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Jiang Y, Yi Z, Zheng Y, Ouyang J, Guo D, Li S, Xiao X, Wang P, Sun W, Zhang Q. The Systemic Genotype-Phenotype Characterization of PAX6-Related Eye Disease in 164 Chinese Families. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:46. [PMID: 39212610 PMCID: PMC11364179 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to evaluate the genetic and phenotypic characteristics and elucidate the genotype-phenotype correlations of a large Chinese cohort with PAX6-related disorders. Methods Variants detected with exome sequencing were filtered through multistep bioinformatic and co-segregation analyses, and validated by Sanger sequencing. The related clinical data were collected, and cluster analysis and statistical analysis of the PAX6-related phenotypes across different variant groups were carried out. Parental mosaicism was investigated using cloning analysis and Droplet digital PCR. Results A total of 119 pathogenic or likely pathogenic PAX6 variants, including 74 truncation, 31 missense, and 14 others, were identified in 228 patients from 164 unrelated families. The most common phenotypes were foveal hypoplasia (97.8%), nystagmus (92.6%), aniridia (76.7%), cataract (36.8%), and iris hypoplasia (22.4%). Mosaicism ranging from 13.9% to 18.8% was identified in 3 unrelated patients' parents with relatively mild phenotypes. Missense variants in the linker region of the paired domain were associated with high myopia, whereas truncation variants in the homeodomain and proline-serine-threonine-rich domain were associated with hyperopia. Similarly, the degree of iris defects, visual acuity, and associated ocular comorbidity varied among the different types and locations of PAX6 variants. Conclusions Our data indicate that foveal hypoplasia but not aniridia is the most common sign of PAX6-related disorders, contributing to subtle iris changes that might easily be overlooked in clinical practice. Recognition of mosaicism in atypical cases or parents with very mild phenotypes is important in genetic counseling as their offspring are at increased risk of typical aniridia. Recognition of the genotype-phenotype relationship emphasizes involvement of PAX6 regulation in shaping complex ocular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Ramakrishnan P, Kenworthy MK, Alexis JA, Thompson JA, Lamey TM, Chen FK. Non-syndromic OTX2-associated pattern dystrophy: a 10-year multimodal imaging study. Doc Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s10633-024-09983-w. [PMID: 39023660 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-024-09983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report novel multimodal imaging features and long-term follow-up of Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2)-associated pattern Gdystrophy. METHODS A 14-year-old boy referred with glaucoma suspect and macular pigmentation underwent fundus autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, visual field test, microperimetry and electrophysiology over a ten-year period. Next-generation sequencing panel identified a de novo heterozygous likely pathogenic OTX2 variant, c.259G>A, [p.(Glu87Lys)]. RESULTS Visual acuity was 20/40 OD and 20/30 OS. Examination showed bilateral enlarged optic nerve heads and increased disc cupping, multiple cilioretinal arteries, a pigmentary maculopathy with stellate-shaped region of hypoautofluorescence, shallow serous macular detachment, subretinal deposits and temporal avascular retina. Angiography showed no source of leakage and absence of retinal neovascularisation despite extensive peripheral non perfusion. Electrophysiological assessments demonstrated mild progressive rod and cone pathway abnormalities, reduced light-adapted b:a ratio, and reduced Arden ratio on electro-oculogram. Ten-year follow-up confirmed a stable disease course despite persistent submacular fluid. There was no associated pituitary structural abnormality or dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This case study contributes to further understanding of OTX2-associated pattern dystrophy, highlighting its stability over 10 years. Further investigation into inter-individual and intrafamilial variability is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew K Kenworthy
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Alexis
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Thompson
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tina M Lamey
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry and DNA Bank, Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Zhang L, Luo K, Gao J, You J, Guo J, Li M, Wei Y, Lin Y, Zhang L. Abnormal eyes and spine development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae induced by triphenyltin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173246. [PMID: 38768728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is widely used in crop pest control and ship antifouling coatings, which leads to its entry into aquatic environment and poses a threat to aquatic organisms. However, the effects of TPT on the early life stages of wild fish in natural water environments remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of TPT on the early life stages of fish under two different environments: field investigation and laboratory experiment. The occurrence of deformities in wild fish embryos and larvae in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and the developmental toxicity of TPT at different concentrations (0, 0.15, 1.5 and 15 μg Sn/L) to zebrafish embryos and larvae were observed. The results showed that TPT content was higher in wild larvae, reaching 27.21 ng Sn/g w, and the malformation of wild fish larvae mainly occurred in the eyes and spine under natural water environment. Controlled experiment exposure of zebrafish larvae to TPT also resulted in eye and spinal deformities. Gene expression analysis showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of genes related to eye development (sox2, otx2, stra6 and rx1) and spine development (sox9a and bmp2b) were significantly up-regulated in the 15 μg Sn/L exposure group, which may be the main cause of eye and spine deformity in the early development stage of fish. In addition, the molecular docking results further elucidate that the strong hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between TPT and protein residues are the main mechanism of TPT induced abnormal gene expression. Based on these results, it can be inferred that TPT is one of the teratogenic factors of abnormal eye and spine development in the early life stage of fish in the TGR. These findings have important implications for understanding the toxicity of TPT on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Kongyan Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jinsong Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Maoqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yunmei Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Saumweber E, Mzoughi S, Khadra A, Werberger A, Schumann S, Guccione E, Schmeisser MJ, Kühl SJ. Prdm15 acts upstream of Wnt4 signaling in anterior neural development of Xenopus laevis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1316048. [PMID: 38444828 PMCID: PMC10912572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1316048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PRDM15 lead to a syndromic form of holoprosencephaly (HPE) known as the Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS). While a connection between PRDM15, a zinc finger transcription factor, and WNT/PCP signaling has been established, there is a critical need to delve deeper into their contributions to early development and GAMOS pathogenesis. We used the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis as the vertebrate model organism and observed that prdm15 was enriched in the tissues and organs affected in GAMOS. Furthermore, we generated a morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated prdm15 knockdown model showing that the depletion of Prdm15 leads to abnormal eye, head, and brain development, effectively recapitulating the anterior neural features in GAMOS. An analysis of the underlying molecular basis revealed a reduced expression of key genes associated with eye, head, and brain development. Notably, this reduction could be rescued by the introduction of wnt4 RNA, particularly during the induction of the respective tissues. Mechanistically, our data demonstrate that Prdm15 acts upstream of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt4 signaling during anterior neural development. Our findings describe severe ocular and anterior neural abnormalities upon Prdm15 depletion and elucidate the role of Prdm15 in canonical and non-canonical Wnt4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestine Saumweber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Center of OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics (COGIT), Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New-York, NY, United States
| | - Arin Khadra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Werberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Center of OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics (COGIT), Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New-York, NY, United States
| | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne J. Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Benotmane MA, Trott KR. Epidemiological and experimental evidence for radiation-induced health effects in the progeny after exposure in utero. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:1264-1275. [PMID: 38079348 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2283088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been known for many decades that radiation exposure of the developing embryo or fetus may cause two fundamentally different types of severe health effects: on the one hand, radiation may interfere with the normal intrauterine development, on the other hand, radiation may induce leukemia and cancer which become manifest in childhood. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental data has recently been presented which might be used to improve our understanding of underlying mechanisms and setting radiation protection standards. Yet, ecological studies in the populations exposed to increased levels of radiation in regions contaminated by radioactivity released from reactor accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) do not provide solid evidence which would contribute to this aim. On the other hand, well designed experimental studies demonstrated the multifactorial mechanisms which lead to different health effects after radiation exposure in utero. CONCLUSION There is no convincing evidence, neither from epidemiological nor experimental data of the existence of a dose threshold for developmental defects after radiation exposure in utero. This must be taken into account in the revision of rules and regulations of radiation protection in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Ruediger Trott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Maitra P. Pediatric retinal vascular disorders: From translational sciences to clinical practice. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2023; 37:269-275. [PMID: 38155677 PMCID: PMC10752273 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_63_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric retinal vascular diseases are a spectrum with overlapping phenotypes and related genes. Retinal vascular development is biphasic. Vasculogenesis is responsible for the formation of primordial vessels leading to the four major arcades in the posterior retina. Angiogenesis, which is vascular endothelial growth factor dependent, is responsible for the formation of new vessels through budding from existing vessels, forming the peripheral vessels, increasing the capillary density of the central retina, and forming the superficial and deep capillary plexus. This process is controlled by WNT signaling, which is important for cell proliferation, division, and migration. Disorders of WNT signaling, such as familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), have overlapping clinical findings. Conversely, pathogenic variants in some of the FEVR-related genes are reported in conditions such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), persistent fetal vasculature, and Coats disease. The various overlapping features and underlying genetic basis in the pathogenesis of pediatric retinal vascular developmental diseases suggest that genetic variants may provide a framework or a background for these conditions, upon which further insults can affect the development at any phase (such as prematurity and oxygenation in ROP), influencing and determining the final phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Maitra
- Department of Vitreoretina Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jackson D, Moosajee M. The Genetic Determinants of Axial Length: From Microphthalmia to High Myopia in Childhood. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2023; 24:177-202. [PMID: 37624667 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-102722-090617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The axial length of the eye is critical for normal visual function by enabling light to precisely focus on the retina. The mean axial length of the adult human eye is 23.5 mm, but the molecular mechanisms regulating ocular axial length remain poorly understood. Underdevelopment can lead to microphthalmia (defined as a small eye with an axial length of less than 19 mm at 1 year of age or less than 21 mm in adulthood) within the first trimester of pregnancy. However, continued overgrowth can lead to axial high myopia (an enlarged eye with an axial length of 26.5 mm or more) at any age. Both conditions show high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity associated with significant visual morbidity worldwide. More than 90 genes can contribute to microphthalmia, and several hundred genes are associated with myopia, yet diagnostic yields are low. Crucially, the genetic pathways underpinning the specification of eye size are only now being discovered, with evidence suggesting that shared molecular pathways regulate under- or overgrowth of the eye. Improving our mechanistic understanding of axial length determination will help better inform us of genotype-phenotype correlations in both microphthalmia and myopia, dissect gene-environment interactions in myopia, and develop postnatal therapies that may influence overall eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jackson
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Liu H, Cheng J, Zhuang X, Qi B, Li F, Zhang B. Genomic instability and eye diseases. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:103-111. [PMID: 37846358 PMCID: PMC10577848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic information is stored in the bases of double-stranded DNA. However, the integrity of DNA molecules is constantly threatened by various mutagenic agents, including pollutants, ultraviolet light (UV), and medications. To counteract these environmental damages, cells have established multiple mechanisms, such as producing molecules to identify and eliminate damaged DNA, as well as reconstruct the original DNA structures. Failure or insufficiency of these mechanisms can cause genetic instability. However, the role of genome stability in eye diseases is still under-researched, despite extensive study in cancer biology. Main text As the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, the genetic materials of ocular cells are constantly under threat. Some of the proteins essential for DNA damage repair, such as pRb, p53, and RAD21, are also key during the ocular disease development. In this review, we discuss five ocular diseases that are associated with genomic instability. Retinoblastoma and pterygium are linked to abnormal cell cycles. Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy and age-related macular degeneration are related to the accumulation of DNA damage caused by oxidative damage and UV. The mutation of the subunit of the cohesin complex during eye development is linked to sclerocornea. Conclusions Failure of DNA damage detection or repair leads to increased genomic instability. Deciphering the role of genomic instability in ocular diseases can lead to the development of new treatments and strategies, such as protecting vulnerable cells from risk factors or intensifying damage to unwanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhuang
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Benxiang Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bining Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
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Reis LM, Chassaing N, Bardakjian T, Thompson S, Schneider A, Semina EV. ARHGAP35 is a novel factor disrupted in human developmental eye phenotypes. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:363-367. [PMID: 36450800 PMCID: PMC9995503 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ARHGAP35 has known roles in cell migration, invasion and division, neuronal morphogenesis, and gene/mRNA regulation; prior studies indicate a role in cancer in humans and in the developing eyes, neural tissue, and renal structures in mice. We identified damaging variants in ARHGAP35 in five individuals from four families affected with anophthalmia, microphthalmia, coloboma and/or anterior segment dysgenesis disorders, together with variable non-ocular phenotypes in some families including renal, neurological, or cardiac anomalies. Three variants affected the extreme C-terminus of the protein, with two resulting in a frameshift and C-terminal extension and the other a missense change in the Rho-GAP domain; the fourth (nonsense) variant affected the middle of the gene and is the only allele predicted to undergo nonsense-mediated decay. This study implicates ARHGAP35 in human developmental eye phenotypes. C-terminal clustering of the identified alleles indicates a possible common mechanism for ocular disease but requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Platerforme AURAGEN, Lyon, France
| | | | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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10
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Reis LM, Atilla H, Kannu P, Schneider A, Thompson S, Bardakjian T, Semina EV. Distinct Roles of Histone Lysine Demethylases and Methyltransferases in Developmental Eye Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:216. [PMID: 36672956 PMCID: PMC9859058 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferase and demethylase enzymes play a central role in chromatin organization and gene expression through the dynamic regulation of histone lysine methylation. Consistent with this, genes encoding for histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) are involved in complex human syndromes, termed congenital regulopathies. In this report, we present several lines of evidence for the involvement of these genes in developmental ocular phenotypes, suggesting that individuals with structural eye defects, especially when accompanied by craniofacial, neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities, should be examined for possible variants in these genes. We identified nine heterozygous damaging genetic variants in KMT2D (5) and four other histone lysine methyltransferases/demethylases (KMT2C, SETD1A/KMT2F, KDM6A and KDM5C) in unrelated families affected with developmental eye disease, such as Peters anomaly, sclerocornea, Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum, microphthalmia and coloboma. Two families were clinically diagnosed with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and two were diagnosed with Peters plus-like syndrome; others received no specific diagnosis prior to genetic testing. All nine alleles were novel and five of them occurred de novo; five variants resulted in premature truncation, three were missense changes and one was an in-frame deletion/insertion; and seven variants were categorized as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and two were variants of uncertain significance. This study expands the phenotypic spectra associated with KMT and KDM factors and highlights the importance of genetic testing for correct clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, 0600 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Peter Kannu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Adele Schneider
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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11
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Cvekl A, Camerino MJ. Generation of Lens Progenitor Cells and Lentoid Bodies from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Novel Tools for Human Lens Development and Ocular Disease Etiology. Cells 2022; 11:3516. [PMID: 36359912 PMCID: PMC9658148 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into specialized tissues and organs represents a powerful approach to gain insight into those cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating human development. Although normal embryonic eye development is a complex process, generation of ocular organoids and specific ocular tissues from pluripotent stem cells has provided invaluable insights into the formation of lineage-committed progenitor cell populations, signal transduction pathways, and self-organization principles. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in generation of adenohypophyseal, olfactory, and lens placodes, lens progenitor cells and three-dimensional (3D) primitive lenses, "lentoid bodies", and "micro-lenses". These cells are produced alone or "community-grown" with other ocular tissues. Lentoid bodies/micro-lenses generated from human patients carrying mutations in crystallin genes demonstrate proof-of-principle that these cells are suitable for mechanistic studies of cataractogenesis. Taken together, current and emerging advanced in vitro differentiation methods pave the road to understand molecular mechanisms of cataract formation caused by the entire spectrum of mutations in DNA-binding regulatory genes, such as PAX6, SOX2, FOXE3, MAF, PITX3, and HSF4, individual crystallins, and other genes such as BFSP1, BFSP2, EPHA2, GJA3, GJA8, LIM2, MIP, and TDRD7 represented in human cataract patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Cvekl
- Departments Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael John Camerino
- Departments Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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12
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Diacou R, Nandigrami P, Fiser A, Liu W, Ashery-Padan R, Cvekl A. Cell fate decisions, transcription factors and signaling during early retinal development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101093. [PMID: 35817658 PMCID: PMC9669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye field. Symmetrical separation of the eye field at the anterior neural plate is followed by two symmetrical evaginations to generate a pair of optic vesicles. Next, reciprocal invagination of the optic vesicles with surface ectoderm-derived lens placodes generates double-layered optic cups. The inner and outer layers of the optic cups develop into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), respectively. In vitro produced retinal tissues, called retinal organoids, are formed from human pluripotent stem cells, mimicking major steps of retinal differentiation in vivo. This review article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of early eye development, focusing on the formation the eye field, optic vesicles, and early optic cups. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies are integrated with classical in vivo genetic and functional studies to uncover a range of cellular mechanisms underlying early eye development. The functions of signal transduction pathways and lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors are dissected to explain cell-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cell fate determination during early eye development. The functions of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors Otx2, Pax6, Lhx2, Six3 and Six6, which are required for early eye development, are discussed in detail. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of early eye development provides insight into the molecular and cellular basis of developmental ocular anomalies, such as optic cup coloboma. Lastly, modeling human development and inherited retinal diseases using stem cell-derived retinal organoids generates opportunities to discover novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Prithviraj Nandigrami
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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13
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Functions of block of proliferation 1 during anterior development in Xenopus laevis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273507. [PMID: 36007075 PMCID: PMC9409556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Block of proliferation 1 (Bop1) is a nucleolar protein known to be necessary for the assembly of the 60S subunit of ribosomes. Here, we show a specific bop1 expression in the developing anterior tissue of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown approaches demonstrated that Bop1 is required for proper development of the cranial cartilage, brain, and the eyes. Furthermore, we show that bop1 knockdown leads to impaired retinal lamination with disorganized cell layers. Expression of neural crest-, brain-, and eye-specific marker genes was disturbed. Apoptotic and proliferative processes, which are known to be affected during ribosomal biogenesis defects, are not hindered upon bop1 knockdown. Because early Xenopus embryos contain a large store of maternal ribosomes, we considered if Bop1 might have a role independent of de novo ribosomal biogenesis. At early embryonic stages, pax6 expression was strongly reduced in bop1 morphants and synergy experiments indicate a common signaling pathway of the two molecules, Bop1 and Pax6. Our studies imply a novel function of Bop1 independent of ribosomal biogenesis.
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14
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Li J, Yang W, Wang YJ, Ma C, Curry CJ, McGoldrick D, Nickerson DA, Chong JX, Blue EE, Mullikin JC, Reefhuis J, Nembhard WN, Romitti PA, Werler MM, Browne ML, Olshan AF, Finnell RH, Feldkamp ML, Pangilinan F, Almli LM, Bamshad MJ, Brody LC, Jenkins MM, Shaw GM. Exome sequencing identifies genetic variants in anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2376-2388. [PMID: 35716026 PMCID: PMC9283271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M) are rare birth defects affecting up to 2 per 10,000 live births. These conditions are manifested by the absence of an eye or reduced eye volumes within the orbit leading to vision loss. Although clinical case series suggest a strong genetic component in A/M, few systematic investigations have been conducted on potential genetic contributions owing to low population prevalence. To overcome this challenge, we utilized DNA samples and data collected as part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). The NBDPS employed multi-center ascertainment of infants affected by A/M. We performed exome sequencing on 67 family trios and identified numerous genes affected by rare deleterious nonsense and missense variants in this cohort, including de novo variants. We identified 9 nonsense changes and 86 missense variants that are absent from the reference human population (Genome Aggregation Database), and we suggest that these are high priority candidate genes for A/M. We also performed literature curation, single cell transcriptome comparisons, and molecular pathway analysis on the candidate genes and performed protein structure modeling to determine the potential pathogenic variant consequences on PAX6 in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, the Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and the Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuejun Jessie Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, the Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and the Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia J. Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco/Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Daniel McGoldrick
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James C. Mullikin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy N. Nembhard
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Martha M. Werler
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilyn L. Browne
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 2S010, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Faith Pangilinan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mike J. Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence C. Brody
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary M. Jenkins
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Wawrzynski J, Patel A, Badran A, Dowell I, Henderson R, Sowden JC. Spectrum of Mutations in NDP Resulting in Ocular Disease; a Systematic Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:884722. [PMID: 35651932 PMCID: PMC9149367 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.884722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Rationale: The inner retina is supplied by three intraretinal capillary plexi whereas the outer retina is supplied by the choroidal circulation: NDP is essential for normal intraretinal vascularisation. Pathogenic variants in NDP (Xp11.3) may result in either a severe retinal phenotype associated with hearing loss (Norrie Disease) or a moderate retinal phenotype (Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy, FEVR). However, little is known about whether the nature or location of the NDP variant is predictive of severity. In this systematic review we summarise all reported NDP variants and draw conclusions about whether the nature of the NDP variant is predictive of the severity of the resulting ocular pathology and associated hearing loss and intellectual disability. Findings: 201 different variants in the NDP gene have been reported as disease-causing. The pathological phenotype that may result from a disease-causing NDP variant is quite diverse but generally comprises a consistent cluster of features (retinal hypovascularisation, exudation, persistent foetal vasculature, tractional/exudative retinal detachment, intellectual disability and hearing loss) that vary predictably with severity. Previous reviews have found no clear pattern in the nature of NDP mutations that cause either FEVR or Norrie disease, with the exception that mutations affecting cysteine residues have been associated with Norrie Disease and that visual loss amongst patients with Norrie disease tends to be more severe if the NDP mutation results in an early termination of translation as opposed to a missense related amino acid change. A key limitation of previous reviews has been variability in the case definition of Norrie disease and FEVR amongst authors. We thus reclassified patients into two groups based only on the severity of their retinal disease. Of the reported pathogenic variants that have been described in more than one patient, we found that any given variant caused an equivalent severity of retinopathy each time it was reported with very few exceptions. We therefore conclude that specific NDP mutations generally result in a consistent retinal phenotype each time they arise. Reports by different authors of the same variant causing either FEVR or Norrie disease conflict primarily due to variability in the authors' respective case definitions rather than true differences in disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wawrzynski
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aara Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Badran
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Henderson
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Sowden
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Schreiner C, Kernl B, Dietmann P, Riegger RJ, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. The Ribosomal Protein L5 Functions During Xenopus Anterior Development Through Apoptotic Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:777121. [PMID: 35281111 PMCID: PMC8905602 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.777121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal biogenesis is a fundamental process necessary for cell growth and division. Ribosomal protein L5 (Rpl5) is part of the large ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein have been associated with the congenital disease Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA), a so called ribosomopathy. Despite of the ubiquitous need of ribosomes, clinical manifestations of DBA include tissue-specific symptoms, e.g., craniofacial malformations, eye abnormalities, skin pigmentation failure, cardiac defects or liver cirrhosis. Here, we made use of the vertebrate model organism Xenopus laevis and showed a specific expression of rpl5 in the developing anterior tissue correlating with tissues affected in ribosomopathies. Upon Rpl5 knockdown using an antisense-based morpholino oligonucleotide approach, we showed different phenotypes affecting anterior tissue, i.e., defective cranial cartilage, malformed eyes, and microcephaly. Hence, the observed phenotypes in Xenopus laevis resemble the clinical manifestations of DBA. Analyses of the underlying molecular basis revealed that the expression of several marker genes of neural crest, eye, and brain are decreased during induction and differentiation of the respective tissue. Furthermore, Rpl5 knockdown led to decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis during early embryogenesis. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying Rpl5 function revealed a more than additive effect between either loss of function of Rpl5 and loss of function of c-Myc or loss of function of Rpl5 and gain of function of Tp53, suggesting a common signaling pathway of these proteins. The co-injection of the apoptosis blocking molecule Bcl2 resulted in a partial rescue of the eye phenotype, supporting the hypothesis that apoptosis is one main reason for the phenotypes occurring upon Rpl5 knockdown. With this study, we are able to shed more light on the still poorly understood molecular background of ribosomopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schreiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianka Kernl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ricarda J Riegger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Rafati M, Mohamadhashem F, Jalilian K, Hoseininasab F, Fakhri L, Hoseini A, Amiri H, Barati Z, Darzi Ramandi S, Mostofinezhad N, Mahmoudi AH, Ghaffari SR. Identification of a novel de novo variant in OTX2 in a patient with congenital microphthalmia using targeted next-generation sequencing followed by prenatal diagnosis. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 43:262-267. [PMID: 34791963 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.2002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing has been proven to be a reliable method for the detection of genetic causes in heterogeneous ocular disorders. In this report an NGS-based diagnostic approach was taken to uncover the genetic etiology in a patient with coloboma and microphthalmia, a highly heterogeneous disease with intrafamilial phenotypic variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Next generation sequencing using a targeted panel of 316 genes, was carried out in the proband. Prioritized variants were then identified and confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Prenatal diagnosis of the detected variant was then performed in the family. RESULTS A novel de novo frameshift variant c.157_164delTTCACTCG (p.Phe53fs) in OTX2, leading to a truncated protein, was identified. Prenatal diagnosis identified the same variant in the fetus. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the importance of genetic counseling and underscores the efficiency and effectiveness of targeted NGS as a means of detecting variants in inherited eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rafati
- Comprehensive Genetic Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genomics Gene Clinic, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Mohamadhashem
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koosha Jalilian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hoseininasab
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Fakhri
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hoseini
- Comprehensive Genetic Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosna Amiri
- Comprehensive Genetic Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Barati
- Comprehensive Genetic Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Saeed Reza Ghaffari
- Comprehensive Genetic Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genomics Gene Clinic, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Hay E, Henderson RH, Mansour S, Deshpande C, Jones R, Nutan S, Mankad K, Young RM, Moosajee M, Research Consortium GE, Arno G. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum consequent upon de novo WDR37 missense variants. Clin Genet 2021; 98:191-197. [PMID: 32530092 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural eye disorders are increasingly recognised as having a genetic basis, although current genetic testing is limited in its success. De novo missense variants in WDR37 are a recently described cause of a multisystemic syndromic disorder featuring ocular coloboma. This study characterises the phenotypic spectrum of this disorder and reports 2 de novo heterozygous variants (p.Thr115Ile, p.Ser119Tyr) in three unrelated Caucasian individuals. All had a clinical phenotype consisting of bilateral iris and retinal coloboma, developmental delay and additional, variable multisystem features. The variants fall within a highly conserved region upstream of the WD-repeat domains, within an apparent mutation cluster. Consistent with the literature, intellectual disability, structural eye disorders, epilepsy, congenital heart disease, genitorenal anomalies and dysmorphic facial features were observed. In addition, a broader developmental profile is reported with a more specific musculoskeletal phenotype described in association with the novel variant (p.Thr115Ile). We further expand the phenotypic spectrum of WDR37-related disorders to include those with milder developmental delay and strengthen the association of ocular coloboma and musculoskeletal features. We promote the inclusion of WDR37 on gene panels for intellectual disability, epilepsy and structural eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hay
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert H Henderson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Jones
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Savita Nutan
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo M Young
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Gavin Arno
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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19
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Seese SE, Reis LM, Deml B, Griffith C, Reich A, Jamieson RV, Semina EV. Identification of missense MAB21L1 variants in microphthalmia and aniridia. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:877-890. [PMID: 33973683 PMCID: PMC8238893 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, coloboma, and aniridia are congenital ocular phenotypes with a strong genetic component but often unknown cause. We present a likely causative novel variant in MAB21L1, c.152G>T p.(Arg51Leu), in two family members with microphthalmia and aniridia, as well as novel or rare compound heterozygous variants of uncertain significance, c.184C>T p.(Arg62Cys)/c.-68T>C, and c.658G>C p.(Gly220Arg)/c.*529A>G, in two additional probands with microphthalmia, coloboma and/or cataracts. All variants were predicted as damaging by in silico programs. In vitro studies of coding variants revealed normal subcellular localization but variable stability for the corresponding mutant proteins. In vivo complementation assays using the zebrafish mab21l2 Q48Sfs*5 loss-of-function line demonstrated that though overexpression of wild-type MAB21L1 messenger RNA (mRNA) compensated for the loss of mab21l2, none of the coding variant mRNAs produced a statistically significant rescue, with p.(Arg51Leu) showing the highest degree of functional deficiency. Dominant variants in a close homolog of MAB21L1, MAB21L2, have been associated with microphthalmia and/or coloboma and repeatedly involved the same Arg51 residue, further supporting its pathogenicity. The possible role of p.(Arg62Cys) and p.(Gly220Arg) in microphthalmia is similarly supported by the observed functional defects, with or without an additional impact from noncoding MAB21L1 variants identified in each patient. This study suggests a broader spectrum of MAB21L1-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyThe Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Present address:
PreventionGeneticsMarshfieldWisconsinUSA
| | | | | | - Robyn V. Jamieson
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyThe Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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20
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Flach H, Basten T, Schreiner C, Dietmann P, Greco S, Nies L, Roßmanith N, Walter S, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. Retinol binding protein 1 affects Xenopus anterior neural development via all-trans retinoic acid signaling. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1096-1112. [PMID: 33570783 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol binding protein 1 (Rbp1) acts as an intracellular regulator of vitamin A metabolism and retinoid transport. In mice, Rbp1 deficiency decreases the capacity of hepatic stellate cells to take up all-trans retinol and sustain retinyl ester stores. Furthermore, Rbp1 is crucial for visual capacity. Although the function of Rbp1 has been studied in the mature eye, its role during early anterior neural development has not yet been investigated in detail. RESULTS We showed that rbp1 is expressed in the eye, anterior neural crest cells (NCCs) and prosencephalon of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Rbp1 knockdown led to defects in eye formation, including microphthalmia and disorganized retinal lamination, and to disturbed induction and differentiation of the eye field, as shown by decreased rax and pax6 expression. Furthermore, it resulted in reduced rax expression in the prosencephalon and affected cranial cartilage. Rbp1 inhibition also interfered with neural crest induction and migration, as shown by twist and slug. Moreover, it led to a significant reduction of the all-trans retinoic acid target gene pitx2 in NCC-derived periocular mesenchyme. The Rbp1 knockdown phenotypes were rescued by pitx2 RNA co-injection. CONCLUSION Rbp1 is crucial for the development of the anterior neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Flach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Basten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Schreiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sara Greco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Nies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nathalie Roßmanith
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Svenja Walter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Jiang Y, Ouyang J, Li S, Xiao X, Sun W, Zhang Q. Confirming and expanding the phenotypes of FZD5 variants: Coloboma, inferior chorioretinal hypoplasia, and high myopia. Mol Vis 2021; 27:50-60. [PMID: 33633439 PMCID: PMC7883931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two frameshift and two indel variants in FZD5 have been reported to cause coloboma in two families with incomplete penetrance and in two isolated cases in previous studies, respectively. This study aims to confirm this association and expand related specific phenotypes based on the genotype-phenotype analysis of FZD5 variants. METHODS Variants in FZD5 were collected from our in-house exome sequencing data of 5,845 probands with different eye conditions. Multistep bioinformatics analysis was used to classify the variants. Potential pathogenic variants and phenotypic variations were further evaluated based on family segregation and genotype-phenotype analysis. RESULTS In total, 63 rare variants were detected in FZD5. Multistep bioinformatics and genotype-phenotype analyses suggested that eight rare heterozygous variants in nine families should be considered potential pathogenic variants: three novel frameshift variants (c.350_356delCGCCGCT/p.Ser117*, c.1403_1406dupACCT/p.Tyr470Profs*130, and c.1428delG/p.Ser477Alafs*130) and five novel missense variants (c.388C>A/p.Arg130Ser, c.794G>T/p.Arg265Leu, c.1162G>A/p.Gly388Ser, c.1232A>G/p.Tyr411Cys, and c.1510A>T/p.Met504Leu). Among the nine families, carriers of these variants showed overlapping phenotypes, including typical uveal coloboma (12 eyes of seven patients from four families), inferior chorioretinal hypoplasia (ICH) or optic disc hypoplasia (ODH; 12 eyes of eight patients from six families), and high myopia (10 eyes of five patients from five families) within individual families or among different families. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study confirmed that variants in FZD5, not only frameshift variants but also missense variants, are a common cause of uveal coloboma. In addition, ICH, ODH, and high myopia may be variant phenotypes that are frequently associated with FZD5 variants.
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22
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Haug P, Koller S, Maggi J, Lang E, Feil S, Wlodarczyk A, Bähr L, Steindl K, Rohrbach M, Gerth-Kahlert C, Berger W. Whole Exome Sequencing in Coloboma/Microphthalmia: Identification of Novel and Recurrent Variants in Seven Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:65. [PMID: 33418956 PMCID: PMC7825129 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coloboma and microphthalmia (C/M) are related congenital eye malformations, which can cause significant visual impairment. Molecular diagnosis is challenging as the genes associated to date with C/M account for only a small percentage of cases. Overall, the genetic cause remains unknown in up to 80% of patients. High throughput DNA sequencing technologies, including whole-exome sequencing (WES), are therefore a useful and efficient tool for genetic screening and identification of new mutations and novel genes in C/M. In this study, we analyzed the DNA of 19 patients with C/M from 15 unrelated families using singleton WES and data analysis for 307 genes of interest. We identified seven novel and one recurrent potentially disease-causing variants in CRIM1, CHD7, FAT1, PTCH1, PUF60, BRPF1, and TGFB2 in 47% of our families, three of which occurred de novo. The detection rate in patients with ocular and extraocular manifestations (67%) was higher than in patients with an isolated ocular phenotype (46%). Our study highlights the significant genetic heterogeneity in C/M cohorts and emphasizes the diagnostic power of WES for the screening of patients and families with C/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Haug
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Samuel Koller
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Jordi Maggi
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Elena Lang
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Silke Feil
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Agnès Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Luzy Bähr
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland;
| | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Christina Gerth-Kahlert
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (P.H.); (S.K.); (J.M.); (E.L.); (S.F.); (A.W.); (L.B.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University and ETH Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Taha Najim R, Topa A, Jugård Y, Casslén B, Odersjö M, Andersson Grönlund M. Children and young adults with anophthalmia and microphthalmia: Diagnosis and Management. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:848-858. [PMID: 32436650 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital anophthalmia (A) and microphthalmia (M) are rare developmental defects, which could be isolated or syndromic. Our objective was to describe a cohort of children and young adults with A/M treated with ocular prosthesis, emphasizing clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. METHODS Eighteen individuals (10 female) with unilateral A (n = 3) and M (n = 15) with a mean age of 9.5 years (range 0.8-31.8) and treated with ocular prosthesis were included. Data on medical history, clinical examinations and management of ocular prosthesis were collected. Genetic screening with microarray and whole-exome sequencing targeting 121 A/M-related genes was performed. RESULTS A/M appeared isolated (seven cases) or as part of a syndromic condition (11 cases). In 4/16 patients, mutations were detected in TFAP2A, CHD7, FOXE3 and BCOR-genes. In one patient, a possibly causal microdeletion 10q11 was shown. Associated ocular anomalies such as cataract and cysts were found in 16 (89%) of the A/M eyes, and in nine (50%) ophthalmological findings were found in the fellow eyes. The median ages at which the conformer and ocular prosthesis first were initiated were 7.8 months and 1.5 years. 16/17 patients fulfilled satisfactory orbital growth and cosmetic results when treated with ocular prosthesis from an early age. CONCLUSION Based upon our findings, a multidisciplinary approach, including genetic assessment, is necessary to cover all aspects of A/M. Imaging, ultrasound and visual evoked potentials should be included. Early management is crucial for the outcome, in terms of non-ocular findings, vision in the fellow eye, and for facial cosmetic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezhna Taha Najim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexandra Topa
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ylva Jugård
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Ophthalmology Hospital of Södra Älvsborg Borås Sweden
| | - Beatrice Casslén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marie Odersjö
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Otolaryngology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marita Andersson Grönlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
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24
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PAX6 missense variants in two families with isolated foveal hypoplasia and nystagmus: evidence of paternal postzygotic mosaicism. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:349-355. [PMID: 33024313 PMCID: PMC7868363 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX6 is considered the master regulator of eye development, the majority of variants affecting this gene cause the pan-ocular developmental eye disorder aniridia. Although no genotype-phenotype correlations are clearly established, missense variants affecting the DNA-binding paired domain of PAX6 are usually associated with non-aniridia phenotypes like microphthalmia, coloboma or isolated foveal hypoplasia. In this study, we report two missense heterozygous variants in the paired domain of PAX6 resulting in isolated foveal hypoplasia with nystagmus in two independent families: c.112 C > G; p.(Arg38Gly) and c.214 G > C; p.(Gly72Arg) in exons 5 and 6, respectively. Furthermore, we provide evidence that paternal postzygotic mosaicism is the cause of inheritance, with clinically unaffected fathers and reduced affected allele fraction. This work contributes to increase the phenotypic spectrum caused by PAX6 variants, and to our knowledge, is the first report to describe the presence of postzygotic parental mosaicism causing isolated foveal hypoplasia with nystagmus. These results support the growing evidence that suggest an overestimation of sporadic cases with PAX6 variants, which has strong implications for both genetic counselling and family planning.
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25
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Adhikari S, Thakur N, Shrestha U, Shrestha MK, Manshrestha M, Thapa B, Poudel M, Kunwar A. Genetic analysis of children with congenital ocular anomalies in three ecological regions of Nepal: a phase II of Nepal pediatric ocular diseases study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:185. [PMID: 32962661 PMCID: PMC7510079 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic eye diseases constitute a large and heterogeneous group of childhood ocular morbidity. Individual diseases may cause multiple structural anomalies and developmental features. Nepal Pediatric Ocular Disease Study (NPODS) was a population-based epidemiological study conducted across three ecological regions of Nepal to determine the prevalence and etiology of childhood ocular morbidity and blindness. In Phase II of this study, genetic analysis was performed for children who were found to have congenital ocular anomalies. METHOD It was a cross sectional descriptive study. A total of 10,270 children across three different ecological regions in Nepal (Low lands, hills, and mountains) underwent ocular examinations in NPODS. Out of 374 (3.6%) of children with ocular abnormalities, 30 were thought to be congenital in nature. Targeted genetic analysis, including genotyping for genes specific to presenting phenotype, was performed for 25 children using serum samples. RESULTS Out of 25 children, 18 had meaningful genetic results. Analysis revealed one missense alteration G12411T of Zinc Finger Homeobox 4 (ZFHX4) gene in one participant among 10 with congenital ptosis and another missense variation T > C P. Y374 C of Signaling Receptor and Transporter Retinol 6 (STRA6) gene in one participant among 3 with microphthalmos. CONCLUSION The study is first of its kind from Nepal and mutant genes were unique to Nepalese Population. Further analysis of genetic factors is crucial to better understand genetic association with ocular diseases and conditions. This helps further in genetic counseling and probably gene therapy to prevent blindness from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Adhikari
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, PO Box 561, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Neelam Thakur
- National Academy of Medical Sciences NAMS, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Mohan K Shrestha
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, PO Box 561, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bijay Thapa
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan, Nepal
| | - Manish Poudel
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, PO Box 561, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajaya Kunwar
- The Kathmandu Centre for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
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26
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Valencia-Peña C, Jiménez-Sanchez P, Saldarriaga W, Payán-Gómez C. Optic nerve coloboma as extension of the phenotype of 22q11.23 duplication syndrome: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:333. [PMID: 32807111 PMCID: PMC7433184 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 duplication syndrome (Dup22q11.2) has reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Those affected may have intellectual disabilities, dysmorphic facial features, and ocular alterations such as ptosis, hypertelorism, nystagmus, and chorioretinal coloboma. The prevalence of this syndrome is unknown, there are only approximately 100 cases reported. However Dup22q11.2 should have a similar prevalence of DiGeorge syndrome (1 in each 4000 new-borns), in which the same chromosomal region that is duplicated in Dup22q11.2 is deleted. CASE PRESENTATION We report a patient with intellectual disability, psychomotor development delay, hearing loss with disyllable pronunciation only, hyperactivity, self-harm, hetero-aggressive behaviour, facial dysmorphism, left facial paralysis, post-axial polydactyly, and for the first time in patients with Dup22q11.2, optic nerve coloboma and dysplasia in optic nerve. Array comparative genomic hybridization showed a 22q11.23 duplication of 1.306 million base pairs. CONCLUSIONS New ocular findings in Dup22q11.2 syndrome, such as coloboma and dysplasia in the optic nerve, are reported here, contributing to the phenotypic characterization of a rarely diagnosed genetic syndrome. A complete characterization of the phenotype is necessary to increase the rate of clinical suspicion and then the genetic diagnostic. In addition, through bioinformatics analysis of the genes mapped to the 22q11.2 region, it is proposed that deregulation of the SPECC1L gene could be implicated in the development of ocular coloboma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Valencia-Peña
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Wilmar Saldarriaga
- Departments of Morphology and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Obstetrician Gynaecologist at Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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27
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Marakhonov AV, Voskresenskaya AA, Ballesta MJ, Konovalov FA, Vasilyeva TA, Blanco-Kelly F, Pozdeyeva NA, Kadyshev VV, López-González V, Guillen E, Ayuso C, Zinchenko RA, Corton M. Expanding the phenotype of CRYAA nucleotide variants to a complex presentation of anterior segment dysgenesis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:207. [PMID: 32791987 PMCID: PMC7427288 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in CRYAA, which encodes the α-crystallin protein, are associated with a spectrum of congenital cataract–microcornea syndromes. Results In this study, we performed clinical examination and subsequent genetic analysis in two unrelated sporadic cases of different geographical origins presenting with a complex phenotype of ocular malformation. Both cases manifested bilateral microphthalmia and severe anterior segment dysgenesis, primarily characterized by congenital aphakia, microcornea, and iris hypoplasia/aniridia. NGS-based analysis revealed two novel single nucleotide variants occurring de novo and affecting the translation termination codon of the CRYAA gene, c.520T > C and c.521A > C. Both variants are predicted to elongate the C-terminal protein domain by one-third of the original length. Conclusions Our report not only expands the mutational spectrum of CRYAA but also identifies the genetic cause of the unusual ocular phenotype described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Marakhonov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str., 1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna A Voskresenskaya
- Cheboksary Branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Jose Ballesta
- Medical Genetics Department, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fedor A Konovalov
- Independent Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana A Vasilyeva
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str., 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos n° 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadezhda A Pozdeyeva
- Cheboksary Branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly V Kadyshev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str., 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vanesa López-González
- Medical Genetics Department, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillen
- Medical Genetics Department, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos n° 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rena A Zinchenko
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str., 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marta Corton
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos n° 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Liu X, Li J, Lin S, Xiao X, Luo J, Wei W, Ling Y, Fang L, Xiao H, Chen L, Huang J, Zhong Y, Zhang Q. Evaluation of the genetic association between early-onset primary angle-closure glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108118. [PMID: 32562694 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) can co-occur, but the mechanism of their association is not yet established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in ocular biometry parameters and molecular genetics in patients with PACG with or without RP, and to determine the association between PACG and RP. Patients with early-onset PACG (age of onset <45 years) with or without RP were selected from the glaucoma outpatient department after full ocular examinations by the same glaucoma specialist (LX). Ocular biometry parameters were statistically analyzed. Blood samples were collected from the probands, and genomic DNA was sent out for whole exome sequencing. Variants in 326 selected genes, were extracted from the whole exome sequencing data and filtered using multiple bioinformatics analysis. The 326 genes included 10 PACG-associated genes from two genome wide association studies; 45 genes associated with anterior segment dysgenesis, microcornea, and microphthalmia; and 271 RetNet genes. Potential pathogenic variants (PPV) were obtained and underwent further genotype-phenotype analysis. As a result, a total of 32 probands with early-onset PACG were collected; nine had accompanying RP. No significant differences were noted for ocular biometry parameters between patients with PACG with RP and with PACG alone. Systematic analysis of the variants revealed that 16 of 32 probands (50%) carried PPV in 15 of 326 genes, including 14 RetNet genes and one anterior segment dysgenesis-associated gene. Of these 16 probands with PPV, five (55.56%) were from the group of nine probands with both had PACG and RP and 11 (47.83%) were from the group of 23 probands with PACG alone. Of the 15 genes, five genes, CRB1, COL2A1, RHO, RP1L1, and PAX6, were reported to cause phenotypes including glaucoma. The variants in RetNet genes appeared to be associated with a significant proportion of PACG, especially in probands with both PACG and RP. These findings enrich the phenotype spectrum of RetNet genes and provide clues for genetic screening for glaucoma. Our study suggests a genetic association between PACG and RP, although the cause-effect relationship between them needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 515282, China
| | - Shufen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jingyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yunlan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yimin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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29
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Eintracht J, Corton M, FitzPatrick D, Moosajee M. CUGC for syndromic microphthalmia including next-generation sequencing-based approaches. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:679-690. [PMID: 31896778 PMCID: PMC7171178 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, IIS-University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz-CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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30
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Williamson KA, Hall HN, Owen LJ, Livesey BJ, Hanson IM, Adams GGW, Bodek S, Calvas P, Castle B, Clarke M, Deng AT, Edery P, Fisher R, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Heon E, Hurst J, Josifova D, Lorenz B, McKee S, Meire F, Moore AT, Parker M, Reiff CM, Self J, Tobias ES, Verheij JBGM, Willems M, Williams D, van Heyningen V, Marsh JA, FitzPatrick DR. Recurrent heterozygous PAX6 missense variants cause severe bilateral microphthalmia via predictable effects on DNA-protein interaction. Genet Med 2020; 22:598-609. [PMID: 31700164 PMCID: PMC7056646 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most classical aniridia is caused by PAX6 haploinsufficiency. PAX6 missense variants can be hypomorphic or mimic haploinsufficiency. We hypothesized that missense variants also cause previously undescribed disease by altering the affinity and/or specificity of PAX6 genomic interactions. METHODS We screened PAX6 in 372 individuals with bilateral microphthalmia, anophthalmia, or coloboma (MAC) from the Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit eye malformation cohort (HGUeye) and reviewed data from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. We performed cluster analysis on PAX6-associated ocular phenotypes by variant type and molecular modeling of the structural impact of 86 different PAX6 causative missense variants. RESULTS Eight different PAX6 missense variants were identified in 17 individuals (15 families) with MAC, accounting for 4% (15/372) of our cohort. Seven altered the paired domain (p.[Arg26Gln]x1, p.[Gly36Val]x1, p.[Arg38Trp]x2, p.[Arg38Gln]x1, p.[Gly51Arg]x2, p.[Ser54Arg]x2, p.[Asn124Lys]x5) and one the homeodomain (p.[Asn260Tyr]x1). p.Ser54Arg and p.Asn124Lys were exclusively associated with severe bilateral microphthalmia. MAC-associated variants were predicted to alter but not ablate DNA interaction, consistent with the electrophoretic mobility shifts observed using mutant paired domains with well-characterized PAX6-binding sites. We found no strong evidence for novel PAX6-associated extraocular disease. CONCLUSION Altering the affinity and specificity of PAX6-binding genome-wide provides a plausible mechanism for the worse-than-null effects of MAC-associated missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H Nikki Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liusaidh J Owen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin J Livesey
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isabel M Hanson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Simon Bodek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick Calvas
- CHU Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruce Castle
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospitals (Heavitree), Exeter, UK
| | - Michael Clarke
- Newcastle Eye Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alexander T Deng
- Clinical Genetics, Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Patrick Edery
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Genetic Department and National HHT Reference Center, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Richard Fisher
- Teeside Genetics Unit, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Dragana Josifova
- Clinical Genetics, Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Francoise Meire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Parker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charlotte M Reiff
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jay Self
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Edward S Tobias
- Academic Medical Genetics and Pathology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joke B G M Verheij
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denise Williams
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Inherited Eye Diseases with Retinal Manifestations through the Eyes of Homeobox Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1602. [PMID: 32111086 PMCID: PMC7084737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal development is under the coordinated control of overlapping networks of signaling pathways and transcription factors. The paper was conceived as a review of the data and ideas that have been formed to date on homeobox genes mutations that lead to the disruption of eye organogenesis and result in inherited eye/retinal diseases. Many of these diseases are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity with already identified associated genes. We summarize the known key regulators of eye development, with a focus on the homeobox genes associated with monogenic eye diseases showing retinal manifestations. Recent advances in the field of genetics and high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies, including single-cell transcriptome analysis have allowed for deepening of knowledge of the genetic basis of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), as well as improve their diagnostics. We highlight some promising avenues of research involving molecular-genetic and cell-technology approaches that can be effective for IRDs therapy. The most promising neuroprotective strategies are aimed at mobilizing the endogenous cellular reserve of the retina.
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32
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Wawrocka A, Walczak-Sztulpa J, Bukowska-Olech E, Jamsheer A, Jaworski M, Jaworski P, Krawczynski MR. Two sisters with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis secondary to a PAX6 pathogenic variant with clinically healthy parents: a case of gonadal mosaicism? Jpn J Ophthalmol 2020; 64:134-139. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-020-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lima Cunha D, Arno G, Corton M, Moosajee M. The Spectrum of PAX6 Mutations and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in the Eye. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121050. [PMID: 31861090 PMCID: PMC6947179 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PAX6 is essential in ocular development in vertebrates, being considered the master regulator of the eye. During eye development, it is essential for the correct patterning and formation of the multi-layered optic cup and it is involved in the developing lens and corneal epithelium. In adulthood, it is mostly expressed in cornea, iris, and lens. PAX6 is a dosage-sensitive gene and it is highly regulated by several elements located upstream, downstream, and within the gene. There are more than 500 different mutations described to affect PAX6 and its regulatory regions, the majority of which lead to PAX6 haploinsufficiency, causing several ocular and systemic abnormalities. Aniridia is an autosomal dominant disorder that is marked by the complete or partial absence of the iris, foveal hypoplasia, and nystagmus, and is caused by heterozygous PAX6 mutations. Other ocular abnormalities have also been associated with PAX6 changes, and genotype-phenotype correlations are emerging. This review will cover recent advancements in PAX6 regulation, particularly the role of several enhancers that are known to regulate PAX6 during eye development and disease. We will also present an updated overview of the mutation spectrum, where an increasing number of mutations in the non-coding regions have been reported. Novel genotype-phenotype correlations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Arno
- Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Craenen K, Verslegers M, Craeghs L, Quintens R, Janssen A, Coolkens A, Baatout S, Moons L, Benotmane MA. Abnormal retinal pigment epithelium melanogenesis as a major determinant for radiation-induced congenital eye defects. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:59-73. [PMID: 31705956 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted a link between ionizing radiation exposure during neurulation and birth defects such as microphthalmos and anophthalmos. Because the mechanisms underlying these defects remain largely unexplored, we irradiated pregnant C57BL/6J mice (1.0 Gy, X-rays) at embryonic day (E)7.5, followed by histological and gene/protein expression analyses at defined days. Irradiation impaired embryonic development at E9 and we observed a delayed pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at E11. In addition, a reduced RNA expression and protein abundance of critical eye-development genes (e.g. Pax6 and Lhx2) was observed. Furthermore, a decreased expression of Mitf, Tyr and Tyrp1 supported the radiation-induced perturbation in RPE pigmentation. Finally, via immunostainings for proliferation (Ki67) and mitosis (phosphorylated histone 3), a decreased mitotic index was observed in the E18 retina after exposure at E7.5. Overall, we propose a plausible etiological model for radiation-induced eye-size defects, with RPE melanogenesis as a major determining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Craenen
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium; Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 bus 2464, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Livine Craeghs
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium; Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 bus 2464, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Amelie Coolkens
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 bus 2464, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
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35
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Ma X, Li H, Chen Y, Yang J, Chen H, Arnheiter H, Hou L. The transcription factor MITF in RPE function and dysfunction. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030016. [PMID: 31416264 PMCID: PMC6787759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eye development is coordinated through an extensive network of genetic signalling pathways. Disruption of key regulatory genes in the early stages of eye development can result in aborted eye formation, resulting in an absent eye (anophthalmia) or a small underdeveloped eye (microphthalmia) phenotype. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity, with >90 identified associated genes. By understanding the roles of these genes in development, including their temporal expression, the phenotypic variation associated with AM can be better understood, improving diagnosis and management. This review describes the genetic and structural basis of eye development, focusing on the function of key genes known to be associated with AM. In addition, we highlight some promising avenues of research involving multiomic approaches and disease modelling with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which will aid in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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37
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Calvas P, Traboulsi EI, Ragge N. Through the looking glass: eye anomalies in the age of molecular science. Hum Genet 2019; 138:795-798. [PMID: 31392423 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Calvas
- INSERM U1056, Centre de Référence des Anomalies Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Center for Genetic Eye Diseases/i32, Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nicola Ragge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK. .,West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK.
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38
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Reis LM, Sorokina EA, Thompson S, Muheisen S, Velinov M, Zamora C, Aylsworth AS, Semina EV. De Novo Missense Variants in WDR37 Cause a Severe Multisystemic Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:425-433. [PMID: 31327510 PMCID: PMC6698968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While genetic causes are known for many syndromes involving developmental anomalies, a large number of individuals with overlapping phenotypes remain undiagnosed. Using exome-sequencing analysis and review of matchmaker databases, we have discovered four de novo missense variants predicted to affect the N-terminal region of WDR37-p.Ser119Phe, p.Thr125Ile, p.Ser129Cys, and p.Thr130Ile-in unrelated individuals with a previously unrecognized syndrome. Features of WDR37 syndrome include the following: ocular anomalies such as corneal opacity/Peters anomaly, coloboma, and microcornea; dysmorphic facial features; significant neurological impairment with structural brain defects and seizures; poor feeding; poor post-natal growth; variable skeletal, cardiac, and genitourinary defects; and death in infancy in one individual. WDR37 encodes a protein of unknown function with seven predicted WD40 domains and no previously reported human pathogenic variants. Immunocytochemistry and western blot studies showed that wild-type WDR37 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and mutant proteins demonstrate similar protein levels and localization. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing generated zebrafish mutants with novel missense and frameshift alleles: p.Ser129Phe, p.Ser129Cys (which replicates one of the human variants), p.Ser129Tyr, p.Lys127Cysfs, and p.Gln95Argfs. Zebrafish carrying heterozygous missense variants demonstrated poor growth and larval lethality, while heterozygotes with frameshift alleles survived to adulthood, suggesting a potential dominant-negative mechanism for the missense variants. RNA-seq analysis of zebrafish embryos carrying a missense variant detected significant upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways. This study identifies variants in WDR37 associated with human disease and provides insight into its essential role in vertebrate development and possible molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Tong B, Wang C, Qi X. Unusual rapid resolution of postsclerectomy exudative retinal detachment with topical NSAIDs therapy in a case of nanophthalmos. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519847376. [PMID: 31081412 PMCID: PMC7512026 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519847376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanophthalmos is a developmental ocular malformation that has been associated with high
risks of uveal effusion syndrome and exudative retinal detachment (ERD). A variety of
surgical procedures and systemic/topical steroids have been described as effective for
treatment of ERD. However, the possibility of side effects should be considered. Here, we
describe a patient with nanophthalmos who was treated for recurrent ERD during long-term
follow-up, and we discuss non-surgical treatment options that are available in such cases.
A 43-year-old woman with bilateral nanophthalmos exhibited ERD in her right eye for one
month. After partial thickness sclerectomy with central sclerostomy, the retina was
completely reattached. However, ERD recurred 3 years later. The patient refused surgery;
therefore, we employed conservative treatment of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) and observation. One month later, the retina was completely reattached. To
the best of our knowledge, no previous report has described resolution of recurrent ERD in
a patient with nanophthalmos using NSAIDs during long-term follow-up after successful
surgical treatment. Our success using this approach suggests that it could be used as
alternative treatment for ERD in patients with nanophthalmos before application of further
treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boding Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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40
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Ohuchi H, Sato K, Habuta M, Fujita H, Bando T. Congenital eye anomalies: More mosaic than thought? Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:56-73. [PMID: 30039880 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ that primarily captures light and provides the sense of sight, as well as delivering non-visual light information involving biological rhythms and neurophysiological activities to the brain. Since the early 1990s, rapid advances in molecular biology have enabled the identification of developmental genes, genes responsible for human congenital diseases, and relevant genes of mutant animals with various anomalies. In this review, we first look at the development of the eye, and we highlight seminal reports regarding archetypal gene defects underlying three developmental ocular disorders in humans: (1) holoprosencephaly (HPE), with cyclopia being exhibited in the most severe cases; (2) microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes; and (3) anterior segment dysgenesis (ASDG), known as Peters anomaly and its related disorders. The recently developed methods, such as next-generation sequencing and genome editing techniques, have aided the discovery of gene mutations in congenital eye diseases and gene functions in normal eye development. Finally, we discuss Pax6-genome edited mosaic eyes and propose that somatic mosaicism in developmental gene mutations should be considered a causal factor for variable phenotypes, sporadic cases, and de novo mutations in human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Munenori Habuta
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
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Slavotinek A. Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 2: Syndromes associated with anophthalmia-microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2018; 138:831-846. [PMID: 30374660 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As new genes for A/M are identified in the genomic era, the number of syndromes associated with A/M has greatly expanded. In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the clinical presentation and molecular genetic etiology of previously characterized pathways involved in A/M, including the Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2) and Paired box protein-6 (PAX6) genes, and the Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (STRA6), Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A3 (ALDH1A3), and RA Receptor Beta (RARβ) genes that are involved in retinoic acid synthesis. Less common genetic causes of A/M, including genes involved in BMP signaling [Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) and SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1)], genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex [Holocytochrome c-type synthase (HCCS), Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 7B (COX7B), and NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase subunit B11 (NDUFB11)], the BCL-6 corepressor gene (BCOR), Yes-Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and Transcription Factor AP-2 Alpha (TFAP2α), are more briefly discussed. We also review several recently described genes and pathways associated with A/M, including Smoothened (SMO) that is involved in Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, Structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1) and Solute carrier family 25 member 24 (SLC25A24), emphasizing phenotype-genotype correlations and shared pathways where relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Room RH384C, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94143-2711, USA.
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Tarilonte M, Morín M, Ramos P, Galdós M, Blanco-Kelly F, Villaverde C, Rey-Zamora D, Rebolleda G, Muñoz-Negrete FJ, Tahsin-Swafiri S, Gener B, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Ayuso C, Villamar M, Corton M. Parental Mosaicism in PAX6 Causes Intra-Familial Variability: Implications for Genetic Counseling of Congenital Aniridia and Microphthalmia. Front Genet 2018; 9:479. [PMID: 30386378 PMCID: PMC6199369 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PAX6 are involved in several developmental eye disorders. These disorders have considerable phenotypic variability, ranging from panocular forms of congenital aniridia and microphthalmia to isolated anomalies of the anterior or posterior segment. Here, we describe 3 families with variable inter-generational ocular expression of aniridia, iris coloboma, or microphthalmia, and an unusual transmission of PAX6 mutations from an unaffected or mildly affected parent; all of which raised suspicion of gonosomal mosaicism. We first identified two previously known nonsense mutations and one novel likely pathogenic missense variant in PAX6 in probands by means of targeted NGS. The subsequent segregation analysis by Sanger sequencing evidenced the presence of highly probable mosaic events in paternal blood samples. Mosaicism was further confirmed by droplet digital PCR analysis in several somatic tissues of mosaic fathers. Quantification of the mutant allele fraction in parental samples showed a marked deviation from 50%, with a range between 12 and 29% depending on cell type. Gonosomal mosaicsm was definitively confirmed in one of the families thanks to the availability of a sperm sample from the mosaic father. Thus, the recurrence risk in this family was estimated to be about one-third. This is the first report confirming parental PAX6 mosaicism as a cause of disease recurrence in aniridia and other related phenotypes. In addition, we demonstrated that post-zygotic mosaicism is a frequent and underestimated pathogenic mechanism in aniridia, explaining intra-familial phenotypic variability in many cases. Our findings may have substantial implications for genetic counseling in congenital aniridia. Thus, we also highlight the importance of comprehensive genetic screening of parents for new sporadic cases with aniridia or related developmental eye disease to more accurately assess recurrence risk. In conclusion, somatic and/or gonosomal mosaicism should be taken into consideration as a genetic factor to explain not only families with unaffected parents despite multiple affected children but also variable expressivity, apparent de novo cases, and even uncharacterized cases of aniridia and related developmental eye disorders, apparently lacking PAX6 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tarilonte
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Morín
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ramos
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Galdós
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Villaverde
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rey-Zamora
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Rebolleda
- Department of Glaucoma, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Muñoz-Negrete
- Department of Glaucoma, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin-Swafiri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel-Angel Moreno-Pelayo
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Villamar
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Epistasis between Pax6 Sey and genetic background reinforces the value of defined hybrid mouse models for therapeutic trials. Gene Ther 2018; 25:524-537. [PMID: 30258099 PMCID: PMC6335240 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The small eye (Sey) mouse is a model of PAX6-aniridia syndrome (aniridia). Aniridia, a congenital ocular disorder caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in PAX6, needs new vision saving therapies. However, high phenotypic variability in Sey mice makes development of such therapies challenging. We hypothesize that genetic background is a major source of undesirable variability in Sey mice. Here we performed a systematic quantitative examination of anatomical, histological, and molecular phenotypes on the inbred C57BL/6J, hybrid B6129F1, and inbred 129S1/SvImJ backgrounds. The Sey allele significantly reduced eye weight, corneal thickness, PAX6 mRNA and protein levels, and elevated blood glucose levels. Surprisingly, Pax6Sey/Sey brains had significantly elevated Pax6 transcripts compared to Pax6+/+ embryos. Genetic background significantly influenced 12/24 measurements, with inbred strains introducing severe ocular and blood sugar phenotypes not observed in hybrid mice. Additionally, significant interactions (epistasis) between Pax6 genotype and genetic background were detected in measurements of eye weight, cornea epithelial thickness and cell count, retinal mRNA levels, and blood glucose levels. The number of epistatic interactions was reduced in hybrid mice. In conclusion, severe phenotypes in the unnatural inbred strains reinforce the value of more naturalistic F1 hybrid mice for the development of therapies for aniridia and other disorders.
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Matías-Pérez D, García-Montaño LA, Cruz-Aguilar M, García-Montalvo IA, Nava-Valdéz J, Barragán-Arevalo T, Villanueva-Mendoza C, Villarroel CE, Guadarrama-Vallejo C, la Cruz RVD, Chacón-Camacho O, Zenteno JC. Identification of novel pathogenic variants and novel gene-phenotype correlations in Mexican subjects with microphthalmia and/or anophthalmia by next-generation sequencing. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1169-1180. [PMID: 30181649 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe congenital eye malformations, particularly microphthalmia and anophthalmia, are one of the main causes of visual handicap worldwide. They can arise from multifactorial, chromosomal, or monogenic factors and can be associated with extensive clinical variability. Genetic analysis of individuals with these defects has allowed the recognition of dozens of genes whose mutations lead to disruption of normal ocular embryonic development. Recent application of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for genetic screening of patients with congenital eye defects has greatly improved the recognition of monogenic cases. In this study, we applied clinical exome NGS to a group of 14 Mexican patients (including 7 familial and 7 sporadic cases) with microphthalmia and/or anophthalmia. Causal or likely causal pathogenic variants were demonstrated in ~60% (8 out of 14 patients) individuals. Seven out of 8 different identified mutations occurred in well-known microphthalmia/anophthalmia genes (OTX2, VSX2, MFRP, VSX1) or in genes associated with syndromes that include ocular defects (CHD7, COL4A1) (including two instances of CHD7 pathogenic variants). A single pathogenic variant was identified in PIEZO2, a gene that was not previously associated with isolated ocular defects. NGS efficiently identified the genetic etiology of microphthalmia/anophthalmia in ~60% of cases included in this cohort, the first from Mexican origin analyzed to date. The molecular defects identified through clinical exome sequencing in this study expands the phenotypic spectra of CHD7-associated disorders and implicate PIEZO2 as a candidate gene for major eye developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopoldo A García-Montaño
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jessica Nava-Valdéz
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Barragán-Arevalo
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Villanueva-Mendoza
- Department of Genetics, Hospital "Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes", Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo E Villarroel
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clavel Guadarrama-Vallejo
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Villafuerte-de la Cruz
- Ciencias Basicas, Escuela de Medicina, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Oscar Chacón-Camacho
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Department of Genetics-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Flach H, Krieg J, Hoffmeister M, Dietmann P, Reusch A, Wischmann L, Kernl B, Riegger R, Oess S, Kühl SJ. Nosip functions during vertebrate eye and cranial cartilage development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1070-1082. [PMID: 30055071 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (Nosip) has been associated with diverse human diseases including psychological disorders. In line, early neurogenesis of mouse and Xenopus is impaired upon Nosip deficiency. Nosip knockout mice show craniofacial defects and the down-regulation of Nosip in the mouse and Xenopus leads to microcephaly. Until now, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms of these malformations were still unknown. RESULTS Here, we show that nosip is expressed in the developing ocular system as well as the anterior neural crest cells of Xenopus laevis. Furthermore, Nosip inhibition causes severe defects in eye formation in the mouse and Xenopus. Retinal lamination as well as dorso-ventral patterning of the retina were affected in Nosip-depleted Xenopus embryos. Marker gene analysis using rax, pax6 and otx2 reveals an interference with the eye field induction and differentiation. A closer look on Nosip-deficient Xenopus embryos furthermore reveals disrupted cranial cartilage structures and an inhibition of anterior neural crest cell induction and migration shown by twist, snai2, and egr2. Moreover, foxc1 as downstream factor of retinoic acid signalling is affected upon Nosip deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Nosip is a crucial factor for the development of anterior neural tissue such the eyes and neural crest cells. Developmental Dynamics 247:1070-1082, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Flach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Hoffmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Reusch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wischmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianka Kernl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ricarda Riegger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Oess
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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47
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Li J, Leng Y, Han S, Yan L, Lu C, Luo Y, Zhang X, Cao L. Clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients with familial or sporadic pediatric cataract. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:94. [PMID: 29914532 PMCID: PMC6006596 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease which is a significant cause of lifelong visual impairment and treatable blindness. Our study aims to investigate the genotype spectrum in a group of Chinese patients with pediatric cataract. Methods We enrolled 39 families with pediatric cataract from October 2015 to April 2016. DNA samples of the probands were analyzed by target next-generation sequencing. Variants were validated using Sanger sequencing in the probands and available family members. Results In our cohort of 39 cases with different types of pediatric cataract, 23 cases were found to harbor putative pathogenic variants in 15 genes: CRYAA, CRYBA1, CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYGC, CRYGD, MIP, GCNT2, IARS2, NHS, BCOR, BFSP2, FYCO1, MAF, and PAX6. The mutation detection rates in the familial and sporadic cases were 75 and 47.8%, respectively. Of the 23 causative variants, over half were novel. Conclusions This is a rare report of systematic mutation screening analysis of pediatric cataract in a comparably large cohort of Chinese patients. Our observations enrich the mutation spectrum of pediatric cataract. Next-generation sequencing provides significant diagnostic information for pediatric cataract cases, especially when considering sporadic and subtle syndromal cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-018-0828-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yunji Leng
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shirui Han
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Lulu Yan
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Chaoxia Lu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China. .,McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Lihua Cao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Vidya NG, Vasavada AR, Rajkumar S. Evaluating the association of bone morphogenetic protein 4-V152A and SIX homeobox 6-H141N polymorphisms with congenital cataract and microphthalmia in Western Indian population. J Postgrad Med 2018; 64:86-91. [PMID: 29692399 PMCID: PMC5954819 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_219_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital cataract and microphthalmia are highly heterogeneous congenital eye disorders that affect normal vision. Although mutation in several genes has been shown to cause congenital cataract and microphthalmia, genetic studies associating single-nucleotide polymorphisms with these conditions is scarce. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the association of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)-V152A (rs17563), and SIX homeobox 6 (SIX6)-H141N (rs33912345) polymorphisms with congenital cataract and microphthalmia in Western Indian cohorts. Materials and Methods: BMP4-V152A and SIX6-H141N were genotyped in 561 participants comprising of 242 congenital cataracts, 52 microphthalmia, and 267 controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO)-PCR method, respectively. Results: The frequency of BMP4- 152A was found to be significantly different between the cases and controls (Odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4 [1.03–1.76], P = 0.0275). The frequency of BMP4- 152AA genotype was found to be significantly higher in congenital cataract cases as compared to controls (OR [95% CI] = 2.1 [1.14–3.67], P = 0.0154. The V-N haplotype of BMP4-V152A and SIX6-H141N was found to have a protective effect toward congenital cataract (OR [95% CI] = 0.72 [0.56–0.94], P = 0.0163) and microphthalmia (OR [95% CI] = 0.63 [0.40–1.01, P = 0.0541). Conclusions: The BMP4- 152AA genotype might play role in the causation of congenital cataract, whereas BMP4-SIX6 V-N haplotype might play a protective role toward the development of congenital cataract and microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Vidya
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; Ph.D Scholar, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A R Vasavada
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Raghudeep Eye Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - S Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Patel N, Khan AO, Alsahli S, Abdel-Salam G, Nowilaty SR, Mansour AM, Nabil A, Al-Owain M, Sogati S, Salih MA, Kamal AM, Alsharif H, Alsaif HS, Alzahrani SS, Abdulwahab F, Ibrahim N, Hashem M, Faquih T, Shah ZA, Abouelhoda M, Monies D, Dasouki M, Shaheen R, Wakil SM, Aldahmesh MA, Alkuraya FS. Genetic investigation of 93 families with microphthalmia or posterior microphthalmos. Clin Genet 2018; 93:1210-1222. [PMID: 29450879 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia is a developmental eye defect that is highly variable in severity and in its potential for systemic association. Despite the discovery of many disease genes in microphthalmia, at least 50% of patients remain undiagnosed genetically. Here, we describe a cohort of 147 patients (93 families) from our highly consanguineous population with various forms of microphthalmia (including the distinct entity of posterior microphthalmos) that were investigated using a next-generation sequencing multi-gene panel (i-panel) as well as whole exome sequencing and molecular karyotyping. A potentially causal mutation was identified in the majority of the cohort with microphthalmia (61%) and posterior microphthalmos (82%). The identified mutations (55 point mutations, 15 of which are novel) spanned 24 known disease genes, some of which have not or only very rarely been linked to microphthalmia (PAX6, SLC18A2, DSC3 and CNKSR1). Our study has also identified interesting candidate variants in 2 genes that have not been linked to human diseases (MYO10 and ZNF219), which we present here as novel candidates for microphthalmia. In addition to revealing novel phenotypic aspects of microphthalmia, this study expands its allelic and locus heterogeneity and highlights the need for expanded testing of patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - A O Khan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Alsahli
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - S R Nowilaty
- Vitreo-retinal Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Mansour
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - A Nabil
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Sogati
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Salih
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Kamal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Alsharif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - H S Alsaif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - S S Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Faquih
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z A Shah
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Dasouki
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - S M Wakil
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Aldahmesh
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Plaisancié J, Ragge N, Dollfus H, Kaplan J, Lehalle D, Francannet C, Morin G, Colineaux H, Calvas P, Chassaing N. FOXE3
mutations: genotype-phenotype correlations. Clin Genet 2018; 93:837-845. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Plaisancié
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM U1056; Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - N.K. Ragge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service; Birmingham Women and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - H. Dollfus
- Centre de Référence pour les affections rares en génétique ophtalmologique; CARGO, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - J. Kaplan
- INSERM U1163; Génétique Ophtalmologique; Paris France
| | - D. Lehalle
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; Dijon France
| | - C. Francannet
- Service de Génétique Médicale; CHU Estaing; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - G. Morin
- Service de génétique; Hôpital nord d’Amiens; Amiens France
| | - H. Colineaux
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Economics and Public Health; Toulouse University Hospital; France
- LEASP UMR1027, INSERM; Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - P. Calvas
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM U1056; Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - N. Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse; Toulouse France
- INSERM U1056; Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
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