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Ghasemi M, Liang S, Luu QM, Kempson I. The MTT Assay: A Method for Error Minimization and Interpretation in Measuring Cytotoxicity and Estimating Cell Viability. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2644:15-33. [PMID: 37142913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3052-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The MTT assay is extensively used, most often to infer a measure of cytotoxicity of treatments to cells. As with any assay though, there are a number of limitations. The method described here is designed with consideration of how the MTT assay fundamentally works to account for, or at least identify, confounding factors in measurements. It also provides a decision-making framework to best interpret and complement the MTT assay to apply it as either a measure of metabolic activity or cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ghasemi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Sisi Liang
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Quang Minh Luu
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Ivan Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia.
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2
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Baishya T, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Barcelo-Oliver M, Verma AK, Bhattacharyya MK. Enclathration of Mn(II)(H2O)6 guests and unusual Cu⋯O bonding contacts in supramolecular assemblies of Mn(II) Co-crystal hydrate and Cu(II) Pyridinedicarboxylate: Antiproliferative evaluation and theoretical studies. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Addressing artifacts of colorimetric anticancer assays for plant-based drug development. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:198. [PMID: 36071299 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become the silent killer in less-developed countries and the most significant cause of morbidity worldwide. The accessible and frequently used treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapeutic drugs traditionally involve using plant-based medications either in the form of isolated compounds or as scaffolds for synthetic drugs. To launch a drug in the market, it has to pass through several intricate steps. The multidrug resistance in cancers calls for novel drug discovery and development. Every year anticancer potential of several plant-based compounds and extracts is reported but only a few advances to clinical trials. The false-positive or negative results impact the progress of the cell-based anticancer assays. There are several cell-based assays but the widely used include MTT, MTS, and XTT. In this article, we have discussed various pitfalls and workable solutions.
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Lee E, Lee M, Kwon S, Kim J, Kwon Y. Systematic and mechanistic analysis of AuNP-induced nanotoxicity for risk assessment of nanomedicine. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 35680772 PMCID: PMC9184696 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For decades, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely implemented in various biomedical fields due to their unique optical, thermal, and tunable properties. Particularly, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have opened new frontiers in sensing, targeted drug delivery, imaging, and photodynamic therapy, showing promising results for the treatment of various intractable diseases that affect quality of life and longevity. Despite the tremendous achievements of AuNPs-based approaches in biomedical applications, few AuNP-based nanomedicines have been evaluated in clinical trials, which is likely due to a shortage of understanding of the biological and pathological effects of AuNPs. The biological fate of AuNPs is tightly related to a variety of physicochemical parameters including size, shape, chemical structure of ligands, charge, and protein corona, and therefore evaluating the effects of these parameters on specific biological interactions is a major ongoing challenge. Therefore, this review focuses on ongoing nanotoxicology studies that aim to characterize the effect of various AuNP characteristics on AuNP-induced toxicity. Specifically, we focus on understanding how each parameter alters the specific biological interactions of AuNPs via mechanistic analysis of nano-bio interactions. We also discuss different cellular functions affected by AuNP treatment (e.g., cell motility, ROS generation, interaction with DNA, and immune response) to understand their potential human health risks. The information discussed herein could contribute to the safe usage of nanomedicine by providing a basis for appropriate risk assessment and for the development of nano-QSAR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euiyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Minhyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea
| | - San Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea.
| | - Youngeun Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea.
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5
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Laube T, Weisser J, Sachse S, Seemann T, Wyrwa R, Schnabelrauch M. Comparable Studies on Nanoscale Antibacterial Polymer Coatings Based on Different Coating Procedures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:614. [PMID: 35214943 PMCID: PMC8875251 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of different antibiotic and metal-free thin polymer coatings was investigated. The films comprised quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) based on a vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) building block. Two monomeric QAC of different alkyl chain lengths were prepared, and then polymerized by two different polymerization processes to apply them onto Ti surfaces. At first, the polymeric layer was generated directly on the surface by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). For comparison purposes, in a classical route a copolymerization of the QAC-containing monomers with a metal adhesion mediating phosphonate (VBPOH) monomers was carried out and the Ti surfaces were coated via drop coating. The different coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) illustrating a thickness in the nanomolecular range. The cytocompatibility in vitro was confirmed by both live/dead and WST-1 assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by two different assays (CFU and BTG, resp.,), showing for both coating processes similar results to kill bacteria on contact. These antibacterial coatings present a simple method to protect metallic devices against microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Laube
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterials Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Jürgen Weisser
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterials Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Svea Sachse
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterials Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Seemann
- INNOVENT e.V., Surface Technology Department, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterials Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthias Schnabelrauch
- INNOVENT e.V., Biomaterials Department, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.S.); (R.W.); (M.S.)
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6
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Sharma P, Dutta D, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Barcelo-Oliver M, Verma AK, Bhattacharyya MK. Benzoato bridged dinuclear Mn(II) and Cu(II) compounds involving guest chlorobenzoates and dimeric paddle wheel supramolecular assemblies: Antiproliferative evaluation and theoretical studies. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Guerra FS, Rodrigues DA, Fraga CAM, Fernandes PD. Novel Single Inhibitor of HDAC6/8 and Dual Inhibitor of PI3K/HDAC6 as Potential Alternative Treatments for Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050387. [PMID: 33919077 PMCID: PMC8143108 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide. Here, the cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects of a new HDAC6/8 inhibitor, LASSBio-1911, and a new dual-PI3K/HDAC6 inhibitor, LASSBio-2208, were evaluated against PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Methods: A MTT assay was used to assess the cell viability. Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) was used to detect apoptotic cell death and to analyze the cell cycle distribution. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured by ELISA. A cell scratch assay was performed to assess cell migration, and the expression of proteins was estimated by Western blotting. Results: LASSBio-1911 and LASSBio-2208 exert cytotoxic effects against PC3 cells. However, LASSBio-2208 was demonstrated to be more potent than LASSBio-1911. The apoptosis assays showed that both compounds trigger apoptotic processes and cause the arrest of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The Western blot analysis revealed that LASSBio-2208 significantly decreased the expression of p-JNK and JAK2. However, both compounds reduced the expression of p-STAT3, IL-6 secretion, and cell migration. Conclusions: LASSBio-1911 and LASSBio-2208 demonstrated significant activity in reducing cell viability and migration. These compounds can be further used as prototypes for the development of new potential anticancer alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Sélos Guerra
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Alencar Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (D.A.R.); (C.A.M.F.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (D.A.R.); (C.A.M.F.)
| | - Patricia Dias Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Sharma P, Nath H, Frontera A, Barcelo-Oliver M, Verma AK, Hussain S, Bhattacharyya MK. Biologically relevant unusual cooperative assemblies and fascinating infinite crown-like supramolecular nitrate–water hosts involving guest complex cations in bipyridine and phenanthroline-based Cu( ii) coordination compounds: antiproliferative evaluation and theoretical studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity in cancer cells with structure activity relationship has been explored in Cu(ii) compounds involving biologically relevant cooperative assemblies and fascinating crown-like nitrate–water hosts with guest complex cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Cotton University
- Guwahati-781001
- India
| | - Hiren Nath
- Department of Chemistry
- Cotton University
- Guwahati-781001
- India
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Miquel Barcelo-Oliver
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Akalesh K. Verma
- Department of Zoology
- Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory
- Cotton University
- Guwahati-781001
- India
| | - Sahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta
- Patna-801103
- India
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9
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Reynolds-Peterson C, Ehrbar DJ, McHale SM, LaRocca TJ, Mantis NJ. Sensitization of Airway Epithelial Cells to Toxin-Induced Death by TNF Superfamily Cytokines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:19-42. [PMID: 33185865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The TNF superfamily of proinflammatory and proapoptotic cytokines influence tissue-wide responses to molecular insults such as small molecules, toxins, and viral infections that perturb cellular homeostasis at the level of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. In the context of acute lung injury, for example, TNF superfamily members like TNF-α and TRAIL can severely exacerbate disease pathophysiology. This chapter describes a systematic approach to optimization of mammalian cell viability assays and transcriptional profiling through nCounter® Technology to permit a detailed examination of how TNF-α and TRAIL modulate programmed cell death pathways in concert with ricin toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) and a potent inducer of acute respiratory distress. We compare two widely used luciferase- and colorimetric-based cell viability assays and provide optimization protocols for adherent and non-adherent cell lines. We provide a computational workflow to facilitate downstream analysis of datasets generated from nCounter® gene expression panels. While combined treatment with ricin toxin and TRAIL serves as the exemplar, the methodologies are applicable to any TNF superfamily member in combination with any biological agent of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Reynolds-Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dylan J Ehrbar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Susanne M McHale
- Advanced Genomic Technologies Cluster, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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10
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Pintor AVB, Queiroz LD, Barcelos R, Primo LSG, Maia LC, Alves GG. MTT versus other cell viability assays to evaluate the biocompatibility of root canal filling materials: a systematic review. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1348-1373. [PMID: 32602945 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to compare the cytotoxicity of root canal filling materials (RCFMs) assessed using tetrazolium salt-based tests (TSBT), including the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with those obtained using other cell viability assays. METHODS A search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and OpenGrey up to March 2019, followed by a manual search. According to the Participants, Exposure, Comparator and Outcomes (PECO) criteria, in vitro studies that evaluated the cytotoxic effect of RCFMss on animal and/or human cells through TSBT and at least one other viability assay were compared. The methodological quality of selected papers was assessed using ToxRTool® and SciRAP® . Data were analysed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test for paired samples and linear weighting kappa. RESULTS A total of 230 non-duplicated records were identified. After applying the eligibility criteria, 55 studies were selected for methodological evaluation, seven were selected by manual searching, 22 were excluded for methodological reasons, and 40 were included. A total of 410 comparisons were performed between TSBT and distinct cell viability tests (DCVT). MTT had moderate concordance with DCVT using human cells (n = 138 samples) (P = 0.507; k = 0.4225) and animal cells (n = 122 samples) (P = 0.124; k = 0.5775). XTT had good concordance using human (n = 110 samples) (P = 0.507; k = 0.6336) and animal cells (n = 12 samples) (P = 0.564; k = 0.6604). MTT, XTT, WST and MTS assays showed moderate concordance with DCVT (n = 410 samples) (P = 0.375; k = 0.5138) and complete agreement in 226 samples. DISCUSSION The included studies had methodological heterogeneity that was minimized by the systematic review methodology. CONCLUSIONS MTT and XTT do not cause over- or underestimation of cell viability during cytotoxicity screening of root canal filling materials, implying that these assays can be considered reliable for this purpose. Nonetheless, the development of protocols for the cytotoxic screening of these materials on 3D tissue-like cultures aiming to improve their predictability in the clinical scenario is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V B Pintor
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L D Queiroz
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Barcelos
- Department of Specific Formation, Institute of Health of Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L S G Primo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G G Alves
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Lungu-Mitea S, Lundqvist J. Potentials and pitfalls of transient in vitro reporter bioassays: interference by vector geometry and cytotoxicity in recombinant zebrafish cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2769-2784. [PMID: 32447522 PMCID: PMC7395025 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The water framework directive re-evaluation proposes the integration of effect-based tools, increasing the need for alternative methods. Especially within aquatic toxicology, coverage of specific toxicity pathways is scarce, and most applications are based on mammalian or bacterial models, not reflecting realistic exposure scenarios. The use of transient reporter gene assays in cells from organisms of interest could be a quick and inexpensive solution. However, interference with cellular homeostasis may impact the system beyond the function of the manipulated gene and thus lead to non-specific results. We describe how varying vector geometry and different regulatory gene elements on plasmids used for transfection in zebrafish hepatocytes and embryonic fibroblasts may lead up to a tenfold difference in potency. Cells were transiently co-transfected with an Nrf2-responsive Firefly luciferase reporter plasmid and eight different Renilla luciferase normalization plasmids. Transfected cells were exposed to two different regimes (0.1–100 µM and 7.8–250 µM) of the oxidative stress-inducing compounds, sulforaphane, tertbutylhydroquinone, and metazachlor. Nrf2 activity was measured in dual-luciferase assays. In parallel, cytotoxicity was assessed for different endpoints (energy metabolism, protein amount, membrane stability, and cell proliferation) in non-transfected cells and cells co-transfected with constructs of increasing size, to be used for normalization. Transfected cells were more susceptible to cytotoxicity in a vector size-dependent manner. Conclusively, we report that vector geometries (size, backbones, gene-regulatory units), cell line (tissue origin), applied transfection methods, and signal normalization may alter the sensitivity of reporter bioassays in a synergistic manner. Further, we propose that thorough bioassay design is needed to ensure reliability and regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lungu-Mitea
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Scarcello E, Lambremont A, Vanbever R, Jacques PJ, Lison D. Mind your assays: Misleading cytotoxicity with the WST-1 assay in the presence of manganese. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231634. [PMID: 32298350 PMCID: PMC7161962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The WST-1 assay is the most common test to assess the in vitro cytotoxicity of chemicals. Tetrazolium-based assays can, however, be affected by the interference of tested chemicals, including carbon nanotubes or Mg particles. Here, we report a new interference of Mn materials with the WST-1 assay. Endothelial cells exposed to Mn particles (Mn alone or Fe-Mn alloy from 50 to 1600 μg/ml) were severely damaged according to the WST-1 assay, but not the ATP content assay. Subsequent experiments revealed that Mn particles interfere with the reduction of the tetrazolium salt to formazan. Therefore, the WST-1 assay is not suitable to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of Mn-containing materials, and luminescence-based assays such as CellTiter-Glo® appear more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Scarcello
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexia Lambremont
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal J. Jacques
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Chanukuppa V, Paul D, Taunk K, Chatterjee T, Sharma S, Kumar S, Santra MK, Rapole S. XPO1 is a critical player for bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma: A quantitative proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2019; 209:103504. [PMID: 31465861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the blood cancers, 13% mortality is caused by Multiple myeloma (MM) type of hematological malignancy. In spite of therapeutic advances in chemotherapy treatment, still MM remains an incurable disease is mainly due to emergence of chemoresistance. At present time, FDA approved bortezomib is the first line drug for MM treatment. However, like other chemotherapy, MM patients are acquiring resistance against bortezomib. The present study aims to identify and validate bortezomib resistant protein targets in MM using iTRAQ and label free quantitative proteomic approaches. 112 differentially expressed proteins were commonly found in both approaches with similar differential expression pattern. Exportin-1 (XPO1) protein was selected for further validation as its significant high expression was observed in both iTRAQ and label free analysis. Bioinformatic analysis of these common differentially expressed proteins showed a clear cluster of proteins such as SMC1A, RCC2, CSE1, NUP88, NUP50, TPR, HSPA14, DYNLL1, RAD21 and RANBP2 being associated with XPO1. Functional studies like cell count assay, flow cytometry assay and soft agar assay proved that XPO1 knock down in RPMI 8226R cell line results in re-sensitization to bortezomib drug. The mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013859. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a type of hematological malignancy which constitutes about 13% of all blood cell related malignancies. Chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles for the successful treatment for MM. Bortezomib is a first proteasome inhibitor drug, widely used in MM treatment. The present study aims to identify and validate bortezomib resistant protein targets in MM. Here, we identified 112 candidate proteins to be associated with bortezomib resistance using global quantitative proteomic analysis. Among these candidate proteins, we show that XPO1 plays crucial role in emerging bortezomib resistance using functional studies like cell count assay, flow cytometry assay and soft agar assay. XPO1 could be a potential therapeutic target for MM and development of inhibitors of XPO1 might help to cure MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Chanukuppa
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India; Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | - Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | | | | | - Saravanan Kumar
- Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, KA, India
| | - Manas K Santra
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, MH, India.
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14
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Qiu Q, Shi W, Zhao S, Zhu Y, Ding Z, Zhou S, Kairuki M, Huang W, Qian H. Discovery to solve multidrug resistance: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900127. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental ProtectionYancheng Teachers’ University Yancheng China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug DiscoveryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Shiyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental ProtectionYancheng Teachers’ University Yancheng China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental ProtectionYancheng Teachers’ University Yancheng China
| | - Zhengquan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental ProtectionYancheng Teachers’ University Yancheng China
| | - Shaoyang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental ProtectionYancheng Teachers’ University Yancheng China
| | - Mutta Kairuki
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug DiscoveryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug DiscoveryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic DiseaseChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Hai Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug DiscoveryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic DiseaseChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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15
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Kairuki M, Qiu Q, Pan M, Li Q, Zhou J, Ghaleb H, Huang W, Qian H, Jiang C. Designed P-glycoprotein inhibitors with triazol-tetrahydroisoquinoline-core increase doxorubicin-induced mortality in multidrug resistant K562/A02 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3347-3357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Qiu Q, Zhu J, Chen Q, Jiang Z, Xu J, Jiang X, Huang W, Liu Z, Ye J, Xu X. Discovery of aromatic amides with triazole-core as potent reversal agents against P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103083. [PMID: 31255991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment for clinical cancer therapy. 19 novel aromatic amides with triazole-core as MDR reversal agents were designed and synthesized via click chemistry to reverse MDR. Among them, compound 42 was identified as the most promising candidate with high potency (EC50 = 78.1 ± 5.4 nM), low cytotoxity (SI > 1282) and persistent duration in reversing doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in K562/A02 cells. 42 also enhanced the potency of other P-gp associated cytotoxic agents with different structures. In further study, remarkably increased intracellular accumulation of Rh123 and DOX in K562/A02 cells was achieved by compound 42, while CYP3A4 activity had no change by compound 42. These results indicate that compound 42 as a relatively safe modulator of P-gp-mediated MDR has good potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Jilan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Qiutong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Ziqian Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Jiting Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Xueting Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhongquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China.
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China.
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, PR China.
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17
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Qiu Q, Zhou J, Shi W, Kairuki M, Huang W, Qian H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazine-1-carboxamide derivatives as novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors reversing multidrug resistance. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:166-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Ali U, Kanwar S, Yadav K, Basu S, Mazumder K. Effect of arabinoxylan and β-glucan stearic acid ester coatings on post-harvest quality of apple (Royal Delicious). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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A comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity assays in medical device regulatory studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:24-32. [PMID: 29885342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medical device biocompatibility testing is used to evaluate the risk of adverse effects on tissues from exposure to leachates/extracts. A battery of tests is typically recommended in accordance with regulatory standards to determine if the device is biocompatible. In vitro cytotoxicity, a key element of the standards, is a required endpoint for all types of medical devices. Each validated cytotoxicity method has different methodology and acceptance criteria that could influence the selection of a specific test. In addition, some guidances are more specific than others as to the recommended test methods. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO1) cites preference for quantitative methods (e.g., tetrazolium (MTT/XTT), neutral red (NR), or colony formation assays (CFA)) over qualitative methods (e.g., elution, agar overlay/diffusion, or direct), while a recent ISO standard for contact lens/lens care solutions specifically requires a qualitative direct test. Qualitative methods are described in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) while quantitative CFAs are listed in Japan guidance. The aim of this review is to compare the methodologies such as test article preparation, test conditions, and criteria for six cytotoxicity methods recommended in regulatory standards in order to inform decisions on which method(s) to select during the medical device safety evaluation.
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20
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,5-disubstituted furan derivatives as P-glycoprotein inhibitors for Doxorubicin resistance in MCF-7/ADR cell. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:546-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Perego P, Hempel G, Linder S, Bradshaw TD, Larsen AK, Peters GJ, Phillips RM. Cellular pharmacology studies of anticancer agents: recommendations from the EORTC-PAMM group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 81:427-441. [PMID: 29285635 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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23
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Jimenez AS, Jaramillo F, Hemraz UD, Boluk Y, Ckless K, Sunasee R. Effect of surface organic coatings of cellulose nanocrystals on the viability of mammalian cell lines. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2017; 10:123-136. [PMID: 29033558 PMCID: PMC5628661 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s145891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as promising candidates for a number of bio-applications. Surface modification of CNCs continues to gain significant research interest as it imparts new properties to the surface of the nanocrystals for the design of multifunctional CNCs-based materials. A small chemical surface modification can potentially lead to drastic behavioral changes of cell-material interactions thereby affecting the intended bio-application. In this work, unmodified CNCs were covalently decorated with four different organic moieties such as a diaminobutane fragment, a cyclic oligosaccharide (β-cyclodextrin), a thermoresponsive polymer (poly[N-isopropylacrylamide]), and a cationic aminomethacrylamide-based polymer using different synthetic covalent methods. The effect of surface coatings of CNCs and the respective dose-response of the above organic moieties on the cell viability were evaluated on mammalian cell cultures (J774A.1 and MFC-7), using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe-nyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Overall, the results indicated that cells exposed to surface-coated CNCs for 24 h did not display major changes in cell viability, membrane permeability as well as cell morphology. However, with longer exposure, all these parameters were somewhat affected, which appears not to be correlated with either anionic or cationic surface coatings of CNCs used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar S Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Jaramillo
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | | | - Yaman Boluk
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karina Ckless
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Rajesh Sunasee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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24
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Wang M, Kanako N, Zhang Y, Xiao X, Gao Q, Tetsuya K. A unique polysaccharide purified from Hericium erinaceus mycelium prevents oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in human gastric mucosa epithelium cell. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181546. [PMID: 28742114 PMCID: PMC5524341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (HE) has been used both as a traditional Chinese medicine and home remedy for treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastritis. EP-1, a purified polysaccharide isolated from HE mycelium, has recently been identified as the active component responsible for HE anti-gastritis activity. Because oxidative stress has been implicated as a pathogenic cause of gastritis and gastric ulcers, EP-1 antioxidant properties were systematically examined in vitro using the human gastric mucosal epithelial cell line, GES-1. Results showed that EP-1 possessed higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2-3 times higher ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals than a hot water extract of commercially available HE fruiting body. A crude mycelial polysaccharide (CMPS) extract of HE, from which EP-1 was purified, showed slightly stronger radical scavenging activity and ORAC than EP-1, with the exception of DPPH-scavenging activity. Antioxidant activities of these extracts were further studied using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-abused GES-1 cells; EP-1 dose-dependently preserved cell viability of abused cells as assessed via MTT assay. Moreover, FACS analysis revealed that EP-1 prevented H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death by inhibiting activation of apoptotic cellular signals within mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways. CMPS also prevented H2O2-induced oxidative stress, but to a lesser degree than did EP-1, even though CMPS exhibited comparable or stronger in vitro antioxidant activity than did EP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Nakajima Kanako
- Liaison R/D Center, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xulang Xiao
- Research and Development Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Qipin Gao
- Research and Development Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Konishi Tetsuya
- Liaison R/D Center, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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25
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Qiu Q, Liu B, Cui J, Li Z, Deng X, Qiang H, Li J, Liao C, Zhang B, Shi W, Pan M, Huang W, Qian H. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of N-(4-(2 (6,7-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)yl)ethyl)phenyl)quinazolin-4-amine Derivatives: Novel Inhibitors Reversing P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3289-3302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Baomin Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jian Cui
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Deng
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hao Qiang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jieming Li
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chen Liao
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Miaobo Pan
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic
Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic
Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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26
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Qiu Q, Shi W, Li Z, Zhang B, Pan M, Cui J, Dai Y, Huang W, Qian H. Exploration of 2-((Pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)nicotinamide Derivatives as Potent Reversal Agents against P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2930-2943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Miaobo Pan
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cui
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery
for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery
for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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27
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Klekotko M, Matczyszyn K, Siednienko J, Olesiak-Banska J, Pawlik K, Samoc M. Bio-mediated synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:29014-9. [PMID: 26456245 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01619c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a "green" approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in which the Mentha piperita extract was applied for the bioreduction of chloroauric acid and the stabilization of the formed nanostructures. The obtained GNPs were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reduction of gold ions with the plant extract leads to the production of nanoparticles with various shapes (spherical, triangular and hexagonal) and sizes (from 10 to 300 nm). The kinetics of the reaction was monitored and various conditions of the synthesis were investigated. As a result, we established protocols optimized towards the synthesis of nanospheres and nanoprisms of gold. The cytotoxic effect of the obtained gold nanoparticles was studied by performing MTT assay, which showed lower cytotoxicity of the biosynthesized GNPs compared to gold nanorods synthesized using the usual seed-mediated growth. The results suggest that the synthesis using plant extracts may be a useful method to produce gold nanostructures for various biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klekotko
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jakub Siednienko
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Olesiak-Banska
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Samoc
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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28
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Wu WS, Chien CC, Chen YC, Chiu WT. Protein Kinase RNA-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase-Mediated Bcl-2 Protein Phosphorylation Contributes to Evodiamine-Induced Apoptosis of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160484. [PMID: 27483435 PMCID: PMC4970736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer mechanism of evodiamine (EVO) against the viability of human A498 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro study showed that EVO decreased the viability of A498 cells with the occurrence of apoptotic characteristics such as hypodiploid cells, DNA ladders, chromatin-condensed cells, and cleaved caspase (Casp)-3/poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins. Pharmacological studies using chemical inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) indicated that phosphorylation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein participated in EVO-induced cell death of A498 cells, and application of the JNK inhibitor, SP600125 (SP), inhibited EVO-induced cleavage of the Casp-3/PARP proteins and chromatin condensation according to Giemsa staining. EVO disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with increased protein levels of the phosphorylated Bcl-2 protein (p-Bcl-2) was prevented by JNK inhibitors in A498 cells. A structure-activity relationship study showed that a methyl group at position 14 in EVO was important for its apoptotic effects and increased p-Bcl-2 protein in A498 cells. Furthermore, significant increases in the phosphorylated endoplasmic reticular stress protein, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK at Thr980), by EVO were detected in A498 cells, and the PERK inhibitor, GSK2606414, significantly suppressed EVO-induced apoptosis, p-JNK, p-PERK, and cleaved PARP proteins. The in vivo study showed that EVO significantly reduced RCC growth elicited by a subcutaneous injection of A498 cells, and an increased protein level of p-PERK was observed according to an immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis by EVO was also demonstrated in other RCC cells such as 786-O, ACHN, and Caki-1 cells. This is the first study to demonstrate the anti-RCC effect of EVO via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and activation of JNK and PERK to induce Bcl-2 protein phosphorylation, which led to disruption of the MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chien
- Department of Nephrology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
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29
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Hydroxycinnamic acid bound arabinoxylans from millet brans-structural features and antioxidant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Exploiting the biological roles of the trypsin inhibitor from Inga vera seeds: A multifunctional Kunitz inhibitor. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Arab-Bafrani Z, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abbasian M, Fesharaki M. Multiple MTS Assay as the Alternative Method to Determine Survival Fraction of the Irradiated HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS AND SENSORS 2016; 6:112-6. [PMID: 27186539 PMCID: PMC4855884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A multiple colorimetric assay has been introduced to evaluate the proliferation and determination of survival fraction (SF) of irradiated cells. The estimation of SF based on the cell-growth curve information is the major advantage of this assay. In this study, the utility of multiple-MTS assay for the SF estimation of irradiated HT-29 colon cancer cells, which were plated before irradiation, was evaluated. The SF of HT-29 colon cancer cells under irradiation with 9 MV photon was estimated using multiple-MTS assay and colony assay. Finally, the correlation between two assays was evaluated. Results showed that there are no significant differences between the SF obtained by two assays at different radiation doses (P > 0.05), and the survival curves have quite similar trends. In conclusion, multiple MTS-assay can be a reliable method to determine the SF of irradiated colon cancer cells that plated before irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Arab-Bafrani
- Stem cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Department of Medical Physics-Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Prof. Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Mahdi Abbasian
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrafarin Fesharaki
- Department of Cell Sciences Research Center Medical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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32
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Yang Y, Lu Y, Wu QY, Hu HY, Chen YH, Liu WL. Evidence of ATP assay as an appropriate alternative of MTT assay for cytotoxicity of secondary effluents from WWTPs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:490-496. [PMID: 26410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological tests are effective and comprehensive methods to assess toxicity of environmental pollutants to ensure the safety of reclaimed water. In this study, the canonical MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) of secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It was surprising that most concentrated DOMs treated HepG2 cells yielded much higher signal compared with vehicle control regardless of difference of treatment technologies and seasons. However, there was actually no obvious enhancement of the cell proliferation by microscopy. In order to find out potential reason for the discrepancy, another three assays were performed. The results of ATP assay and flow cytometry showed expected toxicity, which was consistent with microscopy and previous studies, while DNA assay did not exhibit apparent change in treated cells. The possible mechanisms of abnormal MTT signal could be that some materials in secondary effluents isolated by solid extraction with HLB resin directly reacted with MTT and/or enhanced the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase. Therefore, the MTT assay is not suitable to assess cytotoxicity of complex mixtures such as secondary effluents, while ATP assay is an optional sensitive method. This study also suggests the importance of choosing both suitable extraction methods and detection assays for toxicity evaluation of component-unknown environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Stepanenko AA, Dmitrenko VV. Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over/underestimation of cell viability. Gene 2015; 574:193-203. [PMID: 26260013 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The MTT assay (to a less degree MTS, XTT or WST) is a widely exploited approach for measuring cell viability/drug cytotoxicity. MTT reduction occurs throughout a cell and can be significantly affected by a number of factors, including metabolic and energy perturbations, changes in the activity of oxidoreductases, endo-/exocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Over/underestimation of cell viability by the MTT assay may be due to both adaptive metabolic and mitochondrial reprogramming of cells subjected to drug treatment-mediated stress and inhibitor off-target effects. Previously, imatinib, rottlerin, ursolic acid, verapamil, resveratrol, genistein nanoparticles and some polypeptides were shown to interfere with MTT reduction rate resulting in inconsistent results between the MTT assay and alternative assays. Here, to test the under/overestimation of viability by the MTT assay, we compared results derived from the MTT assay with the trypan blue exclusion assay after treatment of glioblastoma U251, T98G and C6 cells with three widely used inhibitors with the known direct and side effects on energy and metabolic homeostasis - temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA-methylating agent, temsirolimus (TEM), an inhibitor of mTOR kinase, and U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1/2 kinases. Inhibitors were applied shortly as in IC50 evaluating studies or long as in studies focusing on drug resistance acquisition. We showed that over/underestimation of cell viability by the MTT assay and its significance depends on a cell line, a time point of viability measurement and other experimental parameters. Furthermore, we provided a comprehensive survey of factors that should be accounted in the MTT assay. To avoid result misinterpretation, supplementation of the tetrazolium salt-based assays with other non-metabolic assays is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stepanenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
| | - V V Dmitrenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
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Limitations of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay when compared to three commonly used cell enumeration assays. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:47. [PMID: 25884200 PMCID: PMC4349615 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tetrazolium-based MTT assay has long been regarded as the gold standard of cytotoxicity assays as it is highly sensitive and has been miniaturised for use as a high-throughput screening assay. However, various reports refer to interference by different test compounds, including the glycolysis inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate, with the conversion of the dye to coloured formazan crystals. This study assessed the linear range and reproducibility of three commonly used cell enumeration assays; the neutral red uptake (NRU), resazurin reduction (RES) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, in comparison to the MTT assay. Interference between the MTT assay and three glycolysis inhibitors, 2-deoxyglucose, 3-bromopyruvate and lonidamine, was investigated. Results Data indicate that the NRU, RES and SRB assays showed the smallest variability across the linear range, while the largest variation was observed for the MTT assay. This implies that these assays would more accurately detect small changes in cell number than the MTT assay. The SRB assay provided the most reproducible results as indicated by the coefficient of determination after a limited number of experiments. The SRB assay also produced the lowest variance in the derived 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), while IC50 concentrations of 3-bromopyruvate could not be detected using either the MTT or RES assays after 24 hours incubation. Interference in the MTT assay was observed for all three tested glycolysis inhibitors in a cell-free environment. No interferences were observed for the NRU, SRB or RES assays. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the MTT assay was not the best assay in a number of parameters that must be considered when a cell enumeration assay is selected: the MTT assay was less accurate in detecting changes in cell number as indicated by the variation observed in the linear range, had the highest variation when the IC50 concentrations of the glycolysis inhibitors were determined, and interference between the MTT assay and all the glycolysis inhibitors tested were observed. The SRB assay performed best overall considering all of the parameters, suggesting that it is the most suitable assay for use in preclinical screening of novel therapeutic compounds with oxido-reductive potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1000-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Qiu Q, Deng X, Jiao L, Zhao T, Meng F, Huang W, Qian H. A High-Sensitivity Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 86:173-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xin Deng
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Tianxiao Zhao
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Fanfei Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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Liu B, Qiu Q, Zhao T, Jiao L, Li Y, Huang W, Qian H. 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-{2-[4-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as Superior Reversal Agents for P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:336-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Tusup M, Mirkov I, Djokic J, Ninkov M, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Proinflammatory cytokine responses in skin and epidermal cells following epicutaneous administration of anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin in rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 34:149-55. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.928307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bruinink A, Luginbuehl R. Evaluation of biocompatibility using in vitro methods: interpretation and limitations. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 126:117-52. [PMID: 21989487 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro biocompatibility of novel materials has to be proven before a material can be used as component of a medical device. This must be done in cell culture tests according to internationally recognized standard protocols. Subsequently, preclinical and clinical tests must be performed to verify the safety of the new material and device. The present chapter focuses on the first step, the in vitro testing according to ISO 10993-5, and critically discusses its limited significance. Alternative strategies and a brief overview of activities to improve the current in vitro tests are presented in the concluding section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bruinink
- Laboratory for Materials - Biology Interactions, Empa - Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstasse 5, CH-9014 St, Gallen, Switzerland,
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Liu B, Qiu Q, Zhao T, Jiao L, Hou J, Li Y, Qian H, Huang W. Discovery of novel P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance inhibitors bearing triazole core via click chemistry. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:182-91. [PMID: 24750961 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitors bearing a triazol-phenethyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold were designed and synthesized via click chemistry. Most of the synthesized compounds showed higher reversal activity than verapamil (VRP). Among them, the most potent compound 5 showed a comparable activity with the known potent P-gp inhibitor WK-X-34 with lower cytotoxicity (IC50s > 100 μm). Compared with VRP, compound 5 exhibited more potency in increasing drug accumulation in K562/A02 MDR cells. Moreover, compound 5 persisted longer chemo-sensitizing effect (>24 h) than VRP (<6 h) with reversibility. Given the low intrinsic cytotoxicity and the potent reversal activity, compound 5 may represent a promising candidate for developing P-gp-mediated MDR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Ang HY, Subramani T, Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ho WY, Abdullah MP, Alitheen NB. Immunomodulatory effects of Potentilla indica and Dendrophthoe pentandra on mice splenocytes and thymocytes. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1733-1737. [PMID: 24926376 PMCID: PMC4043603 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators are agents that are able to stimulate or inhibit the immune response. The leaf extracts from Potentilla indica and Dendrophthoe pentandra were analyzed in vitro for immunomodulatory activity and an MTT colorimetric assay was conducted to determine the proliferation of mice splenocytes and thymocytes. A bromodeoxyuridine assay was performed to analyze DNA synthesis and the Trypan blue exclusion method was conducted to evaluate the changes in total cell population. The results indicated that treatment with P. indica and D. pentandra produced a time- and dose-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation. Following 72 h of treatment with P. indica and D. pentandra, thymocyte proliferation was augmented by 18 and 41%, respectively and splenocyte proliferation increased by 35 and 42%, respectively, when compared with untreated cells. The present study demonstrated that these extracts may act as potential immunostimulants and, thus, represent an alternative source of immunomodulatory compounds for the treatment of human immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Ang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Tamilselvan Subramani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yang Ho
- The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Puad Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Tyrer PC, Frizelle FA, Keenan JI. Escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles are genotoxic to human enterocyte-like cells. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:2. [PMID: 24405746 PMCID: PMC3898235 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancers are the third most common type in the world. The causes of the disease are poorly understood, but since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a causative agent of gastric cancer, attention has turned to bacteria as a possible trigger for colorectal cancer. Recently H. pylori outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were revealed as potentially genotoxic which can be important first step in carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated whether OMVs from intestinal Escherichia coli could be genotoxic. METHODS OMVs from the avirulent DH5α strain, a pathogenic adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) and an enterohaemolytic (EHEC) strain of E. coli were enriched by ultracentrifugation. The effect on the growth and viability of human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by OMVs was determined by trypan blue exclusion, MTT and BrdU incorporation assays. The ability of OMVs to induce DNA damage was assayed by single-cell gel electrophoresis, and 8-oxo-dG and γH2Ax immunofluorescence staining. Cytopathological changes were assessed by microscopy. The induction of aneuploidy by the OMVs was measured by flow cytometry in Caco-2 and LoVo cells. RESULTS We found that OMVs derived were internalised by Caco-2 cells, increased cell numbers, induced double-stranded DNA breaks, recruited γH2Ax to the nucleus, initiated DNA rereplication, and produced distended multinucleate cells. DH5α and AIEC OMVs caused free radical generation as indicated by the reduction of glutathione in cells, leading to the development of mutagenic 8-oxo-dG adducts in DNA. Flow cytometry revealed that DH5α and EHEC OMVs increased aneuploidy in p53 mutant Caco-2 cells, but not in p53 wild type LoVo cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that E. coli derived OMVs, whether from avirulent or pathogenic strains are potentially genotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Tyrer
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Frank A Frizelle
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline I Keenan
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Ballazhi L, Imeri F, Dimovski A, Jashari A, Popovski E, Breznica-Selmani P, Mikhova B, Dräger G, Alili-Idrizi E, Mladenovska K. Synergy of novel coumarin derivatives and tamoxifen in blocking growth and inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2014.60.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Possible synergistic effect of tamoxifen (2 μM) and hydrazinyldiene-chroman-2,4-diones (10-100 μM) was examined with an aim to create more effective treatment for ER+ breast cancer. Anti-breast cancer effect has been evaluated on the proliferation of MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells using MTT and alamarBlue assays. Cell viability was evaluated after 48h-treatment and the ICs50 of the coumarin derivatives were determined. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by detection of PARP cleavage and reduced activity of the survival kinase Akt. The results demonstrated dose-dependent activity, with a percent of growth inhibition after combination treatment being significantly higher (53% to 79%, 10 μM and 100 μM, respectively) than the one in the cell lines treated with tamoxifen (29% to 37%) and the synthesized coumarin derivatives alone (11% to 68%, 10 μM and 100 μM, respectively). The ICs50 of the synthesized compounds significantly decreased in synergy with tamoxifen (33% to 51%). Coumarin derivative having thiazole moiety with additional methyl groups attached
to the carbons at positions 5 and 4 in the thiazole ring showed to be the most potent, with IC50 20 µM when administered alone and 10 µM in synergy with tamoxifen. The levels of phospho-Thr308 Akt were down-regulated by the combination treatment, pointing to tyrosine kinase phosphorylation inhibition. In conclusion, the novel coumarin derivatives enhance the activity of tamoxifen and this combination may
be suitable for prevention of ER+ breast cancer or development of related compounds. Further studies are needed to elucidate precisely the type of receptor involved in the activity and the mechanism of action.
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Barth KA, Waterfield JD, Brunette DM. The effect of surface roughness on RAW 264.7 macrophage phenotype. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2679-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A. Barth
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - J. Douglas Waterfield
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Donald M. Brunette
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia; Canada V6T 1Z3
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Werner M, Biss K, Jérôme V, Hilbrig F, Freitag R, Zambrano K, Hübner H, Buchholz R, Mahou R, Wandrey C. Use of the mitochondria toxicity assay for quantifying the viable cell density of microencapsulated jurkat cells. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:986-93. [PMID: 23636962 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria toxicity assay (MTT assay) is an established method for monitoring cell viability based on mitochondrial activity. Here the MTT assay is proposed for the in situ quantification of the living cell density of microencapsulated Jurkat cells. Three systems were used to encapsulate the cells, namely a membrane consisting of an interpenetrating polyelectrolyte network of sodium cellulose sulphate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (NaCS/PDADMAC), a calcium alginate hydrogel covered with poly(L-lysine) (Ca-alg-PLL), and a novel calcium alginate-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid material (Ca-alg-PEG). MTT results were correlated to data obtained by the trypan blue exclusion assay after release of the cells from the NaCS/PDADMAC and Ca-alg-PLL capsules, while a resazurin-based assay was used for comparison in case of the Ca-alg-PEG material. Analysis by MTT assay allows quick and reliable determination of viable cell densities of encapsulated cells independent of the capsule material. The assay is highly reproducible with inter-assay relative standard deviations below 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Werner
- Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Expression of the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (gli1) in advanced serous ovarian cancer is associated with unfavorable overall survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60145. [PMID: 23555905 PMCID: PMC3610749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence links aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with the pathogenesis of several cancers including medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, melanoma as well as pancreas, colorectal, and prostate carcinomas. Here we investigated the role of the transcription factor Gli1 in ovarian cancer. To this end, the expression profile of Gli1 was examined in normal ovaries, ovarian tumors, and ovarian cancer cell lines, and the in vitro effects of a specific Hh-pathway blocker, KAAD-cyclopamine, or a specific Gli1 inhibitor (GANT58) on cell proliferation and on Hh target gene expression were also assessed. Results obtained showed that epithelial cells in ovarian cancer tissue express significantly higher levels of nuclear Gli1 than in normal ovarian tissue, where the protein was almost undetectable. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that nuclear Gli1 was independently associated to poor survival in advanced serous ovarian cancer patients (HR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.0–5.1, p = 0.04). In vitro experiments demonstrated Gli1 expression in the three ovarian carcinoma cell lines tested, A2780, SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3. Remarkably, although KAAD-cyclopamine led to decreased cell proliferation, this treatment did not inhibit hedgehog target gene expression in any of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that the inhibition of cell proliferation was a nonspecific or toxic effect. In line with these data, no differences on cell proliferation were observed when cell lines were treated with GANT58. Overall, our clinical data support the role of Gli1 as a prognostic marker in advanced serous ovarian cancer and as a possible therapeutic target in this disease. However, our in vitro findings draw attention to the need for selection of appropriate experimental models that accurately represent human tumor for testing future therapies involving Hh pathway inhibitors.
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Sarkarzadeh H, Miri R, Firuzi O, Amini M, Razzaghi-Asl N, Edraki N, Shafiee A. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity evaluation of imidazole-based indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-9,11-dione derivatives. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:436-47. [PMID: 23440577 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of new imidazole substituted indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-9,11-dione derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative effects on HeLa, LS180, MCF-7 and Jurkat human cancer cell lines. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated using MTT assay. Prepared compounds exhibited weak to good antiproliferative activity in evaluated cell lines. Prepared compounds were more potent in Jurkat cell line when compared to LS180, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 29 (IC16 = 0.7 μM) and 31 (IC16 = 1.7 μM) and 33 (IC16 = 1.7 μM) were found to be the most potent molecules on Jurkat cell lines. Moreover; it was found that some of the tested compounds bearing imidazole-2-yl moiety on the C11-position of dihydropyridine ring exhibited superior antiproliferative activity in comparison to cis-platin especially in Jurkat cell line (compounds 29, 31, and 33). It seemed that the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups on the imidazole ring enhanced the antiproliferative potential of these compounds (compounds 27, 29 and 31). The results of this study proposed that some of the imidazole substituted indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-9,11-dione compounds may act as efficient anticancer agents in vitro, emphasizing their potential role as a source for rational design of potent antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Sarkarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14176, Tehran, Iran
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Miri R, Firuzi O, Peymani P, Zamani M, Mehdipour AR, Heydari Z, Farahani MM, Shafiee A. Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and QSAR Study of New Aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:68-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zou ZH, Lan XB, Qian H, Huang WL, Li YM. Synthesis and evaluation of furoxan-based nitric oxide-releasing derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline as anticancer and multidrug resistance reversal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5934-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fussbroich B, Wagener N, Macher-Goeppinger S, Benner A, Fälth M, Sültmann H, Holzer A, Hoppe-Seyler K, Hoppe-Seyler F. EZH2 depletion blocks the proliferation of colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21651. [PMID: 21765901 PMCID: PMC3135584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) protein has been reported to stimulate cell growth in some cancers and is therefore considered to represent an interesting new target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we investigated a possible role of EZH2 for the growth control of colon cancer cells. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated intracellular EZH2 depletion led to cell cycle arrest of colon carcinoma cells at the G1/S transition. This was associated with a reduction of cell numbers upon transient transfection of synthetic EZH2-targeting siRNAs and with inhibition of their colony formation capacity upon stable expression of vector-borne siRNAs. We furthermore tested whether EZH2 may repress the growth-inhibitory p27 gene, as reported for pancreatic cancer. However, expression analyses of colon cancer cell lines and colon cancer biopsies did not reveal a consistent correlation between EZH2 and p27 levels. Moreover, EZH2 depletion did not re-induce p27 expression in colon cancer cells, indicating that p27 repression by EZH2 may be cell- or tissue-specific. Whole genome transcriptome analyses identified cellular genes affected by EZH2 depletion in colon cancer cell lines. They included several cancer-associated genes linked to cellular proliferation or invasion, such as Dag1, MageD1, SDC1, Timp2, and Tob1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that EZH2 depletion blocks the growth of colon cancer cells. These findings might provide benefits for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Fussbroich
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Wagener
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Fälth
- Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Holzer
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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