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Liu J, Wang C. Lysophosphatidic acid is associated with oocyte maturation by enhancing autophagy via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in granulosa cells. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:137. [PMID: 37434211 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folliculogenesis is a complex network of interacting cellular signals between somatic cells and oocytes. Many components in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) dynamically change during folliculogenesis and play a positive role in oocyte maturation. Previous studies have reported that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes cumulus cell expansion, oocyte nuclear maturation, and in vitro maturation of oocytes. RESULTS Initially, the expression of LPA was raised in matured FF significantly (P < 0.0001). Then, 10 μM LPA treated for 24 h in human granulosa cells (KGNs) aggravated cell proliferation, with increased autophagy, and reduced apoptosis. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that LPA mediated cell function through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway as PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) significantly prevented LPA-induced AKT, mTOR phosphorylation and autophagy activation. Such results were also verified by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. In addition, an autophagy inhibitor 3 methyladenine (3MA) could also alleviate the effects of LPA, by activating apoptosis through PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways. Finally, we found blockade with Ki16425 or knockdown LPAR1, alleviated LPA mediated autophagy activation in KGNs, suggesting that LPA enhances autophagy through activation of the LPAR1 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that increased LPA activated PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway through LPAR1 in granulosa cells, suppressing apoptosis by enhancing autophagy, which might play a role in oocyte maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Shangcheng District, No. 369 Kunpeng Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wu C, Blondin P, Vigneault C, Labrecque R, Sirard MA. Sperm miRNAs- potential mediators of bull age and early embryo development. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:798. [PMID: 33198638 PMCID: PMC7667858 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sperm miRNAs were reported to regulate spermatogenesis and early embryonic development in some mammals including bovine. The dairy cattle breeding industry now tends to collect semen from younger bulls under high selection pressure at a time when semen quality may be suboptimal compared to adult bulls. Whether the patterns of spermatic miRNAs are affected by paternal age and/or impact early embryogenesis is not clear. Hence, we generated small non-coding RNA libraries of sperm collected from same bulls at 10, 12, and 16 months of age, using 16 months as control for differential expression and functional analysis. RESULTS We firstly excluded all miRNAs present in measurable quantity in oocytes according to the literature. Of the remaining miRNAs, ten sperm-borne miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in younger bulls (four in the 10 vs 16 months contrast and six in the 12 vs 16 months contrast). Targets of miRNAs were identified and compared to the transcriptomic database of two-cell embryos, to genes related to two-cell competence, and to the transcriptomic database of blastocysts. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the targets of these miRNAs suggested potential influence on the developmental competence of two-cell embryos and on metabolism and protein synthesis in blastocysts. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that miRNA patterns in sperm are affected by the age of the bull and may mediate the effects of paternal age on early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wu
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Marc-André Sirard
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Pericuesta E, Laguna-Barraza R, Ramos-Ibeas P, Gutierrez-Arroyo JL, Navarro JA, Vera K, Sanjuan C, Baixeras E, de Fonseca FR, Gutierrez-Adan A. D-Chiro-Inositol Treatment Affects Oocyte and Embryo Quality and Improves Glucose Intolerance in Both Aged Mice and Mouse Models of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6049. [PMID: 32842637 PMCID: PMC7504697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility. It is a multifactorial disorder with varying clinical manifestations including metabolic/endocrine abnormalities, hyperandrogenism, and ovarian cysts, among other conditions. D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) is the main treatment available for PCOS in humans. To address some of the mechanisms of this complex disorder and its treatment, this study examines the effect of DCI on reproduction during the development of different PCOS-associated phenotypes in aged females and two mouse models of PCOS. Aged females (8 months old) were treated or not (control) with DCI for 2 months. PCOS models were generated by treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on Days 16, 17, and 18 of gestation, or by testosterone propionate (TP) treatment on the first day of life. At two months of age, PCOS mice were treated with DCI for 2 months and their reproductive parameters analyzed. No effects of DCI treatment were produced on body weight or ovary/body weight ratio. However, treatment reduced the number of follicles with an atretic cyst-like appearance and improved embryo development in the PCOS models, and also increased implantation rates in both aged and PCOS mice. DCI modified the expression of genes related to oocyte quality, oxidative stress, and luteal sufficiency in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from the aged and PCOS models. Further, the phosphorylation of AKT, a main metabolic sensor activated by insulin in the liver, was enhanced only in the DHT group, which was the only PCOS model showing glucose intolerance and AKT dephosphorylation. The effect of DCI in the TP model seemed mediated by its influence on oxidative stress and follicle insufficiency. Our results indicate that DCI works in preclinical models of PCOS and offer insight into its mechanism of action when used to treat this infertility-associated syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pericuesta
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (R.L.-B.); (P.R.-I.); (J.L.G.-A.)
| | - Ricardo Laguna-Barraza
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (R.L.-B.); (P.R.-I.); (J.L.G.-A.)
| | - Priscila Ramos-Ibeas
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (R.L.-B.); (P.R.-I.); (J.L.G.-A.)
| | - Julia L. Gutierrez-Arroyo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (R.L.-B.); (P.R.-I.); (J.L.G.-A.)
| | - Juan A. Navarro
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (K.V.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Katia Vera
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (K.V.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- Euronutra S.L., Calle Johannes Kepler 3, 29590 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (K.V.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.); (R.L.-B.); (P.R.-I.); (J.L.G.-A.)
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4
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Gambini A, Stein P, Savy V, Grow EJ, Papas BN, Zhang Y, Kenan AC, Padilla-Banks E, Cairns BR, Williams CJ. Developmentally Programmed Tankyrase Activity Upregulates β-Catenin and Licenses Progression of Embryonic Genome Activation. Dev Cell 2020; 53:545-560.e7. [PMID: 32442396 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is orchestrated by an intrinsic developmental program initiated during oocyte maturation with translation of stored maternal mRNAs. Here, we show that tankyrase, a poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase that regulates β-catenin levels, undergoes programmed translation during oocyte maturation and serves an essential role in mouse EGA. Newly translated TNKS triggers proteasomal degradation of axin, reducing targeted destruction of β-catenin and promoting β-catenin-mediated transcription of target genes, including Myc. MYC mediates ribosomal RNA transcription in 2-cell embryos, supporting global protein synthesis. Suppression of tankyrase activity using knockdown or chemical inhibition causes loss of nuclear β-catenin and global reductions in transcription and histone H3 acetylation. Chromatin and transcriptional profiling indicate that development arrests prior to the mid-2-cell stage, mediated in part by reductions in β-catenin and MYC. These findings indicate that post-transcriptional regulation of tankyrase serves as a ligand-independent developmental mechanism for post-translational β-catenin activation and is required to complete EGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gambini
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Paula Stein
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Virginia Savy
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Edward J Grow
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brian N Papas
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yingpei Zhang
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anna C Kenan
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carmen J Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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5
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Mendoza N, Galan MI, Molina C, Mendoza-Tesarik R, Conde C, Mazheika M, Diaz-Ropero MP, Fonolla J, Tesarik J, Olivares M. High dose of d-chiro-inositol improves oocyte quality in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing ICSI: a randomized controlled trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:398-401. [PMID: 31657275 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1681959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two doses of d-chiro-inositol (DCI) in combination with Myo-inositol (MYO) on the oocyte quality (OQ) of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: This was a controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study on 172 oocytes from 11 women. The study compared the effect of two MYO-DCI formulations given over 12 weeks on OQ. Five women received 550 mg of MYO + 300 mg of DCI daily (high DCI content group), while 6 women were given a daily dose of 550 mg of MYO with the only 27.6 mg of DCI (low DCI content group). Results: According to a multivariate analysis using linear mixed effect models, high doses of DCI have a positive influence on the quality of the cytoplasm of the oocyte (β = 1.631, χ2 = 7.347, d.f. = 1, p = .00672). Zona pellucida, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and sperm reception have also been improved with any combination of MYO/DCI by decreasing testosterone or improving insulin sensitivity, regardless of age and body mass index. Conclusion: The combination of MYO with high doses of DCI improved oocyte cytoplasm quality in women with PCOS undergoing ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mendoza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Molina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Maryna Mazheika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Xu S, Pang L, Liu Y, Lian X, Mo K, Lv R, Zhu H, Lv C, Lin J, Sun J, Xu L, Wang S. Akt plays indispensable roles during the first cell lineage differentiation of mouse. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:369-374. [PMID: 31190160 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first cell lineage differentiation occurs during the development of mouse 8-cell embryo to blastocyst. Akt is a potent kinase whose role during blastocyst formation has not been elucidated. In the present study, immunofluorescence results showed that the Akt protein was specifically localized to the outer cells of the morula. Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206 significantly inhibited mouse blastocyst formation and resulted in decreased expression of the trophectoderm marker Cdx2 and led to granular distribution of ERα in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, knockdown of ERα by siRNA microinjection can also lead to a decrease in the development rate of mouse blastocysts, accompanied by a decrease in the expression level of Yap protein. We conclude that Akt may be indispensable for the first cell lineage differentiation of mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Pang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaien Mo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Lv
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Oqani RK, Lin T, Lee JE, Kang JW, Shin HY, Il Jin D. Iws1 and Spt6 Regulate Trimethylation of Histone H3 on Lysine 36 through Akt Signaling and are Essential for Mouse Embryonic Genome Activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3831. [PMID: 30846735 PMCID: PMC6405902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA processing and export factor, Iws1, interacts with the histone H3/H4 chaperone, Spt6 (Supt6 in mouse gene ontology) and recruits the lysine methyltransferase, Setd2, to chromatin to regulate H3K36me3. This recruitment is known to be crucial for pre-mRNA splicing and Iws1 has been shown to interact with REF1/Aly to mediate mRNA export. However, the role of this complex has not yet been examined in embryonic development. Here, we show that knockdown of either Iws1 or Supt6 blocked embryo development, primarily at the 8/16-cell stage, indicating that Iws1 and Supt6 are crucial for mouse preimplantation development. In the knockdown embryos, we observed decreases in pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export and the expression of the lineage-specific transcription factor, Nanog. We found that either Iws1 or Supt6 are required for H3K36 trimethylation and that concurrent knockdown of both Iws1 and Supt6 blocks embryonic development at the 2-cell stage. We show that H3K36me3 is modulated by the Pi3k/Akt pathway, as inhibition of this pathway reduced the global level of H3K36me3 while activation of the pathway increased the level of this modification in 2-cell embryos. We observed that Iws1 interacts with nuclear Akt in early embryos, and herein propose that Akt modulates H3K36me3 through interaction with Iws1. Together, our results indicate that the Iws1 and Supt6 play crucial roles in embryonic genome activation, lineage specification, and histone modification during mouse early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza K Oqani
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kang
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science & Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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9
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The Role of Maternal-Effect Genes in Mammalian Development: Are Mammalian Embryos Really an Exception? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:276-84. [PMID: 26892267 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The essential contribution of multiple maternal factors to early mammalian development is rapidly altering the view that mammals have a unique pattern of development compared to other species. Currently, over 60 maternal-effect mutations have been described in mammalian systems, including critical determinants of pluripotency. This data, combined with the evidence for lineage bias and differential gene expression in early blastomeres, strongly suggests that mammalian development is to some extent mosaic from the four-cell stage onward.
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10
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Bertoldo MJ, Locatelli Y, O'Neill C, Mermillod P. Impacts of and interactions between environmental stress and epigenetic programming during early embryo development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:1125-36. [PMID: 24965854 DOI: 10.1071/rd14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) involve a variety of interventions that impact on the oocyte and embryo. Critically, these interventions cause considerable stress and coincide with important imprinting events throughout gametogenesis, fertilisation and early embryonic development. It is now accepted that the IVM and in vitro development of gametes and embryos can perturb the natural course of development to varying degrees of severity. Altered gene expression and, more recently, imprinting disorders relating to ART have become a focused area of research. Although various hypotheses have been put forward, most research has been observational, with little attempt to discover the mechanisms and periods of sensitivity during embryo development that are influenced by the culture conditions following fertilisation. The embryo possesses innate survival factor signalling pathways, yet when an embryo is placed in culture, this signalling in response to in vitro stress becomes critically important in mitigating the effects of stresses caused by the in vitro environment. It is apparent that not all embryos possess this ability to adequately adapt to the stresses experienced in vitro, most probably due to an inadequate oocyte. It is speculated that it is important that embryos use their survival signalling mechanisms to maintain normal epigenetic programming. The seeming redundancy in the function of various survival signalling pathways would support this notion. Any invasion into the natural, highly orchestrated and dynamic process of sexual reproduction could perturb the normal progression of epigenetic programming. Therefore the source of gametes and the subsequent culture conditions of gametes and embryos are critically important and require careful attention. It is the aim of this review to highlight avenues of research to elucidate the effects of stress and the relationship with epigenetic programming. The short- and long-term health and viability of human and animal embryos derived in vitro will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bertoldo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yann Locatelli
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christopher O'Neill
- Centre for Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Pascal Mermillod
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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11
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Zhang K, Smith GW. Maternal control of early embryogenesis in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:880-96. [PMID: 25695370 DOI: 10.1071/rd14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte quality is a critical factor limiting the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and pregnancy success in farm animals and humans. ART success is diminished with increased maternal age, suggesting a close link between poor oocyte quality and ovarian aging. However, the regulation of oocyte quality remains poorly understood. Oocyte quality is functionally linked to ART success because the maternal-to-embryonic transition (MET) is dependent on stored maternal factors, which are accumulated in oocytes during oocyte development and growth. The MET consists of critical developmental processes, including maternal RNA depletion and embryonic genome activation. In recent years, key maternal proteins encoded by maternal-effect genes have been determined, primarily using genetically modified mouse models. These proteins are implicated in various aspects of early embryonic development, including maternal mRNA degradation, epigenetic reprogramming, signal transduction, protein translation and initiation of embryonic genome activation. Species differences exist in the number of cell divisions encompassing the MET and maternal-effect genes controlling this developmental window. Perturbations of maternal control, some of which are associated with ovarian aging, result in decreased oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - George W Smith
- Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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12
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Garg N, Sinclair DA. Oogonial stem cells as a model to study age-associated infertility in women. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:969-74. [PMID: 25897831 DOI: 10.1071/rd14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility is the first biological process to break down during aging, thereby making it a useful tool to understand fundamental processes of aging. Reproductive aging in females is associated with a loss of ovarian function characterised by a reduction in the number and quality of oocytes. The central dogma, namely that females are born with a fixed pool of oocytes that progressively decline with increasing maternal age, has been challenged by evidence supporting postnatal oogenesis in mammals. Reports demonstrating formation of new oocytes from newly discovered germline stem cells, referred to as oogonial stem cells (OSCs), has opened new avenues for treatment of female infertility. In this review we discuss why the OSCs possibly lose their regenerative potential over time, and focus specifically on the aging process in germline stem cells as a possible mechanism for understanding female age-related infertility and how we can slow or delay ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Chen J, Lian X, Du J, Xu S, Wei J, Pang L, Song C, He L, Wang S. Inhibition of phosphorylated Ser473-Akt from translocating into the nucleus contributes to 2-cell arrest and defective zygotic genome activation in mouse preimplantation embryogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:280-92. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junming Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Xiuli Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Songhua Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Jianen Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Lili Pang
- Cellular and Developmental Engineering Center; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Chanchan Song
- Cellular and Developmental Engineering Center; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Shie Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
- Cellular and Developmental Engineering Center; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
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14
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Guillermet-Guibert J, Smith LB, Halet G, Whitehead MA, Pearce W, Rebourcet D, León K, Crépieux P, Nock G, Strömstedt M, Enerback M, Chelala C, Graupera M, Carroll J, Cosulich S, Saunders PTK, Huhtaniemi I, Vanhaesebroeck B. Novel Role for p110β PI 3-Kinase in Male Fertility through Regulation of Androgen Receptor Activity in Sertoli Cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005304. [PMID: 26132308 PMCID: PMC4488938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The organismal roles of the ubiquitously expressed class I PI3K isoform p110β remain largely unknown. Using a new kinase-dead knockin mouse model that mimics constitutive pharmacological inactivation of p110β, we document that full inactivation of p110β leads to embryonic lethality in a substantial fraction of mice. Interestingly, the homozygous p110β kinase-dead mice that survive into adulthood (maximum ~26% on a mixed genetic background) have no apparent phenotypes, other than subfertility in females and complete infertility in males. Systemic inhibition of p110β results in a highly specific blockade in the maturation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes. p110β was previously suggested to signal downstream of the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor in germ cells to regulate their proliferation and survival. We now report that p110β also plays a germ cell-extrinsic role in the Sertoli cells (SCs) that support the developing sperm, with p110β inactivation dampening expression of the SC-specific Androgen Receptor (AR) target gene Rhox5, a homeobox gene critical for spermatogenesis. All extragonadal androgen-dependent functions remain unaffected by global p110β inactivation. In line with a crucial role for p110β in SCs, selective inactivation of p110β in these cells results in male infertility. Our study is the first documentation of the involvement of a signalling enzyme, PI3K, in the regulation of AR activity during spermatogenesis. This developmental pathway may become active in prostate cancer where p110β and AR have previously been reported to functionally interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse UMR1037, INSERM, BP84225, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lee B. Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Halet
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, SFR BIOSIT UMS 3480, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | | | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Rebourcet
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly León
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 7247 INRA—CNRS—Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 7247 INRA—CNRS—Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gemma Nock
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Strömstedt
- Astra Zeneca, Research and Development, Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Malin Enerback
- Astra Zeneca, Research and Development, Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariona Graupera
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Vascular Signalling Laboratory, Institut d´Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l’Hospitalet 199–203, 08908 L´Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabina Cosulich
- Astrazeneca Oncology iMED, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa T. K. Saunders
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom, and Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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15
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O’Neill C, Li Y, Jin X. Survival Signalling in the Preimplantation Embryo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 843:129-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2480-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Goissis MD, Cibelli JB. Functional Characterization of SOX2 in Bovine Preimplantation Embryos1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:30. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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17
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Li Q, He H, Zhang YL, Li XM, Guo X, Huo R, Bi Y, Li J, Fan HY, Sha J. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110δ mediates estrogen- and FSH-stimulated ovarian follicle growth. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1468-82. [PMID: 23820902 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian ovary, primordial follicles are generated early in life and remain dormant for prolonged periods. Their growth resumes via primordial follicle activation, and they continue to grow until the preovulatory stage under the regulation of hormones and growth factors, such as estrogen, FSH, and IGF-1. Both FSH and IGF-1 activate the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt (acute transforming retrovirus thymoma protein kinase) signaling pathway in granulosa cells (GCs), yet it remains inconclusive whether the PI3K pathway is crucial for follicle growth. In this study, we investigated the p110δ isoform (encoded by the Pik3cd gene) of PI3K catalytic subunit expression in the mouse ovary and its function in fertility. Pik3cd-null females were subfertile, exhibited fewer growing follicles and more atretic antral follicles in the ovary, and responded poorly to exogenous gonadotropins compared with controls. Ovary transplantation showed that Pik3cd-null ovaries responded poorly to FSH stimulation in vitro; this confirmed that the follicle growth defect was intrinsically ovarian. In addition, estradiol (E2)-stimulated follicle growth and GC proliferation in preantral follicles was impaired in Pik3cd-null ovaries. FSH and E2 substantially activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in GCs of control mice but not in those of Pik3cd-null mice. However, primordial follicle activation and oocyte meiotic maturation were not affected by Pik3cd knockout. Taken together, our findings indicate that the p110δ isoform of the PI3K catalytic subunit is a key component of the PI3K pathway for both FSH and E2-stimulated follicle growth in ovarian GCs; however, it is not required for primordial follicle activation and oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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18
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Abstract
The role of metabolism in ovarian aging is poorly described, despite the fact that ovaries fail earlier than most other organs. Growing interest in ovarian function is being driven by recent evidence that mammalian females routinely generate new oocytes during adult life through the activity of germline stem cells. In this perspective, we overview the female reproductive system as a powerful and clinically relevant model to understand links between aging and metabolism, and we discuss new concepts for how oocytes and their precursor cells might be altered metabolically to sustain or increase ovarian function and fertility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Tilly
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David A Sinclair
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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19
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Ma JY, Li M, Luo YB, Song S, Tian D, Yang J, Zhang B, Hou Y, Schatten H, Liu Z, Sun QY. Maternal factors required for oocyte developmental competence in mice: transcriptome analysis of non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) and surrounded nucleolus (SN) oocytes. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1928-38. [PMID: 23673344 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse antral follicle development, the oocyte chromatin gradually transforms from a less condensed state with no Hoechst-positive rim surrounding the nucleolus (NSN) to a fully condensed chromatin state with a Hoechst-positive rim surrounding the nucleolus (SN). Compared with SN oocytes, NSN oocytes display a higher gene transcription activity and a lower rate of meiosis resumption (G2/M transition), and they are mostly arrested at the two-cell stage after in vitro fertilization. To explore the differences between NSN and SN oocytes, and the maternal factors required for oocyte developmental competence, we compared the whole-transcriptome profiles between NSN and SN oocytes. First, we found that the NSN and SN oocytes were different in their metabolic pathways. In the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway, the SN oocytes tend to produce diacylglycerol, whereas the NSN oocytes tend to produce phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. For energy production, the SN oocytes and NSN oocytes differed in the gluconeogenesis and in the synthesis processes. Second, we also found that the key genes associated with oocyte meiosis and/or preimplantation embryo development were differently expressed in the NSN and SN oocytes. Our results illustrate that during the NSN-SN transition, the oocytes change their metabolic activities and accumulate maternal factors for further oocyte maturation and post-fertilization embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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20
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Mahrous E, Yang Q, Clarke HJ. Regulation of mitochondrial DNA accumulation during oocyte growth and meiotic maturation in the mouse. Reproduction 2012; 144:177-85. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes accumulate an enormous quantity of mitochondrial (mt) DNA, and an insufficient amount of mtDNA may underlie some cases of poor oocyte quality leading to infertility. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms that govern the timing and regulation of mtDNA accumulation during oogenesis. We report, through analysis of the mtDNA content of individual oocytes of the mouse, that mtDNA accumulates steadily during oocyte growth to reach a value of ∼175 000 copies per cell. MtDNA content ceases to increase once oocytes reach full size and remains unchanged during meiotic maturation. To test whether mtDNA accumulation depends on oocyte growth, we inhibited growth in vitro in two ways – by exposing complexes comprising partially grown oocytes enclosed by granulosa cells to a chemical inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling pathway and by removing the surrounding granulosa cells from partially grown oocytes. Under both conditions, the oocytes fail to grow, but mtDNA accumulation is unaffected, indicating that the two processes can be mechanistically uncoupled. Quantitative analysis of the mRNAs encoding proteins required for mtDNA replication revealed that Polg (Polga) (polymerase-γ, α-subunit), Polg2 (Polgb), and Tfam (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) increase during oocyte growth but then decrease after fully grown oocytes become transcriptionally silent as indicated by the non-surrounded nucleolus-to-surrounded nucleolus transition. Thus, there is a correlation between the decline in the quantity of mRNAs encoding mtDNA replication factors in fully grown oocytes and the arrest of mtDNA accumulation in these cells, suggesting that the two events may be causally linked.
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21
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Zheng W, Nagaraju G, Liu Z, Liu K. Functional roles of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) signaling in the mammalian ovary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356:24-30. [PMID: 21684319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is a fundamental pathway for the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration, and metabolism in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In recent years information provided by genetically modified mouse models has revealed that PI3K signaling plays vital roles in oogenesis, folliculogenesis, ovulation, and carcinogenesis in mouse ovary. In this review, we summarize (1) the physiological function of intra-oocyte PI3K signaling in regulation of primordial follicle survival and activation; (2) intra-granulosa cell PI3K signaling in regulation of cyclic follicular recruitment and ovulation; (3) intra-oocyte PI3K signaling in regulation of meiosis resumption and early embryogenesis; and also (4) the pathological function of PI3K signaling in ovarian diseases such as premature ovarian failure, granulosa cell tumors, and ovarian surface epithelium carcinomas. This updated info hopefully will lead to a better understanding of the human ovary and provide potential therapies for treating human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-40530, Sweden.
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22
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Survival signaling in the preimplantation embryo. Theriogenology 2012; 77:773-84. [PMID: 22325248 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The autopoietic development of the preimplantation embryo may in part be explained by the actions of autocrine tropic ligands. The net effect of these mediators is to support the survival of cells within the early embryo. In the mouse, the actions of autocrine ligands are required by the 2-cell stage of development, and they can act in concert with paracrine mediators present within the reproductive tract. These mediators act via 1-o-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling which has the dual effects of activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase/CREB transcription factor and AKT (protein kinase B)/MDM2 mediated survival pathways. The activated CREB drives transcription of prosurvival effectors, including the proto-oncogenes c-Fos and Bcl2. The AKT induces the phosphorylation and activation of MDM2 which causes the ubiquitination and resultant degradation of P53 resulting in the latency of P53 action. Tropic signals provide coordinated mechanisms for maintaining the survival of the cells of the early embryo. Disturbance of survival signaling has the net effect of reducing the number of cells populating the early embryo, due in part to the P53-mediated reduction in the pluripotent inner cell mass stem cell population within the embryo. The resultant embryos have a markedly reduced capacity for development beyond the implantation stage and those that do implant tend to be anembryonic.
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23
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Abstract
Mammalian preimplantation development is a process of dedifferentiation from the terminally differentiated eggs to the totipotent blastomeres at the cleavage stage, and then to the pluripotent cells at the blastocyst stage. Maternal factors that accumulate during oogenesis dominate early preimplantation development until the embryonic factors gain control after the activation of the embryonic genome. Recently, a handful of maternal factors that are encoded by the maternal-effect genes have been characterized in genetically modified mouse models. These factors are shown to participate in many aspects of preimplantation development, such as the degradation of maternal macromolecues, epigenetic modification, protein translation, cellular signaling transduction, and cell compaction. Even so, little is known about the interactions between different maternal factors. In this chapter, we have summarized the functions of known maternal factors and hopefully this will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of preimplantation embryogenesis by the maternal regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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24
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Lavery R, Lardenois A, Ranc-Jianmotamedi F, Pauper E, Gregoire EP, Vigier C, Moreilhon C, Primig M, Chaboissier MC. XY Sox9 embryonic loss-of-function mouse mutants show complete sex reversal and produce partially fertile XY oocytes. Dev Biol 2011; 354:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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