Tumour-secreted miR-9 promotes endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis by activating the JAK-STAT pathway

Effects of total coumarins from Pileostegia tomentella on exosomal miRNA expression and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer cells

CONTEXT

Pileostegia tomentella Hand. Mazz (Saxifragaceae) total coumarins (TCPT) show antitumour activity in colorectal cancer (CRC) with unknown mechanism of action. Tumour angiogenesis mediated by exosomes-derived miRNA exhibits the vital regulation of endothelial cell function in metastasis of CRC.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of TCPT on exosomal miRNA expression and angiogenesis of CRC cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HT-29-derived exosomes were generated from human CRC cells (HT-29) or either treated with TCPT (100 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by identification by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Western blot. Co-culture experiments for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and exosomes were performed to detect the uptake of exosomes in HUVECs and its influence on HUVECs cells migration and lumen formation ability. Potential target miRNAs in exosomes were screened out by sequencing technology. Rescue assays of angiogenesis were performed by the transfecting mimics or inhibitors of targeted miRNA into HUVECs.

RESULTS

HT-29-derived exosomes, after TCPT treatment (Exo-TCPT), inhibited the migration and lumen formation of HUVECs, reduced the expression levels of vascular marker (FLT-1, VCAM-1 and VEGFR-2) in HUVECs. Furthermore, the level of miR-375-3p was significantly upregulated in Exo-TCPT. Rescue assays showed that high expression of miR-375-3p in HUVECs inhibited migration and lumen formation abilities, which was consistent with the effects of Exo-TCPT, whereas applying miR-375-3p inhibitors displayed opposite effects.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

TCPT exhibits anti-angiogenesis in CRC, possibly through upregulating exosomal miR-375-3p. Our findings will shed light on new target exosomes miRNA-mediated tumour microenvironment and the therapeutic application of Pileostegia tomentella in CRC.

The Chemopreventive Impact of Diet-Derived Phytochemicals on the Adipose Tissue and Breast Tumor Microenvironment Secretome

Cancer cells-derived extracellular vesicles can trigger the transformation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) into a pro-inflammatory, cancer-associated adipocyte (CAA) phenotype. Such secretome-mediated crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the tumor microenvironment (TME) therefore impacts tumor progression and metastatic processes. In addition, emerging roles of diet-derived phytochemicals, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) among other polyphenols, in modulating exosome-mediated metabolic and inflammatory signaling pathways have been highlighted. Here, we discuss how selected diet-derived phytochemicals could alter the secretome signature as well as the crosstalk dynamics between the adipose tissue and the TME, with a focus on breast cancer. Their broader implication in the chemoprevention of obesity-related cancers is also discussed.

Circulating Exosomal miRNA Profiles in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers

A growing number of studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can exert oncogenic or tumor suppressor activities in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer. Given their presence in exosome preparations, microRNA molecules may in fact participate in exosomal intercellular transfers and signaling. In the present study, we examined the profile of 25 circulating exosomal microRNAs in ostensibly healthy controls compared to patients with squamous cell lung cancers (SQCLC) or lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). Eight miRNAs, namely, miR-21-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-221-3p, Let-7b-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-222-3p, and miR-9-5p, were highly enriched in the cohort and selected for further analyses. All miRNAs were readily detected in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients of both sexes at all cancer stages, and their levels in exosomes correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of tumors. Thus, the presence of these miRNAs in circulating exosomes may contribute to the regulation of oncogenic activity in patients with NSCLC.

Harnessing exosomes as cancer biomarkers in clinical oncology

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles well known for facilitating cell-to-cell communication by distributing essential macromolecules like proteins, DNA, mRNA, lipids, and miRNA. These vesicles are abundant in fluids distributed throughout the body, including urine, blood, saliva, and even bile. They are important diagnostic tools for breast, lung, gastrointestinal cancers, etc. However, their application as cancer biomarkers has not yet been implemented in most parts of the world. In this review, we discuss how OMICs profiling of exosomes can be practiced by substituting traditional imaging or biopsy methods for cancer detection. Previous methods like extensive imaging and biopsy used for screening were expensive, mostly invasive, and could not easily provide early detection for various types of cancer. Exosomal biomarkers can be utilized for routine screening by simply collecting body fluids from the individual. We anticipate that the use of exosomes will be brought to light by the success of clinical trials investigating their potential to enhance cancer detection and treatment in the upcoming years.

Small extracellular vesicles: Multi-functional aspects in non-small cell lung carcinoma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact normal and pathological cellular signaling through bidirectional trafficking. Exosomes, a subset of EVs possess biomolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments and various RNA species reflecting a speculum of their parent cells. The involvement of exosomes in bidirectional communication and their biological constituents substantiate its role in regulating both physiology and pathology, including multiple cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancers (85%) with high incidence, mortality and reduced overall survival. Lack of efficient early diagnostic and therapeutic tools hurdles the management of NSCLC. Interestingly, the exosomes from body fluids similarity with parent cells or tissue offers a potential future multicomponent tool for the early diagnosis of NSCLC. The structural twinning of exosomes with a cell/tissue and the competitive tumor derived exosomes in tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the unpinning horizons of exosomes as a drug delivery, vaccine, and therapeutic agent. Exosomes in clinical point of view assist to trace: acquired resistance caused by various therapeutic agents, early diagnosis, progression, and surveillance. In an integrated approach, EV biomarkers offer potential cutting-edge techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer, though the purification, characterization, and biomarker identification processes for the translational research regarding EVs need further optimization.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: insights into their functions

Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer worldwide Research points to the pivotal role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in controlling and managing the pathology by controlling essential pathways. ncRNAs have all been identified as being either up- or downregulated among individuals suffering from lung cancer thus hinting that they may play a role in either promoting or suppressing the spread of the disease. Several ncRNAs could be effective non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose or even serve as effective treatment options for those with lung cancer, and several molecules have emerged as potential targets of interest. Given that ncRNAs are contained in exosomes and are implicated in the development and progression of the malady. Herein, we have summarized the role of ncRNAs in lung cancer. Moreover, we highlight the role of exosomal ncRNAs in lung cancer.

Extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery in breast cancer theranostics

Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a significant global challenge due to drug resistance and severe side effects. The increasing prevalence is alarming, requiring new therapeutic approaches to address these challenges. At this point, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically small endosome-released nanometer-sized EVs (SEVs) or exosomes, have been explored by literature as potential theranostics. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of exosomes in BC, focusing on their advantages in drug delivery and their ability to mitigate metastasis. Following the review, we identified exosomes' potential in combination therapies, serving as miRNA carriers and contributing to improved anti-tumor effects. This is evident in clinical trials investigating exosomes in BC, which have shown their ability to boost chemotherapy efficacy by delivering drugs like paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX). However, the translation of EVs into BC therapy is hindered by various challenges. These challenges include the heterogeneity of EVs, the selection of the appropriate parent cell, the loading procedures, and determining the optimal administration routes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of EVs, these obstacles must be addressed to realize their benefits in BC treatment.

Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) that are formed by endocytosis containing complex RNA as well as protein structures and are vital in intercellular communication and can be used in gene therapy and drug delivery. According to the cell sources of origin and the environmental conditions they are exposed to, these nanovesicles are very heterogeneous and dynamic in terms of content (cargo), size and membrane composition. Exosomes are released under physiological and pathological conditions and influence the pathogenesis of cancers through various mechanisms, including angiogenesis, metastasis, immune dysregulation, drug resistance, and tumor growth/development. Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer in humans and can involve organs e.g., the esophagus and stomach, or others such as the liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon. Early diagnosis is very important in this field because the overall survival of patients is low due to diagnosis in late stages and recurrence. Also, various therapeutic strategies have failed and there is an unmet need for the new therapeutic agents. Exosomes can become promising candidates in gastrointestinal cancers as biomarkers and therapeutic agents due to their lower immunity and passing the main physiological barriers. In this work, we provide a general overview of exosomes, their biogenesis and biological functions. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes to serve as biomarkers, agents in cancer treatment, drug delivery systems, and effective vaccines in immunotherapy, with an emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.

Characterization of "Off-Target" Immune Modulation Induced by Live Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine

BACKGROUND

Live attenuated vaccines alter immune functions and are associated with beneficial outcomes. We previously demonstrated that live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine (LA-YF-Vax) dampens T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling in vitro via an RNA-based mechanism. We examined study participants before and after LA-YF-Vax to assess TCR-mediated functions in vivo.

METHODS

Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before and after LA-YF-Vax (with or without additional vaccines) or quadrivalent influenza vaccine. TCR-mediated activation was determined by interleukin 2 release or phosphorylation of the lymphocyte-specific Src kinase. TCR-regulating phosphatase (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type E [PTPRE]) expression was also measured.

RESULTS

Compared with prevaccination findings, LA-YF-Vax recipient PBMCs demonstrated transient reduction in interleukin 2 release after TCR stimulation and PTPRE levels, unlike in control participants who received quadrivalent influenza vaccine. YFV was detected in 8 of 14 participants after LA-YF-Vax. After incubation of healthy donor PBMCs in serum-derived extracellular vesicles prepared from LA-YF-Vax recipients, TCR signaling and PTPRE levels were reduced after vaccination, even in participants without detectable YFV RNA.

CONCLUSIONS

LA-YF-Vax reduces TCR functions and PTPRE levels after vaccination. Extracellular vesicles from serum recapitulated this effect in healthy cells. This likely contributes to the reduced immunogenicity for heterologous vaccines after LA-YF-Vax administration. Identification of specific immune mechanisms related to vaccines should contribute to understanding of the "off-target," beneficial effects of live vaccines.

Extracellular vesicle-derived non-coding RNAs in remodeling melanoma

Melanoma is one of the most lethal cutaneous malignancies. Despite great advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the survival rate and prognosis of patients with melanoma remain poor. The abundant and sophisticated reciprocal communication network between melanoma cells and non-tumor cells contributes to the high heterogeneity of the melanoma microenvironment and is intimately related to varying treatment responses and clinical courses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures generated by nearly all cell types. EVs contain biologically active molecules, mainly comprising proteins, lipids, and RNAs, and undoubtedly play multifaceted roles in numerous diseases, represented by melanoma. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) mainly encompass long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs and constitute the majority of the human transcriptome. Multiple ncRNAs encapsulated in EVs coordinate various pathophysiological processes in melanoma. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EV-ncRNAs modulate biological behaviors and immunity, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications in melanoma. Undoubtedly, further insight into EV-ncRNAs and their functions in melanoma will contribute to the clinical treatment of melanoma and the implementation of precision medicine.

Unlocking the potential of exosomes in cancer research: A paradigm shift in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Exosomes, which are tiny particles released by cells, have the ability to transport various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic material containing non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). They are associated with processes like cancer metastasis, immunity, and tissue repair. Clinical trials have shown exosomes to be effective in treating cancer, inflammation, and chronic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) are common sources of exosome production. Exosomes have therapeutic potential due to their ability to deliver cargo, modulate the immune system, and promote tissue regeneration. Bioengineered exosomes could revolutionize disease treatment. However, more research is needed to understand exosomes in tumor growth and develop new therapies. This paper provides an overview of exosome research, focusing on cancer and exosome-based therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccines. It explores exosomes as a drug delivery system for cancer therapy, highlighting their advantages. The article discusses using exosomes for various therapeutic agents, including drugs, antigens, and RNAs. It also examines challenges with engineered exosomes. Analyzing exosomes for clinical purposes faces limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and purification. On the other hand, Nanotechnology offers solutions to overcome these challenges and unlock exosome potential in healthcare. Overall, the article emphasizes the potential of exosomes for personalized and targeted cancer therapy, while acknowledging the need for further research.

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes regulate cell proliferation, migration, and cell death of brain microvascular endothelial cells via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxia

BACKGROUND

Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell (NSC)-derived exosomes (EXOs) regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis. However, the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) dysfunction via the miR-9/Hes1 axis remain unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the effects of EXOs on BMEC proliferation, migration, and death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.

METHODS

Immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, calcein-acetoxymethyl/propidium iodide staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the role and mechanism of EXOs on BMECs.

RESULTS

EXOs promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions. The overexpression of miR-9 promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, miR-9 downregulation inhibited BMEC proliferation and migration and also promoted cell death. Hes1 silencing ameliorated the effect of amtagomiR-9 on BMEC proliferation and migration and cell death. Hyperemic structures were observed in the regions of the hippocampus and cortex in hypoxia-induced mice. Meanwhile, EXO treatment improved cerebrovascular alterations.

CONCLUSION

NSC-derived EXOs can promote BMEC proliferation and migration and reduce cell death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, EXO therapeutic strategies could be considered for hypoxia-induced vascular injury.

Advances and challenges in clinical applications of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of substances that feature vesicle-like structures. Initially deemed to be "biological waste", recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of EVs in mediating information communication between cells by transporting bioactive components. Specifically, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) contain components that can be utilized for disease diagnosis and as vaccines to activate the immune system. Moreover, since TEVs have a phospholipid bilayer shell and can transport exogenous substances, they are being increasingly explored as drug delivery vehicles in anti-tumor therapy. TEVs have proven highly compatible with their corresponding tumor cells, allowing for efficient drug delivery and exerting killing effects on tumor cells through various mechanisms such as domino effects, lysosomal pathways, and inhibition of drug efflux from tumor tissues. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in the clinical applications of EVs derived from tumor cells. This paper outlines the current advances and limitations in this field, highlighting the potential of TEVs as a powerful tool for combating cancer.

SOCS5, targeted by miR-155-5p, plays a negative regulatory role in pulmonary hypertension through inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic pulmonary vascular disease and causes massive deaths. Here, we intended to investigate the function and mechanism of SOCS5 in PH. We engineered a hypoxia-induced PH model in mice. HE staining were implemented to evaluate pathological alterations in the lung tissues. The potential mechanism of SOCS5 in regulating hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) function was explored in vitro. RT-qPCR and western blot revealed that the level of SOCS5 was decreased both in PH mice and hypoxia-induced HPASMCs. Functional assays were performed for confirming the role of SOCS5 in modulating the cell phenotype and JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HPASMCs. Results revealed that overexpression of SOCS5 suppressed proliferation, migration and contraction of HPASMCs and negatively regulated the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in HPASMCs under hypoxia in vitro, while knockdown of SOCS5 accelerated it. As evidenced by mechanism studies, SOCS5 was targeted and regulated by miR-155-5p, hence affecting on HPASMC proliferation, migration and contraction. These outcomes indicated that the decreased level of SOCS5 in hypoxia-induced HPASMCs promoted the cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell contraction through activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, SOCS5 was targeted by miR-155-5p. All in all, our work hinted that miR-155-5p/SOCS5/JAK2/STAT3 axis played a crucial part in PH.

miR-9 promotes canine endothelial-like cell migration by targeting COL15A1

BACKGROUND

Endothelial cell migration is the initial stage of angiogenesis. In previous studies, miR-9 has been found to regulate angiogenesis and cell migration in human medicine.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to reveal the regulatory effect of miR-9 on canine endothelial cell migration.

METHODS

Embryonic canine ventricle myocardium tissues were collected and induced to differentiate into endothelial-like cells (ELCs). A transwell and invasion assay were used to evaluate the impact of miR-9 on the migration capacity of ELCs, after which a luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism.

RESULTS

Our results showed that we successfully induced the primary cells derived from canine cardiac embryo tissues into ELCs. MiR-9 also promoted the migration and invasion of canine ELCs, and inhibited the expression of collagen XV, an angiogenic inhibitor, at the translational level by targeting the 3' untranslated region of COL15A1 gene. Furthermore, RNA sequencing showed that overexpression of miR-9 impacted several signalling pathways and eight genes involved in angiogenesis and cell migration in canine ELCs.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that miR-9 enhances the migration of canine ELCs and may serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for canine diseases involved in endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis, but more further studies are needed.

Exosomal Non-coding RNAs: A New Approach to Melanoma Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategy

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Currently, although a variety of therapies are available for treating melanoma, MM is still a serious threat to the patient's life due to numerous factors, such as the recurrence of tumors, the emergence of drug resistance, and the lack of effective therapeutic agents. Exosomes are biologically active lipid-bilayer extracellular vesicles secreted by diverse cell types that mediate intercellular signal communication. Studies found that exosomes are involved in cancer by carrying multiple bioactive molecules, including non-- coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The ncRNAs have been reported to play an important role in regulating proliferation, angiogenesis, immune regulation, invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance of tumors. However, the functional role of exosomal ncRNAs in MM remains unknown. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state of melanoma diagnosis, treatment, and the application of exosomal ncRNAs in MM patients, which may provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in melanoma progression and serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets.

Role of non-coding RNAs in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is known as the most prevalent extracranial malignancy in childhood with a neural crest origin. It has been widely accepted that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in many types of cancer, including glioma and gastrointestinal cancers. They may regulate the cancer gene network. According to recent sequencing and profiling studies, ncRNAs genes are deregulated in human cancers via deletion, amplification, abnormal epigenetic, or transcriptional regulation. Disturbances in the expression of ncRNAs may act either as oncogenes or as anti-tumor suppressor genes, and can lead to the induction of cancer hallmarks. ncRNAs can be secreted from tumor cells inside exosomes, where they can be transferred to other cells to affect their function. However, these topics still need more study to clarify their exact roles, so the present review addresses different roles and functions of ncRNAs in neuroblastoma.

Preliminary study on miRNA in prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

To screen for miRNAs differentially expressed in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia tissues and to validate their association with prostate cancer.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed by pathology in the Department of Urology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from October 2021 to June 2022 were selected, and their general clinical information, blood samples, and prostate tissue samples were collected. miRNA microarray technology was performed to obtain differentially expressed miRNAs in prostate cancer and hyperplasia tissues, and miRNAs to be studied were screened by microarray results and review of relevant literature. The detection of miRNA expression in the patients' blood and prostate tissue samples was measured. The miRNA-222-mimics were transfected into PC3 cells, and cell biology experiments such as CCK8, scratch, Transwell, and flow cytometry were performed to detect the effects of overexpressed miRNA-222 on the growth and proliferation, invasive ability, apoptotic ability, and metastatic ability of prostate cancer cells.

RESULTS

The results of the miRNA microarray showed that there were many differentially expressed miRNAs in prostate cancer and hyperplasia tissues, and four miRNAs, miRNA-144, miRNA-222, miRNA-1248, and miRNA-3651 were finally selected as the subjects by reviewing relevant literature. The results showed that the expression of miRNA-222 in prostate cancer tissues was lower than that in prostate hyperplasia tissues (P < 0.05). The expression of miRNA-222, miRNA-1248, and miRNA-3651 in blood samples of prostate cancer patients was lower than that in prostate hyperplasia patients (P < 0.05). The analysis results indicated that the f/t ratio and the relative expression of miRNA-222 and miRNA-1248 were independent influences of prostate cancer (P < 0.05), in which overexpression of miRNA-222 decreased the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic abilities of PC3 cells and enhanced the level of apoptosis of cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there was no significant change in the overall incidence of prostate cancer in this study, significant changes occurred in the incidence of prostate cancer with different characteristics. In addition, the nomogram prediction model of prostate cancer-specific survival rate constructed based on four factors has a high reference value, which helps physicians to correctly assess the patient-specific survival rate and provides a reference basis for patient diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.

Exosomal non-coding RNAs in angiogenesis: Functions, mechanisms and potential clinical applications

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be produced by most cells. Exosomes act as important intermediaries in intercellular communication, and participate in a variety of biological activities between cells. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) usually refer to RNAs that do not encode proteins. Although ncRNAs have no protein-coding capacity, they are able to regulate gene expression at multiple levels. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, which is an important physiological process. However, abnormal angiogenesis could induce many diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy and cancer. Many studies have shown that ncRNAs can stably exist in exosomes and play a wide range of physiological and pathological roles including regulation of angiogenesis. In brief, some specific ncRNAs can be enriched in exosomes secreted by cells and absorbed by recipient cells through the exosome pathway, thus activating relevant signaling pathways in target cells and playing a role in regulating angiogenesis. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathological functions of exosomal ncRNAs in angiogenesis, summarize their role in angiogenesis-related diseases, and illustrate potential clinical applications like novel drug therapy strategies and diagnostic markers in exosome research as inspiration for future investigations.

Decoding the role of miRNAs in multiple myeloma pathogenesis: A focus on signaling pathways

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells that has been extensively studied in recent years, with researchers increasingly focusing on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating gene expression in MM. Several non-coding RNAs have been demonstrated to regulate MM pathogenesis signaling pathways. These pathways might regulate MM development, apoptosis, progression, and therapeutic outcomes. They are Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, P53 and KRAS. This review highlights the impending role of miRNAs in MM signaling and their relationship with MM therapeutic interventions.

MicroRNAs in Tumor Endothelial Cells: Regulation, Function and Therapeutic Applications

Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) are key stromal components of the tumor microenvironment, and are essential for tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that small single-stranded non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) act as powerful endogenous regulators of TEC function and blood vessel formation. This systematic review provides an up-to-date overview of these endothelial miRNAs. Their expression is mainly regulated by hypoxia, pro-angiogenic factors, gap junctions and extracellular vesicles, as well as long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. In preclinical studies, they have been shown to modulate diverse fundamental angiogenesis-related signaling pathways and proteins, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway; the rat sarcoma virus (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway; and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/TGF-β receptor (TGFBR) pathway, as well as krüppel-like factors (KLFs), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and metalloproteinases (MMPs). Accordingly, endothelial miRNAs represent promising targets for future anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. To achieve this, it will be necessary to further unravel the regulatory and functional networks of endothelial miRNAs and to develop safe and efficient TEC-specific miRNA delivery technologies.

The biological function of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on metabolism

Multiple studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in the process of information transfer and material transport between cells. EVs are classified into different types according to their sizes, which includes the class of exosomes. In comparison to normal EVs, tumor-derived EVs (TDEs) have both altered components and quantities of contents. TDEs have been shown to help facilitate an environment conducive to the occurrence and development of tumor by regulation of glucose, lipids and amino acids. Furthermore, TDEs can also affect the host metabolism and immune system. EVs have been shown to have multiple clinically useful properties, including the use of TDEs as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of diseases and using the transport properties of exosomes for drug delivery. Targeting the key bioactive cargoes of exosomes could be applied to provide new strategies for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we summarize the finding of studies focused on measuring the effects of TDE on tumor-related microenvironment and systemic metabolism. Video Abstract.

Extracellular vesicles in the glioblastoma microenvironment: A diagnostic and therapeutic perspective

Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most malignant form of gliomas and the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Conventional cancer treatments have limited to no efficacy on GBM. GBM cells respond and adapt to the surrounding brain parenchyma known as tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. Among specific TME, there are 3 of particular interest for GBM biology: the perivascular niche, the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, and the immune microenvironment. GBM cells and TME cells present a reciprocal feedback which results in tumor maintenance. One way that these cells can communicate is through extracellular vesicles. These vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles that have the ability to carry both cancerous and non-cancerous cargo, such as miRNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this review we will discuss the booming topic that is extracellular vesicles, and how they have the novelty to be a diagnostic and targetable vehicle for GBM.

Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment

The communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the development, growth and further immune escape of the tumor. This communication is partially regulated by extracellular vesicles which can direct the behavior of surrounding cells. In recent years, it has been proposed that this feature could be applied as a potential treatment against cancer, since several studies have shown that tumors treated with radiotherapy can elicit a strong enough immune response to eliminate distant metastasis; this phenomenon is called the abscopal effect. The mechanism behind this effect may include the release of extracellular vesicles loaded with damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-derived antigens which activates an antigen-specific immune response. This review will focus on the recent discoveries in cancer cell communications via extracellular vesicles and their implication in tumor development, as well as their potential use as an immunotherapeutic treatment against cancer.

Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomal miRNA-21-5p Inhibits Lidocaine-Induced Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Background

Local anesthetic lidocaine is one of the most common pain therapies, but high concentration of lidocaine induced neurotoxicity and its mechanism is unclear. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) is implicated in neuronal diseases, but its role in lidocaine induced neurotoxicity remains to be elucidated.

Methods

All the experiments were performed at Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China in 2022. Lidocaine was used to induce apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Exosomes isolated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-exos) were used to co-treat SH-SY5Y cells with lidocaine. Cell apoptosis was measured using a flow cytometer. PKH-67 Dye was used for exosome uptake assay. miR-21-5p mimics/inhibitors, or negative controls were transfected with Lipo2000 to study its effect on lid-induced injury. Interactions between miR-21-5p and PDCD4 was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay.

Results

Administration of BMSC-exo protected SH-SY5Y cells against lidocaine induced apoptosis. Suppressing miR-21-5p dramatically enhanced PDCD4, but miR-21-5p overexpression sharply down-regulated PDCD4. Mechanism study showed that miR-21-5p bound to 3'-UTR of PDCD4 to inhibit it. Suppressing miR-21-5p reversed the effect of BMSC-exo on Lid-induced injury. Results also indicate that miR-21-5p regulated lidocaine-induced injury through targeting PDCD4.

Conclusion

BMSC-exos protected SH-SY5Y cells against lidocaine induced apoptosis through miR-21-5p by targeting PDCD4, which may develop new strategy in the management of lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity.

Exosome-Based Liquid Biopsy Approaches in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Review of the Literature, Prospectives, and Hopes for Clinical Application

The knowledge of exosome impact on sarcoma development and progression has been implemented in preclinical studies thanks to technological advances in exosome isolation. Moreover, the clinical relevance of liquid biopsy is well established in early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, tumor burden assessment, therapeutic responsiveness, and recurrence monitoring of tumors. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the existing literature pointing out the clinical relevance of detecting exosomes in liquid biopsy from sarcoma patients. Presently, the clinical utility of liquid biopsy based on exosomes in patients affected by sarcoma is under debate. The present manuscript collects evidence on the clinical impact of exosome detection in circulation of sarcoma patients. The majority of these data are not conclusive and the relevance of liquid biopsy-based approaches in some types of sarcoma is still insufficient. Nevertheless, the utility of circulating exosomes in precision medicine clearly emerged and further validation in larger and homogeneous cohorts of sarcoma patients is clearly needed, requiring collaborative projects between clinicians and translational researchers for these rare cancers.

Systemic Metabolic Alteration Dependent on the Thyroid-Liver Axis in Early PD

OBJECTIVE

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by initial involvement of the olfactory bulb/amygdala or autonomic nerves followed by nigral degeneration. Although autonomic innervation strictly regulates multiorgan systems, including endocrine functions, circulation, and digestion, how dysautonomia in PD affects systemic metabolism has not been identified. In this study, we tried to estimate the pathogenic linkage of PD by nuclear medicine techniques, trans-omic analysis of blood samples, and cultured cell experiments.

METHODS

Thyroid mediastinum ratio of ¹²³ I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy was measured in 1,158 patients with PD. Furthermore, serum exosome miRNA transcriptome analysis and plasma metabolome analysis followed by trans-omic analysis were performed in patients with de novo PD and age-matched healthy control persons. Additionally, thyroid hormone was administered to skeletal muscle and liver derived cells to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism for these organs.

RESULTS

Sympathetic denervation of thyroid correlating with its cardiac denervation was confirmed in 1,158 patients with PD by MIBG scintigraphy. Among patients with drug-naïve PD, comprehensive metabolome analysis revealed decreased levels of thyroxine and insufficient fatty acid β-oxidation, which positively correlate with one another. Likewise, both plasma metabolome data and transcriptome data of circulating exosomal miRNAs, revealed specific enrichment of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) axis. Finally, association of thyroid hormone with PPARα-dependent β-oxidation regulation was confirmed by in vitro experiments.

INTERPRETATION

Our findings suggest that interorgan communications between the thyroid and liver are disorganized in the early stage of PD, which would be a sensitive diagnostic biomarker for PD. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:303-316.

Exosomal circNFIX promotes angiogenesis in ovarian cancer via miR-518a-3p/TRIM44 axis

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a gynecological cancer with high mortality. OC-derived exosomal circRNAs can regulate angiogenesis. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of exosomal circRNA nuclear factor I X (CircNFIX) derived from OC cells in angiogenesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the levels of circNFIX, miR-518a-3p, and tripartite motif protein 44 (TRIM44) in OC and adjacent tissues. Exosomes from the ovarian surface epithelial cell (HOSEpiC) and OC cells (SKOV3 or OVCAR3) were isolated by differential centrifugation. Exosomes were cocultured with the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The angiogenesis capacity was analyzed by Tube formation assay. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Transwell assays were used to determine the cell viability and migration ability. The dual-luciferase report, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and RNA pull-down assays were applied to validate the gene's interaction. CircNFIX and TRIM44 expression were higher and miR-518a-3p was lower in OC tissues than in the adjacent tissues. Upregulated circNFIX and TRIM44 were significantly correlated with the tumor size and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage of OC patients. HUVECs treated OC-derived exosomes had higher proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis capacities than the control group. While OC-derived exosomal circNFIX silencing restrained HUVECs' proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, compared with the OC-derived exosomes group. OC-derived exosomal circNFIX positively regulated TRIM44 expression by targeting miR-518a-3p in HUVECs. OC-derived exosomal circNFIX promoted angiogenesis by regulating the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (JAK/STAT1) pathway via miR-518a-3p/TRIM44 axis in HUVECs.

Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma

While brain tumors are not extremely frequent, they cause high mortality due to lack of appropriate treatment and late detection. Glioblastoma is the most frequent type of primary brain tumor. This malignant tumor has a highly aggressive behavior. Expression profile of different types of transcripts, methylation status of a number of genomic loci and chromosomal aberrations have been found to affect course of glioblastoma and propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that glioblastoma cells produce extracellular vesicles whose cargo can affect behavior of neighboring cells. Several miRNAs such as miR-301a, miR-221, miR-21, miR-16, miR-19b, miR-20, miR-26a, miR-92, miR-93, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-221 and miR-30a have been shown to be transferred by glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles and enhance the malignant behavior of these cells. Other components of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles are EGFRvIII mRNA/protein, Ndfip1, PTEN, MYC ssDNA and IDH1 mRNA. In the current review, we discuss the available data about the molecular composition of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles and their impact on the progression of this malignant tumor and its resistance to therapeutic modalities.

Hsa-miR-323a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and targets STAT3 in neuroblastoma cells

Background

Studies conducted in the last decades have revealed a role for the non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer development and progression. Several miRNAs within the chromosome region 14q32, a region commonly deleted in cancers, are associated with poor clinical outcome in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. We have previously identified miR-323a-3p from this region to be downregulated in chemotherapy treated neuroblastoma cells compared to pre-treatment cells from the same patients. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma tumors, this miRNA is downregulated in advanced stage 4 disease compared to stage 1-2. In this study, we attempt to delineate the unknown functional roles of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma.

Methods

Synthetic miRNA mimics were used to overexpress miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines. To investigate the functional roles of miR-323a-3p, cell viability assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter assay and western blot were conducted on the neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C.

Results

Ectopic expression of miR-323a-3p resulted in marked reduction of cell viability in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C by causing G1-cell cycle arrest in Kelly and SH-SY5Y and apoptosis in all the cell lines tested. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were reduced upon miR-323a-3p overexpression. A direct binding of the miR-323a-3p to the 3'UTR of STAT3 was experimentally validated by luciferase reporter assay, where miR-323a-3p reduced luminescent signal from full length STAT3 3'UTR luciferase reporter, but not from a reporter with mutation in the predicted seed sequence.

Conclusions

miR-323a-3p inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cell lines through G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the well-known oncogene STAT3 is a direct target of this miRNA.

Exosome-Derived microRNA: Implications in Melanoma Progression, Diagnosis and Treatment

Melanoma is a malignant and aggressive cancer, and its progression is greatly affected by interactions between melanoma cells and their surroundings. Exploration on mechanism of melanoma and improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are becoming increasingly important. Unlike extracellular messengers that mainly work on targeted cells through corresponding receptors, exosomes are essential intercellular messengers that deliver biologically active substances such as nucleic acids and proteins to target cells for cell-cell communication. Of them, microRNAs (miRNAs) are common and important exosomal components that can regulate the expression of a wide range of target genes. Accordingly, exosome-derived miRNAs play a significant role in melanoma progression, including invasion and metastasis, microenvironment establishment, angiogenesis, and immune escape. MiRNA signatures of exosomes are specific in melanoma patients compared to healthy controls, thus circulating miRNAs, especially exosomal miRNAs, become potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for melanoma. This review aims to summarize recent studies on the role of exosomal miRNAs in melanoma as well as ongoing efforts in melanoma treatment.

Role of miRNA in Melanoma Development and Progression

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and progressive skin cancers. It develops from normal pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes, so it is important to know the mechanism behind such transformations. The study of metastasis mechanisms is crucial for a better understanding the biology of neoplastic cells. Metastasis of melanoma, or any type of cancer, is a multi-stage process in which the neoplastic cells leave the primary tumour, travel through the blood and/or lymphatic vessels, settle in distant organs and create secondary tumours. MicroRNA (miRNA) can participate in several steps of the metastatic process. This review presents the role of miRNA molecules in the development and progression as well as the immune response to melanoma.

Electrodeposited magnetic nanoporous membrane for high-yield and high-throughput immunocapture of extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins

Superparamagnetic nanobeads offer several advantages over microbeads for immunocapture of nanocarriers (extracellular vesicles, lipoproteins, and viruses) in a bioassay: high-yield capture, reduction in incubation time, and higher capture capacity. However, nanobeads are difficult to "pull-down" because their superparamagnetic feature requires high nanoscale magnetic field gradients. Here, an electrodeposited track-etched membrane is shown to produce a unique superparamagnetic nano-edge ring with multiple edges around nanopores. With a uniform external magnetic field, the induced monopole and dipole of this nano edge junction combine to produce a 10× higher nanobead trapping force. A dense nanobead suspension can be filtered through the magnetic nanoporous membrane (MNM) at high throughput with a 99% bead capture rate. The yield of specific nanocarriers in heterogeneous media by nanobeads/MNM exceeds 80%. Reproducibility, low loss, and concentration-independent capture rates are also demonstrated. This MNM material hence expands the application of nanobead immunocapture to physiological samples.

Oncogenic role of microRNA-19b-3p-mediated SOCS3 in glioma through activation of JAK-STAT pathway

The altered expression of microRNA (miRNA) has been implicated in glioma. Here, the current study aimed to clarify the oncogenic effects of miR-19b-3p on cellular processes of glioma and to elucidate the underlying mechanism associated with SOCS3 and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Differentially expressed genes related to glioma were initially identified via microarray analysis. Twenty-five glioma patients were selected for clinical data collection, while additional 12 patients with traumatic brain injuries were selected as controls. Cell senescence was assessed by β-galactosidase staining, proliferation by MTT assay and apoptosis by flow cytometry following gain- and/or loss-of-function of miR-19b-3p or SOCS3. Glioma xenograft mouse model was developed through subcutaneous injection to nude mice to provide evidence in vivo. The glioma patients exhibited overexpressed miR-19b-3p and poorly-expressed SOCS3. SOCS3 was identified as a target gene of miR-19b-3p through dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-19b-3p repressed SOCS3 expression and activated the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-19b-3p inhibition promoted apoptosis and senescence, and suppressed cell proliferation through inactivation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and up-regulation of SOCS3. The reported regulatory axis was validated in nude mice as evidenced by suppressed tumor growth. Taken together, this study demonstrates that miR-19b-3p facilitates glioma progression via activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by targeting SOCS3, highlighting a novel therapeutic target for glioma treatment.

Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance

Breast cancer is one of the most serious and terrifying threats to the health of women. Recent studies have demonstrated that interaction among cancer cells themselves and those with other cells, including immune cells, in a tumor microenvironment potentially and intrinsically regulate and determine cancer progression and metastasis. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a type of lipid-bilayer particles derived from cells, with a size of less than 200 nm, are recognized as one form of important mediators in cell-to-cell communication. sEVs can transport a variety of bioactive substances, including proteins, RNAs, and lipids. Accumulating evidence has revealed that sEVs play a crucial role in cancer development and progression, with a significant impact on proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, sEVs systematically coordinate physiological and pathological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakage, and stromal cell reprogramming, to bring about premetastatic niche formation and to determine metastatic organ tropism. There are a variety of oncogenic factors in tumor-derived sEVs that mediate cellular communication between local stromal cells and distal microenvironment, both of which are important in cancer progression and metastasis. Tumor-derived sEVs contain substances that are similar to parental tumor cells, and as such, sEVs could be biomarkers in cancer progression and potential therapeutic targets, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the regulation by tumor-derived sEVs on cancer development and progression, including proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunosuppression, which coordinately shape the pro-metastatic microenvironment. In addition, we describe the application of sEVs to the development of cancer biomarkers and potential therapeutic modalities and discuss how they can be engineered and translated into clinical practice.

Extracellular vesicles in cancer therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including a variety of membrane-enclosed nanosized particles carrying cell-derived cargo, mediate a major type of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological processes. Both cancer and non-cancer cells secrete EVs, which can travel to and influence various types of cells at the primary tumor site as well as in distant organs. Tumor-derived EVs contribute to cancer cell plasticity and resistance to therapy, adaptation of tumor microenvironment, local and systemic vascular remodeling, immunomodulation, and establishment of pre-metastatic niches. Therefore, targeting the production, uptake, and function of tumor-derived EVs has emerged as a new strategy for stand-alone or combinational therapy of cancer. On the other hand, as EV cargo partially reflects the genetic makeup and phenotypic properties of the secreting cell, EV-based biomarkers that can be detected in biofluids are being developed for cancer diagnosis and for predicting and monitoring tumor response to therapy. Meanwhile, EVs from presumably safe sources are being developed as delivery vehicles for anticancer therapeutic agents and as anticancer vaccines. Numerous reviews have discussed the biogenesis and characteristics of EVs and their functions in cancer. Here, I highlight recent advancements in translation of EV research outcome towards improved care of cancer, including developments of non-invasive EV-based biomarkers and therapeutic agents targeting tumor-derived EVs as well as engineering of therapeutic EVs.

Extracellular vesicles as central regulators of blood vessel function in cancer

Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients that sustain tumor growth and enable the dissemination of cancer cells to distant sites and the recruitment of intratumoral immune cells. In addition, the structural and functional abnormalities of the tumor vasculature foster the development of an aggressive tumor microenvironment and impair the efficacy of existing cancer therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as major players of tumor progression, and a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that EVs derived from cancer cells trigger multiple responses in endothelial cells that alter blood vessel function in tumors. EV-mediated signaling in endothelial cells can occur through the transfer of functional cargos such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, cirRNAs, and proteins. Moreover, membrane-bound proteins in EVs can elicit receptor-mediated signaling in endothelial cells. Together, these mechanisms reprogram endothelial cells and contribute to the sustained exacerbated angiogenic signaling typical of tumors, which, in turn, influences cancer progression. Targeting these angiogenesis-promoting EV-dependent mechanisms may offer additional strategies to normalize tumor vasculature. Here, we discuss the current knowledge pertaining to the contribution of cancer cell-derived EVs in mechanisms regulating blood vessel functions in tumors. Moreover, we discuss the translational opportunities in targeting the dysfunctional tumor vasculature using EVs and highlight the open questions in the field of EV biology that can be addressed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis.

Interrelation between extracellular vesicles miRNAs with chronic lung diseases

Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles that carry biologically active biomolecule cargos like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) outside of the cell. Blood (serum/plasma), urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are all examples of biofluids from which they may be collected. EVs play a vital role in intracellular communication. The molecular signature of EVs largely depends on the parental cell's status. EVs are classified into two groups, (1) exosomes (originated by endogenous route) and (2) microvesicles (originated from the plasma membrane, also known as ectosomes). The quantity and types of EV cargo vary during normal conditions compared to pathological conditions (chronic inflammatory lung diseases or lung cancer). Consequently, EVs contain novel biomarkers that differ based on the cell type of origin and during lung diseases. Small RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) are transported by EVs, which is one of the most rapidly evolving research areas in the field of EVs biology. EV-mediated cargos transport small RNAs that can result in reprograming the target/recipient cells. Multiple chronic inflammatory lung illnesses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, have been demonstrated to be regulated by EV. In this review, we will consolidate the current knowledge and literature on the novel role of EVs and their small RNAs concerning chronic lung diseases (CLDs). Additionally, we will also provide better insight into the clinical and translational impact of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs as novel therapeutic agents in treating CLDs.

Discovering the Secret of Diseases by Incorporated Tear Exosomes Analysis via Rapid-Isolation System: iTEARS

Nanoscale small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, exosomes) in tears allow us to investigate the multisignatures of diseases. However, the translations of tear sEVs for biomarker discovery and clinical diagnostics are practically limited by low recovery, long processing time, and small sample volume. Here, we report an incorporated tear-exosomes analysis via rapid-isolation system (iTEARS) via nanotechnology to discover the secrets of ocular disorders and systemic diseases. We isolate exosomes rapidly with high yield and purity from a few teardrops (∼10 μL) within 5 min via nanoporous membrane-based resonators for the quantitative detection and biomarker discovery through proteomic and transcriptomic analysis. We have identified 904 proteins, among which 228 proteins are discovered, 426 proteins are detected from exosomes of dry eye disease, and demonstrate CALML5, KRT6A, and S100P for the classification of dry eye disease. We have also investigated 484 miRNAs in tear exosomes and show miR-145-5p, miR-214-3p, miR-218-5p, and miR-9-5p are dysregulated during diabetic retinopathy development. We believe iTEARS can be used for improving molecular diagnostics via tears to identify ocular disorders, systemic diseases, and numerous other neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

miR-133a-A Potential Target for Improving Cardiac Mitochondrial Health and Regeneration After Injury

ABSTRACT

The various roles of muscle secretory factors and myokines have been well studied, but in recent decades, the role of myocyte-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) has gained momentum. These myomiRs are known to play regulatory roles in muscle health in general, both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. In this review, we have focused on the significance of a myomiR termed miR-133a in cardiovascular health. The available literature supports the claim that miR-133a could be helpful in the healing process of muscle tissue after injury. The protective function could be due to its regulatory effect on muscle or stem cell mitochondrial function. In this review, we have shed light on the protective mechanisms offered by miR-133a. Most of the beneficial effects are due to the presence of miR-133a in circulation or tissue-specific expression. We have also reviewed the potential mechanisms by which miR-133a could interact with cell surface receptors and also transcriptional mechanisms by which they offer cardioprotection and regeneration. Understanding these mechanisms will help in finding an ideal strategy to repair cardiac tissue after injury.

Potential Natural Biomolecules Targeting JAK/STAT/SOCS Signaling in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by the dysregulation of cytokines and other immune mediators. JAK/STAT is a classical signal transduction pathway involved in various biological processes, and its dysregulation contributes to the key aspects of AD pathogenesis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate the immune-related inflammatory responses mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway. JAK/STAT-mediated production of cytokines including IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and TSLP inhibits the expression of important skin barrier proteins and triggers pruritus in AD. The expression of SOCS proteins regulates the JAK-mediated cytokines and facilitates maintaining the skin barrier disruptions seen in AD. STATs are crucial in dendritic-cell-activated Th2 cell differentiation in the skin, releasing inflammatory cytokines, indicating that AD is a Th2-mediated skin disorder. SOCS proteins aid in balancing Th1/Th2 cells and, moreover, regulate the onset and maintenance of Th2-mediated allergic responses by reducing the Th2 cell activation and differentiation. SOCS proteins play a pivotal role in inflammatory cytokine-signaling events that act via the JAK/STAT pathway. Therapies relying on natural products and derived biomolecules have proven beneficial in AD when compared with the synthetic regimen. In this review, we focused on the available literature on the potential natural-product-derived biomolecules targeting JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling, mainly emphasizing the SOCS family of proteins (SOCS1, SOCS3, and SOCS5) acting as negative regulators in modulating JAK/STAT-mediated responses in AD pathogenesis and other inflammatory disorders.

Tumor-Derived Membrane Vesicles: A Promising Tool for Personalized Immunotherapy

Tumor-derived membrane vesicles (TDMVs) are non-invasive, chemotactic, easily obtained characteristics and contain various tumor-borne substances, such as nucleic acid and proteins. The unique properties of tumor cells and membranes make them widely used in drug loading, membrane fusion and vaccines. In particular, personalized vectors prepared using the editable properties of cells can help in the design of personalized vaccines. This review focuses on recent research on TDMV technology and its application in personalized immunotherapy. We elucidate the strengths and challenges of TDMVs to promote their application from theory to clinical practice.

Functional Properties of Cancer Epithelium and Stroma-Derived Exosomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Stroma–cancer cell crosstalk involves a complex signaling network that contributes to tumor progression, including carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and therapy resistance in cancers. Exosomes, as extracellular membranous nanovesicles released by almost all types of cells, including tumor cells and stromal cells, play a critical role in signal delivery and material communication, in which the characteristics of their parent cells are reflected. The tumor or stroma-derived exosomes mediate cell–cell communication in the tumor microenvironment by transporting DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recent studies on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have demonstrated that tumor-derived exosomes support various tumor biological behaviors, whereas the functional roles of stroma-derived exosomes remain largely unknown. Although these exosomes are emerging as promising targets in early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and pharmaceutical carriers for antitumor therapy, there are still multiple hurdles to be overcome before they can be used in clinical applications. Herein, we systematically summarize the promotive roles of the epithelium and stroma-derived exosomes in HNSCC and highlight the potential clinical applications of exosomes in the treatment of HNSCC.

Significance of metastamiR-10b in breast cancer therapeutics

Background

Breast cancer is a fatal disease and a major reason of cancer associated death in females. Many factors along with miRNA are responsible for the development and the progression of the disease. The miRNA plays a very crucial role in the regulation of the genes. MicroRNAs are of three major types—oncomiRs, tumor suppressive miRNAs, and metastamiRs.

Main body

MicoRNA-10b is a prometastatic microRNA targeting various genes that facilitates multiple outcomes such as metastasis, increased capacity for invasion, proliferation and migration, increased epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, angiogenesis, and therefore exhibits worse clinical outcomes. It is found to be upregulated in various malignancies and is thus to be considered as the possible therapeutic candidate.

Conclusion

The therapeutic delivery of miR-10b antagonists (antagomiRs) and/or knockdown of miRNA is beneficial in reducing tumor growth. Additionally, combination therapy which includes antisense oligonucleotides using miR-10b can function as an effective approach to tumor regression and drug resistance reversal.

Graphical abstract

Molecular functions and therapeutic applications of exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer

Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases in human society. Therefore, it is urgent for us to understand its pathogenesis and improve the cure rate. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles formed by a variety of cells through endocytosis. As a new means of intercellular information exchange, exosomes have attracted much attention. Noncoding RNAs exist in various cell compartments and participate in a variety of cellular reactions; in particular, they can be detected in exosomes bound to lipoproteins and free circulating molecules. Increasing evidence has suggested the potential roles of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the progression of tumors. Herein, we present a comprehensive update on the biological functions of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the development of cancer. Specifically, we mainly focus on the effects of exosomal noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, circular RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs, on tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. Moreover, we outline the current clinical implications concerning exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer treatment.

Emerging function and clinical significance of extracellular vesicle noncoding RNAs in lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer with an unsatisfactory prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that mediate cell-cell communication by transporting various biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, are important noncoding transcripts that play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially in cancer. ncRNAs have been verified to be packaged into EVs and transported between LC cells and stromal cells, regulating multiple LC malignant phenotypes, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Additionally, EVs can be detected in various body fluids and are associated with the stage, grade, and metastasis of LC. Herein, we summarize the biological characteristics and functions of EV ncRNAs in the biological processes of LC, focusing on their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of LC as well as their probable role in the clinical treatment of LC. EV ncRNAs provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism underlying LC pathogenesis and development, which might benefit numerous LC patients in the future.

Exosome-derived noncoding RNAs: Function, mechanism, and application in tumor angiogenesis

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by various cell types that perform various biological functions, mainly mediating communication between different cells, especially those active in cancer. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), of which there are many types, were recently identified as enriched and stable in the exocrine region and play various roles in the occurrence and progression of cancer. Abnormal angiogenesis has been confirmed to be related to human cancer. An increasing number of studies have shown that exosome-derived ncRNAs play an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly outline the characteristics of exosomes, ncRNAs, and tumor angiogenesis. Then, the mechanism of the impact of exosome-derived ncRNAs on tumor angiogenesis is analyzed from various angles. In addition, we focus on the regulatory role of exosome-derived ncRNAs in angiogenesis in different types of cancer. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential role of exosome-derived ncRNAs as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis and therapeutic targets in the treatment of tumors.