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Wong Chong E, Joncas FH, Douville P, Bachvarov D, Diorio C, Calon F, Bergeron AC, Blais J, Leung SOA, Seidah NG, Gangloff A. Pre-operative levels of angiopoietin protein-like 3 (ANGPTL3) in women diagnosed with high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:59. [PMID: 38414008 PMCID: PMC10898078 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells need constant supplies of lipids to survive and grow. Lipid dependence has been observed in various types of cancer, including high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC), which is a lethal form of gynecological malignancy. ANGPTL3, PCSK9, and Apo CIII are pivotal lipid-modulating factors, and therapeutic antibodies have been developed against each one (Evinacumab, Evolocumab and Volanesorsen, respectively). The roles -if any- of ANGPTL3, PCSK9, and Apo CIII in HGSOC are unclear. Moreover, levels of these lipid-modulating factors have never been reported before in HGSOC. In this study, circulating levels of ANGPTL3, PCSK9, and Apo CIII, along with lipid profiles, are examined to verify whether one or many of these lipid-regulating factors are associated with HGSOC. Methods ELISA kits were used to measure ANGPTL3, PCSK9 and Apo CIII levels in plasma samples from 31 women with HGSOC and 40 women with benign ovarian lesions (BOL) before treatment and surgery. A Roche Modular analytical platform measured lipid panels, Apo B and Lp(a) levels.Results ANGPTL3 levels were higher in women with HGSOC (84 ng/mL, SD: 29 ng/mL, n = 31) than in women with BOL (67 ng/mL, SD: 31 ng/mL, n = 40; HGSOC vs. BOL P = 0.019). Associations between the lipid panel and ANGPTL3, and the inverse relationship between HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, were present in women with BOL but not with HGSOC. PCSK9 and Apo CIII were not associated with HGSOC.Conclusions In this cohort of 71 women, ANGPTL3 levels were increased in HGSOC patients. The presence of HGSOC disrupted the classic inverse relationship between HDL and triglycerides, as well as the association between the lipid panel and ANGPTL3. These associations were only maintained in cancer-free women. Given the availability of Evinacumab, a therapeutic antibody against ANGPTL3, the current finding prompts an assessment of whether ANGPTL3 inhibition has therapeutic potential in HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wong Chong
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - France-Hélène Joncas
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Douville
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jonatan Blais
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Lipid Clinic, Room C-00102, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Shuk On Annie Leung
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil Georges Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Gangloff
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Réseau de Recherche sur le Cancer, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada.
- Oncology Research Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Lipid Clinic, Room C-00102, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Wang J, Liu C, Hu R, Wu L, Li C. Statin therapy: a potential adjuvant to immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1324140. [PMID: 38362156 PMCID: PMC10867224 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1324140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and accounts for more than 90% of primary liver cancer. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related therapies combined with angiogenesis inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of HCC in late-stage and unresectable HCC, as ICIs alone were disappointing in treating HCC. In addition to the altered immune microenvironment, abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver has been extensively characterized in various types of HCC. Stains are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties and their long history of treating hypercholesterolemia and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Apart from ICI and other conventional therapies, statins are frequently used by advanced HCC patients with dyslipidemia, which is often marked by the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol and fatty acids in the liver. Supported by a body of preclinical and clinical studies, statins may unexpectedly enhance the efficacy of ICI therapy in HCC patients through the regulation of inflammatory responses and the immune microenvironment. This review discusses the abnormal changes in lipid metabolism in HCC, summarizes the clinical evidence and benefits of stain use in HCC, and prospects the possible mechanistic actions of statins in transforming the immune microenvironment in HCC when combined with immunotherapies. Consequently, the use of statin therapy may emerge as a novel and valuable adjuvant for immunotherapies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ronghua Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Licheng Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qusairy Z, Gangloff A, Leung SOA. Dysregulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis in Ovarian Cancer. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:8386-8400. [PMID: 37754524 PMCID: PMC10527727 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays an essential role in maintaining the rigidity of cell membranes and signal transduction. Various investigations confirmed empirically that the dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis positively correlates with tumor progression. More specifically, recent studies suggested the distinct role of cholesterol in ovarian cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the current findings that suggest the contribution of cholesterol homeostasis dysregulation to ovarian cancer progression and resistance to anti-cancer agents. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of cholesterol-lowering drugs in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Qusairy
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anne Gangloff
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Shuk On Annie Leung
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188926. [PMID: 37484027 PMCID: PMC10359995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread clinical use of statins has contributed to significant reductions of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing preclinical and epidemiological evidences have revealed that dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and that statins as powerful inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase can exert prevention and intervention effects on cancers, and promote sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer mechanisms of statins include not only inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also their pleiotropic effects in modulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, recent clinical studies have provided growing insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins and the feasibility of combining statins with other anti-cancer agents. Here, we provide an updated review on the application potential of statins in cancer prevention and treatment and summarize the underneath mechanisms, with focuses on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajian Shi
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-RongCheng Biomedical Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zaki RM, El Sayeh Abou El Ela A, Almurshedi AS, Aldosari BN, Aldossari AA, Ibrahim MA. Fabrication and Assessment of Orodispersible Tablets Loaded with Cubosomes for the Improved Anticancer Activity of Simvastatin against the MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071774. [PMID: 37050387 PMCID: PMC10098580 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various factors limit the use of simvastatin as an anticancer drug. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse simvastatin (SIM)-loaded cubosome efficacy against breast cancer. SIM-loaded cubosomes were prepared using the emulsification method using different glyceryl monooleate, Pluronic F127 (PF-127), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratios. The best cubosomal formula was subjected to an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis using the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 (MDA) (ATCC, HTB-26), and formulated as oral disintegrating tablets through direct compression. PF-127 and PVA positively affected drug loading, and the entrapment efficiency percentage of different SIM-cubosomal formulations ranged from 33.52% to 80.80%. Vesicle size ranged from 181.9 ± 0.50 to 316.6 ± 1.25 nm. PF-127 enhanced in vitro SIM release from cubosome formulations due to its solubilising action on SIM. The in vitro dissolution analysis indicated that SIM exhibited an initial dissolution of 10.4 ± 0.25% within the first 5 min, and 63.5 ± 0.29% of the loaded drug was released after 1 h. Moreover, cubosome formula F3 at 25 and 50 µg/mL doses significantly decreased MDA cell viability compared to the 12.5 µg/mL dose. The untreated SIM suspension and drug-free cubosomes at all doses had no significant influence on MDA cell viability compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Mohammed Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | | | - Alanood S. Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah Nasser Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Aldossari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wang Q, Zhi Z, Han H, Zhao Q, Wang X, Cao S, Zhao J. Statin use improves the prognosis of ovarian cancer: An updated and comprehensive meta-analysis. Oncol Lett 2022; 25:65. [PMID: 36644149 PMCID: PMC9827460 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are lipid-lowering agents that have also been found to have anticancer effects. The relationship between statin use and clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer (OC) remains controversial, as previous assessments of the relationship between statin use and OC prognosis have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed in the present study to investigate this association. Studies were systematically retrieved by searching the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, and consulting reference lists of the related studies. The search timeframe was from database creation to September 1, 2022. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association. In the present meta-analysis, 16 studies with 37,660 patients with OC were included, of which 11,296 patients had been prescribed statins. The results showed that statin use markedly improved the overall survival time (OS; HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.73-0.85; P<0.00001) and OC-specific survival time (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80-0.89; P<0.00001), especially the OS time in patients with serous OC (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74-0.89; P<0.0001) and endometrioid OC (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98; P=0.03). In addition, survival rate was higher in patients who used statins after OC diagnosis (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.73-0.85; P<0.00001). However, there was no statistically significant association between statin use and the prognosis of mucinous and clear cell OC. The results suggested that statin use markedly improved the OS in patients with OC, including in those with serous and endometrioid OC. Statins were also found to improve the prognosis of patients of both Asian and non-Asian ethnicities. In addition, both lipophilic and hydrophilic statins improved the survival in patients with OC, especially in patients using statins after OC diagnosis. However, the effect may vary depending on the statin type, duration of use and cancer type, and more well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China,Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P.R. China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Qingtao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center and Geriatric Key Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Shumin Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Jing Zhao, Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, 348 Heping West Road, Xinhua, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Association between Statin Use and Survival in Cancer Patients with Brain Metastasis: Retrospective Analysis from the Chinese Population. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121474. [PMID: 36558925 PMCID: PMC9781124 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis predicts a worse clinical outcome in cancer patients. Emerging observational evidence suggests that statin use has a protective role in overall cancer prevention. Whether statin use could also be a supplementary treatment for advanced-stage cancers remains under researched and controversial. Data for cancer patients with brain metastasis were selected from the linked electronic medical care records of the West China Hospital between October 2010 and July 2019. Fisher’s exact chi-square test was used to compare the differences between cohorts. Multivariate Cox analysis was conducted to adjust the potential confounders in evaluating the role of statin use in the overall survival (OS) of cancer patients with brain metastasis. There were 4510 brain metastatic patients included in this retrospective study. The overall statin use rate in our patients was 5.28% (219 cases/4510 cases). Compared with the non-statin use cohort, patients who received statin therapy showed a decreased Karnofsky performance score (KPS, p < 0.001) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL, p = 0.020) but higher body mass index (BMI, p = 0.002) and triglyceride (TG, p < 0.001) at admission. There was no association between statin use and the OS of the cancer patients with brain metastasis (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73−1.07, p = 0.213) during the univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for baseline patient characteristics, metabolism indicators, and cancer-specific factors, statin use was shown to have a significant protective role, aiding the survival of the cancer patients with brain metastasis (adjustHR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.69−0.99, p = 0.034). Our results highlight that statin use shows significant survival benefits in cancer patients with brain metastasis. However, future research is needed to validate our findings.
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Wang KH, Liu CH, Ding DC. Statins as Repurposed Drugs in Gynecological Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213937. [PMID: 36430409 PMCID: PMC9695805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering new drugs is an expensive and time-consuming process, including target identification, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic (PK) tests, pharmacodynamic (PD) tests, toxicity profiles, recommended dosage test, and observation of the side effects, etc. Repurposed drugs could bypass some steps, starting from phase II trials, and shorten the processes. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA inhibitors (HMGCR), are commonly used to manage and prevent various cardiovascular diseases and have been shown to improve the morbidity and mortality of patients. In addition to the inhibitory effects on the production of cholesterol, the beneficial effects of statins on the prognosis and risk of various cancers are also shown. Statins not only inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance but affected the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, statins have great potential to be repurposed in oncology. Hence, we review the meta-analysis, cohort, and case-control studies of statins in gynecological cancers, and elucidate how statins regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Although the results in gynecological cancers remain controversial and the effects of different statins in different histotypes of gynecological cancers and TME are needed to elucidate further, statins are excellent candidates and worthy of being repurposed drugs in treating gynecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-38561825-13381
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Turabi KS, Deshmukh A, Paul S, Swami D, Siddiqui S, Kumar U, Naikar S, Devarajan S, Basu S, Paul MK, Aich J. Drug repurposing-an emerging strategy in cancer therapeutics. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1139-1158. [PMID: 35695911 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease affecting millions of people around the world. Despite advances in surgical and radiation therapy, chemotherapy continues to be an important therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. The current treatment is expensive and has several side effects. Also, over time, cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapy, due to which there is a demand for new drugs. Drug repurposing is a novel approach that focuses on finding new applications for the old clinically approved drugs. Current advances in the high-dimensional multiomics landscape, especially proteomics, genomics, and computational omics-data analysis, have facilitated drug repurposing. The drug repurposing approach provides cheaper, effective, and safe drugs with fewer side effects and fastens the process of drug development. The review further delineates each repurposed drug's original indication and mechanism of action in cancer. Along with this, the article also provides insight upon artificial intelligence and its application in drug repurposing. Clinical trials are vital for determining medication safety and effectiveness, and hence the clinical studies for each repurposed medicine in cancer, including their stages, status, and National Clinical Trial (NCT) identification, are reported in this review article. Various emerging evidences imply that repurposing drugs is critical for the faster and more affordable discovery of anti-cancerous drugs, and the advent of artificial intelligence-based computational tools can accelerate the translational cancer-targeting pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Shahab Turabi
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Ankita Deshmukh
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Sayan Paul
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Dayanand Swami
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shafina Siddiqui
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Urwashi Kumar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shreelekha Naikar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Shine Devarajan
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jyotirmoi Aich
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to Be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India.
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Peltomaa AI, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Murtola TJ. Inverse Association between Statin Use and Cancer Mortality Relates to Cholesterol Level. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122920. [PMID: 35740586 PMCID: PMC9221017 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We observed that the inverse association between statin use and cancer mortality is limited to men with a reduction in cholesterol after the commencement of statins. These findings demonstrate that the observed inverse association between the use of statins and mortality from cancer is related to cholesterol level. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the separate effects of cholesterol level and statin use on cancer mortality. Abstract Statins have been associated with a decreased cancer mortality. However, cholesterol level as such may modify the risk of cancer death. To clarify the complex interplay between statins, cholesterol level, and cancer mortality, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to separate the effects of cholesterol level and statin medication on cancer mortality. Our study population consisted of 16,924 men participating in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer with at least one cholesterol measurement during follow-up (1996–2017). Cox proportional regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. In total, 1699 cancer deaths were observed during the median follow-up of 19 years. When statins’ association with the risk of cancer death was estimated without adjustment for cholesterol level, statin use was associated with a lowered cancer mortality (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79–0.97) compared to non-users. However, with further adjustment for total cholesterol level, statin use was no longer associated with a lower cancer mortality (HR 1.08; 95% CI 0.97–1.20). Upon stratified analysis, statin use was associated with a decreased cancer mortality only if the total cholesterol level decreased after the initiation of statin use (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.58–0.76). The inverse association between statin use and cancer mortality is limited to men with a reduction in total cholesterol level after the commencement of statins, i.e., statin use is associated with a lowered cancer mortality only if the total cholesterol level decreases. This suggests that the effect of statin use on cancer mortality relates to the decreased total cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti I. Peltomaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (T.L.J.T.); (T.J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kirsi Talala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Kimmo Taari
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Teuvo L. J. Tammela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (T.L.J.T.); (T.J.M.)
- Department of Urology, TAYS Cancer Center, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Teemu J. Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (T.L.J.T.); (T.J.M.)
- Department of Urology, TAYS Cancer Center, 33100 Tampere, Finland
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11
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Takada K, Shimokawa M, Takamori S, Shimamatsu S, Hirai F, Tagawa T, Okamoto T, Hamatake M, Tsuchiya-Kawano Y, Otsubo K, Inoue K, Yoneshima Y, Tanaka K, Okamoto I, Nakanishi Y, Mori M. A propensity score-matched analysis of the impact of statin therapy on the outcomes of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy: a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:503. [PMID: 35524214 PMCID: PMC9074359 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have recently reported the association of concomitant medications with the response and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with cancer immunotherapy. However, the clinical impact of statin therapy on the outcome of cancer immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC is poorly understood. METHODS In our database, we retrospectively identified and enrolled 390 patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC who were treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monotherapy in clinical practice between January 2016 and December 2019 at 3 medical centers in Japan to examine the clinical impact of statin therapy on the survival of patients with NSCLC receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy. A propensity score-matched analysis was conducted to minimize the bias arising from the patients' backgrounds. RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier curves of the propensity score-matched cohort showed that the overall survival (OS), but not the progression-free survival (PFS), was significantly longer in patients receiving statin therapy. However, a Cox regression analysis in the propensity score-matched cohort revealed that statin therapy was not an independent favorable prognostic factor, although it tended to be correlated with a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy may be a combination tool for cancer immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC. These findings should be validated in further prospective studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Shimokawa
- Department of Biostatistics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.,Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Takamori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Shimamatsu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hirai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Tagawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Okamoto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Motoharu Hamatake
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuchiya-Kawano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Yasuto Yoneshima
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, 2-1-1 Bashaku, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 802-8561, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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12
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Sandeep Kumar J, Sujeevan Reddy G, Medishetti R, Amirul Hossain K, Thirupataiah B, Edelli J, Dilip Bele S, Kristina Edwin R, Joseph A, Shenoy GG, Mallikarjuna Rao C, Pal M. Ultrasound assisted one-pot synthesis of rosuvastatin based novel azaindole derivatives via coupling-cyclization strategy under Pd/Cu-catalysis: their evaluation as potential cytotoxic agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Sim Y, Lim C, Phyu N, Tan KTB, Chew LST, Wong CY, Madhukumar P, Yong WS, Lim SZ, Hamzah JLB, Tan SY, Chay WY, Wong FY, Tan PH, Tan VKM. The Impact of Statin Use and Breast Cancer Recurrence - A Retrospective Study in Singapore. Front Oncol 2022; 12:835320. [PMID: 35433431 PMCID: PMC9008885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.835320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are commonly used cholesterol-lowering medications which are also increasingly recognized to have anti-cancer properties for various cancers, including breast cancer. Most clinical evidence supports a protective effect of statin on reducing breast cancer recurrence, particularly in hormone-receptor positive breast cancers.This study seeks to study the impact of statin use on breast cancer recurrence in an Asian population. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Centre and Singapore General Hospital from 2005-2015. Statin use was defined as use after surgery. Associations between statin use, breast cancer recurrence and overall survival were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for age, TNM stage, grade, ER/HER2 status, and co-morbidities. Associations between statin-use and disease-specific survival were estimated using competing risks regression. Results A total of 7858 females with breast cancer were studied, 1353(17.2%) were statin users, 6505(82.8%) were non-statin users, with a median follow-up of 8.67 years. Distribution of cancer stage, histology, molecular subtypes and grades were similar in both groups. Estrogen receptor(ER) positive (HR 0.57,95%CI 0.43-0.76,p<0.001) and HER2 negative (HR 0.74,95%CI 0.57-0.96,p=0.026) invasive cancers had a lower risk of recurrence in statin users. Statin users trended towards a long term recurrence-risk reduction (all subtypes,HR 0.48,p=0.002; ER-, HR 0.34,p=0.036; HER2+,HR 0.10,p=0.002). The risk-reduction benefit is not appreciated in statin users with DCIS, possibly due to small recurrence event numbers. Disease-specific survival benefit was seen in statin users with ER+ cancers (adjusted SHR 0.71,95%CI 0.53-0.96,p=0.027), especially ER+ invasive cancers (adjusted SHR 0.72, 95%CI 0.53-0.97,p=0.028), but with no statistically significant benefit in overall survival for statin users (all subtypes). Conclusion This is the first known retrospective study on the effect of statin use and breast cancer recurrence in an Asian population. Similar to previous international studies, statin use is associated with a risk reduction in breast cancer recurrence. This is especially beneficial in patients who have ER+ and HER2- invasive breast cancer. Statin use is also associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence in all subtypes of breast cancer in the long term (>6 years post diagnosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Sim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cindy Lim
- Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences (CTE), National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitar Phyu
- Department of Cancer Informatics, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiat Tee Benita Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of General Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lita Sui Tjien Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chow Yin Wong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preetha Madhukumar
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Sean Yong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue Zann Lim
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julie Liana Bte Hamzah
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si Ying Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Yee Chay
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fuh Yong Wong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Kiak-Mien Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Breast Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Breast Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Use of Hypolipidemic Drugs and the Risk of Second Primary Malignancy in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071699. [PMID: 35406471 PMCID: PMC8997159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypolipidemic drugs are among the most frequently prescribed medications in the Western world. Since many studies have indicated their role in carcinogenesis, this work aimed to investigate their association with the occurrence of a second primary malignancy in colorectal cancer survivors. The overall incidence of a second neoplasm was not linked to hypolipidemic medication; however, a subgroup analysis revealed a lower incidence of secondary neoplasia in statin users. When stratified by cancer types, a significant increase in gastric and bladder cancer was detected among colorectal cancer patients using hypolipidemic drugs. Survival outcomes in patients with early-stage colorectal carcinoma who suffered second cancer were significantly worse if treated with hypolipidemic drugs. Although our results do not provide evidence for a causative relationship between hypolipidemic medication and carcinogenesis, these correlations might steer the direction of tertiary prevention care towards specific risk factors shared between cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Abstract An increasing number of studies has brought evidence of the protective role of statin use against different types of cancer. However, data on their association with second primary malignancies (SPMs) are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of hypolipidemic treatment in the prevention of second primary cancer in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. We conducted a retrospective single-institution study of 1401 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer from January 2003 to December 2016, with follow-up until December 2020. An SPM was detected in 301 patients (21%), and the incidence was significantly lower in patients with statin medication. However, stratification by cancer types revealed an increased incidence of bladder and gastric cancer in hypolipidemic users. A Kaplan−Meier analysis of early-stage CRC survivors with an SPM showed a significant survival benefit in patients without a history of hypolipidemic treatment. Despite the protective role of statins on overall second cancer incidence, these data indicate that CRC survivors treated with hypolipidemic drugs should be screened more cautiously for SPMs, especially for gastric and bladder cancer.
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15
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Chen Y, Han L, Zheng A. Association between statin use and the risk, prognosis of gynecologic cancer: A meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 268:74-81. [PMID: 34875557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has demonstrated that the salutary effect of statins on the prevention and prognosis of cancers, including gynecologic cancers. However, due to the heterogeneity of tumors, the results from related studies regarding the association between statin therapy and gynecologic cancers are conflicting. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to better understand the relationship between statins use and gynecologic cancers. METHODS We searched for articles published before July 2021 in the databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE and Google Scholar. We computed odds ratio (OR)/relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) regarding the association between statin use and the risk or prognosis of gynecologic cancers by using STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS The present meta-analysis showed that statin use was associated with a lower risk of gynecologic cancer (OR/RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.96, I2 = 60.6%, p < 0.001). Statin use was associated with lower risks of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer (endometrial cancer: OR/RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.94, I2 = 62.3%, p = 0.001; ovarian cancer: OR/RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.00, I2 = 42.1%, p = 0.077). The present meta-analysis showed that statin use was associated with a lower mortality of gynecologic cancer (HR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.80, I2 = 39.0%, p = 0.03). Statin use was associated with lower mortalities of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer (endometrial cancer: HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.80, I2 = 31.9%, p = 0.144; ovarian cancer: HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.83, I2 = 43.9%, p = 0.051). CONCLUSION Statins use was inversely associated with the risk and mortality of gynecologic cancers. Meanwhile, we need more well-designed and high-quality studies with strong evidence for definite conclusions that determine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610011 Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610011 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ai Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610011 Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Statins Enhance the Molecular Response in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia when Combined with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215543. [PMID: 34771705 PMCID: PMC8582667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Approximately 50–60% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) achieve a stable deep molecular response (DMR) after tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. The achievement of DMR is a prerequisite for treatment-free remission. Repurposing statins is a straightforward strategy for enhancing molecular response in CML treatment. Second-generation TKIs have been reported to exhibit cardiovascular toxicity. Thus, statins have been widely prescribed for patients with CML undergoing second-generation TKI therapy for modifying cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, the results of this study support the therapeutic benefit of the concomitant use of statins in TKI therapy for patients with CML. Additionally, the potential additive effects of statins and TKIs enhance the DMR rate in patients with CML, rendering these effects clinically relevant in these patients. In particular, this combination is a strong candidate for the achievement of DMR in patients with CML who have not achieved DMR with TKI therapy alone. Abstract Previous studies have suggested that statins can be repurposed for cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of statins in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 408 CML patients who underwent imatinib therapy. The deep molecular response rates in patients treated with the statin/TKI combination were significantly higher than those in patients treated with TKI alone (p = 0.0016). The statin/TKI combination exerted potent cytotoxic effects against wild-type and ABL1 mutant CML, BaF3, and K562/T315I mutant cells. Furthermore, the statin/TKI combination additively inhibited the colony-forming capacity of murine CML-KLS+ cells in vitro. In addition, we examined the additive growth-inhibitory effects of the statin/tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combination against CML patient-derived CD34+ cells. The growth-inhibitory effects of the statin/imatinib combination against CD34+/CML primary cells were higher than those against CD34+/Norm cells (p = 0.005), suggesting that the combination of rosuvastatin and imatinib exerted growth-inhibitory effects against CML CD34+ cells, but not against normal CD34+ cells. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing of control and statin-treated cells suggested that statins inhibited c-Myc-mediated and hematopoietic cell differentiation pathways. Thus, statins can be potentially repurposed to improve treatment outcomes in CML patients when combined with TKI therapy.
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Matsuzaki S, Miller H, Takiuchi T, Klar M, Matsuo K. Effects of aspirin and statin use on venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:335-347. [PMID: 34437828 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1973427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and statins are commonly used to manage and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have suggested the benefits of aspirin or statin use in venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and survival outcome improvement in women with endometrial cancer. AREAS COVERED In this study, we reviewed the effects of aspirin or statin use on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcome in women with endometrial cancer. EXPERT OPINION Among women with endometrial cancer, aspirin use exerted a modest effect on VTE prophylaxis, whereas statin use was associated with a decreased prevalence of VTE, especially in women with obesity and type II cancer, compared with those in non-users. Aspirin use improved cause-specific survival in women with endometrial cancer, aged less than 60 years, who were obese and presented with type I cancer. Statin use was associated with better cause-specific survival in women with type II cancer. The combination of aspirin and statins may be the most effective strategy in improving on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcomes in obese women with type II cancer. Targeting of the appropriate population with endometrial cancer may enhance the efficacy of aspirin or statins on VTE prophylaxis and survival outcomes in women with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuzaki
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Gynecology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Heather Miller
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Takiuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maximilian Klar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Sonochemical synthesis of rosuvastatin based novel 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one derivatives as potential anticancer agents. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Statin use and survival among women with ovarian cancer: an Australian national data-linkage study. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:766-771. [PMID: 34135470 PMCID: PMC8405606 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five-year ovarian cancer survival rates are below 50%; there is considerable interest in whether common medications like statins may improve survival. METHODS We identified women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in Australia from 2003 to 2013 through the Australian Cancer Database and linked these records to national medication and death databases. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) for associations between statins and survival. RESULTS Pre-diagnosis statin use was not associated with survival overall but was associated with better survival among women with endometrioid cancers. Statin use after diagnosis was associated with better ovarian cancer-specific survival (OVS, HR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.81-0.94), but this association was largely restricted to women who started using statins after their cancer diagnosis (OVS HR = 0.68, 0.57-0.81 vs. HR = 0.94, 0.87-1.01 for continuing users). The association was strongest for endometrioid cancers (OVS HR = 0.48, 0.29-0.77). CONCLUSIONS Use of statins may confer a survival benefit for women with ovarian cancer but it is impossible to rule out bias in observational studies. Particularly problematic are reverse causation where disease status affects statin use, confounding by indication and the absence of data for women with normal cholesterol levels. A randomised trial is required to provide definitive evidence.
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20
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Jiang W, Hu JW, He XR, Jin WL, He XY. Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:241. [PMID: 34303383 PMCID: PMC8306262 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
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Broadfield LA, Pane AA, Talebi A, Swinnen JV, Fendt SM. Lipid metabolism in cancer: New perspectives and emerging mechanisms. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1363-1393. [PMID: 33945792 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumors undergo metabolic transformations to sustain uncontrolled proliferation, avoid cell death, and seed in secondary organs. An increased focus on cancer lipid metabolism has unveiled a number of mechanisms that promote tumor growth and survival, many of which are independent of classical cellular bioenergetics. These mechanisms include modulation of ferroptotic-mediated cell death, support during tumor metastasis, and interactions with the cells of the tumor microenvironment. As such, targeting lipid metabolism for anti-cancer therapies is attractive, with recent work on small-molecule inhibitors identifying compounds to target lipid metabolism. Here, we discuss these topics and identify open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Broadfield
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonino Alejandro Pane
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Talebi
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Metabolic Classification and Intervention Opportunities for Tumor Energy Dysfunction. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050264. [PMID: 33922558 PMCID: PMC8146396 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive view of cell metabolism provides a new vision of cancer, conceptualized as tissue with cellular-altered metabolism and energetic dysfunction, which can shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms. Cancer is now considered a heterogeneous ecosystem, formed by tumor cells and the microenvironment, which is molecularly, phenotypically, and metabolically reprogrammable. A wealth of evidence confirms metabolic reprogramming activity as the minimum common denominator of cancer, grouping together a wide variety of aberrations that can affect any of the different metabolic pathways involved in cell physiology. This forms the basis for a new proposed classification of cancer according to the altered metabolic pathway(s) and degree of energy dysfunction. Enhanced understanding of the metabolic reprogramming pathways of fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, hypoxia, and acidosis can bring about new therapeutic intervention possibilities from a metabolic perspective of cancer.
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23
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Feng JL, Dixon-Suen SC, Jordan SJ, Webb PM. Is there sufficient evidence to recommend women diagnosed with endometrial cancer take a statin: Results from an Australian record-linkage study. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 161:858-863. [PMID: 33846016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent paper suggested all women with endometrial cancer should take statins but it is unclear whether there is sufficient evidence to justify this recommendation. METHODS We identified all women diagnosed with uterine cancer in Australia between July 2003 and December 2013 (2012 in New South Wales) through the Australian Cancer Database (N = 16,501) and linked these to the national prescription database and National Death Index to identify statin use and survival outcomes to December 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between statin use and survival. RESULTS Among the 15,703 women with endometrial cancer, pre-diagnosis statin use was not associated with survival. Endometrial cancer-specific mortality was lower among women who used statins after diagnosis (time-varying models: HR = 0.92; 95%CI 0.82-1.03) but the association was only seen among women with type 1 cancers (0.87; 0.76-1.00), for hydrophilic statins (0.84; 0.68-1.03) and for new use of statins after diagnosis (0.75; 0.59-0.95). There was a weak dose-response with increasing number of statin prescriptions. Sensitivity analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights were similar. CONCLUSION Women with endometrial cancer who take statins after diagnosis may have better survival than those who do not use statins. However, it is impossible to completely rule out bias, particularly reverse causation where disease status may affect statin use. We believe it is too early to recommend all women with endometrial cancer take statins, but there is sufficient evidence to justify a randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Feng
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne C Dixon-Suen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan J Jordan
- University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia.
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24
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Kim SA, Nam G, Bae YR, Jha SK, Kim S, Choi Y, Lee Y, Kwon M, Jeong C, Byun Y, Park JW, Kim I. Oral Cancer Immunotherapy through a Simvastatin‐Loaded Colloidal Dispersion System for the Generation of Sustained Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong A Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi‐hoon Nam
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rang Bae
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Kumar Jha
- Department of Biomedicine Health and Life Convergence Sciences BK21 Four Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kwon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Korea University Anam Hospital Korea University College of Medicine 73 Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhyun Jeong
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Biomedicine Health and Life Convergence Sciences BK21 Four Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute Mokpo National University 1666 Youngsan‐ro, Muangun Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - In‐San Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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25
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Okada S, Morimoto T, Ogawa H, Soejima H, Matsumoto C, Sakuma M, Nakayama M, Doi N, Jinnouchi H, Waki M, Masuda I, Saito Y. Association Between Statins and Cancer Incidence in Diabetes: a Cohort Study of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36:632-639. [PMID: 33063203 PMCID: PMC7947140 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antitumor effect of statins has been highlighted, but clinical study results remain inconclusive. While patients with diabetes are at high risk of cancer, it is uncertain whether statins are effective for cancer chemoprevention in this population. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between statins and cancer incidence/mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN This study was a follow-up observational study of the Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis with Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) trial, which was a randomized controlled trial of low-dose aspirin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. PARTICIPANTS This study enrolled 2536 patients with type 2 diabetes, age 30-85 years, and no history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, from December 2002 until May 2005. All participants recruited in the JPAD trial were followed until the day of any fatal event or July 2015. We defined participants taking any statin at enrollment as the statin group (n = 650) and the remainder as the no-statin group (n = 1886). MAIN MEASURES The primary end point was the first occurrence of any cancer (cancer incidence). The secondary end point was death from any cancer (cancer mortality). KEY RESULTS During follow-up (median, 10.7 years), 318 participants developed a new cancer and 123 died as a result. Cancer incidence and mortality were 10.5 and 3.7 per 1000 person-years in the statin group, and 16.8 and 6.3 per 1000 person-years in the no-statin group, respectively. Statin use was associated with significantly reduced cancer incidence and mortality after adjustment for confounding factors (cancer incidence: adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.90, P = 0.007; cancer mortality: adjusted HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-0.98, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with a reduced incidence and mortality of cancer in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanori Okada
- Center for Postgraduate Training, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Soejima
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Health Surveillance & Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Sakuma
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Naofumi Doi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Prefectural Seiwa Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideaki Jinnouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinnouchi Hospital Diabetes Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masako Waki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Izuru Masuda
- Medical Examination Center, Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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Qiu Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu W, Jin C, Xu W. Simvastatin suppresses renal cell carcinoma cells by regulating DDX5/DUSP5. Scand J Urol 2021; 55:337-343. [PMID: 33517812 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2021.1876163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has the highest mortality rate of genitourinary cancers and the incidence of RCC has risen steadily. Simvastatin has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity in a variety of cancers; however, its roles and molecular mechanisms in RCC remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on RCC. METHODS We used a variety of methods to test the changes of RCC cell lines' viability, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis after treatment with simvastatin. RESULTS We found that simvastatin not only inhibited RCC cell viability, migration, and invasion, but also regulated the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. We also observed abnormal expression of DDX5 and DUSP5 in RCC cell lines. Mechanistic investigation showed that simvastatin significantly suppressed DDX5 and promoted DUSP5 expression. CONCLUSION Together, these results provide a novel mechanism underlying simvastatin-induced inhibition of RCC via regulation of the DDX5/DUSP5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yakun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haipng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengluo Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Juarez D, Fruman DA. Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:525-540. [PMID: 33358111 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonate synthesis inhibitors, statins, are mainstay therapeutics for cholesterol management and cardiovascular health. Thirty years of research have uncovered supportive roles for the mevalonate pathway in numerous cellular processes that support oncogenesis, most recently macropinocytosis. Central to the diverse mechanisms of statin sensitivity is an acquired dependence on one mevalonate pathway output, protein geranylgeranylation. New chemical prenylation probes and the discovery of a novel geranylgeranyl transferase hold promise to deepen our understanding of statin mechanisms of action. Further, insights into statin selection and the counterproductive role of dietary geranylgeraniol highlight how we should assess statins in the clinic. Lastly, rational combination strategies preview how statins will enter the oncology toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Juarez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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28
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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29
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Prabhu N, Kapur N, Catalona W, Leikin R, Helenowski I, Jovanovich B, Gurley M, Okwuosa TM, Kuzel TM. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:130.e9-130.e15. [PMID: 33132024 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have investigated the role of statins in prostate cancer (CaP), the leading cause of cancer related death in men. Retrospective cohort studies investigating the correlation between statin use and biochemical recurrence free (BCRF) survival in men with CaP have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES In the largest reported surgical cohort to date, we investigated the effect of statin therapy on BCRF and overall survival in patients with CaP who have undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of men (n = 3,088) participating in the NCI funded Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in CaP at Northwestern University (NM) in Chicago, Illinois. Patients were treated with RP between 2002 and 2015. Patients in the statin users group received treatment within 2 years prior to or subsequent to RP. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare age, race, Gleason score, clinical staging, and pathological stage between statin users and nonstatin users. RESULTS The analysis identified 1,222 statin users and 1,865 nonusers (mean age 71 years, 92% Caucasian). After a median follow-up time of 49.0 months, the 5-year BCRF survival rate was 93.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 91.9-94.8%) among statin users and 88.6% (95% CI: 87.1%-90%) among nonusers (log-rank P< 0.001). After 10 years, the progression-free survival (PFS) was 91.7% (95% CI: 90.1%-93.3%) among statin users and 86.5% (95% CI: 84.4%-88.2%) among nonusers (log-rank P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Extended follow-up data in this large surgical cohort show statin use improves BCRF but not overall survival in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prabhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Navina Kapur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| | | | - Robin Leikin
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Irene Helenowski
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Borko Jovanovich
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Gurley
- Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Chicago, IL
| | - Tochi M Okwuosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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30
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Statin Use and Incident Diabetes Among the Women's Health Initiative Postmenopausal Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:1196-1197. [PMID: 32976368 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Beyond lipid-lowering: role of statins in endometrial cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8199-8207. [PMID: 32897522 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the obesity rates dramatically increased across the globe, the risk of endometrial cancer (EC) has substantially increased. Measures to improve the EC outcome is utmost important, especially data have shown that women at their reproductive age are commonly affected. No doubt, surgical intervention is a standard treatment for EC. However, the fact that this cancer could arise from metabolic diseases, additional therapy by lipid-lowering agent could be utilized to change the tumour environment. We review available evidence to support the use of this agent in the clinical setting. We search available evidence on the use of statin in EC, in various settings including cell lines, animal and human study. The possible actions at different molecular pathways leading to cellular changes and proliferation of cell were evaluated. The venture in drug repositioning of statins as a chemo-preventive potential agent in EC has gained attention in gynaecological oncology practice worldwide. Lipid-lowering effect by statins may exerted a chemoprotective effect in EC, but there is still lack of evidence on statins use to improve prognosis and survival in EC. Through the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins; theoretically, it could inhibit cell growth, proliferation, migration, and lead to apoptosis. Epidemiological studies suggested that statins may improve survival rate among EC patients. However, some evidence revealed the effects were only more prominent in type II EC. Notwithstanding that several studies also showed no benefit of statins in EC. Hence we highlight the limitations of these studies in this review. In line with recent literature on the topic, statins may play a role in EC management. Future studies for a proper systematic review and randomized controlled study are needed to answer some uncertainties of statins effect in EC.
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32
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Kumar JS, Thirupataiah B, Medishetti R, Ray A, Bele SD, Hossain KA, Reddy GS, Edwin RK, Joseph A, Kumar N, Shenoy GG, Rao CM, Pal M. Rosuvastatin based novel 3-substituted isocoumarins / 3-alkylidenephthalides: Ultrasound assisted synthesis and identification of new anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112335. [PMID: 32599323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of 3-substituted isocoumarin/3-alkylidenephthalide based novel small molecules derived from rosuvastatin were designed and synthesized via the ultrasound assisted Cu-mediated coupling-cyclization in a single pot with remarkable regioselectivity. The phthalides were generally obtained at lower temperature whereas the use of elevated temperature afforded isocoumarins. Two compounds e.g. 3n and 4d showed promising cytotoxic effects when tested against HCT 116, HepG2 and PA-1 cell lines at 10 μM. Indeed, 4d was found to be a potent cytotoxic agent (IC50 ∼ 0.76-4.51 μM). Both 3n and 4d were tested for their effects on PANC-1 cells. Considerable decrease in p-Akt substrates shown by 4d and 3n at 50 μM (western blot analysis) indicated their ability to inhibit p-Akt signal transduction pathway and arresting growth of PANC-1 cells in vitro. This was further supported by the cytotoxic effect of 4d on PANC-1 cells (MTT assay) that was better than rosuvastatin. While none of 3n and 4d showed any significant effect on non-cancerous HEK cell line (indicating their potential selectivity towards cancer cells) these compounds were further evaluated for their toxicities in Zebrafish embryo. The NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity was found to be 100 μM for both compound. Thus, 4d as a novel and potent but safer cytotoxic agent with potential to treat colorectal/ovarian and pancreatic cancer is of further medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetta Sandeep Kumar
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - B Thirupataiah
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavender Medishetti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Aramita Ray
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Shilpak Dilip Bele
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Kazi Amirul Hossain
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Gangireddy Sujeevan Reddy
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rebecca Kristina Edwin
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gautham G Shenoy
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India.
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Yu Y, Gong L, Ye J. The Role of Aberrant Metabolism in Cancer: Insights Into the Interplay Between Cell Metabolic Reprogramming, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:942. [PMID: 32596159 PMCID: PMC7301691 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Patients with MetS or other metabolic disorders are more susceptible to cancer development and recurrence and have a worse long-term prognosis. Moreover, the metabolic reprogramming observed in cancer cells has also been described as one of the new hallmarks of cancer. Thus, aberrant metabolism has been proposed as an important risk factor for cancer. Chronic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oncogenic signaling pathways are considered as main potential triggers. Considering the strong association between metabolism and cancer, metabolism-modulating drugs, including metformin and statins, as well as adopting a healthy lifestyle, have been extensively investigated as strategies to combat cancer. Furthermore, strategies that interfere with the metabolic rewiring of cells may also have potent anti-cancer effects. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge on the relationship between aberrant metabolism and cancer and discuss the potential use of metabolism-targeting strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Yang J, Li C, Shen Y, Zhou H, Shao Y, Zhu W, Chen Y. Impact of statin use on cancer-specific mortality and recurrence: A meta-analysis of 60 observational studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19596. [PMID: 32243380 PMCID: PMC7220704 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis mainly summarized the studies reporting an association between statin use and cancer-specific mortality and recurrence or progression of cancer patients.We systematically searched for studies about the statin used in cancer patients in electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Clinical Trials, from inception through the November 2019. A total of 60 studies which included 953,177 participants were eligible with 233,322 cancer patients used statin. Our analysis selected studies presented with outcome based on hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer-specific mortality and cancer recurrence-free survival or progression-free survival. Heterogeneity between the studies was examined using I statistics, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. All statistical analyses were performed using RevMan software (version 5.3).The use of statin was potentially associated with a decline in cancer-specific mortality in cancer patients (HR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.84; n = 39; I = 85%). Furthermore, statin use was associated with improved recurrence-free survival (HR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78,0.97; n = 23; I = 64%), but not with improvement in progression-free survival (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.95,1.16; n = 14; I2 = 38%).The meta-analysis demonstrated that statin use could exhibit potential survival benefit in the prognosis of cancer patients. But our results are conservative for statins to improve disease recurrence and progression. These findings should be assessed in a prospective randomized cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang
| | - Chunyu Li
- Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang
| | - Hong Zhou
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang
| | - Yueqin Shao
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang
| | - Wei Zhu
- Oncology Center, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wujiang
- Department of Oncology
| | - Yan Chen
- Emergency Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
- Department of Cardiology, Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Artux, P.R. China
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Kim J, Choi EA, Han YE, Lee JW, Kim YS, Kim Y, You HS, Hyun HJ, Kang HT. Association between statin use and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors, based on the Korean health insurance service between 2002 and 2015. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:434-440. [PMID: 31831365 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cancer is the number one cause of death in Korea. This study aimed to investigate if statin use in cancer survivors was inversely associated with all-cause mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from the 2002 to 2015 National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) were used. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the survival function according to statin usage. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for potential confounders to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality. The median follow-up duration was 10.0 years. Statin users had a higher percentage of diabetes and hypertension in both sexes. Survival rates of statin users were higher than non-users (p-values <0.001 in men and 0.021 in women). Compared to non-users, the HRs (95% CIs) of statin users for all-cause mortality were 0.327 (0.194-0.553) in men and 0.287 (0.148-0.560) in women after adjustment for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Statin users in cancer survivors had higher survival rate than non-users in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungyoun Kim
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-A Choi
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Han
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun You
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jin Hyun
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Mak JWY, So J, Tang W, Yip TCF, Leung WK, Li M, Lo FH, Ng KM, Sze SF, Leung CM, Tsang SWC, Shan EHS, Chan KH, Lam BCY, Hui AJ, Chow WH, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Cancer risk and chemoprevention in Chinese inflammatory bowel disease patients: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:279-286. [PMID: 32119788 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1731760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim: Role of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), statin and aspirin in reducing cancer risks in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains controversial. We aimed to examine chemo-preventive effects of these drugs in all cancers in IBD in population-based setting.Methods: IBD patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2016 were identified from the Hong Kong IBD Registry and followed from IBD diagnosis until first cancer occurrence. Primary outcome was cancer development ≥6 months after IBD diagnosis. Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated with Cox proportional hazards model. Additional effects of statin and aspirin on chemoprevention were also assessed.Results: Amongst 2103 IBD patients (857 Crohn's disease, 1246 ulcerative colitis; mean age 40.0 ± 15.6; 60.3% male) with 16,856 person-years follow-up, 48 patients (2.3%) developed cancer. The 5-r, 10-r and 15-year (95% CI) cumulative incidence of cancer were 1% (0.6 - 1.5%), 2.8 (2.0 - 3.9%) and 4.8 (3.4 - 6.5%), respectively. Total 1891 (89.9%) and 222 (10.6%) patients have received one or more prescriptions of 5-ASA and statin respectively. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, IBD type and use of other medications, use of 5-ASA or statin was not associated with a reduced risk of cancer development (5-ASA: aHR 1.22, 95% CI: 0.60-2.48, p = .593; statin: aHR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.14-1.59, p = .227). Adding aspirin was not associated with a lowered cancer risk (aHR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.32-4.35, p = .799).Conclusion: Use of 5-ASA was not associated with a lowered cancer risk in Chinese IBD patients. Addition of statin/aspirin provided no additional benefit.Key summaryInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with increased risk of both intestinal and extra- intestinal cancers.Various medications including 5-aminosalicylate acid (5-ASA), statins and aspirin have been studied for their chemoprevention effects. However, most studies focused on colorectal cancer only and showed conflicting evidence. No studies so far looked at the effects of these medications on all cancer development in IBD.The 5-, 10- and 15-year (95% confidence interval) cumulative incidence of cancer in Chinese IBD patients were 1 (0.6-1.5%), 2.8 (2.0-3.9%) and 4.8 (3.4-6.5%), respectively.Use of 5-ASA was not associated with a lowered cancer risk in Chinese IBD patients. Addition of statin/aspirin provided no additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Wing Yan Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jacqueline So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Whitney Tang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Terry Cheuk Fung Yip
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Li
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Fu Hang Lo
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Man Ng
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Lai King, Hong Kong
| | - Shun Fung Sze
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Jordan, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Man Leung
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong
| | | | - Edwin Hok Shing Shan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Hon Chan
- Department of Medicine, North District Hospital, Sheung Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Belsy C Y Lam
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Mongkok, Hong Kong
| | - Aric J Hui
- Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Hung Chow
- Department of Medicine, Yan Chai Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Francis Ka Leung Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Siew Chien Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Kang JH, Boumenna T, Stein JD, Khawaja A, Rosner BA, Wiggs JL, Pasquale LR. Association of Statin Use and High Serum Cholesterol Levels With Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 137:756-765. [PMID: 31046067 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance The use of statins (hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors) has been associated with a lower risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG); however, results have been conflicting, and little is known about the association between high cholesterol levels and POAG. Objective To assess the association of elevated cholesterol levels and statin use with incident POAG. Design, Setting, and Participants This study used data collected biennially from participants aged 40 years or older who were free of glaucoma and reported eye examinations, within 3 population-based cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (N = 50 710; followed up from 2000 to 2014), the Nurses' Health Study 2 (N = 62 992; 1999-2015), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (N = 23 080; 2000-2014). Incident cases of POAG were confirmed by medical record review. The analyses were performed in January 2019. Exposures Biennially updated self-reported information on elevated cholesterol level status, serum cholesterol levels, and duration of statin use. Main Outcomes and Measures Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models on pooled data, with stratification by cohort. Results Among the 136 782 participants in the 3 cohorts (113 702 women and 23 080 men), 886 incident cases of POAG were identified. Every 20-mg/dL increase in total serum cholesterol was associated with a 7% increase in risk of POAG (RR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.02-1.11]; P = .004). Any self-reported history of elevated cholesterol was also associated with a higher risk of POAG (RR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.00-1.37]). A history of any statin use was associated with a 15% lower risk of POAG (RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.73-0.99]). Use of statins for 5 or more years vs never use of statins was associated with a 21% lower risk of POAG (RR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.65-0.97]; P = .02 for linear trend). The association between use of statins for 5 or more years vs never use of statins and risk of POAG was more inverse in those who were older (≥65 years: RR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.56-0.87] vs <65 years: RR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.68-1.63]; P = .01 for interaction). Conclusions and Relevance Among adults aged 40 years or older, higher serum cholesterol levels were associated with higher risk of POAG, while 5 or more years of statin use compared with never use of statins was associated with a lower risk of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tahani Boumenna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston
| | - Joshua D Stein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor.,Center for Eye Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Anthony Khawaja
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston.,now with Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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You HS, You N, Lee JW, Lim HJ, Kim J, Kang HT. Inverse Association between Statin Use and Stomach Cancer Incidence in Individuals with Hypercholesterolemia, from the 2002-2015 NHIS-HEALS Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031054. [PMID: 32046107 PMCID: PMC7037780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the association between statin use and stomach cancer incidence in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. Materials and methods: To examine the cumulative effect of statins, we defined a statin user as one who used statins during 2002–2003 at baseline. Statin users were further classified into high and low users according to the medication possession rate. Statin non-users consisted of participants who had never used statins during the entire period of 2002–2015, despite having hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol level ≥250 mg/dL at baseline). Ultimately, 17,737 statin users and 13,412 statin non-users were used in the analysis. We performed survival analyses, considering the diagnosis of stomach cancer as an event of interest. Results: Median follow-up duration was 12.9 years. The cumulative incidence rates of stomach cancer were lowest in high users (1.90% in men and 0.98% in women). Compared to non-users, hazard ratios (95% confidential intervals) for stomach cancer of low users and high users were 0.953 (0.755–1.203) and 0.526 (0.399–0.693) in men and 0.629 (0.457–0.865) and 0.370 (0.256–0.535) in women, respectively, after adjusting for possible confounders. Conclusions: We observed an inverse association between statin use and stomach cancer incidence in participants with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sun You
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu 28644, Cheongju, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Nayoung You
- National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro Ilsandong-gu Goyang-si, Gyoungki-do 28644, Korea;
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu 28644, Cheongju, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hyoung-Ji Lim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776 1-Soonwhan-ro, Seowon-gu 28644, Cheongju, Korea; (H.-S.Y.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Joungyoun Kim
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (H.-T.K.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2257 (J.K.); +82-43-269-6301 (H.-T.K.)
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (H.-T.K.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2257 (J.K.); +82-43-269-6301 (H.-T.K.)
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Chou CW, Lin CH, Hsiao TH, Lo CC, Hsieh CY, Huang CC, Sher YP. Therapeutic effects of statins against lung adenocarcinoma via p53 mutant-mediated apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20403. [PMID: 31892709 PMCID: PMC6938497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 gene is an important tumour suppressor gene. Mutant p53 genes account for about half of all lung cancer cases. There is increasing evidence for the anti-tumour effects of statins via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. We retrospectively investigated the correlation between statin use and lung cancer prognosis using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database, mainly focusing on early-stage lung cancer. This study reports the protective effects of statin use in early-stage lung cancer patients regardless of chemotherapy. Statin treatments reduced the 5-year mortality (odds ratio, 0.43; P < 0.001) in this population-based study. Significantly higher levels of cellular apoptosis, inhibited cell growth, and regulated lipid raft content were observed in mutant p53 lung cancer cells treated with simvastatin. Further, simvastatin increased the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, promotes mutant p53 protein degradation, and decreased motile activity in lung cancer cells with p53 missense mutations. These data suggest that statin use in selected lung cancer patients may have clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chien Lo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Hsieh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Huang
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Pyng Sher
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Association between temporal changes in C-reactive protein levels and prognosis in patients with previous myocardial infarction - A report from the CHART-2 Study. Int J Cardiol 2019; 293:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Sherbet GV. Statins: A Conceivable Remedial Role for the Regulation of Cancer Progression. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180611113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) plays a crucial metabolic role in normal cell function as well as in the pathological environment. It leads to the synthesis of sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid biomolecules which subserve a variety of cellular functions. It is known to be deregulated in many disease processes. Statins and bisphosphonates are prominent inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway. They inhibit cell proliferation and activate apoptotic signalling and suppress tumour growth. Statins subdue metastatic spread of tumours by virtue of their ability to suppress invasion and angiogenesis. The induction of autophagy is another feature of statin effects that could contribute to the suppression of metastasis. Herein highlighted are the major signalling systems that statins engage to generate these biological effects. Statins can constrain tumour growth by influencing the expression and function of growth factor and receptor systems. They may suppress epithelial mesenchymal transition with resultant inhibition of cell survival signalling, together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, and their maintenance and expansion. They can suppress ER (oestrogen receptor)-α in breast cancer cells. Statins have been implicated in the activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein) leading to the suppression of cell proliferation. Both statins and bisphosphonates can suppress angiogenic signalling by HIF (hypoxia- inducible factor)-1/eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR (VEGF receptor). Statins have been linked with improvements in disease prognosis. Also attributed to them is the ability of cancer prevention and reduction of risk of some forms of cancer. The wide spectrum of cancer associated events which these mevalonate inhibitors appear to influence would suggest a conceivable role for them in cancer management. However, much deliberation is warranted in the design and planning of clinical trials, their scope and definition of endpoints, modes risk assessment and the accrual of benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan V. Sherbet
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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El-Refai SM, Brown JD, Arnold SM, Black EP, Leggas M, Talbert JC. Epidemiologic Analysis Along the Mevalonate Pathway Reveals Improved Cancer Survival in Patients Who Receive Statins Alone and in Combination With Bisphosphonates. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2019; 1:1-12. [PMID: 30657380 DOI: 10.1200/cci.17.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cohort studies report associations between statin use and improved survival in patients with cancer. We used pharmacoepidemiologic methods to evaluate the survival of patients with cancer who received statins alone or in ostensibly synergistic drug combinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with cancer who were diagnosed from 2010 to 2013 were identified in a large health care claims database. The rate of all-cause death up to 1 year after diagnosis was compared by Cox proportional hazard regression. Sensitivity analyses included age stratification, statin type and intensity, and comparison with or without bisphosphonates and dipyridamole. RESULTS Among 312,907 identified patients with cancer, treatment groups included statin users (n = 65,440), nonstatin users who received medications that block cholesterol absorption (n = 9,289), and nonusers (n = 226,007). Statin use before diagnosis was associated with improved overall survival compared with no treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.91) and specifically in patients with leukemia, lung, or renal cancers. Nonstatin users had increased overall survival compared with no treatment (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.85); when stratified, this difference held true only for pancreatic cancer and leukemia. No differences were observed between statin and nonstatin groups. Bisphosphonate use alone had no effect (n = 4,528), but patients who used both statins and bisphosphonates (n = 4,090) had increased survival compared with no treatment (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.81). The effect of the combination of dipyridamole and statin use (n = 651) was not significant compared with no treatment. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the combination of statins with drugs that affect isoprenylation, such as bisphosphonates, improves survival in patients with cancer. Consideration of pathway-specific pharmacology allows for hypotheses testing with the pharmacoepidemiologic approach. Prospective evaluation of these findings warrants clinical investigation and preclinical mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M El-Refai
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Joshua D Brown
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Susanne M Arnold
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Esther P Black
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Markos Leggas
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jeffery C Talbert
- Sherif M. El-Refai, Susan M. Arnold, Esther P. Black, Markos Leggas, and Jeffery C. Talbert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and Joshua D. Brown, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Lee JW, You NY, Kim Y, Kim Y, Kim J, Kang HT. Statin use and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with hypercholesterolemia from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:701-709. [PMID: 31133496 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated the association between statin use and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS This study is based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort, conducted during 2002-2015. Statin users were classified as high and low users according to medication possession ratio (MPR). Statin nonusers comprised participants who did not use statins during the entire follow-up period. In total, 17,737 statin users and 13,412 statin nonusers were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up period of 12.7 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for confounders to investigate prospective association between statin usage and colorectal cancer risk. In total, 378 (2.3%) of 16,588 male participants and 239 (1.6%) of 14,561 female participants had colorectal cancer during the follow-up period. Compared to nonusers, fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for colorectal cancer risk in high statin users were 0.56 (0.42-0.75) in men and 0.64 (0.46-0.90) in women. In men, the fully adjusted HRs for proximal and rectal cancer for high users were 0.29 (0.15-0.56) and 0.52 (0.35-0.78), respectively, compared to those for nonusers. In women, statistical significance was seen only in rectal cancer (HR 0.43 [0.25-0.72]) but not in proximal or distal colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS High statin users with hypercholesterolemia were associated with lower risk of overall colorectal cancer, especially proximal colon cancer in men and rectal cancer in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young You
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungyoun Kim
- Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Impact of long-term lipid-lowering therapy on clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:669-677. [PMID: 31087198 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of statins has been associated with improved survival in patients with breast cancer in several studies but results have been mixed. This study evaluates the impact of duration of statin use on breast cancer patient outcomes. METHODS This is a single-institution, retrospective cohort, examining the impact of statin use on the outcomes of 1523 women diagnosed with operable breast cancer between1995 and 2015. Clinical variables were compared using Student's t test, Fisher's exact and Chi square tests. Overall (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survival were performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-Proportional Hazard (Cox-PH) analysis in the statistical software R. RESULTS Patients were grouped by duration of statin use: never-statin user [N] (n = 1092), short (< 3 years) [S] (n = 115), moderate [M] (3-5 years) (n = 109) and long [L] (> 5 years) (n = 207) term. Over a median follow-up of 70.2 months, 138 women died (84 died of breast cancer) and 125 had disease recurrence. On multivariable Cox-PH analysis adjusting for clinical variables including metabolic comorbidities using the Charlson comorbidity index, OS in the [S] and [M] subgroups did not differ [N], while OS was improved in [L] (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 0.38, confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.85, p < 0.018). DFS was also significantly improved in the [L] subgroup (adjusted HR 0.15, CI 0.05-0.48, p < 0.001). Subanalysis stratified by receptor status showed a trend towards improved DFS in all tumor subtypes including triple-negative breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our retrospective analyses suggest that long-term statin use (> 5 years) was associated with improved OS and DFS in women with breast cancer regardless of receptor subtype, even after adjusting for metabolic comorbidities.
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Oikawa T, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, Miura M, Abe R, Kasahara S, Sato M, Aoyanagi H, Shiroto T, Sugimura K, Takahashi J, Miyata S, Shimokawa H. Increased risk of cancer death in patients with chronic heart failure with a special reference to inflammation-A report from the CHART-2 Study. Int J Cardiol 2019; 290:106-112. [PMID: 31104823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several factors, including heart failure (HF) and inflammation, are known to increase the incidence of cancer, it remains unknown whether HF may increase cancer mortality, especially with a reference to inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 8843 consecutive cardiovascular patients without a prior history of cancer in our CHART-2 Study (mean 68 yrs., female 30.9%). As compared with patients without HF (Stage A/B, N = 4622), those with HF (Stage C/D, N = 4221) were characterized by higher prevalence of diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. During the median 6.5-year follow-up (52,675 person-years), 282 cancer deaths occurred. HF patients had significantly higher cancer mortality than those without HF in both the overall (3.7 vs, 2.8%, hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.79, P = 0.004) and the propensity score-matched cohorts (HR 1.46, 95%CI 1.10-1.93, P = 0.008), which was confirmed in the competing risk models. The multivariable Cox proportional hazard model in the matched cohort showed that HF was associated with increased cancer mortality in patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 2.0 mg/L (HR 1.87, 95%CI 1.18-2.96, P = 0.008) at baseline, but not in those with CRP < 2.0 mg/L (HR 0.89, 95%CI 0.54-1.45, P = 0.64) (P for interaction = 0.03). Furthermore, temporal changes in CRP levels were associated with cancer death in the overall cohort; HF patients with CRP ≥ 2.0 mg/L at both baseline and 1-year had significantly increased cancer death, while those with CRP ≥ 2.0 mg/L at baseline and < 2.0 mg/L at 1-year not. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first evidence that HF is associated with increased cancer death, especially when associated with prolonged inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Oikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Big Data Medicine Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Nochioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Big Data Medicine Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanobu Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Big Data Medicine Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ruri Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hajime Aoyanagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiroto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sugimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Department of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Big Data Medicine Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Lundberg E, Hagberg O, Jahnson S, Ljungberg B. Association between occurrence of urinary bladder cancer and treatment with statin medication. Turk J Urol 2019; 45:97-102. [PMID: 30875287 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2019.94495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) has increased in Sweden despite decreased smoking, indicating that other factors might be associated. The increased use of statin medication for elevated blood lipids might be one such influencing factor. The aim of the present study was to assess whether statins are afflicted with an increased incidence of UBC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from the Swedish National Register of Urinary Bladder Cancer, National Population Register, and Swedish Prescribed Drug Register were extracted. There were 22,936 patients with new diagnosed UBC between 2005 and 2014. Statin prescription was defined as any medication prescribed with the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification code C10A. For each patient, 10 control individuals were matched by age, gender, and living area, comprising 229,326 individuals. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to evaluate the hazards ratios. RESULTS Statins were more frequently used in patients with UBC (33.8%) than in controls (29.8%, p<0.0001). The use of statins was afflicted with a 23% increased odds ratio (OR) for UBC (OR 1.23 (1.19-1.27), p<0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that an increased OR was found in non-muscle invasive UBC only. There was a tendency that OR was stronger for men and for younger patients. Limitations include its retrospective register-based design and potential risk of bias of confounding factors, such as smoking and body mass index. CONCLUSION This nationwide register study suggests an association between the occurrence of UBC and patients using statins. The association was found in patients with non-muscle invasive disease only. Confounding factors, such as smoking, cannot be overruled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lundberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hagberg
- Regional Cancer Centre, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Staffan Jahnson
- Department of Urology and Ibk, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Borje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Kim J, You NY, Lee JW, Kim Y, Kim YW, Kang HT. Inverse Association Between Statin Use and Overall Cancer Incidence in Individuals With Hypercholesterolemia, Based on the Korean Health Insurance Service Between 2002 and 2015. Asia Pac J Public Health 2019; 31:136-146. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539519830235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Korean National Health Insurance Service provided the Health Screening Cohort Database. To investigate the cumulative effect of statins on cancer development, we defined statin users as those who used statins during 2002 to 2003 at baseline. Statin users were divided into high and low users. Statin nonusers were defined as individuals who had never used statins during the entire period of 2002 to 2015, despite having hypercholesterolemia. In total, 17 737 statin users and 13 412 statin nonusers were included in the final analyses. The median follow-up duration was 12.6 years. Compared with nonusers, the hazard ratios (95% confidential intervals) for any cancer incidence of low users and high users were 1.047 (0.941-1.164) and 0.663 (0.589-0.747) in men and 1.057 (0.938-1.190) and 0.592 (0.517-0.678) in women, respectively, after fully adjusting for possible confounding factors. An inverse association between statin use and any cancer incidence in individuals with hypercholesterolemia was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungyoun Kim
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young You
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Chungbuk National University Hospital, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesul Kim
- Chungbuk National University Hospital, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Whan Kim
- Chungbuk National University Hospital, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Taik Kang
- Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Z, Du S, Shen S, Luo P, Ding S, Wang G, Wang L. Comparative efficacy and safety of lipid-lowering agents in patients with hypercholesterolemia: A frequentist network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14400. [PMID: 30732185 PMCID: PMC6380691 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comparative efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors, statins, and ezetimibe to lower lipid levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the benefits and harms of the lipid-lowering agents in these patients. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2018 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Frequentist network meta-analysis was used to pool all estimates. Ranking probabilities were used to rank the comparative effects of all drugs against placebo. RESULTS Eighty-four RCTs enrolled 246,706 patients were included. Most of the included were assessed as low risk of bias. The probabilities of PCSK9 inhibitors that ranked first in improving lipid outcomes were all 100%. The probability of statins that ranked first in reducing the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events was 60.6%, and the probability of PCSK9 inhibitor was 37.1%, while no significant difference of efficacy in reducing CV events was observed between the 2 agents (odds ratios [OR] 0.98, 95% CI 0.87-1.11). Statin ranked first in reducing all-cause and CV death. Compared with placebo, statins were associated with reduced risks of all-cause (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.96) and CV death (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.91) while PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe were not. No agents caused adverse events (including neurocognitive events), except that statins therapy significantly increases the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.42-2.51) and creatine kinase (CK) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09-1.93) and the incidence of diabetes (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26). CONCLUSIONS PCSK9 inhibitors were the most effective lipid-lowering agents in improving lipid levels. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibitors achieved similar CV benefits like statins, while PCSK9 inhibitors were not associated with any increased risk of statin-related side-effects. Thus, PCSK9 inhibitors may also be recommended as promisingly first-line lipid-lowering treatment for patients with hypercholesterolemia, especially for these with statins intolerance or resistance.
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Xia DK, Hu ZG, Tian YF, Zeng FJ. Statin use and prognosis of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:405-422. [PMID: 30774306 PMCID: PMC6350654 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s187690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous clinical studies reported inconsistent results on the associations of statins with the mortality and survival of lung cancer patients. This review and meta-analysis summarized the impact of statins on mortality and survival of lung cancer patients. Materials and methods Eligible papers of this meta-analysis were searched by using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane until July 2017. Primary end points were the mortality (all-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality) and survival (progression-free survival and overall survival) of patients with statin use. Secondary end points were overall response rate and safety. The random-effects model was used to calculate pooled HRs and 95% CIs. Results Seventeen studies involving 98,445 patients were included in the meta-analysis. In observational studies, the pooled HR indicated that statins potentially decreased the cancer-specific mortality and promoted the overall survival of lung cancer patients. Statins showed an association with decreased all-cause mortality in cohort studies (HR =0.77, 95% CI: 0.59–0.99), but not in case-control studies (HR =0.75, 95% CI: 0.50–1.10). However, statin use showed no impact on mortality and overall survival in randomized controlled trials. Meanwhile, this meta-analysis indicated that statin use did not affect the progression-free survival of lung cancer patients in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. In addition, statins potentially enhanced the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.76–0.98) and chemotherapy (HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.81–0.91) on the overall survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, but did not increase overall response rate and toxicity. Conclusion Statins were potentially associated with the decreasing risk of mortality and the improvement of overall survival in observational studies but not in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Kui Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Disease Research Institute of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China, .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China,
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Department of Academic Management, Clinical Research Center, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
| | - Fan-Jun Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Disease Research Institute of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China, .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China,
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