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Druce M, Hulo C, Masson P, Sommer P, Xenarios I, Le Mercier P, De Oliveira T. Improving HIV proteome annotation: new features of BioAfrica HIV Proteomics Resource. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw045. [PMID: 27087306 PMCID: PMC4834208 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the pathogens that cause the greatest global concern, with approximately 35 million people currently infected with HIV. Extensive HIV research has been performed, generating a large amount of HIV and host genomic data. However, no effective vaccine that protects the host from HIV infection is available and HIV is still spreading at an alarming rate, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. In order to develop effective therapies, we need to expand our knowledge of the interaction between HIV and host proteins. In contrast to virus proteins, which often rapidly evolve drug resistance mutations, the host proteins are essentially invariant within all humans. Thus, if we can identify the host proteins needed for virus replication, such as those involved in transporting viral proteins to the cell surface, we have a chance of interrupting viral replication. There is no proteome resource that summarizes this interaction, making research on this subject a difficult enterprise. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, we curated a resource presents detailed annotation on the interaction between the HIV proteome and host proteins. Our resource was produced in collaboration with ViralZone and used manual curation techniques developed by UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Our new website also used previous annotations of the BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource, which has been accessed by approximately 10 000 unique users a year since its inception in 2005. The novel features include a dedicated new page for each HIV protein, a graphic display of its function and a section on its interaction with host proteins. Our new webpages also add information on the genomic location of each HIV protein and the position of ARV drug resistance mutations. Our improved BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource fills a gap in the current knowledge of biocuration. Database URL: http://www.bioafrica.net/proteomics/HIVproteome.html
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Druce
- Africa Centre for Population Health, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Division of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chantal Hulo
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Masson
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Sommer
- Division of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Le Mercier
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tulio De Oliveira
- Africa Centre for Population Health, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Sex Specification and Heterogeneity of Primordial Germ Cells in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144836. [PMID: 26700643 PMCID: PMC4689518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, primordial germ cells migrate into the genital ridges by embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), where they are then subjected to a sex-specific fate with female and male primordial germ cells undergoing mitotic arrest and meiosis, respectively. However, the sex-specific basis of primordial germ cell differentiation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific features of mouse primordial germ cells. We performed RNA-sequencing (seq) of E13.5 female and male mouse primordial germ cells using next-generation sequencing. We identified 651 and 428 differentially expressed transcripts (>2-fold, P < 0.05) in female and male primordial germ cells, respectively. Of these, many transcription factors were identified. Gene ontology and network analysis revealed differing functions of the identified female- and male-specific genes that were associated with primordial germ cell acquisition of sex-specific properties required for differentiation into germ cells. Furthermore, DNA methylation and ChIP-seq analysis of histone modifications showed that hypomethylated gene promoter regions were bound with H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. Our global transcriptome data showed that in mice, primordial germ cells are decisively assigned to a sex-specific differentiation program by E13.5, which is necessary for the development of vital germ cells.
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Kayano M, Takigawa I, Shiga M, Tsuda K, Mamitsuka H. ROS-DET: robust detector of switching mechanisms in gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e74. [PMID: 21459849 PMCID: PMC3113587 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A switching mechanism in gene expression, where two genes are positively correlated in one condition and negatively correlated in the other condition, is a key to elucidating complex biological systems. There already exist methods for detecting switching mechanisms from microarrays. However, current approaches have problems under three real cases: outliers, expression values with a very small range and a small number of examples. ROS-DET overcomes these three problems, keeping the computational complexity of current approaches. We demonstrated that ROS-DET outperformed existing methods, under that all these three situations are considered. Furthermore, for each of the top 10 pairs ranked by ROS-DET, we attempted to identify a pathway, i.e. consecutive biological phenomena, being related with the corresponding two genes by checking the biological literature. In 8 out of the 10 pairs, we found two parallel pathways, one of the two genes being in each of the two pathways and two pathways coming to (or starting with) the same gene. This indicates that two parallel pathways would be cooperatively used under one experimental condition, corresponding to the positive correlation, and the two pathways might be alternatively used under the other condition, corresponding to the negative correlation. ROS-DET is available from http://www.bic.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pathway/kayano/ros-det.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kayano
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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Chuang HC, Lay JD, Hsieh WC, Su IJ. Pathogenesis and mechanism of disease progression from hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis to Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoma: nuclear factor-kappa B pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1281-7. [PMID: 17627615 PMCID: PMC11159308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect T lymphocytes and manifests as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a distinct entity of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, hypercytokinemia, and systemic macrophage activation with hemophagocytosis. In a substantial percentage of HLH patients, the disease may relapse or progress to T-cell lymphoma in months to years. In the present review, the authors summarize the previous studies on the pathogenesis of HLH and the potential mechanism for the progression of disease from HLH to T-cell lymphoma. The infection of T cells by EBV could activate T cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which subsequently activate macrophages. EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) is the viral product responsible for the activation of the TNF receptor (TNFR) associated factors/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/ERK pathway to enhance cytokine secretion mediated through the suppression of the SAP/SH2D1A gene. The activation of NF-kappaB will confer resistance to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on EBV-infected T cells through the down-regulation of TNFR-1. Consistent with in vitro observations, EBV-associated T or natural killer/T-cell lymphoma showed constitutive activation of NF-kappaB, explaining its drug resistance, hypercytokinemia, and poor prognosis. Therefore, similar to other inflammation-associated cancers, HLH provides a unique model to study the mechanism of disease progression from a benign virus-infected disorder (HLH) to T-cell lymphoma. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB signal pathway should provide a potential target for the treatment of HLH and EBV-associated T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutem 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chuang HC, Lay JD, Chuang SE, Hsieh WC, Chang Y, Su IJ. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 down-regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor-1 and confers resistance to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in T cells: implication for the progression to T-cell lymphoma in EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1607-17. [PMID: 17456766 PMCID: PMC1854955 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The infection of T cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may result in hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) through enhanced cytokine secretion, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), by EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1). One bewildering observation of HPS patients is relapsing disease or progression to T-cell lymphoma. This finding raises the question whether EBV LMP-1-expressing T cells may survive and proliferate in the cytokine milieu of HPS. To explore this possibility, we tested the sensitivity of LMP-1-expressing T cells to apoptosis in the presence of TNF-alpha. LMP-1 up-regulated TNF-alpha through TRAF2,5 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in T cells. The LMP-1-expressing T cells then became resistant to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the expression of TNFR1 was remarkably down-regulated by LMP-1 in T cells. Furthermore, the TNF-alpha/TNFR1 downstream death signal TNFR1-associated death domain protein was constitutively recruited by LMP-1, and the activities of apoptotic caspases 3, 8, and 9 were suppressed. Reconstitution of TNFR1 successfully reversed the TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic cascades. Therefore, EBV LMP-1 not only activates T cells to proliferate but also confers resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis via down-regulation of TNFR1 in the cytokine milieu of HPS. This finding provides a potential mechanism to explain the disease persistence or progression to T-cell lymphoma in HPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bouzar BA, Rea A, Hoc-Villet S, Garnier C, Guiguen F, Jin Y, Narayan O, Chebloune Y. Activation/proliferation and apoptosis of bystander goat lymphocytes induced by a macrophage-tropic chimeric caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing SIV Nef. Virology 2007; 364:269-80. [PMID: 17442361 PMCID: PMC2479789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is the natural lentivirus of goats, well known for its tropism for macrophages and its inability to cause infection in lymphocytes. The viral genome lacks nef, tat, vpu and vpx coding sequences. To test the hypothesis that when nef is expressed by the viral genome, the virus became toxic for lymphocytes during replication in macrophages, we inserted the SIVsmm PBj14 nef coding sequences into the genome of CAEV thereby generating CAEV-nef. This recombinant virus is not infectious for lymphocytes but is fully replication competent in goat macrophages in which it constitutively expresses the SIV Nef. We found that goat lymphocytes cocultured with CAEV-nef-infected macrophages became activated, showing increased expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Activation correlated with increased proliferation of the cells. Interestingly, a dual effect in terms of apoptosis regulation was observed in exposed goat lymphocytes. Nef was found first to induce a protection of lymphocytes from apoptosis during the first few days following exposure to infected macrophages, but later it induced increased apoptosis in the activated lymphocytes. This new recombinant virus provides a model to study the functions of Nef in the context of infection of macrophages, but in absence of infection of T lymphocytes and brings new insights into the biological effects of Nef on lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baya Amel Bouzar
- The Kansas University of Medical Center, MMD Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Lee SB, Park J, Jung JU, Chung J. Nef induces apoptosis by activating JNK signaling pathway and inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent immune responses in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1851-9. [PMID: 15827086 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nef gene encodes a 27-kDa protein that plays a crucial role during AIDS pathogenesis, but its exact functional mechanism has not been fully elucidated and remains controversial. The present study illuminated the in vivo functions of Nef using Drosophila, in which genetic analyses can be conveniently conducted. Using Drosophila transgenic lines for wild-type Nef, we demonstrated that Nef is not involved in the regulation of cell proliferation but rather specifically induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in wings in a cell-autonomous manner. Interestingly, myristoylation-defective Nef completely failed to induce the apoptotic wing phenotypes, consistent with previous reports demonstrating a crucial role for membrane localization of Nef in vivo. Further genetic and immunohistochemical studies revealed that Nef-dependent JNK activation is responsible for apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that ectopic expression of Nef inhibits Drosophila innate immune responses including Relish NF-kappaB activation with subsequent induction of an antimicrobial peptide, diptericin. The in vivo functions of Nef in Drosophila are highly consistent with those found in mammals and so we propose that Nef regulates evolutionarily highly conserved signaling molecules of the JNK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways at the plasma membrane, and consequently modulates apoptosis and immune responses in HIV target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bae Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Gil J, Bermejo M, Alcamí J. HIV and apoptosis: a complex interaction between cell death and virus survival. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 36:117-49. [PMID: 15171610 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74264-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Gil
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College, London, UK
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