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Francis N, Braun M, Neagle S, Peiffer S, Bohn A, Rosenthal A, Olbrich T, Lollies S, Ilsmann K, Hauck C, Gerstmayer B, Weber S, Kirkpatrick A. Development of an automated manufacturing process for large-scale production of autologous T cell therapies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101114. [PMID: 37790245 PMCID: PMC10544074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineered T cell therapies have shown significant clinical success. However, current manufacturing capabilities present a challenge in bringing these therapies to patients. Furthermore, the cost of development and manufacturing is still extremely high due to complexity of the manufacturing process. Increased automation can improve quality and reproducibility while reducing costs through minimizing hands-on operator time, allowing parallel manufacture of multiple products, and reducing the complexity of technology transfer. In this article, we describe the results of a strategic alliance between GSK and Miltenyi Biotec to develop a closed, automated manufacturing process using the CliniMACS Prodigy for autologous T cell therapy products that can deliver a high number of cells suitable for treating solid tumor indications and compatible with cryopreserved apheresis and drug product. We demonstrate the ability of the T cell Transduction - Large Scale process to deliver a significantly higher cell number than the existing process, achieving 1.5 × 1010 cells after 12 days of expansion, without affecting other product attributes. We demonstrate successful technology transfer of this robust process into three manufacturing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Francis
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marion Braun
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sarah Neagle
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Peiffer
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohn
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Rosenthal
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Tanita Olbrich
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sophia Lollies
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Keijo Ilsmann
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Carola Hauck
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gerstmayer
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Silvio Weber
- Cellular Therapy, Industrial Workflow Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Aileen Kirkpatrick
- Cell & Gene Therapy, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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2
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Erdmann-Pham DD, Batra SS, Turkalo TK, Durbin J, Blanchette M, Yeh I, Shain H, Bastian BC, Song YS, Rokhsar DS, Hockemeyer D. Tracing cancer evolution and heterogeneity using Hi-C. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7111. [PMID: 37932252 PMCID: PMC10628133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements can initiate and drive cancer progression, yet it has been challenging to evaluate their impact, especially in genetically heterogeneous solid cancers. To address this problem we developed HiDENSEC, a new computational framework for analyzing chromatin conformation capture in heterogeneous samples that can infer somatic copy number alterations, characterize large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, and estimate cancer cell fractions. After validating HiDENSEC with in silico and in vitro controls, we used it to characterize chromosome-scale evolution during melanoma progression in formalin-fixed tumor samples from three patients. The resulting comprehensive annotation of the genomic events includes copy number neutral translocations that disrupt tumor suppressor genes such as NF1, whole chromosome arm exchanges that result in loss of CDKN2A, and whole-arm copy-number neutral loss of homozygosity involving PTEN. These findings show that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements occur throughout cancer evolution and that characterizing these events yields insights into drivers of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Daniel Erdmann-Pham
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sanjit Singh Batra
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Timothy K Turkalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James Durbin
- Dovetail Genomics, Enterprise Way, Scotts Valley, CA, 95066, USA
| | - Marco Blanchette
- Dovetail Genomics, Enterprise Way, Scotts Valley, CA, 95066, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Dermatology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yun S Song
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Okinawa Institute for Science and Technology, Tancha, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Salavati H, Pullens P, Ceelen W, Debbaut C. Drug transport modeling in solid tumors: A computational exploration of spatial heterogeneity of biophysical properties. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107190. [PMID: 37392620 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate uptake of therapeutic agents by tumor cells is still a major barrier in clinical cancer therapy. Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool to describe and investigate the transport phenomena involved. However, current models for interstitial flow and drug delivery in solid tumors have not yet embedded the existing heterogeneity of tumor biomechanical properties. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel and more realistic methodology for computational models of solid tumor perfusion and drug delivery accounting for these regional heterogeneities as well as lymphatic drainage effects. Several tumor geometries were studied using an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approach of intratumor interstitial fluid flow and drug transport. Hereby, the following novelties were implemented: (i) the heterogeneity of tumor-specific hydraulic conductivity and capillary permeability; (ii) the effect of lymphatic drainage on interstitial fluid flow and drug penetration. Tumor size and shape both have a crucial role on the interstitial fluid flow regime as well as drug transport illustrating a direct correlation with interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and an inverse correlation with drug penetration, except for large tumors having a diameter larger than 50 mm. The results also suggest that the interstitial fluid flow and drug penetration in small tumors depend on tumor shape. A parameter study on the necrotic core size illustrated that the core effect (i.e. fluid flow and drug penetration alteration) was only profound in small tumors. Interestingly, the impact of a necrotic core on drug penetration differs depending on the tumor shape from having no effect in ideally spherical tumors to a clear effect in elliptical tumors with a necrotic core. A realistic presence of lymphatic vessels only slightly affected tumor perfusion, having no substantial effect on drug delivery. In conclusion, our findings illustrated that our novel parametric CFD modeling strategy in combination with accurate profiling of heterogeneous tumor biophysical properties can provide a powerful tool for better insights into tumor perfusion and drug transport, enabling effective therapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Salavati
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; IBiTech-BioMMedA, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pim Pullens
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Institute of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (GIFMI), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; IBitech-Medisip, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Debbaut
- IBiTech-BioMMedA, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Hong Y, Walling BL, Kim HR, Serratelli WS, Lozada JR, Sailer CJ, Amitrano AM, Lim K, Mongre RK, Kim KD, Capece T, Lomakina EB, Reilly NS, Vo K, Gerber SA, Fan TC, Yu ALT, Oakes PW, Waugh RE, Jun CD, Reagan PM, Kim M. ST3GAL1 and βII-spectrin pathways control CAR T cell migration to target tumors. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1007-1019. [PMID: 37069398 PMCID: PMC10515092 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is becoming a promising treatment option for hematological malignancies. However, T cell immunotherapies have mostly failed in individuals with solid tumors. Here, with a CRISPR-Cas9 pooled library, we performed an in vivo targeted loss-of-function screen and identified ST3 β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1) as a negative regulator of the cancer-specific migration of CAR T cells. Analysis of glycosylated proteins revealed that CD18 is a major effector of ST3GAL1 in activated CD8+ T cells. ST3GAL1-mediated glycosylation induces the spontaneous nonspecific tissue sequestration of T cells by altering lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) endocytic recycling. Engineered CAR T cells with enhanced expression of βII-spectrin, a central LFA-1-associated cytoskeleton molecule, reversed ST3GAL1-mediated nonspecific T cell migration and reduced tumor growth in mice by improving tumor-specific homing of CAR T cells. These findings identify the ST3GAL1-βII-spectrin axis as a major cell-intrinsic program for cancer-targeting CAR T cell migration and as a promising strategy for effective T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsun Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brandon L Walling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William S Serratelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John R Lozada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Cooper J Sailer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Amitrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Raj Kumar Mongre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kyun-Do Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tara Capece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elena B Lomakina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas S Reilly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Vo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tan-Chi Fan
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Alice Lin-Tsing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology Oncology, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard E Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Patrick M Reagan
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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5
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Naik A, Leask A. Tumor-Associated Fibrosis Impairs the Response to Immunotherapy. Matrix Biol 2023; 119:125-140. [PMID: 37080324 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, impaired responses to immunotherapy in cancer had been attributed mainly to inherent tumor characteristics (tumor cell intrinsic factors) such as low immunogenicity, (low) mutational burden, weak host immune system, etc. However, mapping the responses of immunotherapeutic regimes in clinical trials for different types of cancer has pointed towards an obvious commonality - that tumors with a rich fibrotic stroma respond poorly or not at all. This has prompted a harder look on tumor cell extrinsic factors such as the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), and specifically, the fibrotic stroma as a potential enabler of immunotherapy failure. Indeed, the role of cancer-associated fibrosis in impeding efficacy of immunotherapy is now well-established. In fact, recent studies reveal a complex interconnection between fibrosis and treatment efficacy. Accordingly, in this review we provide a general overview of what a tumor associated fibrotic reaction is and how it interacts with the members of immune system that are frequently seen to be modulated in a failed immunotherapeutic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angha Naik
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Dentistry, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Dentistry, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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6
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SSTR2 as an anatomical imaging marker and a safety switch to monitor and manage CAR T cell toxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20932. [PMID: 36463361 PMCID: PMC9719480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image adoptively transferred T cells in the body and to eliminate them to avoid toxicity will be vital for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, particularly against solid tumors with higher risk of off-tumor toxicity. Previously, we have demonstrated the utility of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) for CAR T cell imaging, illustrating the expansion and contraction of CAR T cells in tumor as well as off-tumor expansion. Using intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-specific CAR T cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-12 as a model, herein we examined the potential of SSTR2 as a safety switch when combined with the SSTR2-specific maytansine-octreotate conjugate PEN-221. Constitutive secretion of IL-12 led to continuous expansion of CAR T cells after rapid elimination of tumors, causing systemic toxicity in mice with intact MHC expression. Treatment with PEN-221 rapidly reduced the abundance of CAR T cells, decreasing the severity of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and prolonged survival. Our study supports the development of SSTR2 as a single genetic marker for CAR T cells that is readily applicable to humans both for anatomical detection of T cell distribution and an image-guided safety switch for rapid elimination of CAR T cells.
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7
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Arabi F, Mansouri V, Ahmadbeigi N. Gene therapy clinical trials, where do we go? An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113324. [PMID: 35779421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many ups and downs since the introduction of gene therapy as a therapeutic modality for diseases. However, the journey of gene therapy has reached a fundamental milestone, as evidenced by the increasing number of gene therapy products on the market. Looking at the currently approved and under-approval products, as well as the numerous clinical trials in this field, gene therapy has a promising future. Trend of changes in gene therapy strategies, vectors, and targets could be insightful for pharmaceutical companies, policymakers, and researchers. In this paper, following a brief history of gene therapy, we reviewed current gene therapy products as well as gene therapies that may be approved in the near future. We also looked at ten-year changes in gene therapy clinical trials strategies, such as the use of vectors, target cells, transferred genes, and ex-vivo/in-vivo methods, as well as the major fields that gene therapy has entered. Although gene therapy was initially used to treat genetic diseases, cancer now has the greatest number of gene therapy clinical trials. Changes in gene therapy strategies, particularly in pioneering countries in this field, may point to the direction of future clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Arabi
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | - Naser Ahmadbeigi
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran.
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8
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Simsek H, Klotzsch E. The solid tumor microenvironment-Breaking the barrier for T cells: How the solid tumor microenvironment influences T cells: How the solid tumor microenvironment influences T cells. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100285. [PMID: 35393714 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in the behavior and development of solid tumors as well as shaping the immune response against them. As the tumor cells proliferate, the space they occupy and their physical interactions with the surrounding tissue increases. The growing tumor tissue becomes a complex dynamic structure, containing connective tissue, vascular structures, and extracellular matrix (ECM) that facilitates stimulation, oxygenation, and nutrition, necessary for its fast growth. Mechanical cues such as stiffness, solid stress, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), matrix density, and microarchitecture influence cellular functions and ultimately tumor progression and metastasis. In this fight, our body is equipped with T cells as its spearhead against tumors. However, the altered biochemical and mechanical environment of the tumor niche affects T cell efficacy and leads to their exhaustion. Understanding the mechanobiological properties of the TME and their effects on T cells is key for developing novel adoptive tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Simsek
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Michaux A, Mauën S, Breman E, Dheur MS, Twyffels L, Saerens L, Jacques-Hespel C, Gauthy E, Agaugué S, Gilham DE, Sotiropoulou PA. Clinical Grade Manufacture of CYAD-101, a NKG2D-based, First in Class, Non-Gene-edited Allogeneic CAR T-Cell Therapy. J Immunother 2022; 45:150-161. [PMID: 35191428 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T holds the promise of taking this therapeutic approach to broader patient populations while avoiding the intensive manufacturing demands of autologous cell products. One limitation to delivering an allogeneic CAR T is T-cell receptor (TCR) driven toxicity. In this work, the expression of a peptide to interfere with TCR signaling was assessed for the generation of allogeneic CAR T cells. The expression of a truncated CD3ζ peptide was shown to incorporate into the TCR complex and to result in blunted TCR responses. When coexpressed with a natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) CAR, the allogeneic T cells (called CYAD-101) failed to induce graft-versus-host disease in mouse models while maintaining antitumor activity driven by the CAR in vitro and in vivo. Two clinical grade discrete batches of CYAD-101 cells were produced of single donor apheresis resulting in 48 billion CAR T cells sufficient for the entire dose-escalation phase of the proposed clinical trial. The 2 batches showed high consistency producing a predominantly CD4+ T-cell population that displayed an effector/central memory phenotype with no evidence of exhaustion markers expression. These clinical grade CYAD-101 cells secreted cytokines and chemokines in response to ligands expressing target cells in vitro, demonstrating effector function through the CAR. Moreover, CYAD-101 cells failed to respond to TCR stimulation, indicating a lack of allogeneic potential. This bank of clinical grade, non-gene-edited, allogeneic CYAD-101 cells are used in the alloSHRINK clinical trial (NCT03692429).
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10
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Wong KU, Shi J, Li P, Wang H, Jia Y, Deng C, Jang L, Wong AHH. Assessment of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cytotoxicity by droplet microfluidics in vitro. Antib Ther 2022; 5:85-99. [PMID: 35441124 PMCID: PMC9014740 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are cytotoxic T cells engineered to specifically kill cancer cells expressing specific target receptor(s). Prior CAR-T efficacy tests include CAR expression analysis by qPCR or ELISA, in vitro measurement of interferon-γ (IFNγ) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), and xenograft models. However, the in vitro measurements did not reflect CAR-T cytotoxicity, whereas xenograft models are low throughput and costly. Here, we presented a robust in vitro droplet microfluidic assay for CAR-T cytotoxicity assessment. This method not only enabled assessment of CAR-T cytotoxic activity under different fluid viscosity conditions, but also facilitated measurement of CAR-T expansion and dissection of mechanism of action via phenotype analysis in vitro. Furthermore, our data suggested that label-free cytotoxicity analysis is feasible by acquiring data before and after treatment. Hence, this study presented a novel in vitro method for assessment of cellular cytotoxicity that could potentially be applied to any cytotoxicity experiment with varying solvent composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Un Wong
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
| | - Lianmei Jang
- ARC Excellence Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ada Hang-Heng Wong
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau S.A.R., China
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11
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Long C, Li G, Zhang C, Jiang T, Li Y, Duan X, Zhong G. B7-H3 as a Target for CAR-T Cell Therapy in Skull Base Chordoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659662. [PMID: 34868903 PMCID: PMC8634710 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective chordomas are rare bone tumors with few therapeutic options. Skull base and sacrum are the two most common origin sites. Immunotherapies are emerging as the most promising approaches to fight various cancers. This study tends to identify new cell surface targets for immunotherapeutic options of skull base chordomas. Methods we profiled 45 skull base chordoma clinical samples by immunohistochemistry for the expression of six CAR-Targets (PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA, HER2 and HER3). In addition, we generated B7-H3 targeted CAR-T-cells and evaluated their antitumor activities in vitro. Results We found that B7-H3 was positively stained in 7 out of 45 (16%) chordoma samples and established an expression hierarchy for these antigens (B7-H3 > HER3 > PD-L1 > HER2 = VISTA = B7-H4). We then generated a B7-H3 targeted CAR vector and demonstrated that B7-H3-CAR-T-cells recognized antigen positive cells and exhibited significant antitumor effects, including suppression of tumor spheroid formation, CAR-T-cell activation and cytokine secretion. Conclusions Our results support B7-H3 might serve as a promising target for CAR-T-cell therapies against chordomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengyun Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Orthopedics Department, Xiandai Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Orthopedics Department, Fukang Hospital of Tibet, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Duan
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Zhong
- Orthopedics Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Cytolytic Activity of CAR T Cells and Maintenance of Their CD4+ Subset Is Critical for Optimal Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Solid Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174301. [PMID: 34503109 PMCID: PMC8428348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adoptively transferred T cells expressing recombinant chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells) have been approved for the therapy of hematological malignancies of the B cell lineage. However, CAR T cell therapy for patients with solid tumors so far has shown limited benefits. Correlative clinical studies of patients with hematological malignancies have suggested that less differentiated CAR T cells have improved anti-leukemic activity. We have therefore investigated the role of differentiation on the anti-tumor activity of CAR T cells targeting the solid tumor antigen HER2 in preclinical models. We utilized different activation/expansion protocols, and explored whether different co-stimulatory domains in the CAR construct influence the short- and long-term efficacy of HER2-CAR T cells. We demonstrate that the CAR T cell product with the highest proportion of effector cells and maintaining a good balance of CD4+/CD8+ cells is the most effective against solid tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Abstract Correlative clinical studies of hematological malignancies have implicated that less differentiated, CD8+-dominant CAR T cell products have greater antitumor activity. Here, we have investigated whether the differentiation status of CAR T cell products affects their antitumor activity in preclinical models of solid tumors. We explored if different activation/expansion protocols, as well as different co-stimulatory domains in the CAR construct, influence the short- and long-term efficacy of CAR T cells against HER2-positive tumors. We generated T cell products that range from the most differentiated (CD28.z; OKT3-antiCD28/RPMI expansion) to the least differentiated (41BB.z; OKT3-RetroNectin/LymphoONE expansion), as judged by cell surface expression of the differentiation markers CCR7 and CD45RA. While the effect of differentiation status was variable with regard to antigen-specific cytokine production, the most differentiated CD28.z CAR T cell products, which were enriched in effector memory T cells, had the greatest target-specific cytolytic activity in vitro. These products also had a greater proliferative capacity and maintained CD4+ T cells upon repeated stimulation in vitro. In vivo, differentiated CD28.z CAR T cells also had the greatest antitumor activity, resulting in complete response. Our results highlight that it is critical to optimize CAR T cell production and that optimal product characteristics might depend on the targeted antigen and/or cancer.
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13
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Tombácz I, Laczkó D, Shahnawaz H, Muramatsu H, Natesan A, Yadegari A, Papp TE, Alameh MG, Shuvaev V, Mui BL, Tam YK, Muzykantov V, Pardi N, Weissman D, Parhiz H. Highly efficient CD4+ T cell targeting and genetic recombination using engineered CD4+ cell-homing mRNA-LNP. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3293-3304. [PMID: 34091054 PMCID: PMC8571164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA)-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the basis for the first two EUA (Emergency Use Authorization) COVID-19 vaccines. The use of nucleoside-modified mRNA as a pharmacological agent opens immense opportunities for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic molecular interventions. In particular, mRNA-based drugs may specifically modulate immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, for immunotherapy of oncologic, infectious and other conditions. The key challenge, however, is that T cells are notoriously resistant to transfection by exogenous mRNA. Here, we report that conjugating CD4 antibody to LNPs enables specific targeting and mRNA interventions to CD4+ cells, including T cells. After systemic injection in mice, CD4-targeted radiolabeled mRNA-LNPs accumulated in spleen, providing ∼30-fold higher signal of reporter mRNA in T cells isolated from spleen as compared with non-targeted mRNA-LNPs. Intravenous injection of CD4-targeted LNPs loaded with Cre recombinase-encoding mRNA provided specific dose-dependent loxP-mediated genetic recombination, resulting in reporter gene expression in about 60% and 40% of CD4+ T cells in spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. T cell phenotyping showed uniform transfection of T cell subpopulations, with no variability in uptake of CD4-targeted mRNA-LNPs in naive, central memory, and effector cells. The specific and efficient targeting and transfection of mRNA to T cells established in this study provides a platform technology for immunotherapy of devastating conditions and HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Tombácz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamna Shahnawaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ambika Natesan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amir Yadegari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler E Papp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Chang HW, Frey G, Liu H, Xing C, Steinman L, Boyle WJ, Short JM. Generating tumor-selective conditionally active biologic anti-CTLA4 antibodies via protein-associated chemical switches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020606118. [PMID: 33627407 PMCID: PMC7936328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020606118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) antibodies have shown potent antitumor activity, but systemic immune activation leads to severe immune-related adverse events, limiting clinical usage. We developed novel, conditionally active biologic (CAB) anti-CTLA4 antibodies that are active only in the acidic tumor microenvironment. In healthy tissue, this binding is reversibly inhibited by a novel mechanism using physiological chemicals as protein-associated chemical switches (PaCS). No enzymes or potentially immunogenic covalent modifications to the antibody are required for activation in the tumor. The novel anti-CTLA4 antibodies show similar efficacy in animal models compared to an analog of a marketed anti-CTLA4 biologic, but have markedly reduced toxicity in nonhuman primates (in combination with an anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor), indicating a widened therapeutic index (TI). The PaCS encompass mechanisms that are applicable to a wide array of antibody formats (e.g., ADC, bispecifics) and antigens. Examples shown here include antibodies to EpCAM, Her2, Nectin4, CD73, and CD3. Existing antibodies can be engineered readily to be made sensitive to PaCS, and the inhibitory activity can be optimized for each antigen's varying expression level and tissue distribution. PaCS can modulate diverse physiological molecular interactions and are applicable to various pathologic conditions, enabling differential CAB antibody activities in normal versus disease microenvironments.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- Bicarbonates/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/antagonists & inhibitors
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/genetics
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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15
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Mukhatayev Z, Dellacecca ER, Cosgrove C, Shivde R, Jaishankar D, Pontarolo-Maag K, Eby JM, Henning SW, Ostapchuk YO, Cedercreutz K, Issanov A, Mehrotra S, Overbeck A, Junghans RP, Leventhal JR, Le Poole IC. Antigen Specificity Enhances Disease Control by Tregs in Vitiligo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581433. [PMID: 33335528 PMCID: PMC7736409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by melanocyte destruction. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are greatly reduced in vitiligo skin, and replenishing peripheral skin Tregs can provide protection against depigmentation. Ganglioside D3 (GD3) is overexpressed by perilesional epidermal cells, including melanocytes, which prompted us to generate GD3-reactive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs to treat vitiligo. Mice received either untransduced Tregs or GD3-specific Tregs to test the hypothesis that antigen specificity contributes to reduced autoimmune reactivity in vitro and in vivo. CAR Tregs displayed increased IL-10 secretion in response to antigen, provided superior control of cytotoxicity towards melanocytes, and supported a significant delay in depigmentation compared to untransduced Tregs and vehicle control recipients in a TCR transgenic mouse model of spontaneous vitiligo. The latter findings were associated with a greater abundance of Tregs and melanocytes in treated mice versus both control groups. Our data support the concept that antigen-specific Tregs can be prepared, used, and stored for long-term control of progressive depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhussipbek Mukhatayev
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Laboratory of Molecular immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin's Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Emilia R Dellacecca
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rohan Shivde
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Jonathan M Eby
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Steven W Henning
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Yekaterina O Ostapchuk
- Laboratory of Molecular immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin's Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kettil Cedercreutz
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alpamys Issanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Andreas Overbeck
- Department for Surgery of Pigment Disorders, Lumiderm, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard P Junghans
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University, Boston MA, United States
| | - Joseph R Leventhal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - I Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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Balkhi MY. Receptor signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic regulation of T cell exhaustion. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1747349. [PMID: 32363117 PMCID: PMC7185212 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1747349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion cripples T cell effector responses against metastatic cancers and chronic infections alike. There has been considerable interest in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving T cell exhaustion in human cancers fueled by the success of immunotherapy drugs especially the checkpoint receptor blockade (CRB) inhibitory antibodies that reverses T cell functional exhaustion. The current understanding of molecular mechanism of T cell exhaustion has been elucidated from the studies utilizing murine models of chronic viral infections. These studies have formed the basis for much of our understanding of the process of exhaustion and proven vital to developing anti-exhaustion therapies against human cancers. In this review, we discuss the T cell exhaustion differentiation pathway in cancers and chronic viral infections and explore how the transcription factors expression dynamics play role in T cell exhaustion fate choices and maturation. Finally, we summarize the role of some of the most important transcription factors involved in T cell functional exhaustion and construct exhaustion specific signaling pathway maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Y Balkhi
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Immune Therapy Bio, Nest.Bio Labs, Vassar St. Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Manufacturing and preclinical validation of CAR T cells targeting ICAM-1 for advanced thyroid cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10634. [PMID: 31337787 PMCID: PMC6650612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the majority of thyroid cancer patients are easily treatable, those with anaplastic or poorly differentiated recurrent thyroid carcinomas have a very poor prognosis with a median survival of less than a year. Previously, we have shown a significant correlation between ICAM-1 overexpression and malignancy in thyroid cancer, and have pioneered the use of ICAM-1 targeted CAR T cells as a novel treatment modality. For clinical translation of this novel modality, we designed CAR T cells possessing micromolar rather than nanomolar affinity to ICAM-1 to avoid cytotoxicity in normal cells with basal levels of ICAM-1 expression. Herein, we report the automated process of CAR T cell manufacturing with CliniMACS Prodigy (Miltenyi Biotec) using cryopreserved peripheral blood leukocytes from apheresis collections. Using Prodigy, thawed leukopak cells were enriched for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, subjected to double transduction using lentiviral vector, and expanded in culture for a total of 10 days with a final yield of 2–4 × 109 cells. The resulting CAR T cells were formulated for cryopreservation to be used directly for infusion into patients after thawing with no further processing. We examined cross-reactivity of CAR T cells toward both human and murine ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human and mouse tissues to demonstrate that both efficacy and on-target, off-tumor toxicity can be studied in our preclinical model. Selective anti-tumor activity in the absence of toxicity provides proof-of-concept that micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells can be used to target tumors expressing high levels of antigen while avoiding normal tissues expressing basal levels of the same antigen. These studies support the initiation of a phase I study to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells against newly diagnosed anaplastic and refractory or recurrent thyroid cancers.
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18
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Tahmasebi S, Elahi R, Esmaeilzadeh A. Solid Tumors Challenges and New Insights of CAR T Cell Engineering. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:619-636. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Blanco B, Compte M, Lykkemark S, Sanz L, Alvarez-Vallina L. T Cell-Redirecting Strategies to ‘STAb’ Tumors: Beyond CARs and Bispecific Antibodies. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:243-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Balkhi MY, Wittmann G, Xiong F, Junghans RP. YY1 Upregulates Checkpoint Receptors and Downregulates Type I Cytokines in Exhausted, Chronically Stimulated Human T Cells. iScience 2018; 2:105-122. [PMID: 30428369 PMCID: PMC6136936 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells infiltrate affected organs in chronic infections and malignancy, but they may fail to eradicate virus-infected cells or tumor because of exhaustion. This report describes a Yin Yang-1 (YY1)-centered mechanism for diverse components that have been correlated with exhaustion. Utilizing an in vitro reconstruction of chronic T cell activation, YY1 is shown to positively regulate the checkpoint receptors PD1, Lag3, and Tim3 and to negatively regulate the type I cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) (in collaboration with Ezh2 histone methyltransferase) and interferon gamma (IFN-?). Other tests suggest that IL-2 failure drives a large component of cytotoxic functional decline rather than solely checkpoint receptor-ligand interactions that have been the focus of current anti-exhaustion therapies. Clinical evaluations confirm elevated YY1 and Ezh2 in melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and in PD1+ T cells in patients with HIV. Exhaustion is revealed to be an active process as the culmination of repetitive two-signal stimulation in a feedback loop via CD3/CD28?p38MAPK/JNK?YY1? exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Y Balkhi
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Gabor Wittmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Xiong
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Richard P Junghans
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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21
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Lin C, Zhang J. Reformation in chimeric antigen receptor based cancer immunotherapy: Redirecting natural killer cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:200-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Dalal AR, Homsy S, Balkhi MY. Third-Generation Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expression on Human T Cells Improves with Two-Signal Activation. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:845-852. [PMID: 29373929 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient derived T cells activated ex vivo with CD3/CD28 beads show superior expansion. Therefore, CD3/CD28 beads have huge potential to be used in the clinic for immunotherapy applications. Two protocols were devised to evaluate if the expression of third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can be improved on human T cells activated with CD3/CD28 beads. In protocol 1, unconcentrated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 CAR retroviral supernatants were used, and in protocol 2, concentrated virus was used. The results demonstrate that compared to unconcentrated viral supernatants, transduction with the concentrated virus improved the infection rate of bead activated CD4 T cells from ∼40% to ∼70%, and the fluorescent intensity values improved from ∼12,000 to ∼28,000 mean fluorescence intensity units. These results demonstrate the utility of these protocols for CAR immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Rubaye Dalal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Biotechnology Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sylvester Homsy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mumtaz Y Balkhi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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