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Cifuentes SJ, Theran-Suarez NA, Rivera-Crespo C, Velez-Roman L, Thacker B, Glass C, Domenech M. Heparan Sulfate-Collagen Surface Multilayers Support Serum-Free Microcarrier Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:5739-5751. [PMID: 39187752 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The increasing cost of high-volume cultures and dependence on serum and growth factor supplementation limit the affordability of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapies. This has spurred interest in developing strategies that support adherent cell expansion while reducing raw material costs. Culture surfaces coated with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), specifically heparan sulfate (HS), are an alternative to prolong growth factor retention in cell cultures. Unlike heparin, recombinant HS (rHS) offers strong binding affinity for multiple growth factors and extracellular matrix components, such as collagen I, without undesirable anticoagulant effects or xenobiotic health risks. The potential of rHS as a factor reservoir in MSC cultures remains underexplored. This study investigated the impact of rHS on the growth and anti-inflammatory properties of undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs in both planar and microcarrier-based cultures. It was hypothesized that rHS would enable MSC growth with minimal growth factor supplementation in a sulfation level-dependent manner. Cell culture surfaces were assembled via the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, combining alternating collagen I (COL) and rHS. These bilayers support cell adhesion and enable the incorporation of distinct sulfation levels on the culture surface. Examination of pro-mitogenic FGF and immunostimulatory IFN-γ release dynamics confirmed prolonged availability and sulfate level dependencies. Sulfated surfaces supported cell growth in low serum (2% FBS) and serum-free (SF) media at levels equivalent to standard culture conditions. Cell growth on rHS-coated surfaces in SF was comparable to that on heparin-coated surfaces and commercial surface-coated microcarriers in low serum. These growth benefits were observed in both planar and microcarrier (μCs) cultures. Additionally, rHS surfaces reduced β-galactosidase expression relative to uncoated surfaces, delaying cell senescence. Multivariate analysis of cytokines in conditioned media indicated that rHS-containing surfaces enhanced cytokine levels relative to uncoated surfaces during IFN-γ stimulation and correlated with decreased pro-inflammatory macrophage activity. Overall, utilizing highly sulfated rHS with COL reduces the need for exogenous growth factors and effectively supports MSC growth and anti-inflammatory potency on planar and microcarrier surfaces under minimal factor supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said J Cifuentes
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
- Bioengineering Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Natalia A Theran-Suarez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, 3550 General Atomics Ct, G02-102, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Carolina Rivera-Crespo
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Leonel Velez-Roman
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Bryan Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Ct, G02-102, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Charles Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Ct, G02-102, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maribella Domenech
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, 3550 General Atomics Ct, G02-102, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
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Hwang HJ, Kang D, Kim JR, Choi JH, Ryu JK, Herman AB, Ko YG, Park HJ, Gorospe M, Lee JS. FLRT2 prevents endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging by regulating the ITGB4/mTORC2/p53 signaling pathway. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172678. [PMID: 38587072 PMCID: PMC11128196 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2) in physiological and pathological processes are not well known. Here, we identify a potentially novel function of FLRT2 in preventing endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging. We found that FLRT2 expression was lower in cultured senescent endothelial cells as well as in aged rat and human vascular tissues. FLRT2 mediated endothelial cell senescence via the mTOR complex 2, AKT, and p53 signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. We uncovered that FLRT2 directly associated with integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4) and thereby promoted ITGB4 phosphorylation, while inhibition of ITGB4 substantially mitigated the induction of senescence triggered by FLRT2 depletion. Importantly, FLRT2 silencing in mice promoted vascular aging, and overexpression of FLRT2 rescued a premature vascular aging phenotype. Therefore, we propose that FLRT2 could be targeted therapeutically to prevent senescence-associated vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Hwang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Allison B. Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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3
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Subedi S, Hwang HJ, Kang D, Mehta PK, Kim N, Park H, Lee JS, Lee KH. Development of peptide-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for sensing heparan sulfate and heparin in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and quantitative detection of heparan sulfate in live cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 238:115595. [PMID: 37595478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) plays a critical role in various biological processes as a vital component of the extracellular matrix. In this study, we synthesized three fluorescent probes (1-3) comprising Arg-rich peptides as HS receptors and a fluorophore capable of exhibiting red-shifted emissions upon aggregation. All three probes demonstrated ratiometric responses to HS and heparin in aqueous solutions. Remarkably, probe 3 exhibited a unique ratiometric response to HS in both aqueous solutions at physiological pH and HS proteoglycans on live cells. Probe 3 displayed exceptional sensing properties, including high biocompatibility, water solubility, visible light excitation, a large Stokes shift for ratiometric detection and remarkable selectivity and sensitivity for HS (with a low limit of detection: 720 pM). Binding mode studies unveiled the crucial role of charge interactions between probe 3 and negatively charged HS sugar units. Upon binding, the fluorophore segments of the probes overlapped, inducing green and red emission changes through restricted intramolecular rotation of the fluorophore moiety. Importantly, probe 3 was effectively employed to quantify the reduction of HS proteoglycan levels in live cells by inhibiting HS sulfation using siRNA and an inhibitor. It successfully detected decreased HS levels in cells treated with doxorubicin and irradiation, consistent with results obtained from western blot and immunofluorescence assays. This study presents the first ratiometric fluorescent probe capable of quantitatively detecting HS levels in aqueous solutions and live cells. The unique properties of peptide-based probe 3 make it a valuable tool for studying HS biology and potentially for diagnostic applications in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Subedi
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Pramod Kumar Mehta
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea.
| | - Keun-Hyeung Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication and Education and Research Center for Smart Energy Materials and Process, South Korea; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South Korea.
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Ognibene M, De Marco P, Amoroso L, Cangelosi D, Zara F, Parodi S, Pezzolo A. Multiple Genes with Potential Tumor Suppressive Activity Are Present on Chromosome 10q Loss in Neuroblastoma and Are Associated with Poor Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072035. [PMID: 37046696 PMCID: PMC10093755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor affecting the peripheral sympathetic nervous system that substantially contributes to childhood cancer mortality. Despite recent advances in understanding the complexity of NB, the mechanisms determining its progression are still largely unknown. Some recurrent segmental chromosome aberrations (SCA) have been associated with poor survival. However, the prognostic role of most SCA has not yet been investigated. We examined a cohort of 260 NB primary tumors at disease onset for the loss of chromosome 10q, by array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) array and we found that 26 showed 10q loss, while the others 234 displayed different SCA. We observed a lower event-free survival for NB patients displaying 10q loss compared to patients with tumors carrying other SCA. Furthermore, analyzing the region of 10q loss, we identified a cluster of 75 deleted genes associated with poorer outcome. Low expression of six of these genes, above all CCSER2, was significantly correlated to worse survival using in silico data from 786 NB patients. These potential tumor suppressor genes can be partly responsible for the poor prognosis of NB patients with 10q loss.
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Zhao B, Wu B, Feng N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhang W. Aging microenvironment and antitumor immunity for geriatric oncology: the landscape and future implications. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 36945046 PMCID: PMC10032017 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been extensively investigated; however, it is complex and remains unclear, especially in elderly patients. Senescence is a cellular response to a variety of stress signals, which is characterized by stable arrest of the cell cycle and major changes in cell morphology and physiology. To the best of our knowledge, senescence leads to consistent arrest of tumor cells and remodeling of the tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) by activating a set of pleiotropic cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteinases, which constitute the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). On the one hand, the SASP promotes antitumor immunity, which enhances treatment efficacy; on the other hand, the SASP increases immunosuppressive cell infiltration, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2 macrophages, and N2 neutrophils, contributing to TIME suppression. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the regulation of the SASP and components contributing to robust antitumor immunity in elderly individuals with different cancer types and the available therapies is necessary to control tumor cell senescence and provide greater clinical benefits to patients. In this review, we summarize the key biological functions mediated by cytokines and intercellular interactions and significant components of the TME landscape, which influence the immunotherapy response in geriatric oncology. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in clinical practices targeting TME components and discuss potential senescent TME targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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6
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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7
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Du Q, Zhou R, Wang H, Li Q, Yan Q, Dang W, Guo J. A metabolism-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis in thyroid carcinoma. Front Genet 2023; 13:972950. [PMID: 36685893 PMCID: PMC9846547 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.972950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the cancer hallmarks, important for the survival of malignant cells. We investigated the prognostic value of genes associated with metabolism in thyroid carcinoma (THCA). A prognostic risk model of metabolism-related genes (MRGs) was built and tested based on datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), with univariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. We used Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), a nomogram, concordance index (C-index) and restricted mean survival (RMS) to assess the performance of the risk model, indicating the splendid predictive performance. We established a three-gene risk model related to metabolism, consisting of PAPSS2, ITPKA, and CYP1A1. The correlation analysis in patients with different risk statuses involved immune infiltration, mutation and therapeutic reaction. We also performed pan-cancer analyses of model genes to predict the mutational value in various cancers. Our metabolism-related risk model had a powerful predictive capability in the prognosis of THCA. This research will provide the fundamental data for further development of prognostic markers and individualized therapy in THCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujing Du
- Department of General Medicine, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruhao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjiao Dang
- Department of General Medicine, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianjin Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Jianjin Guo,
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Gao C, Zhou G, Cheng M, Feng L, Cao P, Zhou G. Identification of senescence-associated long non-coding RNAs to predict prognosis and immune microenvironment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:956094. [PMID: 36330438 PMCID: PMC9624069 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.956094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cellular senescence plays a complicated and vital role in cancer development because of its divergent effects on tumorigenicity. However, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with tumor senescence and their prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unexplored. Methods: The trans-cancer oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) signature was determined by gene set variation analysis (GSVA) in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) dataset. The OIS-related lncRNAs were identified by correlation analyses. Cox regression analyses were used to screen lncRNAs associated with prognosis, and an optimal predictive model was created by regression analysis of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). The performance of the model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, nomograms, stratified survival analyses, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) were carried out to explore the functional relevance and immune cell infiltration, respectively. Results: Firstly, we examined the pan-cancer OIS signature, and found several types of cancer with OIS strongly associated with the survival of patients, including HCC. Subsequently, based on the OIS signature, we identified 76 OIS-related lncRNAs with prognostic values in HCC. We then established an optimal prognostic model based on 11 (including NRAV, AC015908.3, MIR100HG, AL365203.2, AC009005.1, SNHG3, LINC01138, AC090192.2, AC008622.2, AL139423.1, and AC026356.1) of these lncRNAs by LASSO-Cox regression analysis. It was then confirmed that the risk score was an independent and potential risk indicator for overall survival (OS) (HR [95% CI] = 4.90 [2.74-8.70], p < 0.001), which outperforms those traditional clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, patients with higher risk scores also showed more advanced levels of a proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), higher infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells and lower infiltration of naïve B cells, suggesting the regulatory effects of OIS on immune microenvironment. Additionally, we identified NRAV as a representative OIS-related lncRNA, which is over-expressed in HCC tumors mainly driven by DNA hypomethylation. Conclusion: Based on 11 OIS-related lncRNAs, we established a promising prognostic predictor for HCC patients, and highlighted the potential immune microenvironment-modulatory roles of OIS in HCC, providing a broad molecular perspective of tumor senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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9
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Xu P, Xi Y, Wang P, Luka Z, Xu M, Tung HC, Wang J, Ren S, Feng D, Gao B, Singhi AD, Monga SP, York JD, Ma X, Huang Z, Xie W. Inhibition of p53 Sulfoconjugation Prevents Oxidative Hepatotoxicity and Acute Liver Failure. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1226-1241. [PMID: 34954226 PMCID: PMC8934304 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sulfoconjugation of small molecules or protein peptides is a key mechanism to ensure biochemical and functional homeostasis in mammals. The PAPS synthase 2 (PAPSS2) is the primary enzyme to synthesize the universal sulfonate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF), in which oxidative stress is a key pathogenic event, whereas sulfation of APAP contributes to its detoxification. The goal of this study was to determine whether and how PAPSS2 plays a role in APAP-induced ALF. METHODS Gene expression was analyzed in APAP-induced ALF in patients and mice. Liver-specific Papss2-knockout mice using Alb-Cre (Papss2ΔHC) or AAV8-TBG-Cre (Papss2iΔHC) were created and subjected to APAP-induced ALF. Primary human and mouse hepatocytes were used for in vitro mechanistic analysis. RESULTS The hepatic expression of PAPSS2 was decreased in APAP-induced ALF in patients and mice. Surprisingly, Papss2ΔHC mice were protected from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity despite having a decreased APAP sulfation, which was accompanied by increased hepatic antioxidative capacity through the activation of the p53-p2-Nrf2 axis. Treatment with a sulfation inhibitor also ameliorated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Gene knockdown experiments showed that the hepatoprotective effect of Papss2ΔHC was Nrf2, p53, and p21 dependent. Mechanistically, we identified p53 as a novel substrate of sulfation. Papss2 ablation led to p53 protein accumulation by preventing p53 sulfation, which disrupts p53-MDM2 interaction and p53 ubiquitination and increases p53 protein stability. CONCLUSIONS We have uncovered a previously unrecognized and p53-mediated role of PAPSS2 in controlling oxidative response. Inhibition of p53 sulfation may be explored for the clinical management of APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hung-Chun Tung
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Songrong Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John D. York
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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11
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Maijaroen S, Klaynongsruang S, Roytrakul S, Konkchaiyaphum M, Taemaitree L, Jangpromma N. An Integrated Proteomics and Bioinformatics Analysis of the Anticancer Properties of RT2 Antimicrobial Peptide on Human Colon Cancer (Caco-2) Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041426. [PMID: 35209215 PMCID: PMC8880037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
New selective, efficacious chemotherapy agents are in demand as traditional drugs display side effects and face growing resistance upon continued administration. To this end, bioactive molecules such as peptides are attracting interest. RT2 is a cationic peptide that was used as an antimicrobial but is being repurposed for targeting cancer. In this work, we investigate the mechanism by which this peptide targets Caco-2 human colon cancer cells, one of the most prevalent and metastatic cancers. Combining label-free proteomics with bioinformatics data, our data explore over 1000 proteins to identify 133 proteins that are downregulated and 79 proteins that are upregulated upon treatment with RT2. These changes occur in a dose-dependent manner and suggest the former group are related to anticancer cell proliferation; the latter group is closely related to apoptosis levels. The mRNA levels of several genes (FGF8, PAPSS2, CDK12, LDHA, PRKCSH, CSE1L, STARD13, TLE3, and OGDHL) were quantified using RT-qPCR and were found to be in agreement with proteomic results. Collectively, the global change in Caco-2 cell protein abundance suggests that RT2 triggers multiple mechanisms, including cell proliferation reduction, apoptosis activation, and alteration of cancerous cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Maijaroen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Monruedee Konkchaiyaphum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.M.); (S.K.); (M.K.)
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lapatrada Taemaitree
- Department of Integrated Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Nisachon Jangpromma
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Integrated Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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12
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du Preez HN, Aldous C, Hayden MR, Kruger HG, Lin J. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 described through the lens of an undersulfated and degraded epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22052. [PMID: 34862979 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101100rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx surrounds every eukaryotic cell and is a complex mesh of proteins and carbohydrates. It consists of proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan side chains, which are highly sulfated under normal physiological conditions. The degree of sulfation and the position of the sulfate groups mainly determine biological function. The intact highly sulfated glycocalyx of the epithelium may repel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through electrostatic forces. However, if the glycocalyx is undersulfated and 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B (3OST-3B) is overexpressed, as is the case during chronic inflammatory conditions, SARS-CoV-2 entry may be facilitated by the glycocalyx. The degree of sulfation and position of the sulfate groups will also affect functions such as immune modulation, the inflammatory response, vascular permeability and tone, coagulation, mediation of sheer stress, and protection against oxidative stress. The rate-limiting factor to sulfation is the availability of inorganic sulfate. Various genetic and epigenetic factors will affect sulfur metabolism and inorganic sulfate availability, such as various dietary factors, and exposure to drugs, environmental toxins, and biotoxins, which will deplete inorganic sulfate. The role that undersulfation plays in the various comorbid conditions that predispose to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is also considered. The undersulfated glycocalyx may not only increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but would also result in a hyperinflammatory response, vascular permeability, and shedding of the glycocalyx components, giving rise to a procoagulant and antifibrinolytic state and eventual multiple organ failure. These symptoms relate to a diagnosis of systemic septic shock seen in almost all COVID-19 deaths. The focus of prevention and treatment protocols proposed is the preservation of epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Farooq M, Khan AW, Kim MS, Choi S. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113242. [PMID: 34831463 PMCID: PMC8622657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a large family of secretory molecules that act through tyrosine kinase receptors known as FGF receptors. They play crucial roles in a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, morphogenesis, and differentiation, as well as in tissue repair and regeneration. The signaling pathways regulated by FGFs include RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (AKT), phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). To date, 22 FGFs have been discovered, involved in different functions in the body. Several FGFs directly or indirectly interfere with repair during tissue regeneration, in addition to their critical functions in the maintenance of pluripotency and dedifferentiation of stem cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of FGFs in diverse cellular processes and shed light on the importance of FGF signaling in mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ramu D, Shan TW, Hirpara JL, Pervaiz S. Cellular senescence: Silent operator and therapeutic target in cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:530-542. [PMID: 33675120 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of carcinogenesis and its progression involves an intricate interplay between a number of signaling networks, metabolic pathways and the microenvironment. These include an alteration in the cellular redox metabolism and deregulation of cell cycle checkpoints. Similar to the dichotomy of redox signaling in cancer cell fate and state determination, a diverging effect of an irreversible cell cycle arrest or senescence on carcinogenesis has been demonstrated. In this regard, while overwhelming oxidative stress has a damaging effect on tissue architecture and organ function and promotes death execution, a mild "pro-oxidant" environment is conducive for cell proliferation, growth and survival. Similarly, cellular senescence has been shown to elicit both a tumor suppressor and an oncogenic effect in a context-dependent manner. Notably, there appears to be a crosstalk between these two critical regulators of cell fate and state, particularly from the standpoint of the divergent effects on processes that promote or abate carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview of these overarching themes and attempts to highlight critical intersection nodes, which are emerging as potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Ramu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teoh Wei Shan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayshree L Hirpara
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Medicine Healthy Longevity Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Integrative Science and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School (NUSGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Faculté de Medicine, University of Paris, Paris, France
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15
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Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme that cleaves heparan sulphate, an important component of the extracellular matrix. This leads to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, whilst liberating growth factors and cytokines bound to heparan sulphate. This in turn promotes both physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, immune cell migration, inflammation, wound healing and metastasis. Furthermore, heparanase exhibits non-enzymatic actions in cell signalling and in regulating gene expression. Cancer is underpinned by key characteristic features that promote malignant growth and disease progression, collectively termed the 'hallmarks of cancer'. Essentially, all cancers examined to date have been reported to overexpress heparanase, leading to enhanced tumour growth and metastasis with concomitant poor patient survival. With its multiple roles within the tumour microenvironment, heparanase has been demonstrated to regulate each of these hallmark features, in turn highlighting the need for heparanase-targeted therapies. However, recent discoveries which demonstrated that heparanase can also regulate vital anti-tumour mechanisms have cast doubt on this approach. This review will explore the myriad ways by which heparanase functions as a key regulator of the hallmarks of cancer and will highlight its role as a major component within the tumour microenvironment. The dual role of heparanase within the tumour microenvironment, however, emphasises the need for further investigation into defining its precise mechanism of action in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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16
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Receptor tyrosine kinases and heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Interplay providing anticancer targeting strategies and new therapeutic opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Kang D, Jung SH, Lee GH, Lee S, Park HJ, Ko YG, Kim YN, Lee JS. Sulfated syndecan 1 is critical to preventing cellular senescence by modulating fibroblast growth factor receptor endocytosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:10316-10328. [PMID: 32530114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902714r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence can be triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. We previously reported that silencing of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) induces cellular senescence through augmented fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling. However, the exact molecular mechanism connecting heparan sulfation and cellular senescence remains unclear. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in augmented FGFR1 signaling and cellular senescence. Depletion of several types of HSPGs revealed that cells depleted of syndecan 1 (SDC1) exhibited typical senescence phenotypes, and those depleted of PAPSS2-, SDC1-, or heparan sulfate 2-O sulfotransferase 1 (HS2ST1) showed decreased FGFR1 internalization along with hyperresponsiveness to and prolonged activation of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-stimulated FGFR1- v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) signaling. Clathrin- and caveolin-mediated FGFR1 endocytosis contributed to cellular senescence through the FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Dynasore treatment triggered senescence phenotypes, augmented FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling, and decreased SDC1 expression. Finally, the replicatively and prematurely senescent cells were characterized by decreases of SDC1 expression and FGFR1 internalization, and an increase in FGFR1-AKT-p53-p21 signaling. Together, our results demonstrate that properly sulfated SDC1 plays a critical role in preventing cellular senescence through the regulation of FGFR1 endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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18
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Lee HC, Kang D, Han N, Lee Y, Hwang HJ, Lee SB, You JS, Min BS, Park HJ, Ko YG, Gorospe M, Lee JS. A novel long noncoding RNA Linc-ASEN represses cellular senescence through multileveled reduction of p21 expression. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1844-1861. [PMID: 31819156 PMCID: PMC7244501 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulating diverse cellular processes implicate in many diseases. However, the function of lncRNAs in cellular senescence remains largely unknown. Here we identify a novel long intergenic noncoding RNA Linc-ASEN expresses in prematurely senescent cells. We find that Linc-ASEN associates with UPF1 by RNA pulldown mass spectrometry analysis, and represses cellular senescence by reducing p21 production transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Mechanistically, the Linc-ASEN-UPF1 complex suppressed p21 transcription by recruiting Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2 to the p21 locus, and thereby preventing binding of the transcriptional activator p53 on the p21 promoter through histone modification. In addition, the Linc-ASEN-UPF1 complex repressed p21 expression posttranscriptionally by enhancing p21 mRNA decay in association with DCP1A. Accordingly, Linc-ASEN levels were found to correlate inversely with p21 mRNA levels in tumors from patient-derived mouse xenograft, in various human cancer tissues, and in aged mice tissues. Our results reveal that Linc-ASEN prevents cellular senescence by reducing the transcription and stability of p21 mRNA in concert with UPF1, and suggest that Linc-ASEN might be a potential therapeutic target in processes influenced by senescence, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Chul Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Namshik Han
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yerim Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sat-Byol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Department of Microbiology, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, and Medical Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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19
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Osorio C, Kanukuntla T, Diaz E, Jafri N, Cummings M, Sfera A. The Post-amyloid Era in Alzheimer's Disease: Trust Your Gut Feeling. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:143. [PMID: 31297054 PMCID: PMC6608545 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, the assumption that beta-amyloid toxicity is the primary cause of neuronal and synaptic loss, has been the mainstream research concept in Alzheimer's disease for the past two decades. Currently, this model is quietly being replaced by a more holistic, “systemic disease” paradigm which, like the aging process, affects multiple body tissues and organs, including the gut microbiota. It is well-established that inflammation is a hallmark of cellular senescence; however, the infection-senescence link has been less explored. Microbiota-induced senescence is a gradually emerging concept promoted by the discovery of pathogens and their products in Alzheimer's disease brains associated with senescent neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Infectious agents have previously been associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the cause vs. effect issue could not be resolved. A recent study may have settled this debate as it shows that gingipain, a Porphyromonas gingivalis toxin, can be detected not only in Alzheimer's disease but also in the brains of older individuals deceased prior to developing the illness. In this review, we take the position that gut and other microbes from the body periphery reach the brain by triggering intestinal and blood-brain barrier senescence and disruption. We also surmise that novel Alzheimer's disease findings, including neuronal somatic mosaicism, iron dyshomeostasis, aggressive glial phenotypes, and loss of aerobic glycolysis, can be explained by the infection-senescence model. In addition, we discuss potential cellular senescence targets and therapeutic strategies, including iron chelators, inflammasome inhibitors, senolytic antibiotics, mitophagy inducers, and epigenetic metabolic reprograming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Osorio
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Tulasi Kanukuntla
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Eddie Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
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20
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Abstract
Cellular senescence, a permanent state of cell cycle arrest, is believed to have originally evolved to limit the proliferation of old or damaged cells. However, it has been recently shown that cellular senescence is a physiological and pathological program contributing to embryogenesis, immune response, and wound repair, as well as aging and age-related diseases. Unlike replicative senescence associated with telomere attrition, premature senescence rapidly occurs in response to various intrinsic and extrinsic insults. Thus, cellular senescence has also been considered suppressive mechanism of tumorigenesis. Current studies have revealed that therapy-induced senescence (TIS), a type of senescence caused by traditional cancer therapy, could play a critical role in cancer treatment. In this review, we outline the key features and the molecular pathways of cellular senescence. Better understanding of cellular senescence will provide insights into the development of powerful strategies to control cellular senescence for therapeutic benefit. Lastly, we discuss existing strategies for the induction of cancer cell senescence to improve efficacy of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Lee
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, and Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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21
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Chen J, Yu Y, Gao J, Yang S. UDP-glucose Dehydrogenase: The First-step Oxidation Is an NAD +-dependent Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction (S N2). Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:341-350. [PMID: 30745825 PMCID: PMC6367545 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid by NAD+-dependent two-fold oxidation. Despite extensive investigation into the catalytic mechanism of UGDH, the previously proposed mechanisms regarding the first-step oxidation are somewhat controversial and inconsistent with some biochemical evidence, which instead supports a mechanism involving an NAD+-dependent bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction. To verify this speculation, the essential Cys residue of Streptococcus zooepidemicus UGDH (SzUGDH) was changed to an Ala residue, and the resulting Cys260Ala mutant and SzUGDH were then co-expressed in vivo via a single-crossover homologous recombination method. Contrary to the previously proposed mechanisms, which predict the formation of the capsular polysaccharide hyaluronan, the resulting strain instead produced an amide derivative of hyaluronan, as validated via proteinase K digestion, ninhydrin reaction, FT-IR and NMR. This result is compatible with the NAD+-dependent SN2 mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, China, 210094
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, China, 210094
| | - Jiaojiao Gao
- School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, China, 210094
| | - Shulin Yang
- School of Environmental & Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, China, 210094
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22
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Jung SH, Hwang HJ, Kang D, Park HA, Lee HC, Jeong D, Lee K, Park HJ, Ko YG, Lee JS. mTOR kinase leads to PTEN-loss-induced cellular senescence by phosphorylating p53. Oncogene 2018; 38:1639-1650. [PMID: 30337688 PMCID: PMC6755978 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of PTEN, the major negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway induces a cellular senescence as a failsafe mechanism to defend against tumorigenesis, which is called PTEN-loss-induced cellular senescence (PICS). Although many studies have indicated that the mTOR pathway plays a critical role in cellular senescence, the exact functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in PICS are not well understood. In this study, we show that mTOR acts as a critical relay molecule downstream of PI3K/AKT and upstream of p53 in PICS. We found that PTEN depletion induces cellular senescence via p53-p21 signaling without triggering DNA damage response. mTOR kinase, a major component of mTORC1 and mTORC2, directly binds p53 and phosphorylates it at serine 15. mTORC1 and mTORC2 compete with MDM2 and increase the stability of p53 to induce cellular senescence via accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21. In embryonic fibroblasts of PTEN-knockout mice, PTEN deficiency also induces mTORC1 and mTORC2 to bind to p53 instead of MDM2, leading to cellular senescence. These results collectively demonstrate for the first time that mTOR plays a critical role in switching cells from proliferation signaling to senescence signaling via a direct link between the growth-promoting activity of AKT and the growth-suppressing activity of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hyun A Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Daecheol Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea. .,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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23
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Zhang Y, Zou X, Qian W, Weng X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang S, Cao X, Ma L, Wei G, Wu Y, Hou Z. Enhanced PAPSS2/VCAN sulfation axis is essential for Snail-mediated breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:565-579. [PMID: 29955124 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger protein Snail is a master regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a strong inducer of tumor metastasis, yet the signal cascades triggered by Snail have not been completely revealed. Here, we report the discovery of the sulfation program that can be induced by Snail in breast cancer cells, and which plays an essential role in cell migration and metastasis. Specifically, Snail induces the expression of PAPSS2, a gene that encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in sulfation pathway, and VCAN, a gene that encodes the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Versican in multiple breast cancer cells. Depletion of PAPSS2 in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells results in reduced cell migration, while overexpression of PAPSS2 promotes cell migration. Moreover, MDA-MB-231-shPAPSS2 cells display a significantly lower rate of lung metastasis and lower number of micrometastatic nodules in nude mice, and conversely, MDA-MB-231-PAPSS2 cells increase lung metastasis. Similarly, depletion of VCAN dampens the cell migration activity induced by Snail or PAPSS2 in MCF 10A cells. Moreover, PAPSS inhibitor sodium chlorate effectively decreases cell migration induced by Snail and PAPSS2. More importantly, the expression of Snail, PAPSS2, and VCAN is positively correlated in breast cancer tissues. Together, these findings are important for understanding the genetic programs that control tumor metastasis and may identify previously undetected therapeutic targets to treat metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhang
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqun Zou
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Qian
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Weng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Disease, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Disease, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Hongqiao Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cellular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Jung SH, Lee M, Park HA, Lee HC, Kang D, Hwang HJ, Park C, Yu DM, Jung YR, Hong MN, Kim YN, Park HJ, Ko YG, Lee JS. Integrin α6β4-Src-AKT signaling induces cellular senescence by counteracting apoptosis in irradiated tumor cells and tissues. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:245-259. [PMID: 29786073 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence refers to an irreversible growth arrest that is triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Many recent studies have demonstrated that cellular senescence plays a crucial role in the regression of tumors exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that the activation of integrin β4 is essential for IR-induced cellular senescence. IR treatment results in the phosphorylation of integrin β4 at tyrosine residue 1510, leading to activation of the integrin α6β4-Src-AKT signaling pathway. We further reveal that the IR-induced phosphorylation of integrin β4 is regulated by the cholesterol content and membrane fluidity. We also find that IR-induced p53-caspase signaling is independent of integrin α6β4-Src-AKT signaling. Finally, we show that siRNA- or inhibitor-mediated blockade of integrin α6β4-Src-AKT signaling switches the post-irradiation fate from senescence to apoptosis, under p53 activated condition, in both cancer cells and tumor tissues of xenograft mice. On the basis of our finding that, integrin α6β4 is specifically activated and acts primarily to induce premature senescence in irradiated cancer cells, we propose that this integrin may be a valuable target and biomarker for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun A Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Yu
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Ri Jung
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Hong
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea. .,Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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25
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Leung AWY, Backstrom I, Bally MB. Sulfonation, an underexploited area: from skeletal development to infectious diseases and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55811-55827. [PMID: 27322429 PMCID: PMC5342455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. Sulfonation is ubiquitous in all tissues and widespread in nature (plants, animals, and microorganisms). Although sulfoconjugates were discovered over a century ago when, in 1875, Baumann isolated phenyl sulfate in the urine of a patient given phenol as an antiseptic, the significance of sulfonation and its roles in human diseases have been underappreciated until recent years. Here, we provide a current overview of the significance of sulfonation reactions in a variety of biological functions and medical conditions (with emphasis on cancer). We also discuss research areas that warrant further attention if we are to fully understand how deficiencies in sulfonation could impact human health which, in turn, could help define treatments to effect improvements in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Nagarajan A, Malvi P, Wajapeyee N. Heparan Sulfate and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 30197623 PMCID: PMC6118229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) are complex unbranched carbohydrate chains that are heavily modified by sulfate and exist either conjugated to proteins or as free, unconjugated chains. Proteins with covalently bound Heparan sulfate chains are termed Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs). Both HS and HSPGs bind to various growth factors and act as co-receptors for different cell surface receptors. They also modulate the dynamics and kinetics of various ligand-receptor interactions, which in turn can influence the duration and potency of the signaling. HS and HSPGs have also been shown to exert a structural role as a component of the extracellular matrix, thereby altering processes such as cell adhesion, immune cell infiltration and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that HS are deregulated in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies and regulate key aspects of cancer initiation and progression. HS deregulation in cancer can occur as a result of changes in the level of HSPGs or due to changes in the levels of HS biosynthesis and remodeling enzymes. Here, we describe the major cell-autonomous (proliferation, apoptosis/senescence and differentiation) and cell-non-autonomous (angiogenesis, immune evasion, and matrix remodeling) roles of HS and HSPGs in cancer. Finally, we discuss therapeutic opportunities for targeting deregulated HS biosynthesis and HSPGs as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvindhan Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Narendra Wajapeyee
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27
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Abstract
The eye lens grows by systematic proliferation of its epithelial cells and their differentiation into fibre cells. The anterior aqueous humour regulates lens epithelial cell proliferation whereas posteriorly, the vitreous stimulates lens fibre differentiation. Vitreous-derived members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family induce fibre differentiation, with added support for FGFs as putative regulators of aqueous-induced lens cell proliferation. To further characterize this, given FGFs' known affinity for proteoglycans, we compared the effect of proteoglycan sulphation in growth factor- and aqueous-induced lens cell proliferation. Disruption of proteoglycan sulphation in lens cells specifically impacted on aqueous- and FGF-induced MAPK/ERK1/2-signalling, but not on that induced by other mitogens such as PDGF; however, cell proliferation was reduced in all treatment groups, regardless of the mitogen. Overall, by disrupting proteoglycan activity, we further highlight the significant role of FGFs in aqueous-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation leading to lens cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Iyengar
- a Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- a Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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28
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Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 is involved in cell cycle progression via regulation of PKCζ-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2793. [PMID: 28518146 PMCID: PMC5584527 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) is a major isoform of the ACOT family that catalyzes hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and CoA-SH. However, canonical and non-canonical functions of ACOT7 remain to be discovered. In this study, for the first time, ACOT7 was shown to be responsive to genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR) and the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin in time- and dose-dependent manners. ACOT7 knockdown induced cytostasis via activation of the p53-p21 signaling pathway without a DNA damage response. PKCζ was specifically involved in ACOT7 depletion-mediated cell cycle arrest as an upstream molecule of the p53-p21 signaling pathway in MCF7 human breast carcinoma and A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Of the other members of the ACOT family, including ACOT1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13 that were expressed in human, ACOT4, 8, and 12 were responsive to genotoxic stresses. However, none of those had a role in cytostasis via activation of the PKCζ-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Analysis of the ACOT7 prognostic value revealed that low ACOT7 levels prolonged overall survival periods in breast and lung cancer patients. Furthermore, ACOT7 mRNA levels were higher in lung cancer patient tissues compared to normal tissues. We also observed a synergistic effect of ACOT7 depletion in combination with either IR or doxorubicin on cell proliferation in breast and lung cancer cells. Together, our data suggest that a low level of ACOT7 may be involved, at least in part, in the prevention of human breast and lung cancer development via regulation of cell cycle progression.
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29
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Tesauro M, Mauriello A, Rovella V, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Cardillo C, Melino G, Di Daniele N. Arterial ageing: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular calcification. J Intern Med 2017; 281:471-482. [PMID: 28345303 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex structural and functional changes occur in the arterial system with advancing age. The aged artery is characterized by changes in microRNA expression patterns, autophagy, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and arterial calcification with progressively increased mechanical vessel rigidity and stiffness. With age the vascular smooth muscle cells modify their phenotype from contractile to 'synthetic' determining the development of intimal thickening as early as the second decade of life as an adaptive response to forces acting on the arterial wall. The increased permeability observed in intimal thickening could represent the substrate on which low-level atherosclerotic stimuli can promote the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. In elderly patients the atherosclerotic plaques tend to be larger with increased vascular stenosis. In these plaques there is a progressive accumulation of both lipids and collagen and a decrease of inflammation. Similarly the plaques from elderly patients show more calcification as compared with those from younger patients. The coronary artery calcium score is a well-established marker of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The presence of diffuse calcification in a severely stenotic segment probably induces changes in mechanical properties and shear stress of the arterial wall favouring the rupture of a vulnerable lesion in a less stenotic adjacent segment. Oxidative stress and inflammation appear to be the two primary pathological mechanisms of ageing-related endothelial dysfunction even in the absence of clinical disease. Arterial ageing is no longer considered an inexorable process. Only a better understanding of the link between ageing and vascular dysfunction can lead to significant advances in both preventative and therapeutic treatments with the aim that in the future vascular ageing may be halted or even reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - A Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - V Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - C Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - N Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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30
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Woo HJ, Yu C, Kumar K, Reifman J. Large-scale interaction effects reveal missing heritability in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1089. [PMID: 28398343 PMCID: PMC5416702 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility factors behind psychiatric disorders typically contribute small effects individually. A possible explanation for the missing heritability is that the effects of common variants are not only polygenic but also non-additive, appearing only when interactions within large groups are taken into account. Here, we tested this hypothesis for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) disease risks, and identified genetic factors shared with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). When considered independently, few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached genome-wide significance. In contrast, when SNPs were selected in groups (containing up to thousands each) and the collective effects of all interactions were estimated, the association strength for SZ/BP rose dramatically with a combined sample size of 7187 cases and 8309 controls. We identified a large number of genes and pathways whose association was significant only when interaction effects were included. The gene with highest association was CSMD1, which encodes a negative regulator of complement activation. Pathways for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis exhibited strong association in multiple contexts. Taken together, highly associated pathways suggested a pathogenesis mechanism where maternal immune activation causes disruption of neurogenesis (compounded by impaired cell cycle, DNA repair and neuronal migration) and deficits in cortical interneurons, leading to symptoms triggered by synaptic pruning. Increased risks arise from GAG deficiencies causing complement activation and excessive microglial action. Analysis of PTSD data sets suggested an etiology common to SZ/BP: interneuron deficiency can also lead to impaired control of fear responses triggered by trauma. We additionally found PTSD risk factors affecting synaptic plasticity and fatty acid signaling, consistent with the fear extinction model. Our results suggest that much of the missing heritability of psychiatric disorders resides in non-additive interaction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Woo
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA,Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA. E-mail: or
| | - C Yu
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - K Kumar
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - J Reifman
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA,Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA. E-mail: or
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31
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Oliveira-Ferrer L, Legler K, Milde-Langosch K. Role of protein glycosylation in cancer metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:141-152. [PMID: 28315783 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although altered glycosylation has been detected in human cancer cells decades ago, only investigations in the last years have enormously increased our knowledge about the details of protein glycosylation and its role in tumour progression. Many proteins, which are heavily glycosylated, i.e. adhesion proteins or proteases, play an important role in cancer metastasis that represents the crucial and frequently life-threatening step in progression of most tumour types. Compared to normal tissue, tumour cells often show altered glycosylation patters with appearance of new tumour-specific antigens. In this review, we give an overview about the role of glycosylation in tumour metastasis, describing recent results about O-glycans, N-glycans and glycosaminoglycans. We show that glycan structures, glycosylated proteins and glycosylation enzymes have influence on different steps of the metastatic process, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion/intravasation and extravasation of tumour cells. Regarding the important role of cancer metastasis for patients survival, further knowledge about the consequences of altered glycosylation patterns in tumour cells is needed which might eventually lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Legler
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karin Milde-Langosch
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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