1
|
Saxena S, Foresti O, Liu A, Androulaki S, Pena Rodriguez M, Raote I, Aridor M, Cui B, Malhotra V. Endoplasmic reticulum exit sites are segregated for secretion based on cargo size. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00387-3. [PMID: 38991587 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
TANGO1, TANGO1-Short, and cTAGE5 form stable complexes at the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) to preferably export bulky cargoes. Their C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD) binds Sec23A and affects COPII assembly. The PRD in TANGO1-Short was replaced with light-responsive domains to control its binding to Sec23A in U2OS cells (human osteosarcoma). TANGO1-ShortΔPRD was dispersed in the ER membrane but relocated rapidly, reversibly, to pre-existing ERES by binding to Sec23A upon light activation. Prolonged binding between the two, concentrated ERES in the juxtanuclear region, blocked cargo export and relocated ERGIC53 into the ER, minimally impacting the Golgi complex organization. Bulky collagen VII and endogenous collagen I were collected at less than 47% of the stalled ERES, whereas small cargo molecules were retained uniformly at almost all the ERES. We suggest that ERES are segregated to handle cargoes based on their size, permitting cells to traffic them simultaneously for optimal secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonashree Saxena
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Aofei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Androulaki
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Maria Pena Rodriguez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ishier Raote
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Meir Aridor
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bunel L, Pincet L, Malhotra V, Raote I, Pincet F. A model for collagen secretion by intercompartmental continuities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310404120. [PMID: 38147551 PMCID: PMC10769856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized secretory proteins are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at specialized subcompartments called exit sites (ERES). Cargoes like procollagen are too large for export by the standard COPII-coated vesicle of 60 nm average diameter. We have previously suggested that procollagen is transported from the ER to the next secretory organelle, the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), in TANGO1-dependent interorganelle tunnels. In the theoretical model presented here, we suggest that intrinsically disordered domains of TANGO1 in the ER lumen induce an entropic contraction, which exerts a force that draws procollagen toward the ERES. Within this framework, molecular gradients of pH and/or HSP47 between the ER and ERGIC create a force in the order of tens of femto-Newtons. This force is substantial enough to propel procollagen from the ER at a speed of approximately 1 nm · s-1. This calculated speed and the quantities of collagen secreted are similar to its observed physiological secretion rate in fibroblasts, consistent with the proposal that ER export is the rate-limiting step for procollagen secretion. Hence, the mechanism we propose is theoretically adequate to explain how cells can utilize molecular gradients and export procollagens at a rate commensurate with physiological needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bunel
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École normale supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005Paris, France
| | - Lancelot Pincet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - Ishier Raote
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École normale supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Sec16 and Sed4 interdependently function as interaction and localization partners at ER exit sites. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:308925. [PMID: 37158682 PMCID: PMC10184828 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
COPII proteins assemble at ER exit sites (ERES) to form transport carriers. The initiation of COPII assembly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is triggered by the ER membrane protein Sec12. Sec16, which plays a critical role in COPII organization, localizes to ERES independently of Sec12. However, the mechanism underlying Sec16 localization is poorly understood. Here, we show that a Sec12 homolog, Sed4, is concentrated at ERES and mediates ERES localization of Sec16. We found that the interaction between Sec16 and Sed4 ensures their correct localization to ERES. Loss of the interaction with Sec16 leads to redistribution of Sed4 from the ERES specifically to high-curvature ER areas, such as the tubules and edges of the sheets. The luminal domain of Sed4 mediates this distribution, which is required for Sed4, but not for Sec16, to be concentrated at ERES. We further show that the luminal domain and its O-mannosylation are involved in the self-interaction of Sed4. Our findings provide insight into how Sec16 and Sed4 function interdependently at ERES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Van der Verren SE, Zanetti G. The small GTPase Sar1, control centre of COPII trafficking. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:865-882. [PMID: 36737236 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sar1 is a small GTPase of the ARF family. Upon exchange of GDP for GTP, Sar1 associates with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and recruits COPII components, orchestrating cargo concentration and membrane deformation. Many aspects of the role of Sar1 and regulation of its GTP cycle remain unclear, especially as complexity increases in higher organisms that secrete a wider range of cargoes. This review focusses on the regulation of GTP hydrolysis and its role in coat assembly, as well as the mechanism of Sar1-induced membrane deformation and scission. Finally, we highlight the additional specialisation in higher eukaryotes and the outstanding questions on how Sar1 functions are orchestrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ono T, Tabata KV, Goto Y, Saito Y, Suga H, Noji H, Morimoto J, Sando S. Label-free quantification of passive membrane permeability of cyclic peptides across lipid bilayers: penetration speed of cyclosporin A across lipid bilayers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:345-349. [PMID: 36687349 PMCID: PMC9811578 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides that passively penetrate cell membranes are under active investigation in drug discovery research. PAMPA (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) and Caco-2 assay are mainly used for permeability measurements in these studies. However, permeability rates across the artificial membrane and the cell monolayer used for these assays are intrinsically different from the ones across pure lipid bilayers. There are also membrane permeability assays for peptides using reconstructed lipid bilayers, but they require labeling for detection, and the absolute membrane permeability of the natural peptides themselves could not be determined. Here, we constructed a lipid bilayer permeability assay and realized the first label-free measurements of the lipid bilayer permeability of cyclic peptides. Quantitative permeability values across lipid bilayers were determined for model cyclic hexapeptides and an important natural product, cyclosporin A (CsA). The obtained quantitative permeability values will provide new and advanced knowledge about the passive permeability of cyclic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ono
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| | - Kazuhito V. Tabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| | - Yuki Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033Japan
| | - Yutaro Saito
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| | - Jumpei Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-8656Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Itoh Y, Chen S, Hirahara R, Konda T, Aoki T, Ueda T, Shimada I, Cannon JJ, Shao C, Shiomi J, Tabata KV, Noji H, Sato K, Aida T. Ultrafast water permeation through nanochannels with a densely fluorous interior surface. Science 2022; 376:738-743. [PMID: 35549437 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast water permeation in aquaporins is promoted by their hydrophobic interior surface. Polytetrafluoroethylene has a dense fluorine surface, leading to its strong water repellence. We report a series of fluorous oligoamide nanorings with interior diameters ranging from 0.9 to 1.9 nanometers. These nanorings undergo supramolecular polymerization in phospholipid bilayer membranes to form fluorous nanochannels, the interior walls of which are densely covered with fluorine atoms. The nanochannel with the smallest diameter exhibits a water permeation flux that is two orders of magnitude greater than those of aquaporins and carbon nanotubes. The proposed nanochannel exhibits negligible chloride ion (Cl-) permeability caused by a powerful electrostatic barrier provided by the electrostatically negative fluorous interior surface. Thus, this nanochannel is expected to show nearly perfect salt reflectance for desalination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryota Hirahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Konda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Aoki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - James J Cannon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Cheng Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuhito V Tabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A tango for coats and membranes: New insights into ER-to-Golgi traffic. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sargeant J, Seiler DK, Costain T, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Gordon DE, Peden AA, Malli R, Graier WF, Hay JC. ALG-2 and peflin regulate COPII targeting and secretion in response to calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101393. [PMID: 34762908 PMCID: PMC8671942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-to-Golgi transport is the first step in the constitutive secretory pathway, which, unlike regulated secretion, is believed to proceed nonstop independent of Ca2+ flux. However, here we demonstrate that penta-EF hand (PEF) proteins ALG-2 and peflin constitute a hetero-bifunctional COPII regulator that responds to Ca2+ signaling by adopting one of several distinct activity states. Functionally, these states can adjust the rate of ER export of COPII-sorted cargos up or down by ∼50%. We found that at steady-state Ca2+, ALG-2/peflin hetero-complexes bind to ER exit sites (ERES) through the ALG-2 subunit to confer a low, buffered secretion rate, while peflin-lacking ALG-2 complexes markedly stimulate secretion. Upon Ca2+ signaling, ALG-2 complexes lacking peflin can either increase or decrease the secretion rate depending on signaling intensity and duration-phenomena that could contribute to cellular growth and intercellular communication following secretory increases or protection from excitotoxicity and infection following decreases. In epithelial normal rat kidney (NRK) cells, the Ca2+-mobilizing agonist ATP causes ALG-2 to depress ER export, while in neuroendocrine PC12 cells, Ca2+ mobilization by ATP results in ALG-2-dependent enhancement of secretion. Furthermore, distinct Ca2+ signaling patterns in NRK cells produce opposing ALG-2-dependent effects on secretion. Mechanistically, ALG-2-dependent depression of secretion involves decreased levels of the COPII outer shell and increased peflin targeting to ERES, while ALG-2-dependent enhancement of secretion involves increased COPII outer shell and decreased peflin at ERES. These data provide insights into how PEF protein dynamics affect secretion of important physiological cargoes such as collagen I and significantly impact ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Sargeant
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Danette Kowal Seiler
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Tucker Costain
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | - David E Gordon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science and Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jesse C Hay
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schoppe J, Mari M, Yavavli E, Auffarth K, Cabrera M, Walter S, Fröhlich F, Ungermann C. AP-3 vesicle uncoating occurs after HOPS-dependent vacuole tethering. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105117. [PMID: 32840906 PMCID: PMC7560216 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotetrameric adapter (AP) complexes cooperate with the small GTPase Arf1 or lipids in cargo selection, vesicle formation, and budding at endomembranes in eukaryotic cells. While most AP complexes also require clathrin as the outer vesicle shell, formation of AP-3-coated vesicles involved in Golgi-to-vacuole transport in yeast has been postulated to depend on Vps41, a subunit of the vacuolar HOPS tethering complex. HOPS has also been identified as the tether of AP-3 vesicles on vacuoles. To unravel this conundrum of a dual Vps41 function, we anchored Vps41 stably to the mitochondrial outer membrane. By monitoring AP-3 recruitment, we now show that Vps41 can tether AP-3 vesicles to mitochondria, yet AP-3 vesicles can form in the absence of Vps41 or clathrin. By proximity labeling and mass spectrometry, we identify the Arf1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Age2 at the AP-3 coat and show that tethering, but not fusion at the vacuole can occur without complete uncoating. We conclude that AP-3 vesicles retain their coat after budding and that their complete uncoating occurs only after tethering at the vacuole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Schoppe
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erdal Yavavli
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kathrin Auffarth
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Margarita Cabrera
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Farba, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Walter
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Section, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Sec16 function in ER export and autophagy is independent of its phosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:149-156. [PMID: 31851588 PMCID: PMC7001475 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat protein complex II (COPII) protein assembles at the endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES) to form vesicle carrier for transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Sec16 has a critical role in COPII assembly to form ERES. Sec16∆565N mutant, which lacks the N-terminal 565 amino acids, is defective in ERES formation and ER export. Several phosphoproteomic studies have identified 108 phosphorylated Ser/Thr/Tyr residues in Sec16 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of which 30 residues are located in the truncated part of Sec16∆565N. The exact role of the phosphorylation in Sec16 function remains to be determined. Therefore, we analyzed nonphosphorylatable Sec16 mutants, in which all identified phosphorylation sites are substituted with Ala. These mutants show ERES and ER export comparable to those of wild-type Sec16, although the nonphosphorylatable mutant binds the COPII subunit Sec23 more efficiently than the wild-type protein. Because nutrient starvation–induced autophagy depends on Sec16, Sec16∆565N impairs autophagy, whereas the nonphosphorylatable mutants do not affect autophagy. We conclude that Sec16 phosphorylation is not essential for its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Models of Intracellular Transport: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:146. [PMID: 31440506 PMCID: PMC6693330 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is one of the most confusing issues in the field of cell biology. Many different models and their combinations have been proposed to explain the experimental data on intracellular transport. Here, we analyse the data related to the mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport from the point of view of the main models of intracellular transport; namely: the vesicular model, the diffusion model, the compartment maturation–progression model, and the kiss-and-run model. This review initially describes our current understanding of Golgi function, while highlighting the recent progress that has been made. It then continues to discuss the outstanding questions and potential avenues for future research with regard to the models of these transport steps. To compare the power of these models, we have applied the method proposed by K. Popper; namely, the formulation of prohibitive observations according to, and the consecutive evaluation of, previous data, on the basis on the new models. The levels to which the different models can explain the experimental observations are different, and to date, the most powerful has been the kiss-and-run model, whereas the least powerful has been the diffusion model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kurokawa K, Nakano A. The ER exit sites are specialized ER zones for the transport of cargo proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. J Biochem 2019; 165:109-114. [PMID: 30304445 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle, including secretory protein biogenesis, lipid synthesis, drug metabolism, Ca2+ signalling and so on. Since the ER is a single continuous membrane structure, it includes distinct zones responsible for its different functions. The export of newly synthesized proteins from the ER is facilitated via coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles, which form in specialized zones within the ER, called the ER exit sites (ERES) or transitional ER. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the structural organization of ERES, the correlation between the ERES and Golgi organization, and the faithful cargo transport mechanism from the ERES to the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muraoka T, Umetsu K, Tabata KV, Hamada T, Noji H, Yamashita T, Kinbara K. Mechano-Sensitive Synthetic Ion Channels. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18016-18023. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Muraoka
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kaori Umetsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhito V. Tabata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hamada
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashita
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saito K, Maeda M, Katada T. Regulation of the Sar1 GTPase Cycle Is Necessary for Large Cargo Secretion from the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:75. [PMID: 28879181 PMCID: PMC5572378 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are transported to the Golgi via coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles. The formation of COPII-coated vesicles is regulated by the GTPase cycle of Sar1. Activated Sar1 is recruited to ER membranes and forms a pre-budding complex with cargoes and the inner-coat complex. The outer-coat complex then stimulates Sar1 inactivation and completes vesicle formation. The mechanisms of forming transport carriers are well-conserved among species; however, in mammalian cells, several cargo molecules such as collagen, and chylomicrons are too large to be accommodated in conventional COPII-coated vesicles. Thus, special cargo-receptor complexes are required for their export from the ER. cTAGE5/TANGO1 complexes and their isoforms have been identified as cargo receptors for these macromolecules. Recent reports suggest that the cTAGE5/TANGO1 complex interacts with the GEF and the GAP of Sar1 and tightly regulates its GTPase cycle to accomplish large cargo secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Saito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Miharu Maeda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iwasaki H, Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Microscopy analysis of reconstituted COPII coat polymerization and Sec16 dynamics. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2893-2902. [PMID: 28747320 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The COPII coat and the small GTPase Sar1 mediate protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via specialized domains known as the ER exit sites. The peripheral ER protein Sec16 has been proposed to organize ER exit sites. However, it remains unclear how these molecules drive COPII coat polymerization. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal relationships between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae COPII components during their polymerization by performing fluorescence microscopy of an artificial planar membrane. We demonstrated that Sar1 dissociates from the membrane shortly after the COPII coat recruitment, and Sar1 is then no longer required for the COPII coat to bind to the membrane. Furthermore, we found that Sec16 is incorporated within the COPII-cargo clusters, and that this is dependent on the Sar1 GTPase cycle. These data show how Sar1 drives the polymerization of COPII coat and how Sec16 is spatially distributed during COPII coat polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Iwasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brandizzi F. Transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in plants: Where are we now? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:94-105. [PMID: 28688928 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of about one third of the cellular proteome is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which exports proteins to the Golgi apparatus for sorting to their final destination. Notwithstanding the close proximity of the ER with other secretory membranes (e.g., endosomes, plasma membrane), the ER is also important for the homeostasis of non-secretory organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts. While how the plant ER interacts with most of the non-secretory membranes is largely unknown, the knowledge on the mechanisms for ER-to-Golgi transport is relatively more advanced. Indeed, over the last fifteen years or so, a large number of exciting results have contributed to draw parallels with non-plant species but also to highlight the complexity of the plant ER-Golgi interface, which bears unique features. This review reports and discusses results on plant ER-to-Golgi traffic, focusing mainly on research on COPII-mediated transport in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amodio G, Margarucci L, Moltedo O, Casapullo A, Remondelli P. Identification of Cysteine Ubiquitylation Sites on the Sec23A Protein of the COPII Complex Required for Vesicle Formation from the ER. Open Biochem J 2017; 11:36-46. [PMID: 28553408 PMCID: PMC5427705 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01711010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPII is a multiprotein complex that surrounds carrier vesicles budding from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and allows the recruitment of secretory proteins. The Sec23a protein plays a crucial role in the regulation of the dynamics of COPII formation ensuring the proper function of the secretory pathway. OBJECTIVE Since few evidences suggest that ubiquitylation could have a role in the COPII regulation, the present study was aimed to establish whether the Sec23a component of the vesicular envelope COPII could be ubiquitylated. METHOD Sec23a ubiquitylation was revealed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Recombinant Sec23a was gel-purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry subjected to trypsin proteolysis. Signature peptides were identified by the presence of Gly-Gly remnants from the C-terminus of the ubiquitin attached to the amino acid residues of the substrate. Recombinant Sec23a proteins bearing mutations in the ubiquitylation sites were used to evaluate the effect of ubiquitylation in the formation of COPII. RESULTS We identified two cysteine ubiquitylation sites showed at position 432 and 449 of the Sec23a protein sequence. Interestingly, we revealed that the amino acid residues of Sec23a joined to ubiquitin were cysteine instead of the conventional lysine residues. This unconventional ubiquitylation consists of the addition of one single ubiquitin moiety that is not required for Sec23a degradation. Immunofluorescence results showed that Sec23a ubiquitylation might influence COPII formation by modulating Sec23a interaction with the ER membrane. Presumably, this regulation could occur throughout continual ubiquitylation/de-ubiquityliation cycles. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for the Sec23a function that could be crucial in several pathophysiological events known to alter COPII recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amodio
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Baronissi-Salerno, Italy
| | - Luigi Margarucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84034 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84034 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy
| | - Agostino Casapullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84034 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Baronissi-Salerno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maeda M, Katada T, Saito K. TANGO1 recruits Sec16 to coordinately organize ER exit sites for efficient secretion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1731-1743. [PMID: 28442536 PMCID: PMC5461033 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites export a variety of cargo molecules including oversized cargoes such as collagens. However, the mechanisms of their assembly and organization are not fully understood. TANGO1L is characterized as a collagen receptor, but the function of TANGO1S remains to be investigated. Here, we show that direct interaction between both isoforms of TANGO1 and Sec16 is not only important for their correct localization but also critical for the organization of ER exit sites. The depletion of TANGO1 disassembles COPII components as well as membrane-bound ER-resident complexes, resulting in fewer functional ER exit sites and delayed secretion. The ectopically expressed TANGO1 C-terminal domain responsible for Sec16 binding in mitochondria is capable of recruiting Sec16 and other COPII components. Moreover, TANGO1 recruits membrane-bound macromolecular complexes consisting of cTAGE5 and Sec12 to the ER exit sites. These data suggest that mammalian ER exit sites are organized by TANGO1 acting as a scaffold, in cooperation with Sec16 for efficient secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Maeda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kota Saito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kurokawa K, Suda Y, Nakano A. Sar1 localizes at the rims of COPII-coated membranes in vivo. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3231-7. [PMID: 27432890 PMCID: PMC5047700 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sar1 GTPase controls coat assembly on coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles, which mediate protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. The GTP-bound form of Sar1, activated by the ER-localized guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Sec12, associates with the ER membrane. GTP hydrolysis by Sar1, stimulated by the COPII-vesicle-localized GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Sec23, in turn causes Sar1 to dissociate from the membrane. Thus, Sar1 is cycled between active and inactive states, and on and off vesicle membranes, but its precise spatiotemporal regulation remains unknown. Here, we examined Sar1 localization on COPII-coated membranes in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Two-dimensional (2D) observation demonstrated that Sar1 showed modest accumulation around the ER exit sites (ERES) in a manner that was dependent on Sec16 function. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) observation further demonstrated that Sar1 localized at the rims of the COPII-coated membranes, but was excluded from the rest of the COPII membranes. Additionally, a GTP-locked form of Sar1 induced abnormally enlarged COPII-coated structures and covered the entirety of these structures. These results suggested that the reversible membrane association of Sar1 GTPase leads to its localization being restricted to the rims of COPII-coated membranes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex is highly selective. As a general rule, such transport is limited to soluble and membrane-associated secretory proteins that have reached properly folded and assembled conformations. To secure the efficiency, fidelity, and control of this crucial transport step, cells use a combination of mechanisms. The mechanisms are based on selective retention of proteins in the ER to prevent uptake into transport vesicles, on selective capture of proteins in COPII carrier vesicles, on inclusion of proteins in these vesicles by default as part of fluid and membrane bulk flow, and on selective retrieval of proteins from post-ER compartments by retrograde vesicle transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Barlowe
- Biochemistry Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rayl M, Truitt M, Held A, Sargeant J, Thorsen K, Hay JC. Penta-EF-Hand Protein Peflin Is a Negative Regulator of ER-To-Golgi Transport. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157227. [PMID: 27276012 PMCID: PMC4898701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal calcium regulates vesicle transport early in the secretory pathway. In ER-to-Golgi transport, depletion of luminal calcium leads to significantly reduced transport and a buildup of budding and newly budded COPII vesicles and vesicle proteins. Effects of luminal calcium on transport may be mediated by cytoplasmic calcium sensors near ER exits sites (ERES). The penta-EF-hand (PEF) protein apoptosis-linked gene 2 (ALG-2) stabilizes sec31A at ER exit sites (ERES) and promotes the assembly of inner and outer shell COPII components. However, in vitro and intact cell approaches have not determined whether ALG-2 is a negative or positive regulator, or a regulator at all, under basal physiological conditions. ALG-2 interacts with another PEF protein, peflin, to form cytosolic heterodimers that dissociate in response to calcium. However, a biological function for peflin has not been demonstrated and whether peflin and the ALG-2/peflin interaction modulates transport has not been investigated. Using an intact, single cell, morphological assay for ER-to-Golgi transport in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells, we found that depletion of peflin using siRNA resulted in significantly faster transport of the membrane cargo VSV-G. Double depletion of peflin and ALG-2 blocked the increased transport resulting from peflin depletion, demonstrating a role for ALG-2 in the increased transport. Furthermore, peflin depletion caused increased targeting of ALG-2 to ERES and increased ALG-2/sec31A interactions, suggesting that peflin may normally inhibit transport by preventing ALG-2/sec31A interactions. This work identifies for the first time a clear steady state role for a PEF protein in ER-to-Golgi transport—peflin is a negative regulator of transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Rayl
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Mishana Truitt
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Aaron Held
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - John Sargeant
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Kevin Thorsen
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
| | - Jesse C. Hay
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Takei T, Yaguchi T, Fujii T, Nomoto T, Toyota T, Fujinami M. Measurement of membrane tension of free standing lipid bilayers via laser-induced surface deformation spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8641-7. [PMID: 26371704 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive measurement of the membrane tension of free-standing black lipid membranes (BLMs), with sensitivity on the order of μN m(-1), was achieved using laser-induced surface deformation (LISD) spectroscopy. A BLM was vertically formed via the folding method and aqueous phases with different refractive indices were added on each side in order to induce radiation pressure by a laser beam. The dynamic response of the deformed BLMs was measured under periodic intensity modulation and their tensions could be estimated. The dependence of membrane tension on the cholesterol concentration of BLMs composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was investigated, with the membrane tension increasing from 1.3 μN m(-1) to 68.1 μN m(-1) when the cholesterol concentration increased from zero to 33%. These tension values are much smaller than some of those previously reported, because this method does not suppress membrane fluctuation unlike other conventional methods. Our LISD system can be a promising tool for the measurement of membrane tension in BLMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Takei
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Nomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Taro Toyota
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ui M, Harima K, Takei T, Tsumoto K, Tabata KV, Noji H, Endo S, Akiyama K, Muraoka T, Kinbara K. Grafting synthetic transmembrane units to the engineered low-toxicity α-hemolysin to restore its hemolytic activity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:3199-206. [PMID: 25267196 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical modification of proteins to provide desirable functions and/or structures broadens their possibilities for use in various applications. Usually, proteins can acquire new functions and characteristics, in addition to their original ones, via the introduction of synthetic functional moieties. Here, we adopted a more radical approach to protein modification, i.e., the replacement of a functional domain of proteins with alternative chemical compounds to build "cyborg proteins." As a proof of concept model, we chose staphylococcal α-hemolysin (Hla), which is a well-studied, pore-forming toxin. The hemolytic activity of Hla mutants was dramatically decreased by truncation of the stem domain, which forms a β-barrel pore in the membrane. However, the impaired hemolytic activity was significantly restored by attaching a pyrenyl-maleimide unit to the cysteine residue that was introduced in the remaining stem domain. In contrast, negatively charged fluorescein-maleimide completely abolished the remaining activity of the mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Ui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saito K, Katada T. Mechanisms for exporting large-sized cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3709-20. [PMID: 26082182 PMCID: PMC4565863 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cargo proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus are typically transported in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles of 60–90 nm diameter. Several cargo molecules including collagens and chylomicrons form structures that are too large to be accommodated by these vesicles, but their secretion still requires COPII proteins. Here, we first review recent progress on large cargo secretions derived especially from animal models and human diseases, which indicate the importance of COPII proteins. We then discuss the recent isolation of specialized factors that modulate the process of COPII-dependent cargo formation to facilitate the exit of large-sized cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on these findings, we propose a model that describes the importance of the GTPase cycle for secretion of oversized cargoes. Next, we summarize reports that describe the structures of COPII proteins and how these results provide insight into the mechanism of assembly of the large cargo carriers. Finally, we discuss what issues remain to be solved in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Saito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Robinson DG, Brandizzi F, Hawes C, Nakano A. Vesicles versus Tubes: Is Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Transport in Plants Fundamentally Different from Other Eukaryotes? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:393-406. [PMID: 25883241 PMCID: PMC4453782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the gateway to the secretory pathway in all eukaryotic cells. Its products subsequently pass through the Golgi apparatus on the way to the cell surface (true secretion) or to the lytic compartment of the cell (vacuolar protein transport). In animal cells, the Golgi apparatus is present as a stationary larger order complex near the nucleus, and transport between the cortical ER and the Golgi complex occurs via an intermediate compartment which is transported on microtubules. By contrast, higher plant cells have discrete mobile Golgi stacks that move along the cortical ER, and the intermediate compartment is absent. Although many of the major molecular players involved in ER-Golgi trafficking in mammalian and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells have homologs in higher plants, the narrow interface (less than 500 nm) between the Golgi and the ER, together with the motility factor, makes the identification of the transport vectors responsible for bidirectional traffic between these two organelles much more difficult. Over the years, a controversy has arisen over the two major possibilities by which transfer can occur: through vesicles or direct tubular connections. In this article, four leading plant cell biologists attempted to resolve this issue. Unfortunately, their opinions are so divergent and often opposing that it was not possible to reach a consensus. Thus, we decided to let each tell his or her version individually. The review begins with an article by Federica Brandizzi that provides the necessary molecular background on coat protein complexes in relation to the so-called secretory units model for ER-Golgi transport in highly vacuolated plant cells. The second article, written by Chris Hawes, presents the evidence in favor of tubules. It is followed by an article from David Robinson defending the classical notion that transport occurs via vesicles. The last article, by Akihiko Nakano, introduces the reader to possible alternatives to vesicles or tubules, which are now emerging as a result of exciting new developments in high-resolution light microscopy in yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Chris Hawes
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iwasaki H, Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Distribution of Sec24 isoforms to each ER exit site is dynamically regulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1234-9. [PMID: 25896017 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
COPII vesicles are formed at specific subdomains of the ER, termed ER exit sites (ERESs). Depending on the cell type, ERESs number from a few to several hundred per cell. However, whether these ERESs are functionally and compositionally identical at the cellular level remains unclear. Our live cell-imaging analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that the isoforms of cargo-adaptor subunits are unequally distributed to each ERES at steady state, whereas this distribution is altered in response to UPR activation. These results suggest that in S. cerevisiae cargo loading to ERES is dynamically controlled in response to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Iwasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manzano-Lopez J, Perez-Linero AM, Aguilera-Romero A, Martin ME, Okano T, Silva DV, Seeberger PH, Riezman H, Funato K, Goder V, Wellinger RE, Muñiz M. COPII coat composition is actively regulated by luminal cargo maturation. Curr Biol 2014; 25:152-162. [PMID: 25557665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Export from the ER is an essential process driven by the COPII coat, which forms vesicles at ER exit sites (ERESs) to transport mature secretory proteins to the Golgi. Although the basic mechanism of COPII assembly is known, how COPII machinery is regulated to meet varying cellular secretory demands is unclear. RESULTS Here, we report a specialized COPII system that is actively recruited by luminal cargo maturation. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are luminal secretory proteins anchored to the membrane by the glycolipid GPI. After protein attachment in the ER lumen, lipid and glycan parts of the GPI anchor are remodeled. In yeast, GPI-lipid remodeling concentrates GPI-APs into specific ERESs. We found that GPI-glycan remodeling induces subsequent recruitment of the specialized ER export machinery that enables vesicle formation from these specific ERESs. First, the transmembrane cargo receptor p24 complex binds GPI-APs as a lectin by recognizing the remodeled GPI-glycan. Binding of remodeled cargo induces the p24 complex to recruit the COPII subtype Lst1p, specifically required for GPI-AP ER export. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that COPII coat recruitment by cargo receptors is not constitutive but instead is actively regulated by binding of mature ligands. Therefore, we reveal a novel functional link between luminal cargo maturation and COPII vesicle budding, providing a mechanism to adjust specialized COPII vesicle production to the amount and quality of their luminal cargos that are ready for ER exit. This helps to understand how the ER export machinery adapts to different needs for luminal cargo secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria E Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Tatsuki Okano
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Daniel Varon Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Veit Goder
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ralf E Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Muraoka T, Endo T, Tabata KV, Noji H, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Li R, Kinbara K. Reversible Ion Transportation Switch by a Ligand-Gated Synthetic Supramolecular Ion Channel. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15584-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5070312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Muraoka
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi,
Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takahiro Endo
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhito V. Tabata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 108-8656, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 108-8656, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 108-8656, Japan
- Institute
of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rui Li
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saito K, Yamashiro K, Shimazu N, Tanabe T, Kontani K, Katada T. Concentration of Sec12 at ER exit sites via interaction with cTAGE5 is required for collagen export. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:751-62. [PMID: 25202031 PMCID: PMC4164946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By interacting with the collagen cargo receptor component cTAGE5, Sec12 concentrates at ER exit sites and generates the high levels of GTP-bound Sar1 necessary for export of collagen to the Golgi. Mechanisms for exporting variably sized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using the same machinery remain poorly understood. COPII-coated vesicles, which transport secretory proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, are typically 60–90 nm in diameter. However, collagen, which forms a trimeric structure that is too large to be accommodated by conventional transport vesicles, is also known to be secreted via a COPII-dependent process. In this paper, we show that Sec12, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Sar1 guanosine triphosphatase, is concentrated at ER exit sites and that this concentration of Sec12 is specifically required for the secretion of collagen VII but not other proteins. Furthermore, Sec12 recruitment to ER exit sites is organized by its direct interaction with cTAGE5, a previously characterized collagen cargo receptor component, which functions together with TANGO1 at ER exit sites. These findings suggest that the export of large cargo requires high levels of guanosine triphosphate–bound Sar1 generated by Sec12 localized at ER exit sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Saito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koh Yamashiro
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanabe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Helm JR, Bentley M, Thorsen KD, Wang T, Foltz L, Oorschot V, Klumperman J, Hay JC. Apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2)/Sec31 interactions regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport: a potential effector pathway for luminal calcium. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23609-28. [PMID: 25006245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal calcium released from secretory organelles has been suggested to play a regulatory role in vesicle transport at several steps in the secretory pathway; however, its functional roles and effector pathways have not been elucidated. Here we demonstrate for the first time that specific luminal calcium depletion leads to a significant decrease in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport rates in intact cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that luminal calcium depletion is accompanied by increased accumulation of intermediate compartment proteins in COPII buds and clusters of unfused COPII vesicles at ER exit sites. Furthermore, we present several lines of evidence suggesting that luminal calcium affected transport at least in part through calcium-dependent interactions between apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2) and the Sec31A proline-rich region: 1) targeted disruption of ALG-2/Sec31A interactions caused severe defects in ER-to-Golgi transport in intact cells; 2) effects of luminal calcium and ALG-2/Sec31A interactions on transport mutually required each other; and 3) Sec31A function in transport required luminal calcium. Morphological phenotypes of disrupted ALG-2/Sec31A interactions were characterized. We found that ALG-2/Sec31A interactions were not required for the localization of Sec31A to ER exit sites per se but appeared to acutely regulate the stability and trafficking of the cargo receptor p24 and the distribution of the vesicle tether protein p115. These results represent the first outline of a mechanism that connects luminal calcium to specific protein interactions regulating vesicle trafficking machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Helm
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| | - Marvin Bentley
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| | - Kevin D Thorsen
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| | - Ting Wang
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| | - Lauren Foltz
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| | - Viola Oorschot
- the Cell Microscopy Center, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, AZU Room H02.313, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- the Cell Microscopy Center, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, AZU Room H02.313, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse C Hay
- From the Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-4824 and
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kodera C, Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Sec23 homolog Nel1 is a novel GTPase-activating protein for Sar1 but does not function as a subunit of the coat protein complex II (COPII) coat. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21423-32. [PMID: 24947508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The coat protein complex II (COPII) generates transport carriers from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) under the control of the small GTPase Sar1. Sec23 is well known as a structural component of the COPII coat and as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Sar1. Here, we showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a novel Sec23 paralog, Nel1, which appears not to function as a subunit of the COPII coat. Nel1 does not associate with any of the COPII components, but it exhibits strong Sar1 GAP activity. We also demonstrated that the chromosomal deletion of NEL1 leads to a significant growth defect in the temperature-sensitive sar1D32G background, suggesting a possible functional link between these proteins. In contrast to Sec23, which is predominantly localized at ER exit sites on the ER membrane, a major proportion of Nel1 is localized throughout the cytosol. Our findings highlight a possible role of Nel1 as a novel GAP for Sar1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kodera
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 and the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Molecular Mechanisms of the Localization of Membrane Proteins in the Yeast Golgi Compartments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:435-45. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Subunit rotation is the mechanochemical intermediate for the catalytic activity of the membrane enzyme FoF1-ATP synthase. smFRET (single-molecule FRET) studies have provided insights into the step sizes of the F1 and Fo motors, internal transient elastic energy storage and controls of the motors. To develop and interpret smFRET experiments, atomic structural information is required. The recent F1 structure of the Escherichia coli enzyme with the ϵ-subunit in an inhibitory conformation initiated a study for real-time monitoring of the conformational changes of ϵ. The present mini-review summarizes smFRET rotation experiments and previews new smFRET data on the conformational changes of the CTD (C-terminal domain) of ϵ in the E. coli enzyme.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yorimitsu T, Sato K, Takeuchi M. Molecular mechanisms of Sar/Arf GTPases in vesicular trafficking in yeast and plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:411. [PMID: 25191334 PMCID: PMC4140167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPase proteins play essential roles in the regulation of vesicular trafficking systems in eukaryotic cells. Two types of small GTPases, secretion-associated Ras-related protein (Sar) and ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf), act in the biogenesis of transport vesicles. Sar/Arf GTPases function as molecular switches by cycling between active, GTP-bound and inactive, GDP-bound forms, catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, respectively. Activated Sar/Arf GTPases undergo a conformational change, exposing the N-terminal amphipathic α-helix for insertion into membranes. The process triggers the recruitment and assembly of coat proteins to the membranes, followed by coated vesicle formation and scission. In higher plants, Sar/Arf GTPases also play pivotal roles in maintaining the dynamic identity of organelles in the secretory pathway. Sar1 protein strictly controls anterograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the recruitment of plant COPII coat components onto membranes. COPII vesicle transport is responsible for the organization of highly conserved polygonal ER networks. In contrast, Arf proteins contribute to the regulation of multiple trafficking routes, including transport through the Golgi complex and endocytic transport. These transport systems have diversified in the plant kingdom independently and exhibit several plant-specific features with respect to Golgi organization, endocytic cycling, cell polarity and cytokinesis. The functional diversification of vesicular trafficking systems ensures the multicellular development of higher plants. This review focuses on the current knowledge of Sar/Arf GTPases, highlighting the molecular details of GTPase regulation in vesicle formation in yeast and advances in knowledge of the characteristics of vesicle trafficking in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masaki Takeuchi, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Takagi J, Renna L, Takahashi H, Koumoto Y, Tamura K, Stefano G, Fukao Y, Kondo M, Nishimura M, Shimada T, Brandizzi F, Hara-Nishimura I. MAIGO5 functions in protein export from Golgi-associated endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4658-75. [PMID: 24280388 PMCID: PMC3875742 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells face unique challenges to efficiently export cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mobile Golgi stacks. Coat protein complex II (COPII) components, which include two heterodimers of Secretory23/24 (Sec23/24) and Sec13/31, facilitate selective cargo export from the ER; however, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their recruitment to the ER membrane, especially in plants. Here, we report a protein transport mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, named maigo5 (mag5), which abnormally accumulates precursor forms of storage proteins in seeds. mag5-1 has a deletion in the putative ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens Sec16, which encodes a critical component of ER exit sites (ERESs). mag mutants developed abnormal structures (MAG bodies) within the ER and exhibited compromised ER export. A functional MAG5/SEC16A-green fluorescent protein fusion localized at Golgi-associated cup-shaped ERESs and cycled on and off these sites at a slower rate than the COPII coat. MAG5/SEC16A interacted with SEC13 and SEC31; however, in the absence of MAG5/SEC16A, recruitment of the COPII coat to ERESs was accelerated. Our results identify a key component of ER export in plants by demonstrating that MAG5/SEC16A is required for protein export at ERESs that are associated with mobile Golgi stacks, where it regulates COPII coat turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Luciana Renna
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuko Koumoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Venditti R, Wilson C, De Matteis MA. Exiting the ER: what we know and what we don't. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:9-18. [PMID: 24076263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of proteins that are transported to different cellular compartments and secreted from the cell require coat protein complex II (COPII) for export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Many of the molecular mechanisms underlying COPII assembly are understood in great detail, but it is becoming increasingly evident that this basic machinery is insufficient to account for diverse aspects of protein export from the ER that are observed in vivo. Here we review recent data that have furthered our mechanistic understanding of COPII assembly and, in particular, how genetic diseases associated with the early secretory pathway have added fundamental insights into the regulation of ER-derived carrier formation. We also highlight some unresolved issues that future work should address to better understand the physiology of COPII-mediated transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Venditti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Amodio G, Venditti R, De Matteis MA, Moltedo O, Pignataro P, Remondelli P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress reduces COPII vesicle formation and modifies Sec23a cycling at ERESs. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3261-6. [PMID: 23994533 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exit from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of newly synthesized proteins is mediated by COPII vesicles that bud from the ER at the ER Exit Sites (ERESs). Disruption of ER homeostasis causes accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER. This condition is referred to as ER stress. Previously, we demonstrated that ER stress rapidly impairs the formation of COPII vesicles. Here, we show that membrane association of COPII components, and in particular of Sec23a, is impaired by ER stress-inducing agents suggesting the existence of a dynamic interplay between protein folding and COPII assembly at the ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amodio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
D'Arcangelo JG, Stahmer KR, Miller EA. Vesicle-mediated export from the ER: COPII coat function and regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2464-72. [PMID: 23419775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital cellular process in all eukaryotes responsible for moving secretory cargoes from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. To accomplish this feat, the cell employs a set of conserved cytoplasmic coat proteins - the coat protein II (COPII) complex - that recruit cargo into nascent buds and deform the ER membrane to drive vesicle formation. While our understanding of COPII coat mechanics has developed substantially since its discovery, we have only recently begun to appreciate the factors that regulate this complex and, in turn, ER-to-Golgi trafficking. Here, we describe these factors and their influences on COPII vesicle formation. Properties intrinsic to the GTP cycle of the coat, as well as coat structure, have critical implications for COPII vesicle trafficking. Extrinsic factors in the cytosol can modulate COPII activity through direct interaction with the coat or with scaffolding components, or by changing composition of the ER membrane. Further, lumenal and membrane-bound cargoes and cargo receptors can influence COPII-mediated trafficking in equally profound ways. Together, these factors work in concert to ensure proper cargo movement in this first step of the secretory pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
|
39
|
Börsch M. Microscopy of single F(o) F(1) -ATP synthases--the unraveling of motors, gears, and controls. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:227-37. [PMID: 23378185 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical microscopy of single F(1) -ATPase and F(o) F(1) -ATP synthases started 15 years ago. Direct demonstration of ATP-driven subunit rotation by videomicroscopy became the new exciting tool to analyze the conformational changes of this enzyme during catalysis. Stimulated by these experiments, technical improvements for higher time resolution, better angular resolution, and reduced viscous drag were developed rapidly. Optics and single-molecule enzymology were entangled to benefit both biochemists and microscopists. Today, several single-molecule microscopy methods are established including controls for the precise nanomanipulation of individual enzymes in vitro. Förster resonance energy transfer, which has been used for simultaneous monitoring of conformational changes of different parts of this rotary motor, is one of them and may become the tool for the analysis of single F(o) F(1) -ATP synthases in membranes of living cells. Here, breakthrough experiments are critically reviewed and challenges are discussed for the future microscopy of single ATP synthesizing enzymes at work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lord C, Ferro-Novick S, Miller EA. The highly conserved COPII coat complex sorts cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum and targets it to the golgi. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/2/a013367. [PMID: 23378591 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein egress from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is driven by a conserved cytoplasmic coat complex called the COPII coat. The COPII coat complex contains an inner shell (Sec23/Sec24) that sorts cargo into ER-derived vesicles and an outer cage (Sec13/Sec31) that leads to coat polymerization. Once released from the ER, vesicles must tether to and fuse with the target membrane to deliver their protein and lipid contents. This delivery step also depends on the COPII coat, with coat proteins binding directly to tethering and regulatory factors. Recent findings have yielded new insight into how COPII-mediated vesicle traffic is regulated. Here we discuss the molecular basis of COPII-mediated ER-Golgi traffic, focusing on the surprising complexity of how ER-derived vesicles form, package diverse cargoes, and correctly target these cargoes to their destination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kakoi S, Yorimitsu T, Sato K. COPII machinery cooperates with ER-localized Hsp40 to sequester misfolded membrane proteins into ER-associated compartments. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:633-42. [PMID: 23303252 PMCID: PMC3583666 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that fail to fold in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are subjected to ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Certain transmembrane ERAD substrates are segregated into specialized ER subdomains, termed ER-associated compartments (ERACs), before targeting to ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. The traffic-independent function of several proteins involved in COPII-mediated ER-to-Golgi transport have been implicated in the segregation of exogenously expressed human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) into ERACs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we focus on the properties of COPII components in the sequestration of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-CFTR into ERACs. It has been demonstrated that the temperature-sensitive growth defects in many COPII mutants can be suppressed by overexpressing other genes involved in COPII vesicle formation. However, we show that these suppression abilities are not always correlated with the ability to rescue the ERAC formation defect, suggesting that COPII-mediated EGFP-CFTR entry into ERACs is independent of its ER-to-Golgi trafficking function. In addition to COPII machinery, we find that ER-associated Hsp40s are also involved in the sequestration process by directly interacting with EGFP-CFTR. COPII components and ER-associated Hsp40, Hlj1p, act in the same pathway to sequester EGFP-CFTR into ERACs. Our findings point to an as-yet-undefined role of COPII proteins in the formation of ERACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kakoi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Muraoka T, Kinbara K. Development and Functionalization of Structural Mimics of Multipass Transmembrane Proteins. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
43
|
Muraoka T, Shima T, Hamada T, Morita M, Takagi M, Tabata KV, Noji H, Kinbara K. Ion permeation by a folded multiblock amphiphilic oligomer achieved by hierarchical construction of self-assembled nanopores. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19788-94. [PMID: 23145887 DOI: 10.1021/ja308342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multiblock amphiphilic molecule 1, with a tetrameric alternating sequence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic units, adopts a folded structure in a liposomal membrane like a multipass transmembrane protein, and is able to transport alkali metal cations through the membrane. Hill's analysis and conductance measurements, analyzed by the Hille equation, revealed that the tetrameric assembly of 1 forms a 0.53 nm channel allowing for permeation of cations. Since neither 3, bearing flexible hydrophobic units and forming no stacked structures in the membrane, nor 2, a monomeric version of 1, is able to transport cations, the folded conformation of 1 in the membrane is likely essential for realizing its function. Thus, function and hierarchically formed higher-order structures of 1, is strongly correlated with each other like proteins and other biological macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Muraoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yoshibori M, Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Involvement of the penta-EF-hand protein Pef1p in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of COPII subunit assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40765. [PMID: 22792405 PMCID: PMC3394733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that the coat protein complex II (COPII) mediates the transport of proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, the regulation of the vesicular transport event and the mechanisms that act to counterbalance the vesicle flow between the ER and Golgi are poorly understood. In this study, we present data indicating that the penta-EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein Pef1p directly interacts with the COPII coat subunit Sec31p and regulates COPII assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ALG-2, a mammalian homolog of Pef1p, has been shown to interact with Sec31A in a Ca2+-dependent manner and to have a role in stabilizing the association of the Sec13/31 complex with the membrane. However, Pef1p displayed reversed Ca2+ dependence for Sec13/31p association; only the Ca2+-free form of Pef1p bound to the Sec13/31p complex. In addition, the influence on COPII coat assembly also appeared to be reversed; Pef1p binding acted as a kinetic inhibitor to delay Sec13/31p recruitment. Our results provide further evidence for a linkage between Ca2+-dependent signaling and ER-to-Golgi trafficking, but its mechanism of action in yeast seems to be different from the mechanism reported for its mammalian homolog ALG-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yoshibori
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yorimitsu T, Sato K. Insights into structural and regulatory roles of Sec16 in COPII vesicle formation at ER exit sites. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2930-42. [PMID: 22675024 PMCID: PMC3408419 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-05-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec16 is an essential factor in “ER exit site” formation, as well as in COPII-mediated traffic in vivo. The results indicate that purified Sec16 alone can self-assemble into homo-oligomeric complexes on a planar lipid membrane and plays an important role in regulating Sar1 GTPase activity at the late steps of COPII vesicle formation. COPII-coated buds are formed at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) to mediate ER-to-Golgi transport. Sec16 is an essential factor in ERES formation, as well as in COPII-mediated traffic in vivo. Sec16 interacts with multiple COPII proteins, although the functional significance of these interactions remains unknown. Here we present evidence that full-length Sec16 plays an important role in regulating Sar1 GTPase activity at the late steps of COPII vesicle formation. We show that Sec16 interacts with Sec23 and Sar1 through its C-terminal conserved region and hinders the ability of Sec31 to stimulate Sec23 GAP activity toward Sar1. We also find that purified Sec16 alone can self-assemble into homo-oligomeric complexes on a planar lipid membrane. These features ensure prolonged COPII coat association within a preformed Sec16 cluster, which may lead to the formation of ERES. Our results indicate a mechanistic relationship between COPII coat assembly and ERES formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vesicle-mediated ER export of proteins and lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1040-9. [PMID: 22265716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site of synthesis of both lipids and proteins, many of which must be transported to other organelles. The COPII coat-comprising Sar1, Sec23/24, Sec13/31-generates transport vesicles that mediate the bulk of protein/lipid export from the ER. The coat exhibits remarkable flexibility in its ability to specifically select and accommodate a large number of cargoes with diverse properties. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of COPII vesicle production and describe recent advances that further our understanding of just how flexible COPII cargo recruitment and vesicle formation may be. Large or bulky cargo molecules (e.g. collagen rods and lipoprotein particles) exceed the canonical size for COPII vesicles and seem to rely on the additional action of recently identified accessory molecules. Although the bulk of the research has focused on the fate of protein cargo, the mechanisms and regulation of lipid transport are equally critical to cellular survival. From their site of synthesis in the ER, phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols exit the ER, either accompanying cargo in vesicles or directly across the cytoplasm shielded by lipid-transfer proteins. Finally, we highlight the current challenges to the field in addressing the physiological regulation of COPII vesicle production and the molecular details of how diverse cargoes, both proteins and lipids, are accommodated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipids and Vesicular Transport.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kung LF, Pagant S, Futai E, D'Arcangelo JG, Buchanan R, Dittmar JC, Reid RJD, Rothstein R, Hamamoto S, Snapp EL, Schekman R, Miller EA. Sec24p and Sec16p cooperate to regulate the GTP cycle of the COPII coat. EMBO J 2011; 31:1014-27. [PMID: 22157747 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) employs a cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis to regulate assembly of the COPII coat. We have identified a novel mutation (sec24-m11) in the cargo-binding subunit, Sec24p, that specifically impacts the GTP-dependent generation of vesicles in vitro. Using a high-throughput approach, we defined genetic interactions between sec24-m11 and a variety of trafficking components of the early secretory pathway, including the candidate COPII regulators, Sed4p and Sec16p. We defined a fragment of Sec16p that markedly inhibits the Sec23p- and Sec31p-stimulated GTPase activity of Sar1p, and demonstrated that the Sec24p-m11 mutation diminished this inhibitory activity, likely by perturbing the interaction of Sec24p with Sec16p. The consequence of the heightened GTPase activity when Sec24p-m11 is present is the generation of smaller vesicles, leading to accumulation of ER membranes and more stable ER exit sites. We propose that association of Sec24p with Sec16p creates a novel regulatory complex that retards the GTPase activity of the COPII coat to prevent premature vesicle scission, pointing to a fundamental role for GTP hydrolysis in vesicle release rather than in coat assembly/disassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie F Kung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Popoff V, Adolf F, Brügger B, Wieland F. COPI budding within the Golgi stack. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a005231. [PMID: 21844168 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi serves as a hub for intracellular membrane traffic in the eukaryotic cell. Transport within the early secretory pathway, that is within the Golgi and from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, is mediated by COPI-coated vesicles. The COPI coat shares structural features with the clathrin coat, but differs in the mechanisms of cargo sorting and vesicle formation. The small GTPase Arf1 initiates coating on activation and recruits en bloc the stable heptameric protein complex coatomer that resembles the inner and the outer shells of clathrin-coated vesicles. Different binding sites exist in coatomer for membrane machinery and for the sorting of various classes of cargo proteins. During the budding of a COPI vesicle, lipids are sorted to give a liquid-disordered phase composition. For the release of a COPI-coated vesicle, coatomer and Arf cooperate to mediate membrane separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Popoff
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Bacteria and eukaryotic cells contain geometry-sensing tools in their cytosol: protein motifs or domains that recognize the curvature, concave or convex, deep or shallow, of lipid membranes. These sensors contrast with classical lipid-binding domains by their extended structure and, sometimes, counterintuitive chemistry. Among the sensors are long amphipathic helices, such as the ALPS motif and the N-terminal region of α-synuclein, whose apparent "design defects" translate into a remarkable ability to specifically adsorb to the surface of small vesicles. Fundamental differences in the lipid composition of membranes of the early and late secretory pathways probably explain why some sensors use mostly electrostatics whereas others take advantage of the hydrophobic effect. Membrane curvature sensors help to organize very diverse reactions, such as lipid transfer between membranes, the tethering of vesicles at the Golgi apparatus, and the assembly-disassembly cycle of protein coats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonny
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recheche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang H, Huber G, Mukhopadhyay R. Protein-coat dynamics and cluster phases in intracellular trafficking. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:374105. [PMID: 21862842 PMCID: PMC3393765 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/37/374105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Clustering of membrane proteins is a hallmark of biological membranes' lateral organization and crucial to their function. However, the physical properties of these protein aggregates remain poorly understood. Ensembles of coat proteins, the example considered here, are necessary for intracellular transport in eukaryotic cells. Assembly and disassembly rates for coat proteins involved in intracellular vesicular trafficking must be carefully controlled: their assembly deforms the membrane patch and drives vesicle formation, yet the protein coat must rapidly disassemble after vesiculation. Motivated by recent experimental findings for protein-coat dynamics, we study a dynamical Ising-type model for coat assembly and disassembly, and demonstrate how simple dynamical rules generate a robust, steady-state distribution of protein clusters (corresponding to intermediate budded shapes) and how cluster sizes are controlled by the kinetics. We interpret the results in terms of both vesiculation and the coupling to cargo proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Greg Huber
- Richard Berlin Center for Cell Analysis & Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|