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Gonye EC, Shi Y, Li K, Clements RT, Xu W, Bayliss DA. Intrinsic Molecular Proton Sensitivity Underlies GPR4 Effects on Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Neuronal Activation and CO 2-Stimulated Breathing. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0799242024. [PMID: 39107057 PMCID: PMC11376338 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0799-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
An interoceptive homeostatic reflex monitors levels of CO2/H+ to maintain blood gas homeostasis and rapidly regulate tissue acid-base balance by driving lung ventilation and CO2 excretion-this CO2-evoked increase in respiration is the hypercapnic ventilatory reflex (HCVR). Retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons provide crucial excitatory drive to downstream respiratory rhythm/pattern-generating circuits, and their activity is directly modulated by changes in CO2/H+ RTN neurons express GPR4 and TASK-2, global deletion of which abrogates CO2/H+ activation of RTN neurons and the HCVR. It has not been determined if the intrinsic pH sensitivity of these proton detectors is required for these effects. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate mice with mutations in either of two pH-sensing histidine residues in GPR4 to determine effects on RTN neuronal CO2/H+ sensitivity and the HCVR. In global GPR4(H81F) and GPR4(H167F) mice, CO2-stimulated breathing and CO2-induced RTN neuronal activation were strongly blunted, with no effect on hypoxia-stimulated breathing. In brainstem slices from GPR4(H81F) mice, peak firing of RTN neurons during bath acidification was significantly reduced compared with GPR4 wild-type mice, and a subpopulation of RTN neurons was rendered pH-insensitive, phenocopying previous results from GPR4-deleted mice. These effects were independent of changes in RTN number/distribution, neuronal excitability or transcript levels for GPR4 and TASK-2. CO2-stimulated breathing was reduced to a similar extent in GPR4(H81F) and TASK-2-deleted mice, with combined mutation yielding no additional deficit in the HCVR. Together, these data demonstrate that the intrinsic pH sensitivity of GPR4 is necessary for full elaboration of the HCVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Gonye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Yingtang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Keyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Rachel T Clements
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Model Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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2
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Pande S, Vary C, Yang X, Liaw L, Gower L, Friesel R, Prudovsky I, Ryzhov S. Endothelial IL17RD promotes Western diet-induced aortic myeloid cell infiltration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 701:149552. [PMID: 38335918 PMCID: PMC10936543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The Interleukin-17 (IL17) family is a group of cytokines implicated in the etiology of several inflammatory diseases. Interleukin-17 receptor D (IL17RD), also known as Sef (similar expression to fibroblast growth factor) belonging to the family of IL17 receptors, has been shown to modulate IL17A-associated inflammatory phenotypes. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that IL17RD promotes endothelial cell activation and consequent leukocyte adhesion. We utilized primary human aortic endothelial cells and demonstrated that RNAi targeting of IL17RD suppressed transcript levels by 83 % compared to non-targeted controls. Further, RNAi knockdown of IL17RD decreased the adhesion of THP-1 monocytic cells onto a monolayer of aortic endothelial cells in response to IL17A. Additionally, we determined that IL17A did not significantly enhance the activation of canonical MAPK and NFκB pathways in endothelial cells, and further did not significantly affect the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in aortic endothelial cells, which is contrary to previous findings. We also determined the functional relevance of our findings in vivo by comparing the expression of endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and leukocyte infiltration in the aorta in Western diet-fed Il17rd null versus wild-type mice. Our results showed that although Il17rd null mice do not have significant alteration in aortic expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in endothelial cells, they exhibit decreased accumulation of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, suggesting that endothelial IL17RD induced in vivo myeloid cell accumulation is not dependent on upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. We further performed proteomics analysis to identify potential molecular mediators of the IL17A/IL17RD signaling axis. Collectively, our results underscore a critical role for Il17rd in the regulation of aortic myeloid cell infiltration in the context of Western diet feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Pande
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA
| | - Lindsey Gower
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Robert Friesel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA.
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA.
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04496, USA.
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3
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Mitchell KJ. Variability in Neural Circuit Formation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041504. [PMID: 38253418 PMCID: PMC10910361 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The study of neural development is usually concerned with the question of how nervous systems get put together. Variation in these processes is usually of interest as a means of revealing these normative mechanisms. However, variation itself can be an object of study and is of interest from multiple angles. First, the nature of variation in both the processes and the outcomes of neural development is relevant to our understanding of how these processes and outcomes are encoded in the genome. Second, variation in the wiring of the brain in humans may underlie variation in all kinds of psychological and behavioral traits, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders. And third, genetic variation that affects circuit development provides the raw material for evolutionary change. Here, I examine these different aspects of variation in circuit development and consider what they may tell us about these larger questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
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4
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James RE, Hamilton NR, Huffman LN, Pasterkamp J, Goff LA, Kolodkin AL. Semaphorin 6A in Retinal Ganglion Cells Regulates Functional Specialization of the Inner Retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.18.567662. [PMID: 38014224 PMCID: PMC10680864 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.18.567662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To form functional circuits, neurons must settle in their appropriate cellular locations and then project and elaborate neurites to contact their target synaptic neuropils. Laminar organization within the vertebrate retinal inner plexiform layer (IPL) facilitates pre- and postsynaptic neurite targeting, yet, the precise mechanisms underlying establishment of functional IPL subdomains are not well understood. Here we explore mechanisms defining the compartmentalization of OFF and ON neurites generally, and OFF and ON direction-selective neurites specifically, within the developing IPL. We show that semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), a repulsive axon guidance cue, is required for delineation of OFF versus ON circuits within the IPL: in the Sema6a null IPL, the boundary between OFF and ON domains is blurred. Furthermore, Sema6A expressed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) directs laminar segregation of OFF and ON starburst amacrine cell (SAC) dendritic scaffolds, which themselves serve as a substrate upon which other retinal neurites elaborate. These results demonstrate for the first time that RGCs, the first neuron-type born within the retina, play an active role in functional specialization of the IPL. Retinal ganglion cell-dependent regulation of OFF and ON starburst amacrine cell dendritic scaffold segregation prevents blurring of OFF versus ON functional domains in the murine inner plexiform layer.
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Bartolo ND, Mortimer N, Manter MA, Sanchez N, Riley M, O'Malley TT, Hooker JM. Identification and Prioritization of PET Neuroimaging Targets for Microglial Phenotypes Associated with Microglial Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3641-3660. [PMID: 36473177 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglial cells accompanies the progression of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Development of molecular imaging tools specific to microglia can help elucidate the mechanism through which microglia contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Through analysis of published genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data sets, we identified 19 genes with microglia-specific expression that we then ranked based on association with the AD characteristics, change in expression, and potential druggability of the target. We believe that the process we used to identify and rank microglia-specific genes is broadly applicable to the identification and evaluation of targets in other disease areas and for applications beyond molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Bartolo
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Niall Mortimer
- Human Biology and Data Science, Eisai Center for Genetics Guided Dementia Discovery, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Mariah A Manter
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicholas Sanchez
- Human Biology and Data Science, Eisai Center for Genetics Guided Dementia Discovery, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Misha Riley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Human Biology and Data Science, Eisai Center for Genetics Guided Dementia Discovery, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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6
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Erdman VV, Karimov DD, Tuktarova IA, Timasheva YR, Nasibullin TR, Korytina GF. Alu Deletions in LAMA2 and CDH4 Genes Are Key Components of Polygenic Predictors of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13492. [PMID: 36362280 PMCID: PMC9657309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity is a unique human phenomenon and a highly stable trait, characterized by polygenicity. The longevity phenotype occurs due to the ability to successfully withstand the age-related genomic instability triggered by Alu elements. The purpose of our cross-sectional study was to evaluate the combined contribution of ACE*Ya5ACE, CDH4*Yb8NBC516, COL13A1*Ya5ac1986, HECW1*Ya5NBC182, LAMA2*Ya5-MLS19, PLAT*TPA25, PKHD1L1*Yb8AC702, SEMA6A*Yb8NBC597, STK38L*Ya5ac2145 and TEAD1*Ya5ac2013 Alu elements to longevity. The study group included 2054 unrelated individuals aged from 18 to 113 years who are ethnic Tatars from Russia. We analyzed the dynamics of the allele and genotype frequencies of the studied Alu polymorphic loci in the age groups of young (18-44 years old), middle-aged (45-59 years old), elderly (60-74 years old), old seniors (75-89 years old) and long-livers (90-113 years old). Most significant changes in allele and genotype frequencies were observed between the long-livers and other groups. The search for polygenic predictors of longevity was performed using the APSampler program. Attaining longevity was associated with the combinations LAMA2*ID + CDH4*D (OR = 2.23, PBonf = 1.90 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*ID + HECW1*D (OR = 4.58, PBonf = 9.00 × 10-3) among persons aged between 18 and 89 years, LAMA2*ID + CDH4*D + SEMA6A*I for individuals below 75 years of age (OR = 3.13, PBonf = 2.00 × 10-2), LAMA2*ID + HECW1*I for elderly people aged 60 and older (OR = 3.13, PBonf = 2.00 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*D + HECW1*D (OR = 4.21, PBonf = 2.60 × 10-2) and CDH4*DD + LAMA2*D + ACE*I (OR = 3.68, PBonf = 1.90 × 10-2) among old seniors (75-89 years old). The key elements of combinations associated with longevity were the deletion alleles of CDH4 and LAMA2 genes. Our results point to the significance for human longevity of the Alu polymorphic loci in CDH4, LAMA2, HECW1, SEMA6A and ACE genes, involved in the integration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Erdman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Denis D. Karimov
- Ufa Research Institute of Labor Medicine and Human Ecology, 450106 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ilsia A. Tuktarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yanina R. Timasheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Timur R. Nasibullin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Gulnaz F. Korytina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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7
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Wu B, Wang YX, Wang JJ, Xiang DF, Zhang MS, Yan ZX, Wang WY, Miao JY, Lan X, Liu JJ, Li ZY, Li C, Fan JY, Liu JY, Jiang L, Xu SL, Cui YH, Qian F. PLXDC2 enhances invadopodium formation to promote invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via interacting with PTP1B. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:691-710. [PMID: 35661947 PMCID: PMC9338914 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plexin-domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) has been reported as an oncoprotein in several human malignancies. However, its expression and roles in gastric cancer remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that PLXDC2 was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues, and the expression levels were positively correlated with clinicopathological features, but negatively with the patients’ outcome. Cox regression analysis identified PLXDC2 as an independent prognostic indicator for the patients. Knockdown of PLXDC2 markedly suppressed the in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of gastric cancer cells, while overexpression of PLXDC2 resulted in opposite effects. Mechanistically, PLXDC2 enhanced the level of phosphorylated Cortactin (p-Cortactin) by physically interacting with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an important dephosphorylase, to prevent its dephosphorylating of p-Cortactin, thereby promoting the formation of invadopodia. Collectively, our results indicate that PLXDC2 contributes to the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by inhibiting PTP1B to facilitate the invadopodium formation, and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dong-Fang Xiang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Meng-Si Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Yan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing-Ya Miao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Fan
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Sen-Lin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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8
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Sakuma C, Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Maruyama T, Entzminger K, Fleming JK, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Okumura CJ, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Western blotting of native proteins from agarose gels. Biotechniques 2022; 72:207-218. [PMID: 35383476 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new Western blotting method of native proteins from agarose-based gel electrophoresis using a buffer at pH 6.1 containing basic histidine and acidic 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. This gel electrophoresis successfully provided native structures for a variety of proteins and macromolecular complexes. This paper is focused on the Western blotting of native protein bands separated on agarose gels. Two blotting methods from agarose gel to PVDF membrane are introduced here, one by contact (diffusion) blotting and another by electroblotting after pre-treating the agarose gels with SDS. The contact blotting resulted in the transfer of native GFP, native human plexin domain containing protein 2 (PLXDC2) and native SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which were detected by conformation-specific antibodies generated in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Sakuma
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Maruyama
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Kevin Entzminger
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Jonathan K Fleming
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.,Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - C J Okumura
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
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9
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Helmbacher F. Astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities regulate astrocyte development and angiogenesis in the retina. Development 2022; 149:274046. [PMID: 35050341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a stepwise process leading to blood vessel formation. In the vertebrate retina, endothelial cells are guided by astrocytes migrating along the inner surface, and the two processes are coupled by a tightly regulated cross-talks between the two cell types. Here, I have investigated how the FAT1 cadherin, a regulator of tissue morphogenesis that governs tissue cross-talk, influences retinal vascular development. Late-onset Fat1 inactivation in the neural lineage in mice, by interfering with astrocyte progenitor migration polarity and maturation, delayed postnatal retinal angiogenesis, leading to persistent vascular abnormalities in adult retinas. Impaired astrocyte migration and polarity were not associated with alterations of retinal ganglion cell axonal trajectories or of the inner limiting membrane. In contrast, inducible Fat1 ablation in postnatal astrocytes was sufficient to alter their migration polarity and proliferation. Altogether, this study uncovers astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities that influence astrocyte migration polarity, proliferation and maturation, disruption of which impacts retinal vascular development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
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10
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Sahni V, Shnider SJ, Jabaudon D, Song JHT, Itoh Y, Greig LC, Macklis JD. Corticospinal neuron subpopulation-specific developmental genes prospectively indicate mature segmentally specific axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109843. [PMID: 34686320 PMCID: PMC8653526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For precise motor control, distinct subpopulations of corticospinal neurons (CSN) must extend axons to distinct spinal segments, from proximal targets in the brainstem and cervical cord to distal targets in thoracic and lumbar spinal segments. We find that developing CSN subpopulations exhibit striking axon targeting specificity in spinal white matter, which establishes the foundation for durable specificity of adult corticospinal circuitry. Employing developmental retrograde and anterograde labeling, and their distinct neocortical locations, we purified developing CSN subpopulations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify genes differentially expressed between bulbar-cervical and thoracolumbar-projecting CSN subpopulations at critical developmental times. These segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from the earliest stages of axon extension, enabling prospective identification even before eventual axon targeting decisions are evident in the spinal cord. This molecular delineation extends beyond simple spatial separation of these subpopulations in the cortex. Together, these results identify candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Janet H T Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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11
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Dave A, Craig JE, Alamein M, Skrzypiec K, Beltz J, Pfaff A, Burdon KP, Ercal N, de Iongh RU, Sharma S. Genotype, Age, Genetic Background, and Sex Influence Epha2-Related Cataract Development in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 34495288 PMCID: PMC8431977 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Variants in the EPHA2 gene increase the disease risk, and its knockout in mice causes cataract. We investigated whether age, sex, and genetic background, risk factors for age-related cataract, and Epha2 genotype influence Epha2-related cataract development in mice. Methods Cataract development was monitored in Epha2+/+, Epha2+/-, and Epha2-/- mice (Epha2Gt(KST085)Byg) on C57BL/6J and FVB:C57BL/6J (50:50) backgrounds. Cellular architecture of lenses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and redox state were determined using histological, molecular, and analytical techniques. Results Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- mice on C57BL/6J background developed severe cortical cataracts by 18 and 38 weeks of age, respectively, compared to development of similar cataract significantly later in Epha2-/- mice and no cataract in Epha2+/- mice in this strain on FVB background, which was previously reported. On FVB:C57BL/6J background, Epha2-/- mice developed severe cortical cataract by 38 weeks and Epha2+/- mice exhibited mild cortical cataract up to 64 weeks of age. Progression of cataract in Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- female mice on C57BL/6J and mixed background, respectively, was slower than in matched male mice. N-cadherin and β-catenin immunolabeling showed disorganized lens fiber cells and disruption of lens architecture in Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- lenses, coinciding with development of severe cataracts. EPHA2 immunolabeling showed intracellular accumulation of the mutant EPHA2-β-galactosidase fusion protein that induced a cytoprotective ER stress response and in Epha2+/- lenses was also accompanied by glutathione redox imbalance. Conclusions Both, Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- mice develop age-related cortical cataract; age as a function of Epha2 genotype, sex, and genetic background influence Epha2-related cataractogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Dave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammad Alamein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karina Skrzypiec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justin Beltz
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Annalise Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Robb U de Iongh
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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12
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de Boer A, Storm A, Gomez-Soler M, Smolders S, Rué L, Poppe L, B Pasquale E, Robberecht W, Lemmens R. Environmental enrichment during the chronic phase after experimental stroke promotes functional recovery without synergistic effects of EphA4 targeted therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:605-617. [PMID: 31814004 PMCID: PMC7068116 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, stroke is the main cause of long-term adult disability. After the initial insult, most patients undergo a subacute period with intense plasticity and rapid functional improvements. This period is followed by a chronic phase where recovery reaches a plateau that is only partially modifiable by rehabilitation. After experimental stroke, various subacute rehabilitation paradigms improve recovery. However, in order to reach the best possible outcome, a combination of plasticity-promoting strategies and rehabilitation might be necessary. EphA4 is a negative axonal guidance regulator during development. After experimental stroke, reduced EphA4 levels improve functional outcome with similar beneficial effects upon the inhibition of EphA4 downstream targets. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a basic enriched environment in the chronic phase after photothrombotic stroke in mice as well as the therapeutic potential of EphA4 targeted therapy followed by rehabilitation. Our findings show that environmental enrichment in the chronic phase improves functional outcome up to 2 months post-stroke. Although EphA4 levels increase after experimental stroke, subacute EphA4 inhibition followed by environmental enrichment does not further increase recovery. In conclusion, we show that environmental enrichment during the chronic phase of stroke improves functional outcome in mice with no synergistic effects of the used EphA4 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antina de Boer
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annet Storm
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maricel Gomez-Soler
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Silke Smolders
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Laura Rué
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Poppe
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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13
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Renders S, Svendsen AF, Panten J, Rama N, Maryanovich M, Sommerkamp P, Ladel L, Redavid AR, Gibert B, Lazare S, Ducarouge B, Schönberger K, Narr A, Tourbez M, Dethmers-Ausema B, Zwart E, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Zhang D, Korn C, Zeisberger P, Przybylla A, Sohn M, Mendez-Ferrer S, Heikenwälder M, Brune M, Klimmeck D, Bystrykh L, Frenette PS, Mehlen P, de Haan G, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Trumpp A. Niche derived netrin-1 regulates hematopoietic stem cell dormancy via its receptor neogenin-1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:608. [PMID: 33504783 PMCID: PMC7840807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their self-renewal potential associated to dormancy. Here we identify the cell surface receptor neogenin-1 as specifically expressed in dormant HSCs. Loss of neogenin-1 initially leads to increased HSC expansion but subsequently to loss of self-renewal and premature exhaustion in vivo. Its ligand netrin-1 induces Egr1 expression and maintains quiescence and function of cultured HSCs in a Neo1 dependent manner. Produced by arteriolar endothelial and periarteriolar stromal cells, conditional netrin-1 deletion in the bone marrow niche reduces HSC numbers, quiescence and self-renewal, while overexpression increases quiescence in vivo. Ageing associated bone marrow remodelling leads to the decline of netrin-1 expression in niches and a compensatory but reversible upregulation of neogenin-1 on HSCs. Our study suggests that niche produced netrin-1 preserves HSC quiescence and self-renewal via neogenin-1 function. Decline of netrin-1 production during ageing leads to the gradual decrease of Neo1 mediated HSC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Renders
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arthur Flohr Svendsen
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Panten
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence Rabelais, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pia Sommerkamp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Ladel
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Rita Redavid
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence Rabelais, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence Rabelais, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Seka Lazare
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Ducarouge
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence Rabelais, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | | | - Andreas Narr
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manon Tourbez
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bertien Dethmers-Ausema
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Zwart
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Korn
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Petra Zeisberger
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriana Przybylla
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sohn
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Mendez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Klimmeck
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonid Bystrykh
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée "La Ligue," LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence Rabelais, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Gerald de Haan
- Laboratory of Ageing Biology and Stem Cells, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Suter TACS, Blagburn SV, Fisher SE, Anderson-Keightly HM, D'Elia KP, Jaworski A. TAG-1 Multifunctionality Coordinates Neuronal Migration, Axon Guidance, and Fasciculation. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1164-1177.e7. [PMID: 31995756 PMCID: PMC7049094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration, axon fasciculation, and axon guidance need to be closely coordinated for neural circuit assembly. Spinal motor neurons (MNs) face unique challenges during development because their cell bodies reside within the central nervous system (CNS) and their axons project to various targets in the body periphery. The molecular mechanisms that contain MN somata within the spinal cord while allowing their axons to exit the CNS and navigate to their final destinations remain incompletely understood. We find that the MN cell surface protein TAG-1 anchors MN cell bodies in the spinal cord to prevent their emigration, mediates motor axon fasciculation during CNS exit, and guides motor axons past dorsal root ganglia. TAG-1 executes these varied functions in MN development independently of one another. Our results identify TAG-1 as a key multifunctional regulator of MN wiring that coordinates neuronal migration, axon fasciculation, and axon guidance. Suter et al. demonstrate that the motor neuron cell surface molecule TAG-1 confines motor neurons to the central nervous system, promotes motor axon fasciculation, and steers motor axons past inappropriate targets. This study highlights how a single cell adhesion molecule coordinates multiple steps in neuronal wiring through partially divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A C S Suter
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sara V Blagburn
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sophie E Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Kristen P D'Elia
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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15
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Heintz N, Gong S. Working with Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) and Other High-Capacity Vectors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2020; 2020:2020/10/pdb.top097998. [PMID: 33004554 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic targeting of specific cell types is fundamentally important for modern molecular-genetic studies. The development of simple methods to engineer high-capacity vectors-in particular, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)-for the preparation of transgenic lines that accurately express a gene of interest has resulted in commonplace usage of transgenic techniques in a wide variety of experimental systems. Here we provide a brief description of each of the four major types of large-capacity vectors, with a focus on the use of BAC vectors.
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16
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Mancini A, Howard SR, Marelli F, Cabrera CP, Barnes MR, Sternberg MJ, Leprovots M, Hadjidemetriou I, Monti E, David A, Wehkalampi K, Oleari R, Lettieri A, Vezzoli V, Vassart G, Cariboni A, Bonomi M, Garcia MI, Guasti L, Dunkel L. LGR4 deficiency results in delayed puberty through impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133434. [PMID: 32493844 PMCID: PMC7308048 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of puberty is driven by an upsurge in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. In turn, GnRH secretion upsurge depends on the development of a complex GnRH neuroendocrine network during embryonic life. Although delayed puberty (DP) affects up to 2% of the population, is highly heritable, and is associated with adverse health outcomes, the genes underlying DP remain largely unknown. We aimed to discover regulators by whole-exome sequencing of 160 individuals of 67 multigenerational families in our large, accurately phenotyped DP cohort. LGR4 was the only gene remaining after analysis that was significantly enriched for potentially pathogenic, rare variants in 6 probands. Expression analysis identified specific Lgr4 expression at the site of GnRH neuron development. LGR4 mutant proteins showed impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling, owing to defective protein expression, trafficking, and degradation. Mice deficient in Lgr4 had significantly delayed onset of puberty and fewer GnRH neurons compared with WT, whereas lgr4 knockdown in zebrafish embryos prevented formation and migration of GnRH neurons. Further, genetic lineage tracing showed strong Lgr4-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation during GnRH neuron development. In conclusion, our results show that LGR4 deficiency impairs Wnt/β-catenin signaling with observed defects in GnRH neuron development, resulting in a DP phenotype. Defects of LGR4/Wnt-β-catenin activity compromise the development of the GnRH neuroendocrine network, resulting in delayed onset of puberty in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mancini
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Marelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, and.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Barnes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, and.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Je Sternberg
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Hadjidemetriou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Monti
- St George's NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia David
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Hatanaka Y, Kawasaki T, Abe T, Shioi G, Kohno T, Hattori M, Sakakibara A, Kawaguchi Y, Hirata T. Semaphorin 6A-Plexin A2/A4 Interactions with Radial Glia Regulate Migration Termination of Superficial Layer Cortical Neurons. iScience 2019; 21:359-374. [PMID: 31698249 PMCID: PMC6889767 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of neuronal migration termination is crucial for the establishment of brain cytoarchitectures. However, little is known about how neurons terminate migration. Here we focused on interactions between migrating cortical neurons and their substrates, radial glial (RG) cells, and analyzed the role of Plexin A2 and A4 (PlxnA2/A4) receptors and their repulsive ligand, Semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), for this process. In both PlxnA2/A4 double-knockout and Sema6A mutant mice, the outermost cortical plate neurons ectopically invade layer 1 at a stage when they should reach their destinations. PlxnA2/A4 proteins are abundantly expressed on their leading processes, whereas Sema6A mRNA is enriched in RG cell somata. Cell-targeted gene expression and conditional knockouts indicate critical roles for these molecules. We hypothesize that the timely appearance of repulsive signaling mediated by Sema6A-PlxnA2/A4 weakens migrating neuron-RG cell interactions, leading to migration termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Kawasaki
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Sakakibara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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18
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Epha2 genotype influences ultraviolet radiation induced cataract in mice. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Cai D, Wei D, Chen S, Chen X, Li S, Chen W, He W. MiR-145 protected the cell viability of human cerebral cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation by downregulating EPHA4. Life Sci 2019; 231:116517. [PMID: 31150684 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that microRNA 145 (miR-145) and its predicated target, erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (EPH) receptor A4 (EPHA4), was closely associated with ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to further explore their function in a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expression of miR-145 in the blood of 44 patients with ischemic stroke and 37 normal controls was detected by qRT-PCR. After transfection with either the wild- or mutant-type pGL3-promoter EPHA4 3'UTR into the miR-145 mimic and miR-145 inhibitor, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to explore the interaction between miR-145 and EPHA4. qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to further explore the effects of miR-145 on EPHA4 expression after an miR-145 mimic, an miR-145 inhibitor or LV-sh-EPHA4 was transfected into cerebral cortical neurons. The expression of miR-145 was significantly upregulated in the blood of patients with ischemic stroke compared to that of normal controls. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR and Western blot results indicated that miR-145 indeed targets EPHA4 through its 3'-UTR and regulates the expression level of EPHA4 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the OGD model was successfully constructed, and miR-145 exerted a protective effects in cell viability in the OGD model by downregulating EPHA4. The expression of LOC105376244 could be regulated by the miR-145-EPHA4 interaction. MiR-145 exerted a protective effects in cell viability in the OGD model by downregulating EPHA4, which suggested their potential roles in ischemic stroke and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duncan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siqia Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianguang Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shunxian Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Sar Shalom H, Goldner R, Golan-Vaishenker Y, Yaron A. Balance between BDNF and Semaphorins gates the innervation of the mammary gland. eLife 2019; 8:41162. [PMID: 30628891 PMCID: PMC6328272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innervation of the mammary gland is controlled by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and sexually dimorphic sequestering of BDNF by the truncated form of TrkB (TrkB.T1) directs male-specific axonal pruning in mice. It is unknown whether other cues modulate these processes. We detected specific, non-dimorphic, expression of Semaphorin family members in the mouse mammary gland, which signal through PlexinA4. PlexinA4 deletion in both female and male embryos caused developmental hyperinnervation of the gland, which could be reduced by genetic co-reduction of BDNF. Moreover, in males, PlexinA4 ablation delayed axonal pruning, independently of the initial levels of innervation. In support of this, in vitro reduction of BDNF induced axonal hypersensitivity to PlexinA4 signaling. Overall, our study shows that precise sensory innervation of the mammary gland is regulated by the balance between trophic and repulsive signaling. Upon inhibition of trophic signaling, these repulsive factors may promote axonal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Sar Shalom
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Goldner
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Matthews AM, Blydt-Hansen I, Al-Jabri B, Andersen J, Tarailo-Graovac M, Price M, Selby K, Demos M, Connolly M, Drögemoller B, Shyr C, Mwenifumbo J, Elliott AM, Lee J, Ghani A, Stöckler S, Salvarinova R, Vallance H, Sinclair G, Ross CJ, Wasserman WW, McKinnon ML, Horvath GA, Goez H, van Karnebeek CD. Atypical cerebral palsy: genomics analysis enables precision medicine. Genet Med 2018; 21:1621-1628. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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22
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Howard SR, Oleari R, Poliandri A, Chantzara V, Fantin A, Ruiz-Babot G, Metherell LA, Cabrera CP, Barnes MR, Wehkalampi K, Guasti L, Ruhrberg C, Cariboni A, Dunkel L. HS6ST1 Insufficiency Causes Self-Limited Delayed Puberty in Contrast With Other GnRH Deficiency Genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3420-3429. [PMID: 29931354 PMCID: PMC6126894 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Self-limited delayed puberty (DP) segregates in an autosomal-dominant pattern, but the genetic basis is largely unknown. Although DP is sometimes seen in relatives of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), mutations in genes known to cause HH that segregate with the trait of familial self-limited DP have not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of mutations in genes known to cause HH to the phenotype of self-limited DP. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND SETTING We performed whole-exome sequencing in 67 probands and 93 relatives from a large cohort of familial self-limited DP, validated the pathogenicity of the identified gene variant in vitro, and examined the tissue expression and functional requirement of the mouse homolog in vivo. RESULTS A potentially pathogenic gene variant segregating with DP was identified in 1 of 28 known HH genes examined. This pathogenic variant occurred in HS6ST1 in one pedigree and segregated with the trait in the six affected members with heterozygous transmission (P = 3.01 × 10-5). Biochemical analysis showed that this mutation reduced sulfotransferase activity in vitro. Hs6st1 mRNA was expressed in peripubertal wild-type mouse hypothalamus. GnRH neuron counts were similar in Hs6st1+/- and Hs6st1+/+ mice, but vaginal opening was delayed in Hs6st1+/- mice despite normal postnatal growth. CONCLUSIONS We have linked a deleterious mutation in HS6ST1 to familial self-limited DP and show that heterozygous Hs6st1 loss causes DP in mice. In this study, the observed overlap in potentially pathogenic mutations contributing to the phenotypes of self-limited DP and HH was limited to this one gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Chantzara
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Barnes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Leo Dunkel, MD, PhD, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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23
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Helmbacher F. Tissue-specific activities of the Fat1 cadherin cooperate to control neuromuscular morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004734. [PMID: 29768404 PMCID: PMC5973635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle morphogenesis is tightly coupled with that of motor neurons (MNs). Both MNs and muscle progenitors simultaneously explore the surrounding tissues while exchanging reciprocal signals to tune their behaviors. We previously identified the Fat1 cadherin as a regulator of muscle morphogenesis and showed that it is required in the myogenic lineage to control the polarity of progenitor migration. To expand our knowledge on how Fat1 exerts its tissue-morphogenesis regulator activity, we dissected its functions by tissue-specific genetic ablation. An emblematic example of muscle under such morphogenetic control is the cutaneous maximus (CM) muscle, a flat subcutaneous muscle in which progenitor migration is physically separated from the process of myogenic differentiation but tightly associated with elongating axons of its partner MNs. Here, we show that constitutive Fat1 disruption interferes with expansion and differentiation of the CM muscle, with its motor innervation and with specification of its associated MN pool. Fat1 is expressed in muscle progenitors, in associated mesenchymal cells, and in MN subsets, including the CM-innervating pool. We identify mesenchyme-derived connective tissue (CT) as a cell type in which Fat1 activity is required for the non-cell-autonomous control of CM muscle progenitor spreading, myogenic differentiation, motor innervation, and for motor pool specification. In parallel, Fat1 is required in MNs to promote their axonal growth and specification, indirectly influencing muscle progenitor progression. These results illustrate how Fat1 coordinates the coupling of muscular and neuronal morphogenesis by playing distinct but complementary actions in several cell types.
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Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons extend axons to reach their targets and form functional circuits. The faulty assembly or disintegration of such circuits results in disorders of the nervous system. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that guide axons and lead to neural circuit formation is of interest not only to developmental neuroscientists but also for a better comprehension of neural disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated how crosstalk between different families of guidance receptors can regulate axonal navigation at choice points, and how changes in growth cone behaviour at intermediate targets require changes in the surface expression of receptors. These changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including transcription, translation, protein-protein interactions, and the specific trafficking of proteins and mRNAs. Here, I review these axon guidance mechanisms, highlighting the most recent advances in the field that challenge the textbook model of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Morrie RD, Feller MB. A Dense Starburst Plexus Is Critical for Generating Direction Selectivity. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1204-1212.e5. [PMID: 29606419 PMCID: PMC5916530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Starburst amacrine cell (SAC) morphology is considered central to retinal direction selectivity. In Sema6A-/- mice, SAC dendritic arbors are smaller and no longer radially symmetric, leading to a reduction in SAC dendritic plexus density. Sema6A-/- mice also have a dramatic reduction in the directional tuning of retinal direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). Here we show that the loss of DSGC tuning in Sema6A-/- mice is due to reduced null direction inhibition, even though strong asymmetric SAC-DSGC connectivity and SAC dendritic direction selectivity are maintained. Hence, the reduced coverage factor of SAC dendrites leads specifically to a loss of null direction inhibition. Moreover, SAC dendrites are no longer strictly tuned to centrifugal motion, indicating that SAC morphology is critical in coordinating synaptic connectivity and dendritic integration to generate direction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Morrie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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27
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Yung AR, Druckenbrod NR, Cloutier JF, Wu Z, Tessier-Lavigne M, Goodrich LV. Netrin-1 Confines Rhombic Lip-Derived Neurons to the CNS. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1666-1680. [PMID: 29444422 PMCID: PMC5877811 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During brainstem development, newborn neurons originating from the rhombic lip embark on exceptionally long migrations to generate nuclei important for audition, movement, and respiration. Along the way, this highly motile population passes several cranial nerves yet remains confined to the CNS. We found that Ntn1 accumulates beneath the pial surface separating the CNS from the PNS, with gaps at nerve entry sites. In mice null for Ntn1 or its receptor DCC, hindbrain neurons enter cranial nerves and migrate into the periphery. CNS neurons also escape when Ntn1 is selectively lost from the sub-pial region (SPR), and conversely, expression of Ntn1 throughout the mutant hindbrain can prevent their departure. These findings identify a permissive role for Ntn1 in maintaining the CNS-PNS boundary. We propose that Ntn1 confines rhombic lip-derived neurons by providing a preferred substrate for tangentially migrating neurons in the SPR, preventing their entry into nerve roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Development & Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Wnt, RSPO and Hippo Signalling in the Intestine and Intestinal Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010020. [PMID: 29316729 PMCID: PMC5793173 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we address aspects of Wnt, R-Spondin (RSPO) and Hippo signalling, in both healthy and transformed intestinal epithelium. In intestinal stem cells (ISCs), the Wnt pathway is essential for intestinal crypt formation and renewal, whereas RSPO-mediated signalling mainly affects ISC numbers. In human colorectal cancer (CRC), aberrant Wnt signalling is the driving mechanism initiating this type of neoplasia. The signalling role of the RSPO-binding transmembrane proteins, the leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGRs), is possibly more pleiotropic and not only limited to the enhancement of Wnt signalling. There is growing evidence for multiple crosstalk between Hippo and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. In the ON state, Hippo signalling results in serine/threonine phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein (YAP1) and tafazzin (TAZ), promoting formation of the β-catenin destruction complex. In contrast, YAP1 or TAZ dephosphorylation (and YAP1 methylation) results in β-catenin destruction complex deactivation and β-catenin nuclear localization. In the Hippo OFF state, YAP1 and TAZ are engaged with the nuclear β-catenin and participate in the β-catenin-dependent transcription program. Interestingly, YAP1/TAZ are dispensable for intestinal homeostasis; however, upon Wnt pathway hyperactivation, the proteins together with TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factors drive the transcriptional program essential for intestinal cell transformation. In addition, in many CRC cells, YAP1 phosphorylation by YES proto-oncogene 1 tyrosine kinase (YES1) leads to the formation of a transcriptional complex that includes YAP1, β-catenin and T-box 5 (TBX5) DNA-binding protein. YAP1/β-catenin/T-box 5-mediated transcription is necessary for CRC cell proliferation and survival. Interestingly, dishevelled (DVL) appears to be an important mediator involved in both Wnt and Hippo (YAP1/TAZ) signalling and some of the DVL functions were assigned to the nuclear DVL pool. Wnt ligands can trigger alternative signalling that directly involves some of the Hippo pathway components such as YAP1, TAZ and TEADs. By upregulating Wnt pathway agonists, the alternative Wnt signalling can inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway activity.
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29
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Costa ET, Camargo AA. Beyond the Proteolytic Activity: Examining the Functional Relevance of the Ancillary Domains Using Tri-Dimensional (3D) Spheroid Invasion Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1731:155-168. [PMID: 29318552 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7595-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a straightforward protocol to generate multicellular tumor spheroids (MTSs) and evaluate the role of specific genes in regulating cell invasiveness in real-time and tridimensional (3D) matrices. This approach provides advantages over other conventional invasion assays by offering intimate cell-cell and cell-ECM contacts and by mimicking the pathophysiological characteristics observed in tumor microenvironments (e.g., microregional gradients in glucose and O2 concentrations and metabolic and proliferative tumor heterogeneity). We also provide an original and semiautomated approach to quantify MTS invasion using the freely available ImageJ software and plugins.
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30
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Chan WK, Price DJ, Pratt T. FGF8 morphogen gradients are differentially regulated by heparan sulphotransferases Hs2st and Hs6st1 in the developing brain. Biol Open 2017; 6:1933-1942. [PMID: 29158323 PMCID: PMC5769653 DOI: 10.1242/bio.028605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) morphogen signalling through the evolutionarily ancient extracellular signalling-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway recurs in many neural and non-neural developmental contexts, and understanding the mechanisms that regulate FGF/ERK function are correspondingly important. The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) binds to FGFs and exists in an enormous number of differentially sulphated forms produced by the action of HS modifying enzymes, and so has the potential to present an extremely large amount of information in FGF/ERK signalling. Although there have been many studies demonstrating that HS is an important regulator of FGF function, experimental evidence on the role of the different HS modifying enzymes on FGF gradient formation has been lacking until now. We challenged ex vivo developing mouse neural tissue, in which HS had either been enzymatically removed by heparanase treatment or lacking either the HS modifying enzymes Hs2st (Hs2st-/- tissue) or Hs6st1 (Hs6st1-/- tissue), with exogenous Fgf8 to gain insight on how HS and the function of these two HS modifying enzymes impacts on Fgf8 gradient formation from an exogenously supplied source of Fgf8 protein. We discover that two different HS modifying enzymes, Hs2st and Hs6st1, indeed differentially modulate the properties of emerging Fgf8 protein concentration gradients and the Erk signalling output in response to Fgf8 in living tissue in ex vivo cultures. Both Hs2st and Hs6st1 are required for stable Fgf8 gradients to form as rapidly as they do in wild-type tissue while only Hs6st1 has a significant effect on suppressing the levels of Fgf8 protein in the gradient compared to wild type. Next we show that Hs2st and Hs6st1 act to antagonise and agonise the Erk signalling in response to Fgf8 protein, respectively, in ex vivo cultures of living tissue. Examination of endogenous Fgf8 protein and Erk signalling outputs in Hs2st-/- and Hs6st1-/- embryos suggests that our ex vivo findings have physiological relevance in vivo Our discovery identifies a new class of mechanism to tune Fgf8 function by regulated expression of Hs2st and Hs6st1 that is likely to have broader application to the >200 other signalling proteins that interact with HS and their function in neural development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kit Chan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Pratt
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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31
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Kam JWK, Dumontier E, Baim C, Brignall AC, Mendes da Silva D, Cowan M, Kennedy TE, Cloutier JF. RGMB and neogenin control cell differentiation in the developing olfactory epithelium. Development 2017; 143:1534-46. [PMID: 27143755 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular interactions are key for the differentiation of distinct cell types within developing epithelia, yet the molecular mechanisms engaged in these interactions remain poorly understood. In the developing olfactory epithelium (OE), neural stem/progenitor cells give rise to odorant-detecting olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and glial-like sustentacular (SUS) cells. Here, we show in mice that the transmembrane receptor neogenin (NEO1) and its membrane-bound ligand RGMB control the balance of neurons and glial cells produced in the OE. In this layered epithelium, neogenin is expressed in progenitor cells, while RGMB is restricted to adjacent newly born ORNs. Ablation of Rgmb via gene-targeting increases the number of dividing progenitor cells in the OE and leads to supernumerary SUS cells. Neogenin loss-of-function phenocopies these effects observed in Rgmb(-/-) mice, supporting the proposal that RGMB-neogenin signaling regulates progenitor cell numbers and SUS cell production. Interestingly, Neo1(-/-) mice also exhibit increased apoptosis of ORNs, implicating additional ligands in the neogenin-dependent survival of ORNs. Thus, our results indicate that RGMB-neogenin-mediated cell-cell interactions between newly born neurons and progenitor cells control the ratio of glia and neurons produced in the OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wai Keung Kam
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Christopher Baim
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Alexandra C Brignall
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - David Mendes da Silva
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Mitra Cowan
- Centre de Recherches du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C7
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Markus-Koch A, Schmitt O, Seemann S, Lukas J, Koczan D, Ernst M, Fuellen G, Wree A, Rolfs A, Luo J. ADAM23 promotes neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:16. [PMID: 28828010 PMCID: PMC5562998 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADAM23 is widely expressed in the embryonic central nervous system and plays an important role in tissue formation. Results In this study, we showed that ADAM23 contributes to cell survival and is involved in neuronal differentiation during the differentiation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). Upregulation of ADAM23 in hNPCs was found to increase the number of neurons and the length of neurite, while its downregulation decreases them and triggers cell apoptosis. RNA microarray analysis revealed mechanistic insights into genes and pathways that may become involved in multiple cellular processes upon up- or downregulation of ADAM23. Conclusions Our results suggest that ADAM23 regulates neuronal differentiation by triggering specific signaling pathways during hNPC differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11658-017-0045-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Markus-Koch
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrsse 9, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Seemann
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Lukas
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Ernst
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrsse 9, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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Razavi MJ, Zhang T, Chen H, Li Y, Platt S, Zhao Y, Guo L, Hu X, Wang X, Liu T. Radial Structure Scaffolds Convolution Patterns of Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28860983 PMCID: PMC5559440 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly-preserved radial convolution is a prominent characteristic of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Endeavors from multiple disciplines have been devoted for decades to explore the causes for this enigmatic structure. However, the underlying mechanisms that lead to consistent cortical convolution patterns still remain poorly understood. In this work, inspired by prior studies, we propose and evaluate a plausible theory that radial convolution during the early development of the brain is sculptured by radial structures consisting of radial glial cells (RGCs) and maturing axons. Specifically, the regionally heterogeneous development and distribution of RGCs controlled by Trnp1 regulate the convex and concave convolution patterns (gyri and sulci) in the radial direction, while the interplay of RGCs' effects on convolution and axons regulates the convex (gyral) convolution patterns. This theory is assessed by observations and measurements in literature from multiple disciplines such as neurobiology, genetics, biomechanics, etc., at multiple scales to date. Particularly, this theory is further validated by multimodal imaging data analysis and computational simulations in this study. We offer a versatile and descriptive study model that can provide reasonable explanations of observations, experiments, and simulations of the characteristic mammalian cortical folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Jalil Razavi
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States.,School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnic UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Yujie Li
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Simon Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnic UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
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Katori S, Noguchi-Katori Y, Itohara S, Iwasato T. Spinal RacGAP α-Chimaerin Is Required to Establish the Midline Barrier for Proper Corticospinal Axon Guidance. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7682-7699. [PMID: 28747385 PMCID: PMC6596649 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3123-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing CNS, the midline barrier, which comprises guidance molecule-expressing midline glial somata and processes, plays a pivotal role in midline axon guidance. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the midline barrier ensures proper midline guidance for axons. In contrast, the mechanisms for establishing the midline barrier remain obscure. Here, we report that Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein (RacGAP) α-chimaerin is required for both axonal repulsion at and establishment of the midline barrier in the spinal cord. We generated cortex-specific and spinal-cord-specific α-chimaerin gene (Chn1) knock-out mice (Cx-Chn1KO and Sp-Chn1KO mice, respectively) and found that both showed aberrant corticospinal tract (CST) axon midline crossing in the spinal cord. Strikingly, Sp-Chn1KO mice had breaks (holes) in the ephrinB3(+) spinal midline barrier and EphA4(+) CST axons aberrantly crossed the midline through these holes. During normal embryonic development, EphA4(+) spinal cells are located in juxta-midline areas but are excluded from the midline. In contrast, in Chn1KO embryos, several EphA4(+) cells were aberrantly relocated into the midline and the midline barrier was broken around these cells. Similarly, the spinal cord midline of Epha4KO mice was invaded by juxta-midline EphA4 cells (i.e., Epha4 promoter-active cells) during the embryonic stage and holes were formed in the midline barrier. Juxta-midline EphA4 cells in the spinal cord expressed α-chimaerin. We propose that spinal α-chimaerin aids in establishing an intact spinal midline barrier by mediating juxta-midline EphA4(+) cell repulsion, thus preventing these cells from breaking into the ephrinB3(+) midline barrier.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The midline barrier plays a critical role in midline axon guidance, which is fundamental to the formation of neural circuits that are responsible for proper left-right coordination of the body. Studies have revealed some of the mechanisms underlying how the midline barrier navigates axons. In contrast, the establishment of the midline barrier during embryonic development remains unclear. In this study, we determined that α-chimaerin is required for the formation of an intact midline barrier. Spinal-cord-specific α-chimaerin knock-out mice had spinal midline barriers with numerous breaks (holes), through which corticospinal axons aberrantly crossed the midline. We propose that α-chimaerin protects the midline barrier by mediating cell-repulsive signaling in juxta-midline cells, which prevents these cells from invading the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Katori
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yukiko Noguchi-Katori
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Rutledge EA, Benazet JD, McMahon AP. Cellular heterogeneity in the ureteric progenitor niche and distinct profiles of branching morphogenesis in organ development. Development 2017; 144:3177-3188. [PMID: 28705898 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis creates arborized epithelial networks. In the mammalian kidney, an epithelial progenitor pool at ureteric branch tips (UBTs) creates the urine-transporting collecting system. Using region-specific mouse reporter strains, we performed an RNA-seq screen, identifying tip- and stalk-enriched gene sets in the developing collecting duct system. Detailed in situ hybridization studies of tip-enriched predictions identified UBT-enriched gene sets conserved between the mouse and human kidney. Comparative spatial analysis of their UBT niche expression highlighted distinct patterns of gene expression revealing novel molecular heterogeneity within the UBT progenitor population. To identify kidney-specific and shared programs of branching morphogenesis, comparative expression studies on the developing mouse lung were combined with in silico analysis of the developing mouse salivary gland. These studies highlight a shared gene set with multi-organ tip enrichment and a gene set specific to UBTs. This comprehensive analysis extends our current understanding of the ureteric branch tip niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Fan R, Enkhjargal B, Camara R, Yan F, Gong L, ShengtaoYao, Tang J, Chen Y, Zhang JH. Critical role of EphA4 in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rat. Exp Neurol 2017; 296:41-48. [PMID: 28698029 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is reported as a primary cause of mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Eph receptor A4 (EphA4) has been associated with blood-brain barrier integrity and pro-apoptosis. We aimed to investigate a role of EphA4 in EBI after SAH. One hundred and seventy-nine male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham versus endovascular perforation model of SAH groups. SAH grade, neurological score, Evans blue dye extravasation, brain water content, mortality, Fluoro-Jade staining, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot experiments were performed after SAH. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for EphA4, recombinant Ephexin-1 (rEphx-1), and Fasudil, a potent ROCK2 inhibitor, were used for intervention to study a role of EphA4 on EBI after SAH. The expression of EphA4, Ephexin-1, RhoA, and ROCK2 significantly increased after SAH. Knockdown of EphA4 using EphA4 siRNA injection intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v) reduced Evans blue extravasation, decreased brain water content, and alleviated neurobehavioral dysfunction after SAH. Additionally, the expression of Ephexin-1, RhoA, ROCK2 and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased. Tight junction proteins increased, and apoptotic neuron death decreased. The effects of EphA4 siRNA were abolished by rEphx-1. In contrast, Fasudil abolished the effects of rEphx-1. These results suggest that EphA4, a novel and promising target for treatment, exacerbates EBI through an Ephexin-1/ROCK2 pathway after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Richard Camara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Lei Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - ShengtaoYao
- Department of cerebrovascular, the Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
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O’Leary CJ, Nourse CC, Lee NK, White A, Langford M, Sempert K, Cole SJ, Cooper HM. Neogenin Recruitment of the WAVE Regulatory Complex to Ependymal and Radial Progenitor Adherens Junctions Prevents Hydrocephalus. Cell Rep 2017; 20:370-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is produced in a broad spectrum of mouse embryonic and adult tissues and its deficiency results in embryonal or perinatal lethality. The LGR4 function was mainly related to its potentiation of canonical Wnt signaling; however, several recent studies associate LGR4 with additional signaling pathways. To obtain a suitable tool for studying the signaling properties of Lgr4, we generated a tagged variant of the Lgr4 receptor using gene targeting in the mouse oocyte. The modified Lgr4 allele expresses the Lgr4 protein fused with a triple hemagglutinin (3HA) tag located at the extracellular part of the protein. The allele is fully functional, enabling tracking of Lgr4 expression in the mouse tissues. We also show that via surface labeling, the 3HA tag allows direct isolation and analysis of living Lgr4-positive cells obtained from the small intestinal crypts. Finally, the HA tag-specific antibody can be employed to characterize the biochemical features of Lgr4 and to identify possible biding partners of the protein in cells derived from various mouse tissues.
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Wolf Y, Boura-Halfon S, Cortese N, Haimon Z, Sar Shalom H, Kuperman Y, Kalchenko V, Brandis A, David E, Segal-Hayoun Y, Chappell-Maor L, Yaron A, Jung S. Brown-adipose-tissue macrophages control tissue innervation and homeostatic energy expenditure. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:665-674. [PMID: 28459435 PMCID: PMC5438596 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages provide immunological defense and contribute to the establishment and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Here we used constitutive and inducible mutagenesis to delete the nuclear transcription regulator Mecp2 in macrophages. Mice that lacked the gene encoding Mecp2, which is associated with Rett syndrome, in macrophages did not show signs of neurodevelopmental disorder but displayed spontaneous obesity, which was linked to impaired function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Specifically, mutagenesis of a BAT-resident Cx3Cr1+ macrophage subpopulation compromised homeostatic thermogenesis but not acute, cold-induced thermogenesis. Mechanistically, malfunction of BAT in pre-obese mice with mutant macrophages was associated with diminished sympathetic innervation and local titers of norepinephrine, which resulted in lower expression of thermogenic factors by adipocytes. Mutant macrophages overexpressed the signaling receptor and ligand PlexinA4, which might contribute to the phenotype by repulsion of sympathetic axons expressing the transmembrane semaphorin Sema6A. Collectively, we report a previously unappreciated homeostatic role for macrophages in the control of tissue innervation. Disruption of this circuit in BAT resulted in metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Nina Cortese
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Zhana Haimon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Sar Shalom
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yifat Segal-Hayoun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Bibollet-Bahena O, Okafuji T, Hokamp K, Tear G, Mitchell KJ. A dual-strategy expression screen for candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177977. [PMID: 28558017 PMCID: PMC5448750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus or “inner chamber” of the brain is divided into ~30 discrete nuclei, with highly specific patterns of afferent and efferent connectivity. To identify genes that may direct these patterns of connectivity, we used two strategies. First, we used a bioinformatics pipeline to survey the predicted proteomes of nematode, fruitfly, mouse and human for extracellular proteins containing any of a list of motifs found in known guidance or connectivity molecules. Second, we performed clustering analyses on the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas data to identify genes encoding surface proteins expressed with temporal profiles similar to known guidance or connectivity molecules. In both cases, we then screened the resultant genes for selective expression patterns in the developing thalamus. These approaches identified 82 candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. These molecules include many members of the Ephrin, Eph-receptor, cadherin, protocadherin, semaphorin, plexin, Odz/teneurin, Neto, cerebellin, calsyntenin and Netrin-G families, as well as diverse members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) and leucine-rich receptor (LRR) superfamilies, receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, a variety of growth factors and receptors, and a large number of miscellaneous membrane-associated or secreted proteins not previously implicated in axonal guidance or neuronal connectivity. The diversity of their expression patterns indicates that thalamic nuclei are highly differentiated from each other, with each one displaying a unique repertoire of these molecules, consistent with a combinatorial logic to the specification of thalamic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuya Okafuji
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Mitsogiannis MD, Little GE, Mitchell KJ. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling influences early ventral telencephalic development and thalamocortical axon guidance. Neural Dev 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28438183 PMCID: PMC5402653 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensory processing relies on projections from the thalamus to the neocortex being established during development. Information from different sensory modalities reaching the thalamus is segregated into specialized nuclei, whose neurons then send inputs to cognate cortical areas through topographically defined axonal connections. Developing thalamocortical axons (TCAs) normally approach the cortex by extending through the subpallium; here, axonal navigation is aided by distributed guidance cues and discrete cell populations, such as the corridor neurons and the internal capsule (IC) guidepost cells. In mice lacking Semaphorin-6A, axons from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) bypass the IC and extend aberrantly in the ventral subpallium. The functions normally mediated by Semaphorin-6A in this system remain unknown, but might depend on interactions with Plexin-A2 and Plexin-A4, which have been implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes. Methods We performed immunohistochemical and neuroanatomical analyses of thalamocortical wiring and subpallial development in Sema6a and Plxna2; Plxna4 null mutant mice and analyzed the expression of these genes in relevant structures. Results In Plxna2; Plxna4 double mutants we discovered TCA pathfinding defects that mirrored those observed in Sema6a mutants, suggesting that Semaphorin-6A − Plexin-A2/Plexin-A4 signaling might mediate dLGN axon guidance at subpallial level. In order to understand where and when Semaphorin-6A, Plexin-A2 and Plexin-A4 may be required for proper subpallial TCA guidance, we then characterized their spatiotemporal expression dynamics during early TCA development. We observed that the thalamic neurons whose axons are misrouted in these mutants normally express Semaphorin-6A but not Plexin-A2 or Plexin-A4. By contrast, all three proteins are expressed in corridor cells and other structures in the developing basal ganglia. This finding could be consistent with an hypothetical action of Plexins as guidance signals through Sema6A as a receptor on dLGN axons, and/or with their indirect effect on TCA guidance due to functions in the morphogenesis of subpallial intermediate targets. In support of the latter possibility, we observed that in both Plxna2; Plxna4 and Sema6a mutants some IC guidepost cells abnormally localize in correspondence of the ventral path misrouted TCAs elongate into. Conclusions These findings implicate Semaphorin-6A − Plexin-A2/Plexin-A4 interactions in dLGN axon guidance and in the spatiotemporal organization of guidepost cell populations in the mammalian subpallium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0083-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graham E Little
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Developmental Neurogenetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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42
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Zhang T, Razavi MJ, Chen H, Li Y, Li X, Li L, Guo L, Hu X, Liu T, Wang X. Mechanisms of circumferential gyral convolution in primate brains. J Comput Neurosci 2017; 42:217-229. [PMID: 28271301 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-017-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cerebral cortices are characterized by elaborate convolutions. Radial convolutions exhibit homology across primate species and generally are easily identified in individuals of the same species. In contrast, circumferential convolutions vary across species as well as individuals of the same species. However, systematic study of circumferential convolution patterns is lacking. To address this issue, we utilized structural MRI (sMRI) and diffusion MRI (dMRI) data from primate brains. We quantified cortical thickness and circumferential convolutions on gyral banks in relation to axonal pathways and density along the gray matter/white matter boundaries. Based on these observations, we performed a series of computational simulations. Results demonstrated that the interplay of heterogeneous cortex growth and mechanical forces along axons plays a vital role in the regulation of circumferential convolutions. In contrast, gyral geometry controls the complexity of circumferential convolutions. These findings offer insight into the mystery of circumferential convolutions in primate brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation and Brain Decoding Research Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mir Jalil Razavi
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Automation and Brain Decoding Research Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Longchuan Li
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation and Brain Decoding Research Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Håkansson K, Runker AE, O'Sullivan GJ, Mitchell KJ, Waddington JL, O'Tuathaigh CMP. Semaphorin 6A knockout mice display abnormalities across ethologically-based topographies of exploration and in motor learning. Neurosci Lett 2017; 641:70-76. [PMID: 28109776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are secreted or membrane-bound proteins implicated in neurodevelopmental processes of axon guidance and cell migration. Exploratory behaviour and motor learning was examined ethologically in Semaphorin 6A (Sema6A) mutant mice. The ethogram of initial exploration in Sema6A knockout mice was characterised by increased rearing to wall with decreased sifting; over subsequent habituation, locomotion, sniffing and rearing to wall were increased, with reduced habituation of rearing seated. Rotarod analysis indicated delayed motor learning in Sema6A heterozygous mutants. Disruption to the axonal guidance and cell migration processes regulated by Sema6A is associated with topographically specific disruption to fundamental aspects of behaviour, namely the ethogram of initial exploration and subsequent habituation to the environment, and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Håkansson
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette E Runker
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gerard J O'Sullivan
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm M P O'Tuathaigh
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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44
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Adams KW, Kletsov S, Lamm RJ, Elman JS, Mullenbrock S, Cooper GM. Role for Egr1 in the Transcriptional Program Associated with Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170076. [PMID: 28076410 PMCID: PMC5226839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PC12 cells are a well-established model to study how differences in signal transduction duration can elicit distinct cell behaviors. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates transient ERK signaling in PC12 cells that lasts 30–60 min, which in turn promotes proliferation; nerve growth factor (NGF) activates more sustained ERK signaling that lasts 4–6 h, which in turns induces neuronal differentiation. Data presented here extend a previous study by Mullenbrock et al. (2011) that demonstrated that sustained ERK signaling in response to NGF induces preferential expression of a 69-member gene set compared to transient ERK signaling in response to EGF and that the transcription factors AP-1 and CREB play a major role in the preferential expression of several genes within the set. Here, we examined whether the Egr family of transcription factors also contributes to the preferential expression of the gene set in response to NGF. Our data demonstrate that NGF causes transient induction of all Egr family member transcripts, but a corresponding induction of protein was detected for only Egr1 and 2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments provided clearest evidence that, after induction, Egr1 binds 12 of the 69 genes that are preferentially expressed during sustained ERK signaling. In addition, Egr1 expression and binding upstream of its target genes were both sustained in response to NGF versus EGF within the same timeframe that its targets are preferentially expressed. These data thus provide evidence that Egr1 contributes to the transcriptional program activated by sustained ERK signaling in response to NGF, specifically by contributing to the preferential expression of its target genes identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sergey Kletsov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Lamm
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica S Elman
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven Mullenbrock
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M Cooper
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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45
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Sharma SK, Li S, Micic M, Orbulescu J, Weissbart D, Nakahara H, Shibata O, Leblanc RM. β-Galactosidase Langmuir Monolayer at Air/X-gal Subphase Interface. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12279-12286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Shanghao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Miodrag Micic
- MP Biomedicals LLC, 3 Hutton
Center, Santa Ana, California 92707, United States
- Department
of Engineering Design Technology, Cerritos College, 11110 Alondra
Boulevard, Norwalk, California 9265, United States
| | - Jhony Orbulescu
- MP Biomedicals LLC, 3 Hutton
Center, Santa Ana, California 92707, United States
| | - Daniel Weissbart
- MP Biomedicals SAS, Parc d’innovation-Rue Geiler de Kaysersberg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67402, France
| | - Hiromichi Nakahara
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten
Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Osamu Shibata
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, Nagasaki International University, Huis Ten
Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Roger M. Leblanc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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46
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Characterization of Semaphorin 6A-Mediated Effects on Angiogenesis Through Regulation of VEGF Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27787863 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6448-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Angiogenesis identifies the process of endothelial cell sprouting and remodeling leading to the formation of new and functional blood vessels. Vascular expansion during development and in the adult mammal provides nutrients and oxygen to areas with increased need. Although many molecules and pathways have been identified as regulators of angiogenesis, aspects of this complex process remain unclear. Particularly undefined are the signals that orchestrate vessel survival and pruning once new blood vessels have sprouted. These poorly characterized aspects of angiogenesis need exploration. This chapter describes the experiments and methods enabling the characterization of Semaphorin 6A as a critical regulator of endothelial cell survival and vessel function.
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Żak M, van Oort T, Hendriksen FG, Garcia MI, Vassart G, Grolman W. LGR4 and LGR5 Regulate Hair Cell Differentiation in the Sensory Epithelium of the Developing Mouse Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:186. [PMID: 27559308 PMCID: PMC4988241 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing cochlea, Wnt/β-catenin signaling positively regulates the proliferation of precursors and promotes the formation of hair cells by up-regulating Atoh1 expression. Not much, however, is known about the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin activity in the cochlea. In multiple tissues, the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is modulated by an interaction between LGR receptors and their ligands from the R-spondin family. The deficiency in Lgr4 and Lgr5 genes leads to developmental malformations and lethality. Using the Lgr5 knock-in mouse line we show that loss of LGR5 function increases Wnt/β-catenin activity in the embryonic cochlea, resulting in a mild overproduction of inner and outer hair cells (OHC). Supernumerary hair cells are likely formed due to an up-regulation of the “pro-hair cell” transcription factors Atoh1, Nhlh1, and Pou4f3. Using a hypomorphic Lgr4 mouse model we showed a mild overproduction of OHCs in the heterozygous and homozygous Lgr4 mice. The loss of LGR4 function prolonged the proliferation in the mid-basal turn of E13 cochleae, causing an increase in the number of SOX2-positive precursor cells within the pro-sensory domain. The premature differentiation of hair cells progressed in a medial to lateral gradient in Lgr4 deficient embryos. No significant up-regulation of Atoh1 was observed following Lgr4 deletion. Altogether, our findings suggest that LGR4 and LGR5 play an important role in the regulation of hair cell differentiation in the embryonic cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Oort
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ferry G Hendriksen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Isabelle Garcia
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Vassart
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilko Grolman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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48
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Perez-Branguli F, Zagar Y, Shanley DK, Graef IA, Chédotal A, Mitchell KJ. Reverse Signaling by Semaphorin-6A Regulates Cellular Aggregation and Neuronal Morphology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158686. [PMID: 27392094 PMCID: PMC4938514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane semaphorin, Sema6A, has important roles in axon guidance, cell migration and neuronal connectivity in multiple regions of the nervous system, mediated by context-dependent interactions with plexin receptors, PlxnA2 and PlxnA4. Here, we demonstrate that Sema6A can also signal cell-autonomously, in two modes, constitutively, or in response to higher-order clustering mediated by either PlxnA2-binding or chemically induced multimerisation. Sema6A activation stimulates recruitment of Abl to the cytoplasmic domain of Sema6A and phos¡phorylation of this cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, as well as phosphorylation of additional cytoskeletal regulators. Sema6A reverse signaling affects the surface area and cellular complexity of non-neuronal cells and aggregation and neurite formation of primary neurons in vitro. Sema6A also interacts with PlxnA2 in cis, which reduces binding by PlxnA2 of Sema6A in trans but not vice versa. These experiments reveal the complex nature of Sema6A biochemical functions and the molecular logic of the context-dependent interactions between Sema6A and PlxnA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Perez-Branguli
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yvrick Zagar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S968, CNRS_UMR7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Daniel K. Shanley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Isabella A. Graef
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S968, CNRS_UMR7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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49
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Mohd-Zin SW, Abdullah NL, Abdullah A, Greene NDE, Cheah PS, Ling KH, Yusof H, Marwan AI, Williams SM, York KT, Ahmad-Annuar A, Abdul-Aziz NM. Identification of the genomic mutation in Epha4(rb-2J/rb-2J) mice. Genome 2016; 59:439-48. [PMID: 27373307 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase is involved in numerous cell-signalling activities during embryonic development. EphA4 has the ability to bind to both types of ephrin ligands, the ephrinAs and ephrinBs. The C57BL/6J-Epha4rb-2J/GrsrJ strain, denoted Epha4(rb-2J/rb-2J), is a spontaneous mouse mutant that arose at The Jackson Laboratory. These mutants exhibited a synchronous hind limb locomotion defect or "hopping gait" phenotype, which is also characteristic of EphA4 null mice. Genetic complementation experiments suggested that Epha4(rb-2J) corresponds to an allele of EphA4, but details of the genomic defect in this mouse mutant are currently unavailable. We found a single base-pair deletion in exon 9 resulting in a frame shift mutation that subsequently resulted in a premature stop codon. Analysis of the predicted structure of the truncated protein suggests that both the kinase and sterile α motif (SAM) domains are absent. Definitive determination of genotype is needed for experimental studies of mice carrying the Epha4(rb-2J) allele, and we have also developed a method to ease detection of the mutation through RFLP. Eph-ephrin family members are reportedly expressed as numerous isoforms. Hence, delineation of the specific mutation in EphA4 in this strain is important for further functional studies, such as protein-protein interactions, immunostaining and gene compensatory studies, investigating the mechanism underlying the effects of altered function of Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases on phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti W Mohd-Zin
- a Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor-Linda Abdullah
- a Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aminah Abdullah
- b School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- c Birth Defects Research Centre, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- d Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- d Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Hadri Yusof
- d Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed I Marwan
- f Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah M Williams
- f Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kerri T York
- f Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
- g Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraishah M Abdul-Aziz
- a Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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50
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Belle M, Parray A, Belle M, Chédotal A, Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT. PlexinA2 and Sema6A are required for retinal progenitor cell migration. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:492-502. [PMID: 27301906 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina six types of neurons and one glial cell type are generated from multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) whose proliferation and differentiation are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. RPCs proliferate undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration within the neuroblastic layer, with their nuclei moving up and down along the apico-basal axis. Moreover, they only differentiate and therefore exit the cell cycle at the apical side of the neuroblastic layer. Sema6A and its receptors PlexinA4 and PlexinA2 control lamina stratification of the inner plexiform layer in the mouse retina. Nevertheless, their function in earlier developmental stages is still unknown. Here, we analyzed the embryonic retina of PlexinA2 and Sema6A knockout mice. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy we provide evidence that Sema6A/PlexinA2 signaling participates to interkinetic nuclear migration of RPCs around birth. When disrupted, RPCs migration is blocked at the apical side of the neuroblastic layer. This is the first evidence supporting a role for transmembrane molecules in the regulation of interkinetic nuclear migration in the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Martin Belle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Kim Tuyen Nguyen-Ba-Charvet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
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