains largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the prevalence of chromosomal imbalances in PS, standard cytogenetic and array-CGH analyses were performed in 120 PS patients. RESULTS Following the application of stringent filter criteria, 14 rare copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 14 PS patients in different regions outside known common copy number variations: seven genomic duplications and seven genomic deletions, enclosing the two previously reported PS associated chromosomal deletions. These CNVs ranged from 0.04 to 4.71 Mb in size. Bioinformatic analysis of array-CGH data indicated gene enrichment in pathways involved in cell-cell adhesion, DNA binding and apoptosis processes. The analysis also provided a number of candidate genes possibly causing the developmental defects observed in PS patients, among others REV3L, a gene coding for an error-prone DNA polymerase previously associated with Möbius Syndrome with variable phenotypes including pectoralis muscle agenesis. CONCLUSIONS A number of rare CNVs were identified in PS patients, and these involve genes that represent candidates for further evaluation. Rare inherited CNVs may contribute to, or represent risk factors of PS in a multifactorial mode of inheritance.
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Alcala DB, Haldeman BD, Brizendine RK, Krenc AK, Baker JE, Rock RS, Cremo CR. Myosin light chain kinase steady-state kinetics: comparison of smooth muscle myosin II and nonmuscle myosin IIB as substrates. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:469-474. [PMID: 27528075 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates S19 of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), which is required to activate myosin's ATPase activity and contraction. Smooth muscles are known to display plasticity in response to factors such as inflammation, developmental stage, or stress, which lead to differential expression of nonmuscle and smooth muscle isoforms. Here, we compare steady-state kinetics parameters for phosphorylation of different MLCK substrates: (1) nonmuscle RLC, (2) smooth muscle RLC, and heavy meromyosin subfragments of (3) nonmuscle myosin IIB, and (4) smooth muscle myosin II. We show that MLCK has a ~2-fold higher kcat for both smooth muscle myosin II substrates compared with nonmuscle myosin IIB substrates, whereas Km values were very similar. Myosin light chain kinase has a 1.6-fold and 1.5-fold higher specificity (kcat /Km ) for smooth versus nonmuscle-free RLC and heavy meromyosin, respectively, suggesting that differences in specificity are dictated by RLC sequences. Of the 10 non-identical RLC residues, we ruled out 7 as possible underlying causes of different MLCK kinetics. The remaining 3 residues were found to be surface exposed in the N-terminal half of the RLC, consistent with their importance in substrate recognition. These data are consistent with prior deletion/chimera studies and significantly add to understanding of MLCK myosin interactions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Phosphorylation of nonmuscle and smooth muscle myosin by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is required for activation of myosin's ATPase activity. In smooth muscles, nonmuscle myosin coexists with smooth muscle myosin, but the two myosins have very different chemo-mechanical properties relating to their ability to maintain force. Differences in specificity of MLCK for different myosin isoforms had not been previously investigated. We show that the MLCK prefers smooth muscle myosin by a significant factor. These data suggest that nonmuscle myosin is phosphorylated more slowly than smooth muscle myosin during a contraction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Alcala
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Brian D Haldeman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Richard K Brizendine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Agata K Krenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Josh E Baker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Ronald S Rock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christine R Cremo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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Moreno CA, Metze K, Lomazi EA, Bertola DR, Barbosa RHA, Cosentino V, Sobreira N, Cavalcanti DP. Visceral myopathy: Clinical and molecular survey of a cohort of seven new patients and state of the art of overlapping phenotypes. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2965-2974. [PMID: 27481187 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visceral motility dysfunction is a key feature of genetic disorders such as megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS, MIM moved from 249210 to 155310), chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO, MIM609629), and multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome (MSMDS, MIM613834). The genetic bases of these conditions recently begun to be clarified with the identification of pathogenic variants in ACTG2, ACTA2, and MYH11 in individuals with visceral motility dysfunction. The MMIHS was associated with the heterozygous variant in ACTG2 and homozygous variant in MYH11, while the heterozygous variant in ACTA2 was observed in patients with MSMDS. In this study, we describe the clinical data as well as the molecular investigation of seven individuals with visceral myopathy phenotypes. Five patients presented with MMIHS, including two siblings from consanguineous parents, one had CIPO, and the other had MSMDS. In three individuals with MMIHS and in one with CIPO we identified heterozygous variant in ACTG2, one being a novel variant (c.584C>T-p.Thr195Ile). In the individual with MSMDS we identified a heterozygous variant in ACTA2. We performed the whole-exome sequencing in one sibling with MMIHS and her parents; however, the pathogenic variant responsible for her phenotype could not be identified. These results reinforce the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the visceral myopathies. Although many cases of MMIHS are associated with ACTG2 variants, we suggest that other genes, besides MYH11, could cause the MMIHS with autosomal recessive pattern. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Araujo Moreno
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Departmentof Medical Genetics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Konradin Metze
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elizete Aparecida Lomazi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Genetic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Children's Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviana Cosentino
- CEMIC (Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nara Sobreira
- Department of Pediatrics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Denise Pontes Cavalcanti
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Departmentof Medical Genetics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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LaHaye S, Corsmeier D, Basu M, Bowman JL, Fitzgerald-Butt S, Zender G, Bosse K, McBride KL, White P, Garg V. Utilization of Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Causative Mutations in Familial Congenital Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:320-9. [PMID: 27418595 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect with family- and population-based studies supporting a strong genetic cause for CHD. The goal of this study was to determine whether a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach could identify pathogenic-segregating variants in multiplex CHD families. METHODS AND RESULTS WES was performed on 9 kindreds with familial CHD, 4 with atrial septal defects, 2 with patent ductus arteriosus, 2 with tetralogy of Fallot, and 1 with pulmonary valve dysplasia. Rare variants (<1% minor allele frequency) that segregated with disease were identified by WES, and variants in 69 CHD candidate genes were further analyzed. These selected variants were subjected to in silico analysis to predict pathogenicity and resulted in the discovery of likely pathogenic mutations in 3 of 9 (33%) families. A GATA4 mutation in the transactivation domain, p.G115W, was identified in familial atrial septal defects and demonstrated decreased transactivation ability in vitro. A p.I263V mutation in TLL1 was identified in an atrial septal defects kindred and is predicted to affect the enzymatic functionality of TLL1. A disease-segregating splice donor site mutation in MYH11 (c.4599+1delG) was identified in familial patent ductus arteriosus and found to disrupt normal splicing of MYH11 mRNA in the affected individual. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the clinical utility of WES to identify causative mutations in familial CHD and demonstrate the successful use of a CHD candidate gene list to allow for a more streamlined approach enabling rapid prioritization and identification of likely pathogenic variants from large WES data sets. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT0112048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie LaHaye
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Don Corsmeier
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Madhumita Basu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jessica L Bowman
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Sara Fitzgerald-Butt
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gloria Zender
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kevin Bosse
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kim L McBride
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Peter White
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
| | - Vidu Garg
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
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Brozovich FV, Nicholson CJ, Degen CV, Gao YZ, Aggarwal M, Morgan KG. Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Basis for Pharmacologic Treatment of Smooth Muscle Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:476-532. [PMID: 27037223 PMCID: PMC4819215 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which agonists, therapeutics, and diseases regulate contractility of the vascular smooth muscle cell and we place this within the context of whole body function. We also discuss the implications for personalized medicine and highlight specific potential target molecules that may provide opportunities for the future development of new therapeutics to regulate vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Brozovich
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - C J Nicholson
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - C V Degen
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - Yuan Z Gao
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - M Aggarwal
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - K G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
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44
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Basu S, Proweller A. Autoregulatory Control of Smooth Muscle Myosin Light Chain Kinase Promoter by Notch Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2988-99. [PMID: 26703474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (SM-MLCK) is the key enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20), resulting in actin-myosin cross-bridging and force generation in vascular smooth muscle required for physiological vasoreactivity and blood pressure control. In this study, we investigated the combinatorial role of myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) and Notch signaling in the transcriptional regulation of MLCK gene expression. Promoter reporter analyses in rat A10 smooth muscle cells revealed a bimodal pattern of MLCK promoter activity and gene expression upon stimulation with constitutively active Notch1 in presence of myocardin or by Jagged1 ligand stimulation. An initial Notch1-induced increase in MLCK transcription was followed by loss in promoter sensitivity, which could be restored with further Notch1 dose escalation. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that endogenous levels of Hairy Related Transcription (HRT) factor 2 (HRT2) peaked concurrently with inhibitory concentrations of Notch1. Forced expression of HRT2 demonstrated simultaneous repression of both myocardin- and Notch1-induced MLCK promoter activity. HRT2-mediated repression was further confirmed by HRT2 truncations and siHRT2 treatments that rescued MLCK promoter activity and gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed both Jagged1 ligand- and Notch1-enhanced myocardin/SRF complex formation at the promoter CArG element. In contrast, heightened levels of HRT2 concomitantly disrupted myocardin/SRF and Notch transcription complex formation at respective CArG and CSL binding elements. Taken together, SM-MLCK promoter activity appears highly sensitive to the relative levels of Notch1 signaling, HRT2, and myocardin. These findings identify a novel Notch-dependent HRT2 autoregulatory circuit coordinating transcriptional regulation of SM-MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Basu
- From the Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Aaron Proweller
- From the Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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45
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Halim D, Hofstra RMW, Signorile L, Verdijk RM, van der Werf CS, Sribudiani Y, Brouwer RWW, van IJcken WFJ, Dahl N, Verheij JBGM, Baumann C, Kerner J, van Bever Y, Galjart N, Wijnen RMH, Tibboel D, Burns AJ, Muller F, Brooks AS, Alves MM. ACTG2 variants impair actin polymerization in sporadic Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:571-83. [PMID: 26647307 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare congenital disorder, in which heterozygous missense variants in the Enteric Smooth Muscle actin γ-2 (ACTG2) gene have been recently identified. To investigate the mechanism by which ACTG2 variants lead to MMIHS, we screened a cohort of eleven MMIHS patients, eight sporadic and three familial cases, and performed immunohistochemistry, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and in vitro assays. In all sporadic cases, a heterozygous missense variant in ACTG2 was identified. ACTG2 expression was detected in all intestinal layers where smooth muscle cells are present in different stages of human development. No histopathological abnormalities were found in the patients. Using molecular modeling and MD simulations, we predicted that ACTG2 variants lead to significant changes to the protein function. This was confirmed by in vitro studies, which showed that the identified variants not only impair ACTG2 polymerization, but also contribute to reduced cell contractility. Taken together, our results confirm the involvement of ACTG2 in sporadic MMIHS, and bring new insights to MMIHS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joke B G M Verheij
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Kerner
- Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA and
| | | | | | - Rene M H Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan J Burns
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Françoise Muller
- Biochimie Prenatalé, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Paris, France
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46
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Connally N, Anderson CP, Bolton JE, Bolton EW, Buss LW. The Selective Myosin II Inhibitor Blebbistatin Reversibly Eliminates Gastrovascular Flow and Stolon Tip Pulsations in the Colonial Hydroid Podocoryna carnea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143564. [PMID: 26605798 PMCID: PMC4659590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebbistatin reversibly disrupted both stolon tip pulsations and gastrovascular flow in the colonial hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Epithelial longitudinal muscles of polyps were unaffected by blebbistatin, as polyps contracted when challenged with a pulse of KCl. Latrunculin B, which sequesters G actin preventing F actin assembly, caused stolons to retract, exposing focal adhesions where the tip epithelial cells adhere to the substratum. These results are consistent with earlier suggestions that non-muscle myosin II provides the motive force for stolon tip pulsations and further suggest that tip oscillations are functionally coupled to hydrorhizal axial muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Connally
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jules E. Bolton
- 20 Colony Road, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Edward W. Bolton
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leo W. Buss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Effects of Advancing Gestation and Non-Caucasian Race on Ductus Arteriosus Gene Expression. J Pediatr 2015; 167:1033-41.e2. [PMID: 26265282 PMCID: PMC4661123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genes affected by advancing gestation and racial/ethnic origin in human ductus arteriosus (DA). STUDY DESIGN We collected 3 sets of DA tissue (n = 93, n = 89, n = 91; total = 273 fetuses) from second trimester pregnancies. We examined four genes, with DNA polymorphisms that distribute along racial lines, to identify "Caucasian" and "non-Caucasian" DA. We used real time polymerase chain reaction to measure RNA expression of 48 candidate genes involved in functional closure of the DA, and used multivariable regression analyses to examine the relationships between advancing gestation, "non-Caucasian" race, and gene expression. RESULTS Mature gestation and non-Caucasian race are significant predictors for identifying infants who will close their patent DA when treated with indomethacin. Advancing gestation consistently altered gene expression in pathways involved with oxygen-induced constriction (eg, calcium-channels, potassium-channels, and endothelin signaling), contractile protein maturation, tissue remodeling, and prostaglandin and nitric oxide signaling in all 3 tissue sets. None of the pathways involved with oxygen-induced constriction appeared to be altered in "non-Caucasian" DA. Two genes, SLCO2A1 and NOS3, (involved with prostaglandin reuptake/metabolism and nitric oxide production, respectively) were consistently decreased in "non-Caucasian" DA. CONCLUSIONS Prostaglandins and nitric oxide are the most important vasodilators opposing DA closure. Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin production, but not nitric oxide production. Because decreased SLCO2A1 and NOS3 expression can lead to increased prostaglandin and decreased nitric oxide concentrations, we speculate that prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation may play a more dominant role in maintaining the "non-Caucasian" patent DA, making it more likely to close when inhibited by indomethacin.
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48
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Baeten JT, Jackson AR, McHugh KM, Lilly B. Loss of Notch2 and Notch3 in vascular smooth muscle causes patent ductus arteriosus. Genesis 2015; 53:738-48. [PMID: 26453897 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The overlapping roles of the predominant Notch receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells, Notch2 and Notch3, have not been clearly defined in vivo. In this study, we use a smooth muscle-specific deletion of Notch2 together with a global Notch3 deletion to produce mice with combinations of mutant and wild-type Notch2/3 alleles in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mice with complete loss of Notch3 and smooth muscle-expressed Notch2 display late embryonic lethality and subcutaneous hemorrhage. Mice without smooth muscle-Notch2 and only one wild-type copy of Notch3 die within one day of birth and present with vascular defects, most notably patent ductus arteriosus (DA) and aortic dilation. These defects were associated with decreased expression of contractile markers in both the DA and aorta. These results demonstrate that Notch2 and Notch3 have overlapping roles in promoting development of vascular smooth muscle cells, and together contribute to functional closure of the DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Baeten
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and the Heart Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- Center for Molecular Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Anatomy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Center for Molecular Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Anatomy, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and the Heart Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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49
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Crawford JD, Hsieh CM, Schenning RC, Slater MS, Landry GJ, Moneta GL, Mitchell EL. Genetics, Pregnancy, and Aortic Degeneration. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 30:158.e5-9. [PMID: 26381327 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2015.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (FTAAD) in a pregnant female. FTAAD is an inherited, nonsyndromic aortopathy resulting from several genetic mutations critical to aortic wall integrity have been identified. One such mutation is the myosin heavy chain gene (MYH11) which is responsible for 1-2% of all FTAAD cases. This mutation results in aortic medial degeneration, loss of elastin, and reticulin fiber fragmentation predisposing to TAAD. Aortic disease is more aggressive during pregnancy as a result of increased wall stress from hyperdynamic cardiovascular changes and estrogen-induced aortic media degeneration. Our patient was a 29-year-old G2P1 woman at 26 weeks gestation presenting with abdominal and back pain. Work-up revealed a 6.4-cm ascending aortic aneurysm with a type A dissection extending into all arch vessels, aortic coarctation at the isthmus, and a separate focal type B aortic dissection with visceral involvement. Surgical management included concomitant cesarean section with delivery of a live premature infant, tubal ligation, ascending aortic replacement with reconstruction of the arch vessels, and aortic valve resuspension. The type B dissection was managed medically without complication. This is the first reported case of aortic dissection in a patient with FTAAD/MYH11 mutation and pregnancy. This case highlights that FTAAD and pregnancy cause aortic degeneration via distinct mechanisms and that hyperdynamics of pregnancy increase aortic wall stress. Management of pregnancy associated with aortopathy requires early transfer to a tertiary center, careful investigation to identify familial aortopathy, fetal monitoring, and a multidisciplinary team approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Crawford
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Cindy M Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ryan C Schenning
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Matthew S Slater
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Gregory J Landry
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Gregory L Moneta
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Erica L Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
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50
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Eddinger TJ. Smooth muscle-protein translocation and tissue function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1734-46. [PMID: 25125185 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) tissue is a complex organization of multiple cell types and is regulated by numerous signaling molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, etc.). SM contractile function can be regulated via expression and distribution of the contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, and activation of any of the second messenger pathways that regulate them. Spatial-temporal changes in the contractile, cytoskeletal or regulatory components of SM cells (SMCs) have been proposed to alter SM contractile activity. Ca(2+) sensitization/desensitization can occur as a result of changes at any of these levels, and specific pathways have been identified at all of these levels. Understanding when and how proteins can translocate within the cytoplasm, or to-and-from the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm to alter contractile activity is critical. Numerous studies have reported translocation of proteins associated with the adherens junction and G protein-coupled receptor activation pathways in isolated SMC systems. Specific examples of translocation of vinculin to and from the adherens junction and protein kinase C (PKC) and 17 kDa PKC-potentiated inhibitor of myosin light chain phosphatase (CPI-17) to and from the plasmalemma in isolated SMC systems but not in intact SM tissues are discussed. Using both isolated SMC systems and SM tissues in parallel to pursue these studies will advance our understanding of both the role and mechanism of these pathways as well as their possible significance for Ca(2+) sensitization in intact SM tissues and organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Eddinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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