1
|
Li W, Hao Y. Polo-Like Kinase 1 and DNA Damage Response. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:430-437. [PMID: 38959179 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, is a key regulator involved in the mitotic process of the cell cycle. Mounting evidence suggests that Plk1 is also involved in a variety of nonmitotic events, including the DNA damage response, DNA replication, cytokinesis, embryonic development, apoptosis, and immune regulation. The DNA damage response (DDR) includes activation of the DNA checkpoint, DNA damage recovery, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Plk1 is not only an important target of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint but also negatively regulates the G2/M checkpoint commander Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), promotes G2/M phase checkpoint recovery, and regulates homologous recombination repair by interacting with Rad51 and BRCA1, the key factors of homologous recombination repair. This article briefly reviews the function of Plk1 in response to DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, Characteristic Medical Center, PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Characteristic Medical Center, PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjian Hao
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Characteristic Medical Center, PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golovine K, Abalakov G, Lian Z, Chatla S, Karami A, Chitrala KN, Madzo J, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Huang J, Skorski T. ABL1 kinase as a tumor suppressor in AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 leukemias. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 36959186 PMCID: PMC10036529 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of ABL1 was detected in a cohort of hematologic malignancies carrying AML1-ETO and NUP98 fusion proteins. Abl1-/- murine hematopoietic cells transduced with AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 gained proliferation advantage when compared to Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Conversely, overexpression and pharmacological stimulation of ABL1 kinase resulted in reduced proliferation. To pinpoint mechanisms facilitating the transformation of ABL1-deficient cells, Abl1 was knocked down in 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells by CRISPR/Cas9 followed by the challenge of growth factor withdrawal. 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells but not 32Dcl3-Abl1wt cells generated growth factor-independent clones. RNA-seq implicated PI3K signaling as one of the dominant mechanisms contributing to growth factor independence in 32Dcl3-Abl1ko cells. PI3K inhibitor buparlisib exerted selective activity against Lin-cKit+ NUP98-PMX1;Abl1-/- cells when compared to the Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Since the role of ABL1 in DNA damage response (DDR) is well established, we also tested the inhibitors of ATM (ATMi), ATR (ATRi) and DNA-PKcs (DNA-PKi). AML1-ETO;Abl1-/- and NUP98-PMX1;Abl1-/- cells were hypersensitive to DNA-PKi and ATRi, respectively, when compared to Abl1 + /+ counterparts. Moreover, ABL1 kinase inhibitor enhanced the sensitivity to PI3K, DNA-PKcs and ATR inhibitors. In conclusion, we showed that ABL1 kinase plays a tumor suppressor role in hematological malignancies induced by AML1-ETO and NUP98-PMX1 and modulates the response to PI3K and/or DDR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Golovine
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gleb Abalakov
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhaorui Lian
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Chatla
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vicente ATS, Salvador JAR. Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) targeting the BCR-ABL for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia - a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:397-420. [PMID: 37494069 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2240025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) allow the selective degradation of a protein of interest (POI) by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). With this unique mechanism of action, the research and development of PROTACs that target the Breakpoint Cluster Region Abelson (BCR-ABL) tyrosine kinase (TK) has been increasing dramatically, as they are promising molecules in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), one of the main hematological malignancies, which results from an uncontrolled myeloproliferation due to the constitutive activation of BCR-ABL. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the patents/applications published in the online databases like Espacenet or World Intellectual Property Organization regarding PROTACs that promote BCR-ABL degradation. Patents will be described mostly in terms of chemical structure, biochemical/pharmacological activities, and potential clinical applications. EXPERT OPINION The recent discovery of the enormous potential of PROTACs led to the creation of new compounds capable of degrading BCR-ABL for the treatment of CML. Although still in reduced numbers, and in the pre-clinical phase of development, some compounds have already been shown to overcome some of the difficulties presented by conventional BCR-ABL inhibitors, such as the well-known imatinib. Therefore, it is very likely that some of the present PROTACs will enter future CML therapy in the coming years.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Proteolysis Targeting Chimera
- Proteolysis
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Patents as Topic
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André T S Vicente
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erol A. Genotoxicity-Stimulated and CYLD-Driven Malignant Transformation. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2339-2356. [PMID: 35958947 PMCID: PMC9362849 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s373557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which can cause DNA damage, can both activate TNF-R1 directly in the absence of TNF stimulation and phosphorylate c-Abl, thus promoting its cytoplasmic translocation. Persistent cytoplasmic localization of c-Abl has been associated with cellular transformation. c-Abl phosphorylates OTULIN at tyrosine 56, thereby disrupting its relationship with LUBAC. OTULIN-released LUBAC interacts with SPATA2 and is recruited to the TNF-R1sc, facilitating SPATA2-CYLD interaction. All these interactions are required for the activation of IKKβ to stimulate NF-κB transcriptional activity following genotoxic stress. IKKβ also induces the critical phosphorylation of CYLD at serine 568 to increase its deubiquitinating (DUB) activity required for the termination of signaling cascades. Contrary to the widespread belief that CYLD is an absolute tumor suppressor, CYLD initiates and terminates NF-κB activity by alternately using its oncoprotein and tumor suppressor activities, respectively. If IKKβ fails to achieve the DUB activity-inducing phosphorylation at serine 568, CYLD would operate in a sustained mode of oncogenic activity. The resulting dysregulated NF-κB activation and other accompanying pathologies will disrupt cellular homeostasis in favor of transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Erol
- Independent Researcher, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dylgjeri E, Knudsen KE. DNA-PKcs: A Targetable Protumorigenic Protein Kinase. Cancer Res 2022; 82:523-533. [PMID: 34893509 PMCID: PMC9306356 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a pleiotropic protein kinase that plays critical roles in cellular processes fundamental to cancer. DNA-PKcs expression and activity are frequently deregulated in multiple hematologic and solid tumors and have been tightly linked to poor outcome. Given the potentially influential role of DNA-PKcs in cancer development and progression, therapeutic targeting of this kinase is being tested in preclinical and clinical settings. This review summarizes the latest advances in the field, providing a comprehensive discussion of DNA-PKcs functions in cancer and an update on the clinical assessment of DNA-PK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corresponding Author: Karen E. Knudsen, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: 215-503-5692; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peraza-Vega RI, Valverde M, Rojas E. miR-27b-3p a Negative Regulator of DSB-DNA Repair. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1333. [PMID: 34573315 PMCID: PMC8471791 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of DNA repair mechanisms is of utmost importance to identify altered cellular processes that lead to diseases such as cancer through genomic instability. In this sense, miRNAs have shown a crucial role. Specifically, miR-27b-3 biogenesis has been shown to be induced in response to DNA damage, suggesting that this microRNA has a role in DNA repair. In this work, we show that the overexpression of miR-27b-3p reduces the ability of cells to repair DNA lesions, mainly double-stranded breaks (DSB), and causes the deregulation of genes involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR), base excision repair (BER), and the cell cycle. DNA damage was induced in BALB/c-3T3 cells, which overexpress miR-27b-3p, using xenobiotic agents with specific mechanisms of action that challenge different repair mechanisms to determine their reparative capacity. In addition, we evaluated the expression of 84 DNA damage signaling and repair genes and performed pathway enrichment analysis to identify altered cellular processes. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-27b-3p acts as a negative regulator of DNA repair when overexpressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (R.I.P.-V.); (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osman AEG, Deininger MW. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Modern therapies, current challenges and future directions. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100825. [PMID: 33773846 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by a reciprocal translocation [t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)] that leads to the fusion of ABL1 gene sequences (9q34) downstream of BCR gene sequences (22q11) and is cytogenetically visible as Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The resulting BCR/ABL1 chimeric protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that activates multiple signaling pathways, which collectively lead to malignant transformation. During the early (chronic) phase of CML (CP-CML), the myeloid cell compartment is expanded, but differentiation is maintained. Without effective therapy, CP-CML invariably progresses to blast phase (BP-CML), an acute leukemia of myeloid or lymphoid phenotype. The development of BCR-AB1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized the treatment of CML and ignited the start of a new era in oncology. With three generations of BCR/ABL1 TKIs approved today, the majority of CML patients enjoy long term remissions and near normal life expectancy. However, only a minority of patients maintain remission after TKI discontinuation, a status termed treatment free remission (TFR). Unfortunately, 5-10% of patients fail TKIs due to resistance and are at risk of progression to BP-CML, which is curable only with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Overcoming TKI resistance, improving the prognosis of BP-CML and improving the rates of TFR are areas of active research in CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afaf E G Osman
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yildirim E, Yaba A. Determination of c-Abl tyrosine kinase and mTERT catalytic subunit of telomerase expression level during prenatal-postnatal mouse ovary-testis development. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:555-567. [PMID: 33191142 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of genes involved in the development of germ cells vary throughout the process from bipotential gonadal period to adult gonadal formation. In mice, developments of female and male reproductive system are regulated by germ cell-specific factors and hormones, and determinative days in this regulation are very important. c-Abl is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with cellular functions including cell proliferation, growth and development. mTERT is involved in maintaining telomerase activity and proliferation of surviving cells. We suggested that c-Abl and mTERT might be important for the healthy development of prenatal and postnatal mouse ovary and testis. We aim to demonstrate localization and expressions of c-Abl and mTERT in crucial days of ovary and testis development in prenatal and postnatal period in mouse by immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR, respectively. The importance of c-Abl and mTERT expressions during the healthy gonadal development is indicated in the prenatal and postnatal gonadal development. Also, protein expression levels were detected by Western Blot in only postnatal ovary and testis. Determining the functions of the c-Abl and mTERT throughout the process will be important in terms of understanding the infertility cases in the female and male with future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Yildirim
- Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
ABL1-dependent OTULIN phosphorylation promotes genotoxic Wnt/β-catenin activation to enhance drug resistance in breast cancers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3965. [PMID: 32770022 PMCID: PMC7414915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin activation plays a critical role in cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Genotoxic agents such as radiation and chemotherapeutics have been shown to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling although the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that genotoxic agent-activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling is independent of the FZD/LRP heterodimeric receptors and Wnt ligands. OTULIN, a linear linkage-specific deubiquitinase, is essential for the DNA damage-induced β-catenin activation. OTULIN inhibits linear ubiquitination of β-catenin, which attenuates its Lys48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation upon DNA damage. The association with β-catenin is enhanced by OTULIN Tyr56 phosphorylation, which depends on genotoxic stress-activated ABL1/c-Abl. Inhibiting OTULIN or Wnt/β-catenin sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer xenograft tumors to chemotherapeutics and reduces metastasis. Increased OTULIN levels are associated with aggressive molecular subtypes and poor survival in breast cancer patients. Thus, OTULIN-mediated Wnt/β-catenin activation upon genotoxic treatments promotes drug resistance and metastasis in breast cancers. Genotoxic agents have been shown to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, the authors show that upon DNA damage, the deubiquitinase OTULIN activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting linear ubiquitination, K48-linked polyubiquitination, and proteasomal degradation of β-catenin.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin activation promotes cancer development and drug resistance to cancer treatments. We recently revealed an underlying mechanism linking linear ubiquitination with Wnt/β-catenin activation upon genotoxic treatments. We showed that ABL1 (ABL proto-oncogene 1)-dependent phosphorylation of OTULIN (OTU deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity) upon DNA damage drives β-catenin activation which promotes drug resistance in triple-negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- CONTACT Wei Wang
| | - Zhao-Hui Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Zhao-Hui Wu Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burger K, Ketley RF, Gullerova M. Beyond the Trinity of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK: Multiple Kinases Shape the DNA Damage Response in Concert With RNA Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:61. [PMID: 31428617 PMCID: PMC6688092 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our genome is constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage resulting in various alterations of the genetic code. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered one of the most cytotoxic lesions. Several types of repair pathways act to repair DNA damage and maintain genome stability. In the canonical DNA damage response (DDR) DSBs are recognized by the sensing kinases Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which initiate a cascade of kinase-dependent amplification steps known as DSB signaling. Recent evidence suggests that efficient recognition and repair of DSBs relies on the transcription and processing of non-coding (nc)RNA molecules by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and the RNA interference (RNAi) factors Drosha and Dicer. Multiple kinases influence the phosphorylation status of both the RNAPII carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) and Dicer in order to regulate RNA-dependent DSBs repair. The importance of kinase signaling and RNA processing in the DDR is highlighted by the regulation of p53-binding protein (53BP1), a key regulator of DSB repair pathway choice between homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that RNA metabolic enzymes also play a role in the repair of other types of DNA damage, including the DDR to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). RNAi factors are also substrates for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and mediate the turnover of ncRNA during nucleotide excision repair (NER) in response to UVR. Here, we review kinase-dependent phosphorylation events on RNAPII, Drosha and Dicer, and 53BP1 that modulate the key steps of the DDR to DSBs and UVR, suggesting an intimate link between the DDR and RNA metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Gullerova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ni H, Sun X, Xu Y, Lyle D, Petersen P, Zhao X, Drum H, You B, Liu D, Liu C, Jiang JG. Clinical implications of clonal chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia negative cells in CML patients after treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Genet 2019; 238:44-49. [PMID: 31425925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of clonal chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia chromosome-negative (CCA/Ph-) cells in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients during the treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is an interesting phenomenon. Although previous studies revealed some potential impact of CCA/Ph- on CML patients' outcome, clinical significance of CCA/Ph- in CML patients remains to be further elucidated. We retrospectively reviewed the patients with CML evaluated at Genoptix Medical Laboratory in Carlsbad, California from 2005 to 2015. Twenty-four CML patients with CCA/Ph- cells were identified. These include 18 patients with single chromosomal abnormality, 4 patients with double chromosomal abnormalities, and two patients with complex cytogenetic abnormalities. In addition to trisomy 8 and monosomy 7, we identified that 20q- was also a common abnormality in CCA/Ph- cells. Most of the patients with CCA/Ph- cells demonstrated no significant dysplasia or increased blasts with two exceptions: one patient with persistent 7q- exhibiting mild dysmegakaryopoiesis, suggestive of an early evolving myelodysplastic syndrome, and another patient with complex cytogenetic abnormalities who developed acute myeloid leukemia after gained MLL amplification. One patient with complex cytogenetic abnormalities showed optimal response to TKI treatment, no overt dysplasia, and no disease progression during almost 4-years of follow-up. More interestingly, FISH tests could identify more cases with double chromosomal abnormalities and these cases showed suboptimal responses to TKI treatments. Our observation indicates that 20q- was also a common abnormality in CCA/Ph- cells, further FISH tests revealed additional CCA/Ph-, and the majority of CML patients with two or more chromosomal abnormalities in Ph- cells showed inferior response to TKI treatments. The results of our study suggest that CML cases with CCA/Ph- may represent a group of patients with heterogeneous genetic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ni
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinlai Sun
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yin Xu
- Genoptix Medical Laboratory, 2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
| | - Derek Lyle
- Genoptix Medical Laboratory, 2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
| | - Paris Petersen
- Genoptix Medical Laboratory, 2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, 650 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Hong Drum
- NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc., 31 Columbia, AlisoViejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Bei You
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jie-Gen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medicine School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Genoptix Medical Laboratory, 2110 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen X, Zheng J, Liang K, He Y, Du W, Li J, Liu W, Hu Y, Huang S, Yao J. Characterisation of clonal Philadelphia-negative cytogenetic abnormalities in a large cohort of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Intern Med J 2018. [PMID: 28636094 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonal Philadelphia (Ph)-negative cytogenetic abnormalities (CPCA) have been reported in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients treated with either interferon or tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). However, the incidences and types of these cytogenetic abnormalities after treatment vary due to the limited populations enroled. METHODS We analysed the frequency and types of CPCA in a cohort of 607 CML patients in the chronic phase after TKI treatment. We also followed up these CPCA with a median of 31.8 months (range from 11 to 63 months) from diagnosis and investigated their effects on disease progression. RESULTS We found 18 out of 607 CML patients had cytogenetic abnormality in the Ph-negative cells with an incidence of 3%. In total, six types of chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in these 18 patients with the majority of them aneuploidy abnormalities, especially the trisomy 8. Four of 18 patients (22.2%) were noted to have several abnormalities in the Ph-negative cells. Furthermore, follow-up studies of these CPCA showed that they could be either persistent or transient (15 vs 3 patients), and may not affect disease progression since none of them developed transformed myelodysplasia or transformed acute myeloid leukaemia. CONCLUSION Three percent of CML patients in the chronic phase were observed to have CPCA during TKI treatment. Our results suggest that the detection of CPCA in CML may not predict disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jine Zheng
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiwei Liang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli He
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Du
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiang Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junxia Yao
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Choul-Li S, Legrand AJ, Bidon B, Vicogne D, Villeret V, Aumercier M. Ets-1 interacts through a similar binding interface with Ku70 and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1753-1759. [PMID: 29912634 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1484276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ets-1 transcription factor plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. These diverse roles of Ets-1 are likely to depend on its interaction proteins. We have previously showed that Ets-1 interacted with DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex including its regulatory subunits, Ku70 and Ku86 and with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In this study, the binding domains for the interaction between Ets-1 and these proteins were reported. We demonstrated that the interaction of Ets-1 with DNA-PK was mediated through the Ku70 subunit and was mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the C-terminal part of Ku70 including SAP domain. The interactive domains between Ets-1 and PARP-1 have been mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domain of PARP-1. The results presented in this study may advance our understanding of the functional link between Ets-1 and its interaction partners, DNA-PK and PARP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souhaila Choul-Li
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie , Université Chouaib Doukkali , El Jadida , Maroc
| | | | - Baptiste Bidon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogéne (GEIHP - EA 3142), Institut de Biologie en Santé, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dorothée Vicogne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
| | - Vincent Villeret
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
| | - Marc Aumercier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Biologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle , Lille , France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang JG, Xu Y, Wu Z, Ni H, Wei EX. Acute myeloid leukemia developed in Ph- cells with MLL gene amplification in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2731-2733. [PMID: 29473433 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1436174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Gen Jiang
- a Department of Pathology , Genoptix Medical Laboratory , Carlsbad , CA , USA
| | - Yin Xu
- a Department of Pathology , Genoptix Medical Laboratory , Carlsbad , CA , USA
| | - Zhao Wu
- a Department of Pathology , Genoptix Medical Laboratory , Carlsbad , CA , USA
| | - Hongyu Ni
- b Department of Pathology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Eric X Wei
- c Department of Pathology , LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , LA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Parvathaneni S, Lu X, Chaudhary R, Lal A, Madhusudan S, Sharma S. RECQ1 expression is upregulated in response to DNA damage and in a p53-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75924-75942. [PMID: 29100281 PMCID: PMC5652675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA damaging chemotherapeutics is determined by DNA repair processes. Consequently, cancer cells may upregulate the expression of certain DNA repair genes as a mechanism to promote chemoresistance. Here, we report that RECQ1, a breast cancer susceptibility gene that encodes the most abundant RecQ helicase in humans, is a p53-regulated gene, potentially acting as a defense against DNA damaging agents. We show that RECQ1 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated upon treatment of cancer cells with a variety of DNA damaging agents including the DNA-alkylating agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS). The MMS-induced upregulation of RECQ1 expression is p53-dependent as it was observed in p53-proficient but not in isogenic p53-deficient cells. The RECQ1 promoter is bound by endogenous p53 and is responsive to p53 in luciferase reporter assays suggesting that RECQ1 is a direct target of p53. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drugs temozolomide and fotemustine also increased RECQ1 mRNA levels whereas depletion of RECQ1 enhanced cellular sensitivity to these agents. These results identify a previously unrecognized p53-mediated upregulation of RECQ1 expression in response to DNA damage and implicate RECQ1 in the repair of DNA lesions including those induced by alkylating and other chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Parvathaneni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG51PB, UK
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fielder E, von Zglinicki T, Jurk D. The DNA Damage Response in Neurons: Die by Apoptosis or Survive in a Senescence-Like State? J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:S107-S131. [PMID: 28436392 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are exposed to high levels of DNA damage from both physiological and pathological sources. Neurons are post-mitotic and their loss cannot be easily recovered from; to cope with DNA damage a complex pathway called the DNA damage response (DDR) has evolved. This recognizes the damage, and through kinases such as ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) recruits and activates downstream factors that mediate either apoptosis or survival. This choice between these opposing outcomes integrates many inputs primarily through a number of key cross-road proteins, including ATM, p53, and p21. Evidence of re-entry into the cell-cycle by neurons can be seen in aging and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This aberrant cell-cycle re-entry is lethal and can lead to the apoptotic death of the neuron. Many downstream factors of the DDR promote cell-cycle arrest in response to damage and appear to protect neurons from apoptotic death. However, neurons surviving with a persistently activated DDR show all the features known from cell senescence; including metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the hyper-production of pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and matrix-remodeling factors. These cells, termed senescence-like neurons, can negatively influence the extracellular environment and may promote induction of the same phenotype in surrounding cells, as well as driving aging and age-related diseases. Recently developed interventions targeting the DDR and/or the senescent phenotype in a range of non-neuronal tissues are being reviewed as they might become of therapeutic interest in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Fielder
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dasgupta Y, Koptyra M, Hoser G, Kantekure K, Roy D, Gornicka B, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Bolton-Gillespie E, Cerny-Reiterer S, Müschen M, Valent P, Wasik MA, Richardson C, Hantschel O, van der Kuip H, Stoklosa T, Skorski T. Normal ABL1 is a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target in human and mouse leukemias expressing oncogenic ABL1 kinases. Blood 2016; 127:2131-43. [PMID: 26864341 PMCID: PMC4850868 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-681171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemias expressing constitutively activated mutants of ABL1 tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL1, TEL-ABL1, NUP214-ABL1) usually contain at least 1 normal ABL1 allele. Because oncogenic and normal ABL1 kinases may exert opposite effects on cell behavior, we examined the role of normal ABL1 in leukemias induced by oncogenic ABL1 kinases. BCR-ABL1-Abl1(-/-) cells generated highly aggressive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-blast phase-like disease in mice compared with less malignant CML-chronic phase-like disease from BCR-ABL1-Abl1(+/+) cells. Additionally, loss of ABL1 stimulated proliferation and expansion of BCR-ABL1 murine leukemia stem cells, arrested myeloid differentiation, inhibited genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis, and facilitated accumulation of chromosomal aberrations. Conversely, allosteric stimulation of ABL1 kinase activity enhanced the antileukemia effect of ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib and ponatinib) in human and murine leukemias expressing BCR-ABL1, TEL-ABL1, and NUP214-ABL1. Therefore, we postulate that normal ABL1 kinase behaves like a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target in leukemias expressing oncogenic forms of the kinase.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Blast Crisis/enzymology
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytostatic Agents/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, abl
- Genomic Instability
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/enzymology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Oxidative Stress
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/physiology
- Pyridazines/pharmacology
- Pyridazines/therapeutic use
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhara Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mateusz Koptyra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kanchan Kantekure
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Darshan Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Barbara Gornicka
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Bioinformatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany; and
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hellweg CE, Spitta LF, Henschenmacher B, Diegeler S, Baumstark-Khan C. Transcription Factors in the Cellular Response to Charged Particle Exposure. Front Oncol 2016; 6:61. [PMID: 27047795 PMCID: PMC4800317 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged particles, such as carbon ions, bear the promise of a more effective cancer therapy. In human spaceflight, exposure to charged particles represents an important risk factor for chronic and late effects such as cancer. Biological effects elicited by charged particle exposure depend on their characteristics, e.g., on linear energy transfer (LET). For diverse outcomes (cell death, mutation, transformation, and cell-cycle arrest), an LET dependency of the effect size was observed. These outcomes result from activation of a complex network of signaling pathways in the DNA damage response, which result in cell-protective (DNA repair and cell-cycle arrest) or cell-destructive (cell death) reactions. Triggering of these pathways converges among others in the activation of transcription factors, such as p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), activated protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). Depending on dose, radiation quality, and tissue, p53 induces apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest. In low LET radiation therapy, p53 mutations are often associated with therapy resistance, while the outcome of carbon ion therapy seems to be independent of the tumor's p53 status. NF-κB is a central transcription factor in the immune system and exhibits pro-survival effects. Both p53 and NF-κB are activated after ionizing radiation exposure in an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent manner. The NF-κB activation was shown to strongly depend on charged particles' LET, with a maximal activation in the LET range of 90-300 keV/μm. AP-1 controls proliferation, senescence, differentiation, and apoptosis. Nrf2 can induce cellular antioxidant defense systems, CREB might also be involved in survival responses. The extent of activation of these transcription factors by charged particles and their interaction in the cellular radiation response greatly influences the destiny of the irradiated and also neighboring cells in the bystander effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Hellweg
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Luis F. Spitta
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diegeler
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Cross talk of tyrosine kinases with the DNA damage signaling pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10588-601. [PMID: 26546517 PMCID: PMC4678820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases respond to extracellular and intracellular cues by activating specific cellular signaling cascades to regulate cell cycle, growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Likewise, DNA damage response proteins (DDR) activated by DNA lesions or chromatin alterations recruit the DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery to restore genome integrity and cellular homeostasis. Several new examples have been uncovered in recent studies which reveal novel epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms by which tyrosine kinases interact with DDR proteins to dictate cell fate, i.e. survival or apoptosis, following DNA damage. These studies reveal the ability of tyrosine kinases to directly regulate the activity of DNA repair and cell cycle check point proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, tyrosine kinases epigenetically regulate DNA damage signaling pathways by modifying the core histones as well as chromatin modifiers at critical tyrosine residues. Thus, deregulated tyrosine kinase driven epigenomic alterations have profound implications in cancer, aging and genetic disorders. Consequently, targeting oncogenic tyrosine kinase induced epigenetic alterations has gained significant traction in overcoming cancer cell resistance to various therapies. This review discusses mechanisms by which tyrosine kinases interact with DDR pathways to regulate processes critical for maintaining genome integrity as well as clinical strategies for targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahajan
- Tumor Biology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:240. [PMID: 26579492 PMCID: PMC4620694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination – a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) – are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Numata A, Kajiyama R, Itabashi M, Ishii Y, Yamamoto W, Motohashi K, Matsumoto K, Hagihara M, Ishigatsubo Y, Fujisawa S. Emergence of del(20q) in a patient in molecular remission of chronic myelogenous leukemia during imatinib treatment, with reduction following imatinib discontinuation. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:201-2. [PMID: 25860242 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1037763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Numata
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Ryoko Kajiyama
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Megumi Itabashi
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Ishii
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Wataru Yamamoto
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Kenji Motohashi
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Maki Hagihara
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ishigatsubo
- b Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology , Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Shin Fujisawa
- a Department of Hematology , Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ilavenil S, Kim DH, Jeong YI, Arasu MV, Vijayakumar M, Prabhu PN, Srigopalram S, Choi KC. Trigonelline protects the cardiocyte from hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:263-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
26
|
Gao R, Liu Y, Silva-Fernandes A, Fang X, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Chatterjee A, Zhang HL, Matsuura T, Choudhary S, Ashizawa T, Koeppen AH, Maciel P, Hazra TK, Sarkar PS. Inactivation of PNKP by mutant ATXN3 triggers apoptosis by activating the DNA damage-response pathway in SCA3. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004834. [PMID: 25590633 PMCID: PMC4295939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is an untreatable autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, and the most common such inherited ataxia worldwide. The mutation in SCA3 is the expansion of a polymorphic CAG tri-nucleotide repeat sequence in the C-terminal coding region of the ATXN3 gene at chromosomal locus 14q32.1. The mutant ATXN3 protein encoding expanded glutamine (polyQ) sequences interacts with multiple proteins in vivo, and is deposited as aggregates in the SCA3 brain. A large body of literature suggests that the loss of function of the native ATNX3-interacting proteins that are deposited in the polyQ aggregates contributes to cellular toxicity, systemic neurodegeneration and the pathogenic mechanism in SCA3. Nonetheless, a significant understanding of the disease etiology of SCA3, the molecular mechanism by which the polyQ expansions in the mutant ATXN3 induce neurodegeneration in SCA3 has remained elusive. In the present study, we show that the essential DNA strand break repair enzyme PNKP (polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase) interacts with, and is inactivated by, the mutant ATXN3, resulting in inefficient DNA repair, persistent accumulation of DNA damage/strand breaks, and subsequent chronic activation of the DNA damage-response ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) signaling pathway in SCA3. We report that persistent accumulation of DNA damage/strand breaks and chronic activation of the serine/threonine kinase ATM and the downstream p53 and protein kinase C-δ pro-apoptotic pathways trigger neuronal dysfunction and eventually neuronal death in SCA3. Either PNKP overexpression or pharmacological inhibition of ATM dramatically blocked mutant ATXN3-mediated cell death. Discovery of the mechanism by which mutant ATXN3 induces DNA damage and amplifies the pro-death signaling pathways provides a molecular basis for neurodegeneration due to PNKP inactivation in SCA3, and for the first time offers a possible approach to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anabela Silva-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarặes, Portugal
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adriana Paulucci-Holthauzen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arpita Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hang L. Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical School, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology and McNight Brain Research Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arnulf H. Koeppen
- Department of Neurology, Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarặes, Portugal
| | - Tapas K. Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Partha S. Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cytotoxic autophagy in cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10034-51. [PMID: 24905404 PMCID: PMC4100138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of cellular self-digestion, whereby the cell degrades subcellular materials in order to generate energy and metabolic precursors in order to prolong survival, classically under conditions of nutrient deprivation. Autophagy can also involve the degradation of damaged or aged organelles, and misfolded or damaged proteins to eliminate these components that might otherwise be deleterious to cellular survival. Consequently, autophagy has generally been considered a prosurvival response. Many, if not most chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation also promote autophagy, which is generally considered a cytoprotective response, in that its inhibition frequently promotes apoptotic cells death. Furthermore, it has been shown that conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation alone rarely induce a form of autophagy that leads to cell death. However, there are multiple examples in the literature where newer chemotherapeutic agents, drug combinations or drugs in combination with radiation promote autophagic cell death. This review will describe autophagic cell death induced in breast tumor cells, lung cancer cells as well as glioblastoma, demonstrating that it cannot be concluded that stress induced autophagy is, of necessity, cytoprotective in function.
Collapse
|
28
|
Xia L, Wang TD, Shen SM, Zhao M, Sun H, He Y, Xie L, Wu ZX, Han SF, Wang LS, Chen GQ. Phosphoproteomics study on the activated PKCδ-induced cell death. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4280-301. [PMID: 23879269 DOI: 10.1021/pr400089v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) generates a catalytic fragment called PKCδ-CF, which induces cell death. However, the mechanisms underlying PKCδ-CF-mediated cell death are largely unknown. On the basis of an engineering leukemic cell line with inducible expression of PKCδ-CF, here we employ SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics to systematically and dynamically investigate the overall phosphorylation events during cell death triggered by PKCδ-CF expression. Totally, 3000 phosphorylation sites were analyzed. Considering the fact that early responses to PKCδ-CF expression initiate cell death, we sought to identify pathways possibly related directly with PKCδ by further analyzing the data set of phosphorylation events that occur in the initiation stage of cell death. Interacting analysis of this data set indicates that PKCδ-CF triggers complicated networks to initiate cell death, and motif analysis and biochemistry verification reveal that several kinases in the downstream of PKCδ conduct these networks. By analysis of the specific sequence motif of kinase-substrate, we also find 59 candidate substrates of PKCδ from the up-regulated phosphopeptides, of which 12 were randomly selected for in vitro kinase assay and 9 were consequently verified as substrates of PKCδ. To our greatest understanding, this study provides the most systematic analysis of phosphorylation events initiated by the cleaved activated PKCδ, which would vastly extend the profound understanding of PKCδ-directed signal pathways in cell death. The MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000225.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- The Department of Pathophysiology and Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM) , Shanghai, P.R. China , 200025
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Although c-Abl and Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinases are well known for driving leukemia development, their role in solid tumors has not been appreciated until recently. Accumulating evidence now indicates that c-Abl and/or Arg are activated in some solid tumor cell lines via unique mechanisms that do not involve gene mutation/translocation, and c-Abl/Arg activation promotes matrix degradation, invasion, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and/or metastasis, depending on the tumor type. However, some data suggest that c-Abl also may suppress invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis in certain cell contexts. Thus, c-Abl/Arg may serve as molecular switches that suppress proliferation and invasion in response to some stimuli (e.g., ephrins) or when inactive/regulated, or as promote invasion and proliferation in response to other signals (e.g., activated growth factor receptors, loss of inhibitor expression), which induce sustained activation. Clearly, more data are required to determine the extent and prevalence of c-Abl/Arg activation in primary tumors and during progression, and additional animal studies are needed to substantiate in vitro findings. Furthermore, c-Abl/Arg inhibitors have been used in numerous solid tumor clinical trials; however, none of these trials were restricted to patients whose tumors expressed highly activated c-Abl/Arg (targeted trial). Targeted trials are critical for determining whether c-Abl/Arg inhibitors can be effective treatment options for patients whose tumors are driven by c-Abl/Arg.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fan YJ, Zong WX. The cellular decision between apoptosis and autophagy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:121-9. [PMID: 23114086 PMCID: PMC3845594 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are important molecular processes that maintain organismal and cellular homeostasis, respectively. While apoptosis fulfills its role through dismantling damaged or unwanted cells, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis through recycling selective intracellular organelles and molecules. Yet in some conditions, autophagy can lead to cell death. Apoptosis and autophagy can be stimulated by the same stresses. Emerging evidence indicates an interplay between the core proteins in both pathways, which underlies the molecular mechanism of the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. This review summarizes recent literature on molecules that regulate both the apoptotic and autophagic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Fan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li F, Jiang Z, Wang K, Guo J, Hu G, Sun L, Wang T, Tang X, He L, Yao J, Wen D, Qin X, Zhang L. Transactivation of the human NME5 gene by Sp1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Gene 2012; 503:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Tang J, Wang JY, Parker LL. Detection of early Abl kinase activation after ionizing radiation by using a peptide biosensor. Chembiochem 2012; 13:665-73. [PMID: 22334513 PMCID: PMC3429332 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed Abl protein is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that undergoes nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and is involved in many signaling pathways in the cell. Nuclear Abl is activated by DNA damage to regulate DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. Previous studies have established that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activates nuclear Abl by phosphorylating serine 465 (S465) in the kinase domain in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Using a peptide biosensor that specifically reports on the Abl kinase activity, we found that an Abl-S465A mutant, which is not capable of being activated by ATM through the canonical site, was still activated rapidly after IR. We established that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNAPK) is likely to be responsible for a second pathway to activate Abl early on in the response to IR through phosphorylation at a site other than S465. Our findings show that nuclear and cytoplasmic Abl kinase is activated early on (within 5 min) in response to IR by both ATM and DNAPK, and that although one or the other of these kinases is required, either one is sufficient to activate Abl. These results support the concept of early Abl recruitment by both the ATM and the DNAPK pathways to regulate nuclear events triggered by DNA damage and potentially communicate them to proteins in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Fax: (+001) 765-496-1496
| | - Jean Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Laurie L. Parker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Fax: (+001) 765-496-1496
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li F, Hu G, Jiang Z, Guo J, Wang K, Ouyang K, Wen D, Zhu M, Liang J, Qin X, Zhang L. Identification of NME5 as a contributor to innate resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:1261-73. [PMID: 22325559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited therapeutic effect of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer is largely attributed to pre-existing or acquired resistance of the tumor cells. This study was aimed at screening for candidate resistance-related gene(s) and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. NME5 was found to be highly expressed in an innate gemcitabine-resistant human pancreatic cancer sample and the cell line PAXC002 derived from the sample. Downregulation of NME5 significantly reversed gemcitabine resistance in PAXC002 cells, whereas NME5 overexpression induced gemcitabine resistance in the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. NME5 attenuated the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by gemcitabine, probably accounting for the blunted sensitivity to gemcitabine. Furthermore, NME5 was demonstrated to play its role in a nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)-dependent manner. NME5 was capable of directly binding NF-κB, and possibly regulated its expression level in PAXC002 cells. Our results also suggest that NF-κB is a key executor of NME5 in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle. All of these data suggest that NME5 is a promising target for relieving innate gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
SIRT1 deacetylase promotes acquisition of genetic mutations for drug resistance in CML cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:589-98. [PMID: 22410779 PMCID: PMC3376246 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BCR-ABL transforms bone marrow progenitor cells and promotes genome instability, leading to development of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib effectively treats CML, but acquired resistance can develop because of BCR-ABL mutations. Mechanisms for acquisition of BCR-ABL mutations are not fully understood. Using a novel culture model of CML acquired resistance, we show that inhibition of SIRT1 deacetylase by small molecule inhibitors or gene knockdown blocks acquisition of BCR-ABL mutations and relapse of CML cells on tyrosine kinase inhibitors. SIRT1 knockdown also suppresses de novo genetic mutations of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase gene in CML and non-CML cells upon treatment with DNA damaging agent camptothecin. Although SIRT1 can enhance cellular DNA damage response, it alters functions of DNA repair machineries in CML cells and stimulates activity of error-prone DNA damage repair, in association with acquisition of genetic mutations. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of SIRT1 for promoting mutation acquisition in cancer, and have implication for targeting SIRT1 to overcome CML drug resistance.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hsiao HH, Liu YC, Lee CP, Chang CS, Lin SF. Philadelphia-negative chromosomal evolution during treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:317-21. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.february.10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
36
|
Tyrosine phosphorylation enhances RAD52-mediated annealing by modulating its DNA binding. EMBO J 2011; 30:3368-82. [PMID: 21804533 PMCID: PMC3160658 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA recombination mediator and annealing factor RAD52 is a target of c-ABL activated in response to DNA damage. Engineering of recombinant tyrosine-phosphomimetic RAD52 facilitated studying the consequences of this phosphorylation. RAD52 protein has an important role in homology-directed DNA repair by mediating RAD51 nucleoprotein filament formation on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) protected by replication protein-A (RPA) and annealing of RPA-coated ssDNA. In human, cellular response to DNA damage includes phosphorylation of RAD52 by c-ABL kinase at tyrosine 104. To address how this phosphorylation modulates RAD52 function, we used an amber suppressor technology to substitute tyrosine 104 with chemically stable phosphotyrosine analogue (p-Carboxymethyl-L-phenylalanine, pCMF). The RAD52Y104pCMF retained ssDNA-binding activity characteristic of unmodified RAD52 but showed lower affinity for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding. Single-molecule analyses revealed that RAD52Y104pCMF specifically targets and wraps ssDNA. While RAD52Y104pCMF is confined to ssDNA region, unmodified RAD52 readily diffuses into dsDNA region. The Y104pCMF substitution also increased the ssDNA annealing rate and allowed overcoming the inhibitory effect of dsDNA. We propose that phosphorylation at Y104 enhances ssDNA annealing activity of RAD52 by attenuating dsDNA binding. Implications of phosphorylation-mediated activation of RAD52 annealing activity are discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Meltser V, Ben-Yehoyada M, Reuven N, Shaul Y. c-Abl downregulates the slow phase of double-strand break repair. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e20. [PMID: 21364621 PMCID: PMC3032510 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2009.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
c-Abl tyrosine kinase is activated by agents that induce double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) and interacts with key components of the DNA damage response and of the DSB repair machinery. However, the functional significance of c-Abl in these processes, remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate, using comet assay and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, that c-Abl inhibited the repair of DSBs induced by ionizing radiation, particularly during the second and slow phase of DSB repair. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Abl and c-Abl depletion by siRNA-mediated knockdown resulted in higher DSB rejoining. c-Abl null MEFs exhibited higher DSB rejoining compared with cells reconstituted for c-Abl expression. Abrogation of c-Abl kinase activation resulted in higher H2AX phosphorylation levels and higher numbers of post-irradiation γH2AX foci, consistent with a role of c-Abl in DSB repair regulation. In conjunction with these findings, transient abrogation of c-Abl activity resulted in increased cellular radioresistance. Our findings suggest a novel function for c-Abl in inhibition of the slow phase of DSB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Meltser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mladenov E, Iliakis G. Induction and repair of DNA double strand breaks: the increasing spectrum of non-homologous end joining pathways. Mutat Res 2011; 711:61-72. [PMID: 21329706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of damage induced in the DNA by ionizing radiation (IR) is its clustered character that leads to the formation of complex lesions challenging the cellular repair mechanisms. The most widely investigated such complex lesion is the DNA double strand break (DSB). DSBs undermine chromatin stability and challenge the repair machinery because an intact template strand is lacking to assist restoration of integrity and sequence in the DNA molecule. Therefore, cells have evolved a sophisticated machinery to detect DSBs and coordinate a response on the basis of inputs from various sources. A central function of cellular responses to DSBs is the coordination of DSB repair. Two conceptually different mechanisms can in principle remove DSBs from the genome of cells of higher eukaryotes. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) uses as template a homologous DNA molecule and is therefore error-free; it functions preferentially in the S and G2 phases. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), on the other hand, simply restores DNA integrity by joining the two ends, is error prone as sequence is only fortuitously preserved and active throughout the cell cycle. The basis of DSB repair pathway choice remains unknown, but cells of higher eukaryotes appear programmed to utilize preferentially NHEJ. Recent work suggests that when the canonical DNA-PK dependent pathway of NHEJ (D-NHEJ), becomes compromised an alternative NHEJ pathway and not HRR substitutes in a quasi-backup function (B-NHEJ). Here, we outline aspects of DSB induction by IR and review the mechanisms of their processing in cells of higher eukaryotes. We place particular emphasis on backup pathways of NHEJ and summarize their increasing significance in various cellular processes, as well as their potential contribution to carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bensimon A, Aebersold R, Shiloh Y. Beyond ATM: the protein kinase landscape of the DNA damage response. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1625-39. [PMID: 21570395 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all organisms is constantly subjected to damaging agents, both exogenous and endogenous. One extremely harmful lesion is the double-strand break (DSB), which activates a massive signaling network - the DNA damage response (DDR). The chief activator of the DSB response is the ATM protein kinase, which phosphorylates numerous key players in its various branches. Recent phosphoproteomic screens have extended the scope of damage-induced phosphorylations beyond the direct ATM substrates. We review the evidence for the involvement of numerous other protein kinases in the DDR, obtained from documentation of specific pathways as well as high-throughput screens. The emerging picture of the protein phosphorylation landscape in the DDR broadens the current view on the role of this protein modification in the maintenance of genomic stability. Extensive cross-talk between many of these protein kinases forms an interlaced signaling network that spans numerous cellular processes. Versatile protein kinases in this network affect pathways that are different from those they have been identified with to date. The DDR appears to be one of the most extensive signaling responses to cellular stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Bensimon
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Sun J, Yin CC, Cui W, Chen SS, Medeiros LJ, Lu G. Chromosome 20q deletion: a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in remission. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:391-7. [PMID: 21350093 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpqfsc9zjnmaz6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
del(20q) can be observed in hematologic neoplasms, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and has been reported in patients undergoing blast transformation. We describe 10 patients with CML in hematologic and cytogenetic remission with del(20q) detected by conventional cytogenetics. There were 6 men and 4 women with a median age of 56 years. All patients initially had BCR-ABL1 and t(9;22) (q34;q11.2) and achieved morphologic and cytogenetic remission after therapy. del(20q) was identified before (2/10 [20%]), at the time of (3/10 [30%]), or after (5/10 [50%]) cytogenetic remission and was not associated with morphologic evidence of dysplasia. At last follow-up, no patients had a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Leukocyte and platelet counts were normal; 4 of 10 patients had mild anemia. Nine patients have remained in morphologic and cytogenetic remission with stable del(20q). BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript levels were absent or low (median, 0.01%). Recently, in 1 patient, recurrent CML developed and del(20q) was lost. We conclude that del(20q) in the setting of CML in remission is not predictive of MDS or blast transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlan Sun
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - C. Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Su S. Chen
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - L. Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Gary Lu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
DNA damage stress response in germ cells: role of c-Abl and clinical implications. Oncogene 2010; 29:6193-202. [PMID: 20818431 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells experiencing DNA damage undergo a complex response entailing cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis, the relative importance of the three being modulated by the extent of the lesion. The observation that Abl interacts in the nucleus with several proteins involved in different aspects of DNA repair has led to the hypothesis that this kinase is part of the damage-sensing mechanism. However, the mechanistic details underlying the role of Abl in DNA repair remain unclear. Here, I will review the evidence supporting our current understanding of Abl activation following DNA insults, while focusing on the relevance of these mechanisms in protecting DNA-injured germ cells. Early studies have shown that Abl transcripts are highly expressed in the germ line. Abl-deficient mice exhibit multiple abnormalities, increased perinatal mortality and reduced fertility. Recent findings have implicated Abl in a cisplatin-induced signaling pathway eliciting death of immature oocytes. A p53-related protein, TAp63, is an important immediate downstream effector of this pathway. Of note, pharmacological inhibition of Abl protects the ovarian reserve from the toxic effects of cisplatin. This suggests that the extent of Abl catalytic outputs may shift the balance between survival (likely through DNA repair) and activation of a death response. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the evolutionary conserved relationship between DNA damage and activation of the p53 family of transcription factors, while shedding light on the key role of Abl in dictating the fate of germ cells upon genotoxic insults.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability is needed for cells to survive many rounds of division throughout their lifetime. Key to the proper inheritance of intact genome is the tight temporal and spatial coordination of cell cycle events. Moreover, checkpoints are present that function to monitor the proper execution of cell cycle processes. For instance, the DNA damage and spindle assembly checkpoints ensure genomic integrity by delaying cell cycle progression in the presence of DNA or spindle damage, respectively. A checkpoint that has recently been gaining attention is the antephase checkpoint that acts to prevent cells from entering mitosis in response to a range of stress agents. We review here what is known about the pathway that monitors the status of the cells at the brink of entry into mitosis when cells are exposed to insults that threaten the proper inheritance of chromosomes. We highlight issues which are unresolved in terms of our understanding of the antephase checkpoint and provide some perspectives on what lies ahead in the understanding of how the checkpoint functions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Shrivastav M, Miller CA, De Haro LP, Durant ST, Chen BPC, Chen DJ, Nickoloff JA. DNA-PKcs and ATM co-regulate DNA double-strand break repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:920-9. [PMID: 19535303 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The NHEJ/HR decision is under complex regulation and involves DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). HR is elevated in DNA-PKcs null cells, but suppressed by DNA-PKcs kinase inhibitors, suggesting that kinase-inactive DNA-PKcs (DNA-PKcs-KR) would suppress HR. Here we use a direct repeat assay to monitor HR repair of DSBs induced by I-SceI nuclease. Surprisingly, DSB-induced HR in DNA-PKcs-KR cells was 2- to 3-fold above the elevated HR level of DNA-PKcs null cells, and approximately 4- to 7-fold above cells expressing wild-type DNA-PKcs. The hyperrecombination in DNA-PKcs-KR cells compared to DNA-PKcs null cells was also apparent as increased resistance to DNA crosslinks induced by mitomycin C. ATM phosphorylates many HR proteins, and ATM is expressed at a low level in cells lacking DNA-PKcs, but restored to wild-type level in cells expressing DNA-PKcs-KR. Several clusters of phosphorylation sites in DNA-PKcs, including the T2609 cluster, which is phosphorylated by DNA-PKcs and ATM, regulate access of repair factors to broken ends. Our results indicate that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs-KR contributes to the hyperrecombination phenotype. Interestingly, DNA-PKcs null cells showed more persistent ionizing radiation-induced RAD51 foci (but lower HR levels) compared to DNA-PKcs-KR cells, consistent with HR completion requiring RAD51 turnover. ATM may promote RAD51 turnover, suggesting a second (not mutually exclusive) mechanism by which restored ATM contributes to hyperrecombination in DNA-PKcs-KR cells. We propose a model in which DNA-PKcs and ATM coordinately regulate DSB repair by NHEJ and HR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Shrivastav
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhuang W, Qin Z, Liang Z. The role of autophagy in sensitizing malignant glioma cells to radiation therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:341-51. [PMID: 19430698 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas represent the majority of primary brain tumors. The current standard treatments for malignant gliomas include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy, a standard adjuvant therapy, confers some survival advantages, but resistance of the glioma cells to the efficacy of radiation limits the success of the treatment. The mechanisms underlying glioma cell radioresistance have remained elusive. Autophagy is a protein degradation system characterized by a prominent formation of double-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm. Recent studies suggest that autophagy may be important in the regulation of cancer development and progression and in determining the response of tumor cells to anticancer therapy. Also, autophagy is a novel response of glioma cells to ionizing radiation. Autophagic cell death is considered programmed cell death type II, whereas apoptosis is programmed cell death type I. These two types of cell death are predominantly distinctive, but many studies demonstrate a cross-talk between them. Whether autophagy in cancer cells causes death or protects cells is controversial. The regulatory pathways of autophagy share several molecules. PI3K/Akt/mTOR, DNA-PK, tumor suppressor genes, mitochondrial damage, and lysosome may play important roles in radiation-induced autophagy in glioma cells. Recently, a highly tumorigenic glioma tumor subpopulation, termed cancer stem cell or tumor-initiating cell, has been shown to promote therapeutic resistance. This review summarizes the main mediators associated with radiation-induced autophagy in malignant glioma cells and discusses the implications of the cancer stem cell hypothesis for the development of future therapies for brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bhattacharyya S, Ishida W, Wu M, Wilkes M, Mori Y, Hinchcliff M, Takehara K, Leof E, Varga J. A non-Smad mechanism of fibroblast activation by transforming growth factor-beta via c-Abl and Egr-1: selective modulation by imatinib mesylate. Oncogene 2009; 28:1285-97. [PMID: 19151753 PMCID: PMC4006376 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase c-Abl regulates cell proliferation and survival. Recent studies provide evidence that implicate c-Abl as a mediator for fibrotic responses induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), but the precise mechanisms underlying this novel oncogene function are unknown. Here, we report that when expressed in normal fibroblasts, a constitutively active mutant of Abl that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stimulated the expression and transcriptional activity of the early growth response factor 1 (Egr-1). Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), lacking c-Abl, were resistant to TGF-beta stimulation. Responsiveness of these MEFs to TGF-beta could be rescued by wild-type c-Abl, but not by a kinase-deficient mutant form of c-Abl. Furthermore, Abl kinase activity was necessary for the induction of Egr-1 by TGF-beta in normal fibroblasts, and Egr-1 was required for stimulation of collagen by Bcr-Abl. Lesional skin fibroblasts in mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis of skin displayed evidence of c-Abl activation in situ, and elevated phospho-c-Abl correlated with increased local expression of Egr-1. Collectively, these results position Egr-1 downstream of c-Abl in the fibrotic response, delineate a novel Egr-1-dependent intracellular signaling mechanism that underlies the involvement of c-Abl in certain TGF-beta responses, and identify Egr-1 as a target of inhibition by imatinib. Furthermore, the findings show in situ activation of c-Abl paralleling the upregulated tissue expression of Egr-1 that accompanies fibrosis. Pharmacological targeting of c-Abl and its downstream effector pathways may, therefore, represent a novel therapeutic approach to blocking TGF-beta-dependent fibrotic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Wataru Ishida
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Minghua Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Mark Wilkes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yasuji Mori
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | | | - Edward Leof
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reyland ME. Protein kinase C isoforms: Multi-functional regulators of cell life and death. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2386-99. [PMID: 19273207 DOI: 10.2741/3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of 10 related serine/threonine protein kinases some of which are critical regulators of cell proliferation, survival and cell death. While early studies relied on broad spectrum chemical activators or inhibitors of this family, the generation of isoform specific tools has greatly facilitated our understanding of the contribution of specific PKC isoforms to cell proliferation and apoptosis. These studies suggest that PKC-alpha, PKC-epsilon, and the atypical PKC's, PKC-lambda/iota and PKC-zeta, preferentially function to promote cell proliferation and survival, while the novel isoform, PKC-delta is an important regulator of apoptosis. The essential role of this kinase family in both cell survival and apoptosis suggests that specific isoforms may function as molecular sensors, promoting cell survival or cell death depending on environmental cues. Given their central role in cell and tissue homeostasis, it is not surprising that the expression or activity of some of these kinases is altered in human diseases, particularly cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yoshida K. Nuclear trafficking of pro-apoptotic kinases in response to DNA damage. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:305-13. [PMID: 18539531 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic stress includes cell-cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and induction of apoptosis. However, the signals that determine cell fate are largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that several pro-apoptotic kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC)delta, Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (c-Abl) and dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2), undergo nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling in response to DNA damage. Importantly, whereas precise regulation for the shuttling of these kinases remains uncertain, this mechanism has consequences for induction of apoptosis and implies that proper localization is central to the function of pro-apoptotic kinases. This review highlights recent progress demonstrating that the nuclear targeting of kinases is a novel and essential regulatory mechanism that directly influences the induction of apoptosis in response to DNA damage. The potential implications for novel therapies are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Studies on cytotoxic, hydroxyl radical scavenging and topoisomerase inhibitory activities of extracts of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. and Schult. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2922-7. [PMID: 18577413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the cytotoxic, hydroxyl radical scavenging and topoisomerase inhibition activities of Tabernaemontana divaricata (Apocynaceae) were evaluated. The extracts from leaves of the plant were prepared with different solvents viz. chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. In, in vitro cytotoxicity assay, with cell lines viz HCT-15 (Colon), HT-29 (Colon), 502713 (Colon), MCF-7 (Breast), PC- 3 (Prostrate), it was observed that the ethyl acetate extract was effective against only one colon cell line (502713) at the lowest dose i.e. 10 micro g/ml, whereas the chloroform extract was effective against all the three colon cancer cell lines, at 30 microg/ ml. In order to evaluate the mechanism of cytotoxicity of these extracts, they were assessed for their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals in plasmid nicking assay with pBR322. It was observed that all the extracts effectively inhibited the unwinding of supercoiled DNA except hexane extract, which showed the least effect. Since the expression of topo enzymes is linked with cell proliferation so the extracts were also checked for topo I and topo II inhibitory activities. It was noticed that ethyl acetate extract selectively showed inhibition of topo II in topoisomerase II relaxation assay.
Collapse
|
50
|
Fanta S, Sonnenberg M, Skorta I, Duyster J, Miething C, Aulitzky WE, van der Kuip H. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Abl compromises genetic stability and DNA repair in Bcr-Abl-negative cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:4380-4. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|