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Liu Y, Yang D, Jiang W, Chi T, Kang J, Wang Z, Wu F. Cell entry of bovine respiratory syncytial virus through clathrin-mediated endocytosis is regulated by PI3K-Akt and Src-JNK pathways. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393127. [PMID: 38690369 PMCID: PMC11059085 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an RNA virus with envelope that causes acute, febrile, and highly infectious respiratory diseases in cattle. However, the manner and mechanism of BRSV entry into cells remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the entry manner of BRSV into MDBK cells and its regulatory mechanism. Our findings, based on virus titer, virus copies, western blot and IFA analysis, indicate that BRSV enters MDBK cells through endocytosis, relying on dynamin, specifically via clathrin-mediated endocytosis rather than caveolin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis. We observed that the entered BRSV initially localizes in early endosomes and subsequently localizes in late endosomes. Additionally, our results of western blot, virus titer and virus copies demonstrate that BRSV entry through clathrin-mediated endocytosis is regulated by PI3K-Akt and Src-JNK signaling pathways. Overall, our study suggests that BRSV enters MDBK cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, entered BRSV is trafficked to late endosome via early endosome, BRSV entry through clathrin-mediated endocytosis is regulated by PI3K-Akt and Src-JNK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tianying Chi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jingli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Faxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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2
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Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zou M, Cui J, Shi X, Li L, Wu F, Xu X. Cell entry of Bovine herpesvirus-1 through clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis requires activation of PI3K-Akt-NF-κB and Ras-p38 MAPK pathways as well as the interaction of BoHV-1 gD with cellular receptor nectin-1. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109672. [PMID: 36774841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) can infect all breeds of cattle and cause severe respiratory organs and genital tract diseases. However, the mechanism of BoHV-1 entering the cells remains unclear. In this study, we explored the mechanism of BoHV-1 entering MDBK cells. We found that the entry of BoHV-1 was blocked by NH4Cl and bafilomycin A1, indicating that BoHV-1 entry is dependent on the acidic environment of endosome. Specific inhibitor dynasore and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of dynamin-2 inhibited BoHV-1 entry, showing that dynamin is required in BoHV-1 entry. The results of specific inhibitor, siRNA knockdown and co-localization indicating clathrin- and caveolin- mediated endocytosis play a role in BoHV-1 entry. BoHV-1 infection was not affected by EIPA which is a specific inhibitor of macropinocytosis. In addition, we found that BoHV-1 triggered PI3K-Akt-NF-κB and Ras-p38 MAPK signaling pathways to induce clathrin-mediated and caveolin-mediated endocytosis at the early stage of BoHV-1 infection. BoHV-1 binding was sufficient to activate the endocytic signaling pathways and promote viral entry. These two signaling pathways were activated by transfection of viral gD protein, and were inhibited by deletion of viral gD protein and the siRNA knockdown of cellular receptor nectin-1. The results of co-localization indicating the entered BoHV-1 is traced to late endosomes via early endosomes. Our results suggested the interaction of viral gD protein and cellular receptor nectin-1 triggered the PI3K-Akt-NF-κB and Ras-p38 MAPK signaling pathways and induced clathrin-mediated and caveolin-mediated endocytosis to promote BoHV-1 entry into MDBK cells at the early stage of BoHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health And Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetical Engineered Vaccine of Ministry of Science and Technology, Qingdao YeBio Biological Engineering Company Limited, Qingdao, Shandong 266110, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health And Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linjie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Faxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (South), China Animal Health And Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Vazquez-Pianzola P, Beuchle D, Saro G, Hernández G, Maldonado G, Brunßen D, Meister P, Suter B. Female meiosis II and pronuclear fusion require the microtubule transport factor Bicaudal D. Development 2022; 149:275749. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Bicaudal D (BicD) is a dynein adaptor that transports different cargoes along microtubules. Reducing the activity of BicD specifically in freshly laid Drosophila eggs by acute protein degradation revealed that BicD is needed to produce normal female meiosis II products, to prevent female meiotic products from re-entering the cell cycle, and for pronuclear fusion. Given that BicD is required to localize the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components Mad2 and BubR1 to the female meiotic products, it appears that BicD functions to localize these components to control metaphase arrest of polar bodies. BicD interacts with Clathrin heavy chain (Chc), and both proteins localize to centrosomes, mitotic spindles and the tandem spindles during female meiosis II. Furthermore, BicD is required to localize clathrin and the microtubule-stabilizing factors transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (D-TACC/Tacc) and Mini spindles (Msps) correctly to the meiosis II spindles, suggesting that failure to localize these proteins may perturb SAC function. Furthermore, immediately after the establishment of the female pronucleus, D-TACC and Caenorhabditis elegans BicD, tacc and Chc are also needed for pronuclear fusion, suggesting that the underlying mechanism might be more widely used across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Beuchle
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Saro
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Greco Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) 2 Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer , , 14080-Tlalpan, Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Giovanna Maldonado
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) 2 Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer , , 14080-Tlalpan, Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Dominique Brunßen
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Peter Meister
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern 1 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
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4
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Genome-Wide Analysis in Drosophila Reveals the Genetic Basis of Variation in Age-Specific Physical Performance and Response to ACE Inhibition. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010143. [PMID: 35052483 PMCID: PMC8775566 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite impressive results in restoring physical performance in rodent models, treatment with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, such as Lisinopril, have highly mixed results in humans, likely, in part, due to genetic variation in human populations. To date, the genetic determinants of responses to drugs, such as RAS inhibitors, remain unknown. Given the complexity of the relationship between physical traits and genetic background, genomic studies which predict genotype- and age-specific responses to drug treatments in humans or vertebrate animals are difficult. Here, using 126 genetically distinct lines of Drosophila melanogaster, we tested the effects of Lisinopril on age-specific climbing speed and endurance. Our data show that functional response and sensitivity to Lisinopril treatment ranges from significant protection against physical decline to increased weakness depending on genotype and age. Furthermore, genome-wide analyses led to identification of evolutionarily conserved genes in the WNT signaling pathway as being significantly associated with variations in physical performance traits and sensitivity to Lisinopril treatment. Genetic knockdown of genes in the WNT signaling pathway, Axin, frizzled, nemo, and wingless, diminished or abolished the effects of Lisinopril treatment on climbing speed traits. Our results implicate these genes as contributors to the genotype- and age-specific effects of Lisinopril treatment and because they have orthologs in humans, they are potential therapeutic targets for improvement of resiliency. Our approach should be widely applicable for identifying genomic variants that predict age- and sex-dependent responses to any type of pharmaceutical treatment.
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5
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Baker FC, Neiswender H, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Gonsalvez GB. In vivo proximity biotin ligation identifies the interactome of Egalitarian, a Dynein cargo adaptor. Development 2021; 148:dev199935. [PMID: 35020877 PMCID: PMC8645207 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Numerous motors of the Kinesin family contribute to plus-end-directed microtubule transport. However, almost all transport towards the minus-end of microtubules involves Dynein. Understanding the mechanism by which Dynein transports this vast diversity of cargo is the focus of intense research. In selected cases, adaptors that link a particular cargo with Dynein have been identified. However, the sheer diversity of cargo suggests that additional adaptors must exist. We used the Drosophila egg chamber as a model to address this issue. Within egg chambers, Egalitarian is required for linking mRNA with Dynein. However, in the absence of Egalitarian, Dynein transport into the oocyte is severely compromised. This suggests that additional cargoes might be linked to Dynein in an Egalitarian-dependent manner. We therefore used proximity biotin ligation to define the interactome of Egalitarian. This approach yielded several novel interacting partners, including P body components and proteins that associate with Dynein in mammalian cells. We also devised and validated a nanobody-based proximity biotinylation strategy that can be used to define the interactome of any GFP-tagged protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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6
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Tegument Protein pp150 Sequence-Specific Peptide Blocks Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112277. [PMID: 34835083 PMCID: PMC8623180 DOI: 10.3390/v13112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tegument protein pp150 is essential for the completion of the final steps in virion maturation. Earlier studies indicated that three pp150nt (N-terminal one-third of pp150) conformers cluster on each triplex (Tri1, Tri2A and Tri2B), and extend towards small capsid proteins atop nearby major capsid proteins, forming a net-like layer of tegument densities that enmesh and stabilize HCMV capsids. Based on this atomic detail, we designed several peptides targeting pp150nt. Our data show significant reduction in virus growth upon treatment with one of these peptides (pep-CR2) with an IC50 of 1.33 μM and no significant impact on cell viability. Based on 3D modeling, pep-CR2 specifically interferes with the pp150–capsid binding interface. Cells pre-treated with pep-CR2 and infected with HCMV sequester pp150 in the nucleus, indicating a mechanistic disruption of pp150 loading onto capsids and subsequent nuclear egress. Furthermore, pep-CR2 effectively inhibits mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in cell culture, paving the way for future animal testing. Combined, these results indicate that CR2 of pp150 is amenable to targeting by a peptide inhibitor, and can be developed into an effective antiviral.
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7
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Waites C, Qu X, Bartolini F. The synaptic life of microtubules. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:113-123. [PMID: 33873059 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, control of microtubule dynamics is required for multiple homeostatic and regulated activities. Over the past few decades, a great deal has been learned about the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in axonal and dendritic transport, with a broad impact on neuronal health and disease. However, significantly less attention has been paid to the importance of microtubule dynamics in directly regulating synaptic function. Here, we review emerging literature demonstrating that microtubules enter synapses and control central aspects of synaptic activity, including neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. The pleiotropic effects caused by a dysfunctional synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton may thus represent a key point of vulnerability for neurons and a primary driver of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Waites
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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8
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Doostmohammadi M, Ameri A, Mohammadinejad R, Dehghannoudeh N, Banat IM, Ohadi M, Dehghannoudeh G. Hydrogels For Peptide Hormones Delivery: Therapeutic And Tissue Engineering Applications. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:3405-3418. [PMID: 31579238 PMCID: PMC6770672 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s217211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are the most abundant biological compounds in the cells that act as enzymes, hormones, structural element, and antibodies. Mostly, peptides have problems to move across the cells because of their size and poor cellular penetration. Therefore, a carrier that could transfer peptides into cells is ideal and would be effective for disease treatment. Until now, plenty of polymers, e.g., polysaccharides, polypeptides, and lipids were used in drug delivery. Hydrogels made from polysaccharides showed significant development in targeted delivery of peptide hormones because of their natural characteristics such as networks, pore sizes, sustainability, and response to external stimuli. The main aim of the present review was therefore, to gather the important usages of the hydrogels as a carrier in peptide hormone delivery and their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Doostmohammadi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ameri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Negar Dehghannoudeh
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, TorontoM5S3G3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, University of Ulster, ColeraineBT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mandana Ohadi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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9
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Kotliar D, Veres A, Nagy MA, Tabrizi S, Hodis E, Melton DA, Sabeti PC. Identifying gene expression programs of cell-type identity and cellular activity with single-cell RNA-Seq. eLife 2019; 8:e43803. [PMID: 31282856 PMCID: PMC6639075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying gene expression programs underlying both cell-type identity and cellular activities (e.g. life-cycle processes, responses to environmental cues) is crucial for understanding the organization of cells and tissues. Although single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) can quantify transcripts in individual cells, each cell's expression profile may be a mixture of both types of programs, making them difficult to disentangle. Here, we benchmark and enhance the use of matrix factorization to solve this problem. We show with simulations that a method we call consensus non-negative matrix factorization (cNMF) accurately infers identity and activity programs, including their relative contributions in each cell. To illustrate the insights this approach enables, we apply it to published brain organoid and visual cortex scRNA-Seq datasets; cNMF refines cell types and identifies both expected (e.g. cell cycle and hypoxia) and novel activity programs, including programs that may underlie a neurosecretory phenotype and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kotliar
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Adrian Veres
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - M Aurel Nagy
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Eran Hodis
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Biophysics ProgramHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
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10
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Martinez Carrera LA, Gabriel E, Donohoe CD, Hölker I, Mariappan A, Storbeck M, Uhlirova M, Gopalakrishnan J, Wirth B. Novel insights into SMALED2: BICD2 mutations increase microtubule stability and cause defects in axonal and NMJ development. Hum Mol Genet 2019. [PMID: 29528393 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicaudal D2 (BICD2) encodes a highly conserved motor adaptor protein that regulates the dynein-dynactin complex in different cellular processes. Heterozygous mutations in BICD2 cause autosomal dominant lower extremity-predominant spinal muscular atrophy-2 (SMALED2). Although, various BICD2 mutations have been shown to alter interactions with different binding partners or the integrity of the Golgi apparatus, the specific pathological effects of BICD2 mutations underlying SMALED2 remain elusive. Here, we show that the fibroblasts derived from individuals with SMALED2 exhibit stable microtubules. Importantly, this effect was observed regardless of where the BICD2 mutation is located, which unifies the most likely cellular mechanism affecting microtubules. Significantly, overexpression of SMALED2-causing BICD2 mutations in the disease-relevant cell type, motor neurons, also results in an increased microtubule stability which is accompanied by axonal aberrations such as collateral branching and overgrowth. To study the pathological consequences of BICD2 mutations in vivo, and to address the controversial debate whether two of these mutations are neuron or muscle specific, we generated the first Drosophila model of SMALED2. Strikingly, neuron-specific expression of BICD2 mutants resulted in reduced neuromuscular junction size in larvae and impaired locomotion of adult flies. In contrast, expressing BICD2 mutations in muscles had no obvious effect on motor function, supporting a primarily neurological etiology of the disease. Thus, our findings contribute to the better understanding of SMALED2 pathology by providing evidence for a common pathomechanism of BICD2 mutations that increase microtubule stability in motor neurons leading to increased axonal branching and to impaired neuromuscular junction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian A Martinez Carrera
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Gabriel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Colin D Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Irmgard Hölker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Storbeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Noell CR, Loftus KM, Cui H, Grewer C, Kizer M, Debler EW, Solmaz SR. A Quantitative Model for BicD2/Cargo Interactions. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6538-6550. [PMID: 30345745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynein adaptor proteins such as Bicaudal D2 (BicD2) are integral components of the dynein transport machinery, as they recognize cargoes for cell cycle-specific transport and link them to the motor complex. Human BicD2 switches from selecting secretory and Golgi-derived vesicles for transport in G1 and S phase (by recognizing Rab6GTP), to selecting the nucleus for transport in G2 phase (by recognizing nuclear pore protein Nup358), but the molecular mechanisms governing this switch are elusive. Here, we have developed a quantitative model for BicD2/cargo interactions that integrates affinities, oligomeric states, and cellular concentrations of the reactants. BicD2 and cargo form predominantly 2:2 complexes. Furthermore, the affinity of BicD2 toward its cargo Nup358 is higher than that toward Rab6GTP. Based on our calculations, an estimated 1000 BicD2 molecules per cell would be recruited to the nucleus through Nup358 in the absence of regulation. Notably, RanGTP is a negative regulator of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction that weakens the affinity by a factor of 10 and may play a role in averting dynein recruitment to the nucleus outside of the G2 phase. However, our quantitative model predicts that an additional negative regulator remains to be identified. In the absence of negative regulation, the affinity of Nup358 would likely be sufficient to recruit BicD2 to the nucleus in G2 phase. Our quantitative model makes testable predictions of how cellular transport events are orchestrated. These transport processes are important for brain development, cell cycle control, signaling, and neurotransmission at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Noell
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Kyle M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Megan Kizer
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Erik W Debler
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19107 , United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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12
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Parodi L, Fenu S, Stevanin G, Durr A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: More than an upper motor neuron disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:352-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Inhibition of endocytic pathways impacts cytomegalovirus maturation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46069. [PMID: 28406138 PMCID: PMC5390266 DOI: 10.1038/srep46069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic processes are critical for cellular entry of several viruses; however, the role of endocytosis in cellular trafficking of viruses beyond virus entry is only partially understood. Here, we utilized two laboratory strains (AD169 and Towne) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which are known to use cell membrane fusion rather than endocytosis to enter fibroblasts, in order to study a post-entry role of endocytosis in HCMV life cycle. Upon pharmacological inhibition of dynamin-2 or clathrin terminal domain (TD) ligand association, these strains entered the cells successfully based on the expression of immediate early viral protein. However, both the inhibitors significantly reduced the growth rates and final virus yields of viruses without inhibiting the expression of early to late viral proteins. Clathrin accumulated in the cytoplasmic virus assembly compartment (vAC) of infected cells co-localizing with virus tegument protein pp150 and the formation of vAC was compromised upon endocytic inhibition. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of infected cells treated with endocytosis inhibitors showed intact nuclear stages of nucleocapsid assembly but the cytoplasmic virus maturation was greatly compromised. Thus, the data presented here implicate endocytic pathways in HCMV maturation and egress.
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Riessland M, Kaczmarek A, Schneider S, Swoboda KJ, Löhr H, Bradler C, Grysko V, Dimitriadi M, Hosseinibarkooie S, Torres-Benito L, Peters M, Upadhyay A, Biglari N, Kröber S, Hölker I, Garbes L, Gilissen C, Hoischen A, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Walter M, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Kye MJ, Hart AC, Hammerschmidt M, Kloppenburg P, Wirth B. Neurocalcin Delta Suppression Protects against Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Humans and across Species by Restoring Impaired Endocytosis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:297-315. [PMID: 28132687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous SMN1 loss causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common lethal genetic childhood motor neuron disease. SMN1 encodes SMN, a ubiquitous housekeeping protein, which makes the primarily motor neuron-specific phenotype rather unexpected. SMA-affected individuals harbor low SMN expression from one to six SMN2 copies, which is insufficient to functionally compensate for SMN1 loss. However, rarely individuals with homozygous absence of SMN1 and only three to four SMN2 copies are fully asymptomatic, suggesting protection through genetic modifier(s). Previously, we identified plastin 3 (PLS3) overexpression as an SMA protective modifier in humans and showed that SMN deficit impairs endocytosis, which is rescued by elevated PLS3 levels. Here, we identify reduction of the neuronal calcium sensor Neurocalcin delta (NCALD) as a protective SMA modifier in five asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals carrying only four SMN2 copies. We demonstrate that NCALD is a Ca2+-dependent negative regulator of endocytosis, as NCALD knockdown improves endocytosis in SMA models and ameliorates pharmacologically induced endocytosis defects in zebrafish. Importantly, NCALD knockdown effectively ameliorates SMA-associated pathological defects across species, including worm, zebrafish, and mouse. In conclusion, our study identifies a previously unknown protective SMA modifier in humans, demonstrates modifier impact in three different SMA animal models, and suggests a potential combinatorial therapeutic strategy to efficiently treat SMA. Since both protective modifiers restore endocytosis, our results confirm that endocytosis is a major cellular mechanism perturbed in SMA and emphasize the power of protective modifiers for understanding disease mechanism and developing therapies.
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15
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Budzinska M, Wicher KB, Terenzio M. Neuronal Roles of the Bicaudal D Family of Motor Adaptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:133-152. [PMID: 28215293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
All cell types rely on active intracellular cargo transport to shuttle essential cellular components such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and even organelles from the center to the periphery and vice versa. Additionally, several signaling pathways take advantage of intracellular transport to propagate their signals by moving activated receptors and protein effectors to specific locations inside the cell. Neurons particularly, being a very polarized cell type, are highly dependent on molecular motors for the anterograde and retrograde delivery of essential cellular components and signaling molecules. For these reasons, motor adaptor proteins have been extensively investigated in regard to their role in physiology and pathology of the nervous system. In this chapter, we will concentrate on a family of motor adaptor proteins, Bicaudal D (BICD), and their function in the context of the nervous system. BicD was originally described as essential for the correct localization of maternal mRNAs in Drosophila's oocyte and a regulator of the Golgi to ER retrograde transport in mammalian cells. Both mammalian BICD1 and BICD2 are highly expressed in the nervous system during development, and their importance in neuronal homeostasis has been recently under scrutiny. Several mutations in BICD2 have been linked to the development of neuromuscular diseases, and BICD2 knockout (KO) mice display migration defects of the radial cerebellar granule cells. More in line with the overall topic of this book, BICD1 was identified as a novel regulator of neurotrophin (NT) signaling as its deletion leads to defective sorting of ligand-activated NT receptors with dramatic consequences on the NT-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Budzinska
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K B Wicher
- Ossianix, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - M Terenzio
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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16
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Dimitriadi M, Derdowski A, Kalloo G, Maginnis MS, O'Hern P, Bliska B, Sorkaç A, Nguyen KCQ, Cook SJ, Poulogiannis G, Atwood WJ, Hall DH, Hart AC. Decreased function of survival motor neuron protein impairs endocytic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4377-86. [PMID: 27402754 PMCID: PMC4968725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600015113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by depletion of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, with 1 in 40 Caucasians being heterozygous for a disease allele. SMN is critical for the assembly of numerous ribonucleoprotein complexes, yet it is still unclear how reduced SMN levels affect motor neuron function. Here, we examined the impact of SMN depletion in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that decreased function of the SMN ortholog SMN-1 perturbed endocytic pathways at motor neuron synapses and in other tissues. Diminished SMN-1 levels caused defects in C. elegans neuromuscular function, and smn-1 genetic interactions were consistent with an endocytic defect. Changes were observed in synaptic endocytic proteins when SMN-1 levels decreased. At the ultrastructural level, defects were observed in endosomal compartments, including significantly fewer docked synaptic vesicles. Finally, endocytosis-dependent infection by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was reduced in human cells with decreased SMN levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that SMN depletion causes defects in endosomal trafficking that impair synaptic function, even in the absence of motor neuron cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitriadi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Derdowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Geetika Kalloo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Patrick O'Hern
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Bryn Bliska
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Steven J Cook
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Chester Beatty Labs, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - David H Hall
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;
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17
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Bodaleo FJ, Gonzalez-Billault C. The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Lessons from Drosophila Fragile X Syndrome and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 27504085 PMCID: PMC4958632 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the nervous system to generate neuronal networks relies on the establishment and maintenance of synaptic contacts. Synapses are composed of functionally different presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. An appropriate synaptic architecture is required to provide the structural basis that supports synaptic transmission, a process involving changes in cytoskeletal dynamics. Actin microfilaments are the main cytoskeletal components present at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in glutamatergic synapses. However, in the last few years it has been demonstrated that microtubules (MTs) transiently invade dendritic spines, promoting their maturation. Nevertheless, the presence and functions of MTs at the presynaptic site are still a matter of debate. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies revealed that MTs are present in the presynaptic terminals of the central nervous system (CNS) where they interact with synaptic vesicles (SVs) and reach the active zone. These observations have been reproduced by several EM protocols; however, there is empirical heterogeneity in detecting presynaptic MTs, since they appear to be both labile and unstable. Moreover, increasing evidence derived from studies in the fruit fly neuromuscular junction proposes different roles for MTs in regulating presynaptic function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the main findings that support the presence and roles of MTs at presynaptic terminals, integrating descriptive and biochemical analyses, and studies performed in invertebrate genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA
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18
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Tey S, Ahmad-Annuar A, Drew AP, Shahrizaila N, Nicholson GA, Kennerson ML. Mutation analysis of genes within the dynactin complex in a cohort of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. Clin Genet 2016; 90:127-33. [PMID: 26662454 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein-dynactin genes are attractive candidates for neurodegenerative disorders given their functional role in retrograde transport along neurons. The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) gene has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, and dynactin 1 (DCTN1) genes have been implicated in a wide spectrum of disorders including motor neuron disease, Parkinson's disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia. However, the involvement of other dynactin genes with inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPN) namely, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is under reported. We screened eight genes; DCTN1-6 and ACTR1A and ACTR1B in 136 IPN patients using whole-exome sequencing and high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Eight non-synonymous variants (including one novel variant) and three synonymous variants were identified. Four variants have been reported previously in other studies, however segregation analysis within family members excluded them from causing IPN in these families. No variants of disease significance were identified in this study suggesting the dynactin genes are unlikely to be a common cause of IPNs. However, with the ease of querying gene variants from exome data, these genes remain worthwhile candidates to assess unsolved IPN families for variants that may affect the function of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tey
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Ahmad-Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A P Drew
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Shahrizaila
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - G A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Lee J, Lee S, Chen C, Shim H, Kim-Ha J. shotregulates the microtubule reorganization required for localization of axis-determining mRNAs during oogenesis. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:431-44. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Sujung Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
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20
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Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Bicaudal D Family of Motor Adaptors: Linking Dynein Motility to Cargo Binding. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:327-340. [PMID: 26822037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transport of different intracellular cargoes along cytoskeleton filaments is essential for the morphogenesis and function of a broad variety of eukaryotic cells. Intracellular transport is mediated by cytoskeletal motors including myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are typically linked to various cargoes by adaptor proteins. Recent studies suggest that adaptor proteins can also act as essential transport cofactors, which control motor activity and coordination. Characterization of the evolutionary conserved Bicaudal D (BICD) family of dynein adaptor proteins has provided important insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing cargo trafficking. This review highlights the advances in the current understanding of how BICD adaptors regulate microtubule-based transport and how they contribute to developmental processes and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
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21
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Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cellular homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Mitochondria communicate their bioenergetic status to the cell via mitochondrial retrograde signaling. To investigate the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling in neurons, we induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the Drosophila nervous system. Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction causes reduced viability, defects in neuronal function, decreased redox potential, and reduced numbers of presynaptic mitochondria and active zones. We find that neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction stimulates a retrograde signaling response that controls the expression of several hundred nuclear genes. We show that the Drosophila hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIFα) ortholog Similar (Sima) regulates the expression of several of these retrograde genes, suggesting that Sima mediates mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Remarkably, knockdown of Sima restores neuronal function without affecting the primary mitochondrial defect, demonstrating that mitochondrial retrograde signaling is partly responsible for neuronal dysfunction. Sima knockdown also restores function in a Drosophila model of the mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome and in a Drosophila model of familial Parkinson's disease. Thus, mitochondrial retrograde signaling regulates neuronal activity and can be manipulated to enhance neuronal function, despite mitochondrial impairment.
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22
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Cianfrocco MA, DeSantis ME, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Mechanism and regulation of cytoplasmic dynein. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:83-108. [PMID: 26436706 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, dynein was the least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. However, a wealth of new structural, mechanistic, and cell biological data is shedding light on how this complicated minus-end-directed, microtubule-based motor works. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 performs a wide array of functions in most eukaryotes, both in interphase, in which it transports organelles, proteins, mRNAs, and viruses, and in mitosis and meiosis. Mutations in dynein or its regulators are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we begin by providing a synthesis of recent data to describe the current model of dynein's mechanochemical cycle. Next, we discuss regulators of dynein, with particular focus on those that directly interact with the motor to modulate its recruitment to microtubules, initiate cargo transport, or activate minus-end-directed motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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23
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Efficient Endocytic Uptake and Maturation in Drosophila Oocytes Requires Dynamitin/p50. Genetics 2015; 201:631-49. [PMID: 26265702 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynactin is a multi-subunit complex that functions as a regulator of the Dynein motor. A central component of this complex is Dynamitin/p50 (Dmn). Dmn is required for endosome motility in mammalian cell lines. However, the extent to which Dmn participates in the sorting of cargo via the endosomal system is unknown. In this study, we examined the endocytic role of Dmn using the Drosophila melanogaster oocyte as a model. Yolk proteins are internalized into the oocyte via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, trafficked through the endocytic pathway, and stored in condensed yolk granules. Oocytes that were depleted of Dmn contained fewer yolk granules than controls. In addition, these oocytes accumulated numerous endocytic intermediate structures. Particularly prominent were enlarged endosomes that were relatively devoid of Yolk proteins. Ultrastructural and genetic analyses indicate that the endocytic intermediates are produced downstream of Rab5. Similar phenotypes were observed upon depleting Dynein heavy chain (Dhc) or Lis1. Dhc is the motor subunit of the Dynein complex and Lis1 is a regulator of Dynein activity. We therefore propose that Dmn performs its function in endocytosis via the Dynein motor. Consistent with a role for Dynein in endocytosis, the motor colocalized with the endocytic machinery at the oocyte cortex in an endocytosis-dependent manner. Our results suggest a model whereby endocytic activity recruits Dynein to the oocyte cortex. The motor along with its regulators, Dynactin and Lis1, functions to ensure efficient endocytic uptake and maturation.
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24
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Farkaš R, Beňová-Liszeková D, Mentelová L, Mahmood S, Ďatková Z, Beňo M, Pečeňová L, Raška O, Šmigová J, Chase BA, Raška I, Mechler BM. Vacuole dynamics in the salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogasterduring prepupal development. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:74-96. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Denisa Beňová-Liszeková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Mentelová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Silvia Mahmood
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Mala Hora 4 03601 Martin Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Ďatková
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Milan Beňo
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Pečeňová
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Vlárska 3 83306 Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Genetics; Comenius University; Mlynská dolina, B-1 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Otakar Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šmigová
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology; University of Nebraska at Omaha; 6001 Dodge Street Omaha NE 68182-0040 USA
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bernard M. Mechler
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague; Albertov 4 12800 Prague Czech Republic
- German Cancer Research Centre; Neuenheimer Feld 581 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
- VIT-University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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25
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Rossor AM, Oates EC, Salter HK, Liu Y, Murphy SM, Schule R, Gonzalez MA, Scoto M, Phadke R, Sewry CA, Houlden H, Jordanova A, Tournev I, Chamova T, Litvinenko I, Zuchner S, Herrmann DN, Blake J, Sowden JE, Acsadi G, Rodriguez ML, Menezes MP, Clarke NF, Auer Grumbach M, Bullock SL, Muntoni F, Reilly MM, North KN. Phenotypic and molecular insights into spinal muscular atrophy due to mutations in BICD2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:293-310. [PMID: 25497877 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is a disorder of lower motor neurons, most commonly caused by recessive mutations in SMN1 on chromosome 5q. Cases without SMN1 mutations are subclassified according to phenotype. Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant, is characterized by lower limb muscle weakness and wasting, associated with reduced numbers of lumbar motor neurons and is caused by mutations in DYNC1H1, which encodes a microtubule motor protein in the dynein-dynactin complex and one of its cargo adaptors, BICD2. We have now identified 32 patients with BICD2 mutations from nine different families, providing detailed insights into the clinical phenotype and natural history of BICD2 disease. BICD2 spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity predominant most commonly presents with delayed motor milestones and ankle contractures. Additional features at presentation include arthrogryposis and congenital dislocation of the hips. In all affected individuals, weakness and wasting is lower-limb predominant, and typically involves both proximal and distal muscle groups. There is no evidence of sensory nerve involvement. Upper motor neuron signs are a prominent feature in a subset of individuals, including one family with exclusively adult-onset upper motor neuron features, consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia. In all cohort members, lower motor neuron features were static or only slowly progressive, and the majority remained ambulant throughout life. Muscle MRI in six individuals showed a common pattern of muscle involvement with fat deposition in most thigh muscles, but sparing of the adductors and semitendinosus. Muscle pathology findings were highly variable and included pseudomyopathic features, neuropathic features, and minimal change. The six causative mutations, including one not previously reported, result in amino acid changes within all three coiled-coil domains of the BICD2 protein, and include a possible 'hot spot' mutation, p.Ser107Leu present in four families. We used the recently solved crystal structure of a highly conserved region of the Drosophila orthologue of BICD2 to further-explore how the p.Glu774Gly substitution inhibits the binding of BICD2 to Rab6. Overall, the features of BICD2 spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity predominant are consistent with a pathological process that preferentially affects lumbar lower motor neurons, with or without additional upper motor neuron involvement. Defining the phenotypic features in this, the largest BICD2 disease cohort reported to date, will facilitate focused genetic testing and filtering of next generation sequencing-derived variants in cases with similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Rossor
- 1 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emily C Oates
- 2 Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia 3 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hannah K Salter
- 4 Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Yang Liu
- 4 Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sinead M Murphy
- 5 Department of Neurology, Adelaide and Meath Hospitals Incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland 6 Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Schule
- 7 Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Centre for Neurology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Tübingen and the German Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany 8 Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Michael A Gonzalez
- 8 Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Mariacristina Scoto
- 9 Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rahul Phadke
- 1 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Caroline A Sewry
- 9 Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Albena Jordanova
- 10 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium 11 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium 12 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Iyailo Tournev
- 13 Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria 14 Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia
| | - Teodora Chamova
- 13 Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Litvinenko
- 15 Clinic of Child Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- 8 Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - David N Herrmann
- 16 University of Rochester Medical Centre, Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Julian Blake
- 17 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 18 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, UK
| | - Janet E Sowden
- 19 University of Rochester Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gyuda Acsadi
- 20 Connecticut Children's Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Hartford Connecticut, 06106, USA
| | - Michael L Rodriguez
- 21 Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, 2037, Australia 22 Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- 2 Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia 3 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Nigel F Clarke
- 2 Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia 3 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Michaela Auer Grumbach
- 23 Division of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon L Bullock
- 4 Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- 1 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK 9 Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- 1 MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kathryn N North
- 2 Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia 3 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia 24 Murdoch Children's Research Institute. The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia 25 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Kuromi H. [My research life: from synaptic transmission to behavior]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:851-66. [PMID: 25088317 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
I have studied signal transmission at synapses and the effects of drugs on it at the molecular and cellular levels. Specific areas of research interest are outlined here. 1) Electrophysiological experiments in cats and rabbits suggested that a new type of analgesic, the phenothiazine derivative levomepromazine, exerts analgesic effects by depressing emotional responses accompanying the sensation of pain. 2) It was hypothesized that motoneurons had long-term effects on muscle cell membrane properties, in addition to controlling moment-to-moment activities. The substance to recover the post-denervation changes in muscle properties in culture was partially purified from mouse nerve extract, which suggested that trophic influences were exerted by substances released from motoneurons. 3) Muscles innervated by adrenergic fibers had sites responsive to acetylcholine as well as to adrenaline in early life in chicks, but only the adrenaline-responsive sites remained during development. Acetylcholine receptor clusters on Xenopus muscles were concentrated at the cholinergic neuromuscular junctions by the movement of receptors from outside the junctions during development. The passive diffusion-trap mechanism explained the accumulation of synaptic receptors at synapses. 4) We found two endocytic pathways and pools of synaptic vesicles contributing to low- and high-frequency synaptic transmission at Drosophila nerve terminals. We then identified two Ca2+ channels designated for the low- and high-frequency endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, straightjacket Ca2+ channels in the active zone and La3+-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the inactive zone at the terminals, respectively. Recently, Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model for studying the social brain, and the heat avoidance response of the flies was found to be socially enhanced. Future studies are expected to reveal mechanisms underlying social brain functions at the gene level.
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Terenzio M, Golding M, Russell MRG, Wicher KB, Rosewell I, Spencer-Dene B, Ish-Horowicz D, Schiavo G. Bicaudal-D1 regulates the intracellular sorting and signalling of neurotrophin receptors. EMBO J 2014; 33:1582-98. [PMID: 24920579 PMCID: PMC4198053 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201387579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a new function for the dynein adaptor Bicaudal D homolog 1 (BICD1) by screening a siRNA library for genes affecting the dynamics of neurotrophin receptor-containing endosomes in motor neurons (MNs). Depleting BICD1 increased the intracellular accumulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-activated TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) by disrupting the endosomal sorting, reducing lysosomal degradation and increasing the co-localisation of these neurotrophin receptors with retromer-associated sorting nexin 1. The resulting re-routing of active receptors increased their recycling to the plasma membrane and altered the repertoire of signalling-competent TrkB isoforms and p75(NTR) available for ligand binding on the neuronal surface. This resulted in attenuated, but more sustained, AKT activation in response to BDNF stimulation. These data, together with our observation that Bicd1 expression is restricted to the developing nervous system when neurotrophin receptor expression peaks, indicate that BICD1 regulates neurotrophin signalling by modulating the endosomal sorting of internalised ligand-activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terenzio
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthew Golding
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthew R G Russell
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof B Wicher
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Transgenic Services laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - David Ish-Horowicz
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL-Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Peeters K, Chamova T, Jordanova A. Clinical and genetic diversity of SMN1-negative proximal spinal muscular atrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2879-96. [PMID: 24970098 PMCID: PMC4208460 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peeters et al. review current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies (SMA). They describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges facing the post-genomics era of SMA research. Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy is a motor neuron disorder characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Initially, the disease was considered purely as an autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function SMN1 mutations on 5q13. Recent developments in next generation sequencing technologies, however, have unveiled a growing number of clinical conditions designated as non-5q forms of spinal muscular atrophy. At present, 16 different genes and one unresolved locus are associated with proximal non-5q forms, having high phenotypic variability and diverse inheritance patterns. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies. We describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges in the post-genomics era of spinal muscular atrophy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- 3 Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Jordanova
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 4 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Terenzio M, Golding M, Schiavo G. siRNA screen of ES cell-derived motor neurons identifies novel regulators of tetanus toxin and neurotrophin receptor trafficking. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:140. [PMID: 24904285 PMCID: PMC4033017 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely on the long-range transport of several signaling molecules such as neurotrophins and their receptors, which are required for neuronal development, function and survival. However, the nature of the machinery controlling the trafficking of signaling endosomes containing activated neurotrophin receptors has not yet been completely elucidated. We aimed to identify new players involved in the dynamics of neurotrophin signaling endosomes using a medium-throughput unbiased siRNA screening approach to quantify the intracellular accumulation of two fluorescently tagged reporters: the binding fragment of tetanus neurotoxin (HCT), and an antibody directed against the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. This screen performed in motor neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells identified a number of candidate genes encoding molecular motors and motor adaptor proteins involved in regulating the intracellular trafficking of these probes. Bicaudal D homolog 1 (BICD1), a molecular motor adaptor with pleiotropic roles in intracellular trafficking, was selected for further analyses, which revealed that BICD1 regulates the intracellular trafficking of HCT and neurotrophin receptors and likely plays an important role in nervous system development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terenzio
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute London, UK
| | - Matthew Golding
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute London, UK ; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK
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Vazquez-Pianzola P, Adam J, Haldemann D, Hain D, Urlaub H, Suter B. Clathrin heavy chain plays multiple roles in polarizing the Drosophila oocyte downstream of Bic-D. Development 2014; 141:1915-26. [PMID: 24718986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bicaudal-D (Bic-D), Egalitarian (Egl), microtubules and their motors form a transport machinery that localizes a remarkable diversity of mRNAs to specific cellular regions during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Bic-D family proteins also promote dynein-dependent transport of Golgi vesicles, lipid droplets, synaptic vesicles and nuclei. However, the transport of these different cargoes is still poorly understood. We searched for novel proteins that either mediate Bic-D-dependent transport processes or are transported by them. Clathrin heavy chain (Chc) co-immunopurifies with Bic-D in embryos and ovaries, and a fraction of Chc colocalizes with Bic-D. Both proteins control posterior patterning of the Drosophila oocyte and endocytosis. Although the role of Chc in endocytosis is well established, our results show that Bic-D is also needed for the elevated endocytic activity at the posterior of the oocyte. Apart from affecting endocytosis indirectly by its role in osk mRNA localization, Bic-D is also required to transport Chc mRNA into the oocyte and for transport and proper localization of Chc protein to the oocyte cortex, pointing to an additional, more direct role of Bic-D in the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, similar to Bic-D, Chc also contributes to proper localization of osk mRNA and to oocyte growth. However, in contrast to other endocytic components and factors of the endocytic recycling pathway, such as Rabenosyn-5 (Rbsn-5) and Rab11, Chc is needed during early stages of oogenesis (from stage 6 onwards) to localize osk mRNA correctly. Moreover, we also uncovered a novel, presumably endocytosis-independent, role of Chc in the establishment of microtubule polarity in stage 6 oocytes.
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Novarino G, Fenstermaker AG, Zaki MS, Hofree M, Silhavy JL, Heiberg AD, Abdellateef M, Rosti B, Scott E, Mansour L, Masri A, Kayserili H, Al-Aama JY, Abdel-Salam GMH, Karminejad A, Kara M, Kara B, Bozorgmehri B, Ben-Omran T, Mojahedi F, El Din Mahmoud IG, Bouslam N, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Hanein S, Raymond L, Forlani S, Mascaro M, Selim L, Shehata N, Al-Allawi N, Bindu P, Azam M, Gunel M, Caglayan A, Bilguvar K, Tolun A, Issa MY, Schroth J, Spencer EG, Rosti RO, Akizu N, Vaux KK, Johansen A, Koh AA, Megahed H, Durr A, Brice A, Stevanin G, Gabriel SB, Ideker T, Gleeson JG. Exome sequencing links corticospinal motor neuron disease to common neurodegenerative disorders. Science 2014; 343:506-511. [PMID: 24482476 PMCID: PMC4157572 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases characterized by progressive age-dependent loss of corticospinal motor tract function. Although the genetic basis is partly understood, only a fraction of cases can receive a genetic diagnosis, and a global view of HSP is lacking. By using whole-exome sequencing in combination with network analysis, we identified 18 previously unknown putative HSP genes and validated nearly all of these genes functionally or genetically. The pathways highlighted by these mutations link HSP to cellular transport, nucleotide metabolism, and synapse and axon development. Network analysis revealed a host of further candidate genes, of which three were mutated in our cohort. Our analysis links HSP to other neurodegenerative disorders and can facilitate gene discovery and mechanistic understanding of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Novarino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ali G. Fenstermaker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maha S. Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Matan Hofree
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Silhavy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D. Heiberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mostafa Abdellateef
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Basak Rosti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Scott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lobna Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Cairo University Children’s Hospital, Cairo 406, Egypt
| | - Amira Masri
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jumana Y. Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada M. H. Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | | | - Majdi Kara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tripoli Children’s Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Bulent Kara
- Kocaeli University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, 41380 Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bita Bozorgmehri
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology and Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Faezeh Mojahedi
- Mashhad Medical Genetic Counseling Center, 91767 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Gamal El Din Mahmoud
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Cairo University Children’s Hospital, Cairo 406, Egypt
| | - Naima Bouslam
- Université Mohammed V Souissi, Equipe de Recherchéde Maladies Neurodégéneratives (ERMN) and Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie Clinique et Essais Thérapeutiques (CRECET), 6402 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Bouhouche
- Université Mohammed V Souissi, Equipe de Recherchéde Maladies Neurodégéneratives (ERMN) and Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie Clinique et Essais Thérapeutiques (CRECET), 6402 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ali Benomar
- Université Mohammed V Souissi, Equipe de Recherchéde Maladies Neurodégéneratives (ERMN) and Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie Clinique et Essais Thérapeutiques (CRECET), 6402 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sylvain Hanein
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laure Raymond
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Massimo Mascaro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laila Selim
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Cairo University Children’s Hospital, Cairo 406, Egypt
| | - Nabil Shehata
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saudi German Hospital, Post Office Box 84348, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir Al-Allawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Dohuk, Dohuk, Iraq
| | - P.S. Bindu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Matloob Azam
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Genetics and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ahmet Caglayan
- Department of Genetics and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Aslihan Tolun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmoud Y. Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Jana Schroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emily G. Spencer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rasim O. Rosti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keith K. Vaux
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anide Johansen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alice A. Koh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hisham Megahed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225; UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR_S975, 75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stacy B. Gabriel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph G. Gleeson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Sanghavi P, Laxani S, Li X, Bullock SL, Gonsalvez GB. Dynein associates with oskar mRNPs and is required for their efficient net plus-end localization in Drosophila oocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80605. [PMID: 24244700 PMCID: PMC3823658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for eukaryotic cells to function properly, they must establish polarity. The Drosophila oocyte uses mRNA localization to establish polarity and hence provides a genetically tractable model in which to study this process. The spatial restriction of oskar mRNA and its subsequent protein product is necessary for embryonic patterning. The localization of oskar mRNA requires microtubules and microtubule-based motor proteins. Null mutants in Kinesin heavy chain (Khc), the motor subunit of the plus end-directed Kinesin-1, result in oskar mRNA delocalization. Although the majority of oskar particles are non-motile in khc nulls, a small fraction of particles display active motility. Thus, a motor other than Kinesin-1 could conceivably also participate in oskar mRNA localization. Here we show that Dynein heavy chain (Dhc), the motor subunit of the minus end-directed Dynein complex, extensively co-localizes with Khc and oskar mRNA. In addition, immunoprecipitation of the Dynein complex specifically co-precipitated oskar mRNA and Khc. Lastly, germline-specific depletion of Dhc resulted in oskar mRNA and Khc delocalization. Our results therefore suggest that efficient posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires the concerted activities of both Dynein and Kinesin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Sanghavi
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shobha Laxani
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Bullock
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zlatic SA, Grossniklaus EJ, Ryder PV, Salazar G, Mattheyses AL, Peden AA, Faundez V. Chemical-genetic disruption of clathrin function spares adaptor complex 3-dependent endosome vesicle biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2378-88. [PMID: 23761069 PMCID: PMC3727930 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin–AP-3 association is dispensable for AP-3 vesicle budding from endosomes, which suggests that AP-3–clathrin interactions differ from those by which AP-1 and AP-2 adaptors productively engage clathrin in vesicle biogenesis. A role for clathrin in AP-3–dependent vesicle biogenesis has been inferred from biochemical interactions and colocalization between this adaptor and clathrin. The functionality of these molecular associations, however, is controversial. We comprehensively explore the role of clathrin in AP-3–dependent vesicle budding, using rapid chemical-genetic perturbation of clathrin function with a clathrin light chain–FKBP chimera oligomerizable by the drug AP20187. We find that AP-3 interacts and colocalizes with endogenous and recombinant FKBP chimeric clathrin polypeptides in PC12-cell endosomes. AP-3 displays, however, a divergent behavior from AP-1, AP-2, and clathrin chains. AP-3 cofractionates with clathrin-coated vesicle fractions isolated from PC12 cells even after clathrin function is acutely inhibited by AP20187. We predicted that AP20187 would inhibit AP-3 vesicle formation from endosomes after a brefeldin A block. AP-3 vesicle formation continued, however, after brefeldin A wash-out despite impairment of clathrin function by AP20187. These findings indicate that AP-3–clathrin association is dispensable for endosomal AP-3 vesicle budding and suggest that endosomal AP-3–clathrin interactions differ from those by which AP-1 and AP-2 adaptors productively engage clathrin in vesicle biogenesis.
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Oates E, Rossor A, Hafezparast M, Gonzalez M, Speziani F, MacArthur D, Lek M, Cottenie E, Scoto M, Foley A, Hurles M, Houlden H, Greensmith L, Auer-Grumbach M, Pieber T, Strom T, Schule R, Herrmann D, Sowden J, Acsadi G, Menezes M, Clarke N, Züchner S, Muntoni F, North K, Reilly M, Reilly MM. Mutations in BICD2 cause dominant congenital spinal muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:965-73. [PMID: 23664120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant congenital spinal muscular atrophy (DCSMA) is a disorder of developing anterior horn cells and shows lower-limb predominance and clinical overlap with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a lower-limb-predominant disorder of corticospinal motor neurons. We have identified four mutations in bicaudal D homolog 2 (Drosophila) (BICD2) in six kindreds affected by DCSMA, DCSMA with upper motor neuron features, or HSP. BICD2 encodes BICD2, a key adaptor protein that interacts with the dynein-dynactin motor complex, which facilitates trafficking of cellular cargos that are critical to motor neuron development and maintenance. We demonstrate that mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions in two binding regions of BICD2 increase its binding affinity for the cytoplasmic dynein-dynactin complex, which might result in the perturbation of BICD2-dynein-dynactin-mediated trafficking, and impair neurite outgrowth. These findings provide insight into the mechanism underlying both the static and the slowly progressive clinical features and the motor neuron pathology that characterize BICD2-associated diseases, and underscore the importance of the dynein-dynactin transport pathway in the development and survival of both lower and upper motor neurons.
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Neveling K, Martinez-Carrera L, Hölker I, Heister A, Verrips A, Hosseini-Barkooie S, Gilissen C, Vermeer S, Pennings M, Meijer R, te Riele M, Frijns C, Suchowersky O, MacLaren L, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Sinke R, Zerres K, Lowry R, Lemmink H, Garbes L, Veltman J, Schelhaas H, Scheffer H, Wirth B. Mutations in BICD2, which encodes a golgin and important motor adaptor, cause congenital autosomal-dominant spinal muscular atrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:946-54. [PMID: 23664116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders caused by degeneration of lower motor neurons. Although functional loss of SMN1 is associated with autosomal-recessive childhood SMA, the genetic cause for most families affected by dominantly inherited SMA is unknown. Here, we identified pathogenic variants in bicaudal D homolog 2 (Drosophila) (BICD2) in three families afflicted with autosomal-dominant SMA. Affected individuals displayed congenital slowly progressive muscle weakness mainly of the lower limbs and congenital contractures. In a large Dutch family, linkage analysis identified a 9q22.3 locus in which exome sequencing uncovered c.320C>T (p.Ser107Leu) in BICD2. Sequencing of 23 additional families affected by dominant SMA led to the identification of pathogenic variants in one family from Canada (c.2108C>T [p.Thr703Met]) and one from the Netherlands (c.563A>C [p.Asn188Thr]). BICD2 is a golgin and motor-adaptor protein involved in Golgi dynamics and vesicular and mRNA transport. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with all three mutant BICD2 cDNAs caused massive Golgi fragmentation. This observation was even more prominent in primary fibroblasts from an individual harboring c.2108C>T (p.Thr703Met) (affecting the C-terminal coiled-coil domain) and slightly less evident in individuals with c.563A>C (p.Asn188Thr) (affecting the N-terminal coiled-coil domain). Furthermore, BICD2 levels were reduced in affected individuals and trapped within the fragmented Golgi. Previous studies have shown that Drosophila mutant BicD causes reduced larvae locomotion by impaired clathrin-mediated synaptic endocytosis in neuromuscular junctions. These data emphasize the relevance of BICD2 in synaptic-vesicle recycling and support the conclusion that BICD2 mutations cause congenital slowly progressive dominant SMA.
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Bicaudal-D uses a parallel, homodimeric coiled coil with heterotypic registry to coordinate recruitment of cargos to dynein. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1233-46. [PMID: 23723415 DOI: 10.1101/gad.212381.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the major minus end-directed microtubule motor in eukaryotes. However, there is little structural insight into how different cargos are recognized and linked to the motor complex. Here we describe the 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of a cargo-binding region of the dynein adaptor Bicaudal-D (BicD), which reveals a parallel coiled-coil homodimer. We identify a shared binding site for two cargo-associated proteins-Rab6 and the RNA-binding protein Egalitarian (Egl)-within a region of the BicD structure with classical, homotypic core packing. Structure-based mutagenesis in Drosophila provides evidence that occupancy of this site drives association of BicD with dynein, thereby coupling motor recruitment to cargo availability. The structure also contains a region in which, remarkably, the same residues in the polypeptide sequence have different heptad registry in each chain. In vitro and in vivo analysis of a classical Drosophila dominant mutation reveals that this heterotypic region regulates the recruitment of dynein to BicD. Our results support a model in which the heterotypic segment is part of a molecular switch that promotes release of BicD autoinhibition following cargo binding to the neighboring, homotypic coiled-coil region. Overall, our data reveal a pivotal role of a highly asymmetric coiled-coil domain in coordinating the assembly of cargo-motor complexes.
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Splinter D, Razafsky DS, Schlager MA, Serra-Marques A, Grigoriev I, Demmers J, Keijzer N, Jiang K, Poser I, Hyman AA, Hoogenraad CC, King SJ, Akhmanova A. BICD2, dynactin, and LIS1 cooperate in regulating dynein recruitment to cellular structures. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4226-41. [PMID: 22956769 PMCID: PMC3484101 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study dissects the recruitment of dynein and dynactin to cargo by a conserved motor adaptor BICD2. It is shown that dynein, dynactin, and BICD2 form a triple complex in vitro and in vivo. Investigation of the properties of this complex by direct visualization of dynein in live cells shows that BICD2-induced dynein transport requires LIS1. Cytoplasmic dynein is the major microtubule minus-end–directed cellular motor. Most dynein activities require dynactin, but the mechanisms regulating cargo-dependent dynein–dynactin interaction are poorly understood. In this study, we focus on dynein–dynactin recruitment to cargo by the conserved motor adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BICD2). We show that dynein and dynactin depend on each other for BICD2-mediated targeting to cargo and that BICD2 N-terminus (BICD2-N) strongly promotes stable interaction between dynein and dynactin both in vitro and in vivo. Direct visualization of dynein in live cells indicates that by itself the triple BICD2-N–dynein–dynactin complex is unable to interact with either cargo or microtubules. However, tethering of BICD2-N to different membranes promotes their microtubule minus-end–directed motility. We further show that LIS1 is required for dynein-mediated transport induced by membrane tethering of BICD2-N and that LIS1 contributes to dynein accumulation at microtubule plus ends and BICD2-positive cellular structures. Our results demonstrate that dynein recruitment to cargo requires concerted action of multiple dynein cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Splinter
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Conservation of the RNA Transport Machineries and Their Coupling to Translation Control across Eukaryotes. Comp Funct Genomics 2012; 2012:287852. [PMID: 22666086 PMCID: PMC3361156 DOI: 10.1155/2012/287852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction of proteins to discrete subcellular regions is a common mechanism to establish cellular asymmetries and depends on a coordinated program of mRNA localization and translation control. Many processes from the budding of a yeast to the establishment of metazoan embryonic axes and the migration of human neurons, depend on this type of cell polarization. How factors controlling transport and translation assemble to regulate at the same time the movement and translation of transported mRNAs, and whether these mechanisms are conserved across kingdoms is not yet entirely understood. In this review we will focus on some of the best characterized examples of mRNA transport machineries, the "yeast locasome" as an example of RNA transport and translation control in unicellular eukaryotes, and on the Drosophila Bic-D/Egl/Dyn RNA localization machinery as an example of RNA transport in higher eukaryotes. This focus is motivated by the relatively advanced knowledge about the proteins that connect the localizing mRNAs to the transport motors and the many well studied proteins involved in translational control of specific transcripts that are moved by these machineries. We will also discuss whether the core of these RNA transport machineries and factors regulating mRNA localization and translation are conserved across eukaryotes.
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Baumann S, Pohlmann T, Jungbluth M, Brachmann A, Feldbrügge M. Kinesin-3 and dynein mediate microtubule-dependent co-transport of mRNPs and endosomes. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2740-52. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance transport of mRNAs is important in determining polarity in eukaryotes. Molecular motors shuttle large ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) containing RNA-binding proteins and associated factors along microtubules. However, precise mechanisms including the interplay of molecular motors and a potential connection to membrane trafficking remain elusive. Here, we solve the motor composition of transported mRNPs containing the RNA-binding protein Rrm4 of the pathogen Ustilago maydis. The underlying transport process determines the axis of polarity in infectious filaments. Plus end-directed Kin3, a Kinesin-3 type motor, mediates anterograde transport of mRNPs and is also present in transport units moving retrogradely. Split-dynein Dyn1/2 functions in retrograde movement of mRNPs. Plus end-directed conventional kinesin Kin1 is indirectly involved by transporting minus end-directed Dyn1/2 back to plus ends. Importantly, we additionally demonstrate that Rrm4-containing mRNPs co-localise with the t-SNARE Yup1 on shuttling endosomes and that functional endosomes are essential for mRNP movement. Either loss of Kin3 or removal of its lipid-binding pleckstrin homology domain abolish Rrm4-dependent movement without preventing co-localisation of Rrm4 and Yup1-positive endosomes. In summary, we uncovered the combination of motors required for mRNP shuttling along microtubules. Furthermore, intimately linked co-transport of endosomes and mRNPs suggests vesicle hitchhiking as novel mode of mRNP transport.
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Vazquez-Pianzola P, Urlaub H, Suter B. Pabp binds to the osk 3'UTR and specifically contributes to osk mRNA stability and oocyte accumulation. Dev Biol 2011; 357:404-18. [PMID: 21782810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA localization is tightly coordinated with RNA stability and translation control. Bicaudal-D (Bic-D), Egalitarian (Egl), microtubules and their motors are part of a Drosophila transport machinery that localizes mRNAs to specific cellular regions during oogenesis and embryogenesis. We identified the Poly(A)-binding protein (Pabp) as a protein that forms an RNA-dependent complex with Bic-D in embryos and ovaries. pabp also interacts genetically with Bic-D and, similar to Bic-D, pabp is essential in the germline for oocyte growth and accumulation of osk mRNA in the oocyte. In the absence of pabp, reduced stability of osk mRNA and possibly also defects in osk mRNA transport prevent normal oocyte localization of osk mRNA. pabp also interacts genetically with osk and lack of one copy of pabp(+) causes osk to become haploinsufficient. Moreover, pointing to a poly(A)-independent role, Pabp binds to A-rich sequences (ARS) in the osk 3'UTR and these turned out to be required in vivo for osk function during early oogenesis. This effect of pabp on osk mRNA is specific for this RNA and other tested mRNAs localizing to the oocyte are less and more indirectly affected by the lack of pabp.
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The DISABLED protein functions in CLATHRIN-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis and exoendocytic coupling at the active zone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E222-9. [PMID: 21606364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102231108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the DISABLED (DAB) family of proteins are known to play a conserved role in endocytic trafficking of cell surface receptors by functioning as monomeric CLATHRIN-associated sorting proteins that recruit cargo proteins into endocytic vesicles. Here, we report a Drosophila disabled mutant revealing a novel role for DAB proteins in chemical synaptic transmission. This mutant exhibits impaired synaptic function, including a rapid activity-dependent reduction in neurotransmitter release and disruption of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. In presynaptic boutons, Drosophila DAB and CLATHRIN were highly colocalized within two distinct classes of puncta, including relatively dim puncta that were located at active zones and may reflect endocytic mechanisms operating at neurotransmitter release sites. Finally, broader analysis of endocytic proteins, including DYNAMIN, supported a general role for CLATHRIN-mediated endocytic mechanisms in rapid clearance of neurotransmitter release sites for subsequent vesicle priming and refilling of the release-ready vesicle pool.
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Aguirre-Chen C, Bülow HE, Kaprielian Z. C. elegans bicd-1, homolog of the Drosophila dynein accessory factor Bicaudal D, regulates the branching of PVD sensory neuron dendrites. Development 2011; 138:507-18. [PMID: 21205795 DOI: 10.1242/dev.060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of cell type-specific dendritic arborization patterns is a key phase in the assembly of neuronal circuitry that facilitates the integration and processing of synaptic and sensory input. Although studies in Drosophila and vertebrate systems have identified a variety of factors that regulate dendrite branch formation, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce the use of the Caenorhabditis elegans PVD neurons, a pair of putative nociceptors that elaborate complex dendritic arbors, as a tractable model for conducting high-throughput RNAi screens aimed at identifying key regulators of dendritic branch formation. By carrying out two separate RNAi screens, a small-scale candidate-based screen and a large-scale screen of the ~3000 genes on chromosome IV, we retrieved 11 genes that either promote or suppress the formation of PVD-associated dendrites. We present a detailed functional characterization of one of the genes, bicd-1, which encodes a microtubule-associated protein previously shown to modulate the transport of mRNAs and organelles in a variety of organisms. Specifically, we describe a novel role for bicd-1 in regulating dendrite branch formation and show that bicd-1 is likely to be expressed, and primarily required, in PVD neurons to control dendritic branching. We also present evidence that bicd-1 operates in a conserved pathway with dhc-1 and unc-116, components of the dynein minus-end-directed and kinesin-1 plus-end-directed microtubule-based motor complexes, respectively, and interacts genetically with the repulsive guidance receptor unc-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguirre-Chen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Bianco A, Dienstbier M, Salter HK, Gatto G, Bullock SL. Bicaudal-D regulates fragile X mental retardation protein levels, motility, and function during neuronal morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1487-92. [PMID: 20691595 PMCID: PMC2927779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the RNA-binding factor Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is disrupted in the most common inherited form of cognitive deficiency in humans. FMRP controls neuronal morphogenesis by mediating the translational regulation and localization of a large number of mRNA targets, and these functions are closely associated with transport of FMRP complexes within neurites by microtubule-based motors. However, the mechanisms that link FMRP to motors and regulate its transport are poorly understood. Here we show that FMRP is complexed with Bicaudal-D (BicD) through a domain in the latter protein that mediates linkage of cargoes with the minus-end-directed motor dynein. We demonstrate in Drosophila that the motility and, surprisingly, levels of FMRP protein are dramatically reduced in BicD mutant neurons, leading to a paucity of FMRP within processes. We also provide functional evidence that BicD and FMRP cooperate to control dendritic morphogenesis in the larval nervous system. Our findings open new perspectives for understanding localized mRNA functions in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Bianco
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terenzio
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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