1
|
De Molo C, Consolini S, Fiorini G, Marzocchi G, Gentilini M, Salvatore V, Giostra F, Nardi E, Monteduro F, Borghi C, Serra C. Lung ultrasound in the COVID-19 era: a lesson to be learned for the future. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:2083-2091. [PMID: 37314639 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung Ultrasound (LUS) is a reliable, radiation free and bedside imaging technique to assess several pulmonary diseases. Although the diagnosis of COVID-19 is made with the nasopharyngeal swab, detection of pulmonary involvement is key for a safe patient management. LUS is a valid alternative to explore, in paucisymptomatic self-presenting patients, the presence and extension of pneumonia compared to High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) that represent the gold standard. This is a single-centre prospective study with 131 patients enrolled. Twelve lung areas were explored reporting a semiquantitative assessment to obtain the LUS score. Each patient performed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test (rRT-PCR), hemogasanalysis and HRCT. We observed an inverse correlation between LUSs and pO2, P/F, SpO2, AaDO2 (p value < 0.01), a direct correlation with LUSs and AaDO2 (p value < 0.01). Compared with HRCT, LUS showed sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 55.4%, respectively, and VPN 75%, VPP 65%. Therefore, LUS can represent an effective alternative tool to detect pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 compared to HRCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Molo
- Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Consolini
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiorini
- U.O. Medicina Interna Cardiovascolare, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Marzocchi
- Pediatric and Adult CardioThoracic and Vascular, Oncohematologic and Emergency Radiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Gentilini
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Pediatric and Adult CardioThoracic and Vascular, Oncohematologic and Emergency Radiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Salvatore
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giostra
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Department of Surgcal and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Nardi
- U.O. Medicina Interna Cardiovascolare, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Monteduro
- Pediatric and Adult CardioThoracic and Vascular, Oncohematologic and Emergency Radiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- U.O. Medicina Interna Cardiovascolare, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Department of Surgcal and Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Serra
- Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi J, Zhang Y, Yang M. Recent development of microfluidics-based platforms for respiratory virus detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024104. [PMID: 37035101 PMCID: PMC10076069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the inadequacies of current detection technology for respiratory viruses have been recognized. Rapid, portable, accurate, and sensitive assays are needed to expedite diagnosis and early intervention. Conventional methods for detection of respiratory viruses include cell culture-based assays, serological tests, nucleic acid detection (e.g., RT-PCR), and direct immunoassays. However, these traditional methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require laboratory facilities, which cannot meet the testing needs, especially during pandemics of respiratory diseases, such as COVID-19. Microfluidics-based techniques can overcome these demerits and provide simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective analysis of intact virus, viral antigen/antibody, and viral nucleic acids. This review aims to summarize the recent development of microfluidics-based techniques for detection of respiratory viruses. Recent advances in different types of microfluidic devices for respiratory virus diagnostics are highlighted, including paper-based microfluidics, continuous-flow microfluidics, and droplet-based microfluidics. Finally, the future development of microfluidic technologies for respiratory virus diagnostics is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious airborne viral pneumonia caused by a novel virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. On February 11, 2019, the Internal Committee on Taxonomy of Virus (ICTV) announced the name of the novel virus as "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One of the proteins present on its membrane i.e. the Spike protein is responsible for the attachment of the virus to the host. It spreads through the salivary droplets released when an infected person sneezes or coughs. The best way to slow down the disease is by protecting self by washing hands and using the disinfectant. Most of the infected people experience mild to moderate breathing issues. Serious illness might develop in people with underlying cardiovascular problems, diabetes and other immuno-compromised diseases. To date, there is no effective medicine available in the market which is effective in COVID-19. However, healthcare professionals are using ritonavir, flavipiravir, lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. Along with the medicines, some countries are using convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells for treatment. Till date, it has claimed millions of death worldwide. In this detailed review, we have discussed the structure of SARS-CoV-2, essential proteins, its lifecycle, transmission, symptoms, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and epidemiology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heena Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iftekhar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du F, Cao Z, Ye Z, He J, Zhang W, Zhang K, Ning P. Production and immunogenicity of a deoxyribonucleic acid Alphavirus vaccine expressing classical swine fever virus E2-Erns protein and porcine Circovirus Cap-Rep protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065532. [PMID: 36560936 PMCID: PMC9764008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are economically pivotal infectious disease viruses of swine. Alphaviral RNA replicon plasmids have been used as an important vector for constructing nucleic acid vaccines. Here, we aimed to construct a recombinant alphaviral plasmid vaccine pSCA1-E2-Erns-Cap-Rep for the prevention and control of CSFV and PCV2. Our results showed that the recombinant alphaviral plasmid vaccine pSCA1-E2-Erns-Cap-Rep was successfully constructed. The vaccine encoding E2 and Erns of CSFV, Cap, and Rep of PCV2 can induce E2, Erns, Cap, and Rep protein expression. ELISA analysis showed that mice-immunized pSCA1-E2-Erns-Cap-Rep plasmid vaccine produced higher anti-CSFV- and anti-PCV2-specific antibodies with dose- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, neutralizing assays were measured using IF and ELISA methods. The results showed the production of neutralizing antibodies could neutralize CSFV (up to 210.13) and PCV2 (28.6) effectively, which exhibited the immune efficacy of the pSCA1-E2-Erns-Cap-Rep plasmid vaccine. Taken together, this pSCA1-E2-Erns-Cp-Rep plasmid vaccine could be considered a novel candidate vaccine against CSFV and PCV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China,Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zixuan Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China,Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Pengbo Ning,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Entesari M, Zamani M, Heidarizadeh M, Moradi R, Khakdan F, Rafiei F. An Insight Into Detection Pathways/Biosensors of Highly Infectious Coronaviruses. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:339-354. [PMID: 34655396 PMCID: PMC8520350 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have inflicted a substantial damage on the world. In this study, it was attempted to review the recent coronaviruses appeared among the human being and their epidemic/pandemic spread throughout the world. Currently, there is an inevitable need for the establishment of a quick and easily available biosensor for tracing COVID-19 in all countries. It has been known that the incubation time of COVID-19 lasts about 14 days and 25% of the infected individuals are asymptomatic. To improve the ability to determine SARS-CoV-2 precisely and reduce the risk of eliciting false-negative results produced by mutating nature of coronaviruses, many researchers have established a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using mismatch-tolerant molecular beacons as multiplex real-time RT-PCR to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of coronaviruses. The possible mechanisms and pathways for the detection of coronaviruses by biosensors have been reviewed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Entesari
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heidarizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Moradi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Fariba Rafiei
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, Collage of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Ma P, Ahmed R, Wang J, Akin D, Soto F, Liu BF, Li P, Demirci U. Advanced Point-of-Care Testing Technologies for Human Acute Respiratory Virus Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103646. [PMID: 34623709 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing global threats to human life caused by the human acute respiratory virus (RV) infections have cost billions of lives, created a significant economic burden, and shaped society for centuries. The timely response to emerging RVs could save human lives and reduce the medical care burden. The development of RV detection technologies is essential for potentially preventing RV pandemic and epidemics. However, commonly used detection technologies lack sensitivity, specificity, and speed, thus often failing to provide the rapid turnaround times. To address this problem, new technologies are devised to address the performance inadequacies of the traditional methods. These emerging technologies offer improvements in convenience, speed, flexibility, and portability of point-of-care test (POCT). Herein, recent developments in POCT are comprehensively reviewed for eight typical acute respiratory viruses. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities of various recognition and detection strategies and discusses these according to their detection principles, including nucleic acid amplification, optical POCT, electrochemistry, lateral flow assays, microfluidics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and microarrays. The importance of limits of detection, throughput, portability, and specificity when testing clinical samples in resource-limited settings is emphasized. Finally, the evaluation of commercial POCT kits for both essential RV diagnosis and clinical-oriented practices is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Peng Ma
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molina P, Torres Arias M. Herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento frente a pandemias. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las pandemias son consideradas como un problema emergente de salud pública a nivel mundial, las cuales además de caracterizarse por tasas altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, ocasionan conflictos en los aspectos sociales, económicos y políticos. Las herramientas biotecnológicas, por su parte, han ido evolucionando conforme al avance tecnológico-científico, lo que ha permitido optimizar métodos de diagnóstico con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, además de mejorar el desarrollo de productos biológicos para la prevención y terapia de enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar la actualización de las herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, tratamiento terapéutico y profiláctico frente a los patógenos causantes de las enfermedades pandémicas a lo largo de la historia, mediante la recopilación de información científica. Con este estudio se logró establecer que las herramientas y productos de origen biotecnológico han constituido un papel fundamental en el control de pandemias a través de la innovación constante que ha permitido alcanzar resultados eficientes tanto en diagnóstico como en el tratamiento.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Molina
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE] Av. General Rumiñahui S/N y Ambato, PO BOX 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hemida MG. The next-generation coronavirus diagnostic techniques with particular emphasis on the SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4219-4241. [PMID: 33751621 PMCID: PMC8207115 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) are of global health concerns. Early diagnosis is the milestone in their mitigation, control, and eradication. Many diagnostic techniques are showing great success and have many advantages, such as the rapid turnover of the results, high accuracy, and high specificity and sensitivity. However, some of these techniques have several pitfalls if samples were not collected, processed, and transported in the standard ways and if these techniques were not practiced with extreme caution and precision. This may lead to false-negative/positive results. This may affect the downstream management of the affected cases. These techniques require regular fine-tuning, upgrading, and optimization. The continuous evolution of new strains and viruses belong to the coronaviruses is hampering the success of many classical techniques. There are urgent needs for next generations of coronaviruses diagnostic assays that overcome these pitfalls. This new generation of diagnostic tests should be able to do simultaneous, multiplex, and high-throughput detection of various coronavirus in one reaction. Furthermore, the development of novel assays and techniques that enable the in situ detection of the virus on the environmental samples, especially air, water, and surfaces, should be given considerable attention in the future. These approaches will have a substantial positive impact on the mitigation and eradication of coronaviruses, including the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged G. Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKing Faisal UniversityAl AhsaSaudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr ElsheikhEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeyaullah M, AlShahrani AM, Muzammil K, Ahmad I, Alam S, Khan WH, Ahmad R. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Current Challenges and Health Concern. Front Genet 2021; 12:693916. [PMID: 34211506 PMCID: PMC8239414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.693916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, was triggered and unfolded quickly throughout the globe by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The new virus, transmitted primarily through inhalation or contact with infected droplets, seems very contagious and pathogenic, with an incubation period varying from 2 to 14 days. The epidemic is an ongoing public health problem that challenges the present global health system. A worldwide social and economic stress has been observed. The transitional source of origin and its transport to humans is unknown, but speedy human transportation has been accepted extensively. The typical clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are almost like colds. With case fatality rates varying from 2 to 3 percent, a small number of patients may experience serious health problems or even die. To date, there is a limited number of antiviral agents or vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19. The occurrence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection are outlined and comparatively analyzed, given the outbreak's urgency. The recent developments in diagnostics, treatment, and marketed vaccine are discussed to deal with this viral outbreak. Now the scientist is concerned about the appearance of several variants over the globe and the efficacy of the vaccine against these variants. There is a need for consistent monitoring of the virus epidemiology and surveillance of the ongoing variant and related disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. AlShahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shane Alam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University (JU), Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu S, Li Q, Chu X, Zeng M, Liu M, He X, Zou H, Zheng J, Corpe C, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang J. Monitoring Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review of Available Diagnostic Tools. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672215. [PMID: 34164371 PMCID: PMC8215441 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has rapidly become a global public health concern. As the new type of betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 can spread across species and between populations and has a greater risk of transmission than other coronaviruses. To control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is vital to have a rapid and effective means of diagnosing asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and patients with COVID-19, an early isolation protocol for infected individuals, and effective treatments for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In this review, we will summarize the novel diagnostic tools that are currently available for coronavirus, including imaging examinations and laboratory medicine by next-generation sequencing (NGS), real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) analysis, immunoassay for COVID-19, cytokine and T cell immunoassays, biochemistry and microbiology laboratory parameters in the blood of the patients with COVID-19, and a field-effect transistor-based biosensor of COVID-19. Specifically, we will discuss the effective detection rate and assay time for the rRT-PCR analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and the sensitivity and specificity of different antibody detection methods, such as colloidal gold and ELISA using specimen sources obtained from the respiratory tract, peripheral serum or plasma, and other bodily fluids. Such diagnostics will help scientists and clinicians develop appropriate strategies to combat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuntao Chu
- Zhuhai Livzon Diagnostics Inc., Guangdong, China
| | - Minxia Zeng
- Zhuhai Livzon Diagnostics Inc., Guangdong, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaomeng He
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghua Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhoupu Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher Corpe
- Nutritional Science Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mardian Y, Kosasih H, Karyana M, Neal A, Lau CY. Review of Current COVID-19 Diagnostics and Opportunities for Further Development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:615099. [PMID: 34026773 PMCID: PMC8138031 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.615099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing plays a critical role in addressing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests are imperative for identifying and managing infected individuals, contact tracing, epidemiologic characterization, and public health decision making. Laboratory testing may be performed based on symptomatic presentation or for screening of asymptomatic people. Confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection is typically by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), which requires specialized equipment and training and may be particularly challenging in resource-limited settings. NAAT may give false-negative results due to timing of sample collection relative to infection, improper sampling of respiratory specimens, inadequate preservation of samples, and technical limitations; false-positives may occur due to technical errors, particularly contamination during the manual real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) process. Thus, clinical presentation, contact history and contemporary phyloepidemiology must be considered when interpreting results. Several sample-to-answer platforms, including high-throughput systems and Point of Care (PoC) assays, have been developed to increase testing capacity and decrease technical errors. Alternatives to RT-PCR assay, such as other RNA detection methods and antigen tests may be appropriate for certain situations, such as resource-limited settings. While sequencing is important to monitor on-going evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, antibody assays are useful for epidemiologic purposes. The ever-expanding assortment of tests, with varying clinical utility, performance requirements, and limitations, merits comparative evaluation. We herein provide a comprehensive review of currently available COVID-19 diagnostics, exploring their pros and cons as well as appropriate indications. Strategies to further optimize safety, speed, and ease of SARS-CoV-2 testing without compromising accuracy are suggested. Access to scalable diagnostic tools and continued technologic advances, including machine learning and smartphone integration, will facilitate control of the current pandemic as well as preparedness for the next one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aaron Neal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fagre A, Lewis J, Eckley M, Zhan S, Rocha SM, Sexton NR, Burke B, Geiss B, Peersen O, Bass T, Kading R, Rovnak J, Ebel GD, Tjalkens RB, Aboellail T, Schountz T. SARS-CoV-2 infection, neuropathogenesis and transmission among deer mice: Implications for spillback to New World rodents. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009585. [PMID: 34010360 PMCID: PMC8168874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) emerged in late 2019 in China and rapidly became pandemic. As with other coronaviruses, a preponderance of evidence suggests the virus originated in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) and may have infected an intermediate host prior to spillover into humans. A significant concern is that SARS-CoV-2 could become established in secondary reservoir hosts outside of Asia. To assess this potential, we challenged deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) with SARS-CoV-2 and found robust virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, lungs and intestines, with detectable viral RNA for up to 21 days in oral swabs and 6 days in lungs. Virus entry into the brain also occurred, likely via gustatory-olfactory-trigeminal pathway with eventual compromise to the blood-brain barrier. Despite this, no conspicuous signs of disease were observed, and no deer mice succumbed to infection. Expression of several innate immune response genes were elevated in the lungs, including IFNα, IFNβ, Cxcl10, Oas2, Tbk1 and Pycard. Elevated CD4 and CD8β expression in the lungs was concomitant with Tbx21, IFNγ and IL-21 expression, suggesting a type I inflammatory immune response. Contact transmission occurred from infected to naive deer mice through two passages, showing sustained natural transmission and localization into the olfactory bulb, recapitulating human neuropathology. In the second deer mouse passage, an insertion of 4 amino acids occurred to fixation in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein that is predicted to form a solvent-accessible loop. Subsequent examination of the source virus from BEI Resources determined the mutation was present at very low levels, demonstrating potent purifying selection for the insert during in vivo passage. Collectively, this work has determined that deer mice are a suitable animal model for the study of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory disease and neuropathogenesis, and that they have the potential to serve as secondary reservoir hosts in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Juliette Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Miles Eckley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Savannah M. Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Sexton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bradly Burke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Todd Bass
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebekah Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peptide substrate screening for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:137. [PMID: 33763734 PMCID: PMC7990899 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel corona (SARS-CoV-2) virus causes a global pandemic, which motivates researchers to develop reliable and effective methods for screening and detection of SARS-CoV-2. Though there are several methods available for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 such as RT-PCR and ELSIA, nevertheless, these methods are time-consuming and may not apply at the point of care. In this study, we have developed a specific, sensitive, quantitative and fast detection method for SARS-CoV-2 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. The total extracellular protease proteolytic activity from the virus has been used as the biomarker. The specific peptide sequences from the library of 115 dipeptides were identified via changes in the fluorescence signal. The fluorogenic dipeptide substrates have the fluorophore and a quencher at the N- and the C- terminals, respectively. When the protease hydrolyzes the peptide bond between the two specific amino acids, it leads to a significant increase in the fluorescence signals. The specific fluorogenic peptide (H-d) produces a high fluorescence signal. A calibration plot was obtained from the changes in the fluorescence intensity against the different concentrations of the viral protease. The lowest limit of detection of this method was 9.7 ± 3 pfu/mL. The cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2-specific peptide was tested against the MERS-CoV which does not affect the fluorescence signal. A significant change in the fluorescence signal with patient samples indicates that this FRET-based assay might be applied for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
|
15
|
Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A. Toolkit for Quickly Generating and Characterizing Molecular Probes Specific for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid as a Primer for Future Coronavirus Pandemic Preparedness. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:379-390. [PMID: 33534552 PMCID: PMC7875338 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Generating and characterizing immunoreagents to enable studies of novel emerging viruses is an area where ensembles of synthetic genes, recombinant antibody pipelines, and modular antibody-reporter fusion proteins can respond rapidly. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread through the global population causing widespread morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic chaos. Using SARS-CoV-2 as our model and starting with a gBlocks encoded nucleocapsid (N) gene, we purified recombinant protein from E. coli, to serve as bait for selecting semisynthetic nanobodies from our Nomad single-pot library. Clones were isolated in days and first fused to Gaussia luciferase to determine EC50 in the tens of nM range, and second fused to the ascorbate peroxidase derivative APEX2 for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. To generate inherently fluorescent immunoreagents, we introduce novel periplasmic sdAb fusions made with mNeonGreen and mScarlet-I, which were produced at milligram amounts. The fluorescent fusion proteins enabled concise visualization of SARS-CoV-2 N in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus 24 h post infection, akin to the distribution of SARS-CoV N, thereby validating these useful imaging tools. SdAb reactivity appeared specific to SARS-CoV-2 with very much weaker binding to SARS-CoV, and no noticeable cross-reactivity to a panel of overexpressed human codon optimized N proteins from other CoV. High periplasmic expression levels and in silico immortalization of the nanobody constructs guarantees a cost-effective and reliable source of SARS-CoV-2 immunoreagents. Our proof-of-principle study should be applicable to known and newly emerging CoV to broaden the tools available for their analysis and help safeguard human health in a more proactive than reactive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jo Sherwood
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang A, Yeom M, Kim H, Yoon SW, Jeong DG, Moon HJ, Lyoo KS, Na W, Song D. Sputum Processing Method for Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assays to Detect Coronaviruses. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e11. [PMID: 33728104 PMCID: PMC7937507 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus causes an infectious disease in various species and crosses the species barriers leading to the outbreak of zoonotic diseases. Due to the respiratory diseases are mainly caused in humans and viruses are replicated and excreted through the respiratory tract, the nasal fluid and sputum are mainly used for diagnosis. Early diagnosis of coronavirus plays an important role in preventing its spread and is essential for quarantine policies. For rapid decision and prompt triage of infected host, the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been widely used for point of care testing. However, when the ICA is applied to an expectorated sputum in which antigens are present, the viscosity of sputum interferes with the migration of the antigens on the test strip. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to use a mucolytic agent without affecting the antigens. In this study, we combined known mucolytic agents to lower the viscosity of sputum and applied that to alpha and beta coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, spiked in sputum to find optimal pretreatment conditions. The pretreatment method using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and BSA was suitable for ICA diagnosis of sputum samples spiked with PEDV and MERS-CoV. This sensitive assay for the detection of coronavirus in sputum provides an useful information for the diagnosis of pathogen in low respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Hyekwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dae-Gwin Jeong
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyong-Joon Moon
- College of Healthcare & Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.,Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shabani E, Dowlatshahi S, Abdekhodaie MJ. Laboratory detection methods for the human coronaviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:225-246. [PMID: 32984911 PMCID: PMC7520381 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of envelop viruses which lead to diseases in birds and mammals as well as human. Seven coronaviruses have been discovered in humans that can cause mild to lethal respiratory tract infections. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are the low-risk members of this family and the reason for some common colds. Besides, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and newly identified SARS-CoV-2, which is also known as 2019-nCoV, are the more dangerous viruses. Due to the rapid spread of this novel coronavirus and its related disease, COVID-19, a reliable, simple, fast, and low-cost detection method is necessary for patient diagnosis and tracking worldwide. Human coronaviruses detection methods were classified and presented in this article. The laboratory detection techniques include RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, electrochemical and optical biosensors for RNA detection, and whole virus or viral proteins detection assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Habli Z, Saleh S, Zaraket H, Khraiche ML. COVID-19 in-vitro Diagnostics: State-of-the-Art and Challenges for Rapid, Scalable, and High-Accuracy Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:605702. [PMID: 33634079 PMCID: PMC7902018 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.605702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The world continues to grapple with the devastating effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The highly contagious nature of this respiratory disease challenges advanced viral diagnostic technologies for rapid, scalable, affordable, and high accuracy testing. Molecular assays have been the gold standard for direct detection of the presence of the viral RNA in suspected individuals, while immunoassays have been used in the surveillance of individuals by detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Unlike molecular testing, immunoassays are indirect testing of the viral infection. More than 140 diagnostic assays have been developed as of this date and have received the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization (EUA). Given the differences in assasy format and/or design as well as the lack of rigorous verification studies, the performance and accuracy of these testing modalities remain unclear. In this review, we aim to carefully examine commercialized and FDA approved molecular-based and serology-based diagnostic assays, analyze their performance characteristics and shed the light on their utility and limitations in dealing with the COVID-19 global public health crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Habli
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahera Saleh
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty for Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Massoud L Khraiche
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jakhmola S, Indari O, Kashyap D, Varshney N, Rani A, Sonkar C, Baral B, Chatterjee S, Das A, Kumar R, Jha HC. Recent updates on COVID-19: A holistic review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05706. [PMID: 33324769 PMCID: PMC7729279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses with spike-like peplomers on their surface. The Coronaviridae family's strains infect different animals and are popularly associated with several outbreaks, namely SARS and MERS epidemic. COVID-19 is one such recent outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 identified first in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020. Our review provides information covering various facets of the disease starting from its origin, transmission, mutations in the virus to pathophysiological changes in the host upon infection followed by diagnostics and possible therapeutics available to tackle the situation. We have highlighted the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, known to share 96.2% nucleotide similarity with bat coronavirus. Notably, several mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, PLpro, and ORF3a are reported across the globe. These mutations could alter the usual receptor binding function, fusion process with the host cell, virus replication, and the virus's assembly. Therefore, studying these mutations could help understand the virus's virulence properties and design suitable therapeutics. Moreover, the aggravated immune response to COVID-19 can be fatal. Hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are comorbidities substantially associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review article discusses these aspects, stating the importance of various comorbidities in disease outcomes. Furthermore, medications' unavailability compels the clinicians to opt for atypical drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine, etc. The current diagnostics of COVID-19 include qRT-PCR, CT scan, serological tests, etc. We have described these aspects to expose the information to the scientific community and to accelerate the research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Charu Sonkar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Ayan Das
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang C, Zhou L, Du K, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen L, Lyu Y, Li J, Liu H, Huo J, Li F, Wang J, Sang P, Lin S, Xiao Y, Zhang K, He K. Foundation and Clinical Evaluation of a New Method for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Antigen by Fluorescent Microsphere Immunochromatography. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:553837. [PMID: 33330119 PMCID: PMC7734310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.553837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a rapid detection reagent for SARS-CoV-2 antigen for the auxiliary diagnosis of new coronary pneumonia (COVID-19), and perform the methodological evaluation and clinical evaluation of the reagent. Method SARS-CoV-2 N-protein test strip was created by combining fluorescent microsphere labeling technology and immunochromatographic technology, based on the principle of double antibody sandwich. Then we evaluated the analytical capability and clinical application of the strips. Result The limit of detection of the strips for recombinant N protein was 100 ng/ml and for activated SARS -CoV-2 virus was 1 × 103 TCID50/ml. The strips also have high analytical specificity and anti-interference capability. According to the predetermined cut-off value, the specificity of the test strip in healthy controls and patients with other respiratory disease was 100.00 and 97.29%, the sensitivity in COVID-19 cases at progress stage and cured stage was 67.15 and 7.02%. The positive percentage agreement and negative percentage agreement of antigen strip to RNA test were 83.16 and 94.45%. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 fluorescence immunochromatographic test strip can achieve fast, sensitive and accurate detection, which can meet the clinical requirements for rapid detection of viruses on the spot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Birth Defects Prevention and Control Technology Research Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Du
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Institute of Infectious and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Lyu
- Institute of Infectious and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Clinical Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Junli Huo
- Infections Department, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Neurosurgery Department, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Li
- Infections Department, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Neurosurgery Department, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Medical Department, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei Sang
- Birth Defects Prevention and Control Technology Research Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Si Lin
- Beijing Savant Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Beijing Savant Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Medical Department, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Kunlun He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alhalaili B, Popescu IN, Kamoun O, Alzubi F, Alawadhia S, Vidu R. Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Other Pandemic/Epidemic Respiratory Viruses: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6591. [PMID: 33218097 PMCID: PMC7698809 DOI: 10.3390/s20226591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a public health emergency of international concern. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused this pandemic has spread rapidly to over 200 countries, and has drastically affected public health and the economies of states at unprecedented levels. In this context, efforts around the world are focusing on solving this problem in several directions of research, by: (i) exploring the origin and evolution of the phylogeny of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome; (ii) developing nanobiosensors that could be highly effective in detecting the new coronavirus; (iii) finding effective treatments for COVID-19; and (iv) working on vaccine development. In this paper, an overview of the progress made in the development of nanobiosensors for the detection of human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is presented, along with specific techniques for modifying the surface of nanobiosensors. The newest detection methods of the influenza virus responsible for acute respiratory syndrome were compared with conventional methods, highlighting the newest trends in diagnostics, applications, and challenges of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 causative virus) nanobiosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alhalaili
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ileana Nicoleta Popescu
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Mechanics, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia Street, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Olfa Kamoun
- Physics of Semiconductor Devices Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Feras Alzubi
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sami Alawadhia
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang L, Zheng B, Gao X, Zhang L, Pan H, Qiao Y, Suo G, Zhu F. Development of Patient-Derived Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nucleocapsid Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Diagnosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595970. [PMID: 33281824 PMCID: PMC7691652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a global public health threat. Illustrating human antibody responding to viral antigen could potentially provide valuable information for basic research and clinical diagnosis. The antibody can be used as a complement to the viral detection for the rapid diagnosis of infected patients. Compared with spike protein (SP), nucleocapsid protein (NP) is normally conserved and highly immunogenic in many coronavirus members. As a major antigen, NP is a potential target for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we constructed a combinatorial fragment of antigen-binding (Fab)antibody phage library based on peripheral blood-derived from five coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected donors. From the library, 159 Fab antibodies were obtained and identified by panning with NP. Among them, 16 antibodies were evaluated for their binding properties and epitopes recognition. Among these 16 antibodies, two well-paired antibodies were finally screened out for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Our works may provide a potential resource for the clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Binyang Zheng
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingsu Gao
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxin Pan
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Antiochia R. Nanobiosensors as new diagnostic tools for SARS, MERS and COVID-19: from past to perspectives. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:639. [PMID: 33151419 PMCID: PMC7642243 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and novel coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) epidemics represent the biggest global health threats in the last two decades. These infections manifest as bronchitis, pneumonia or severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory illness. The novel coronavirus seems to be associated with milder infections but it has spread globally more rapidly becoming a pandemic. This review summarises the state of the art of nanotechnology-based affinity biosensors for SARS, MERS and COVID-19 detection. The nanobiosensors are antibody- or DNA-based biosensors with electrochemical, optical or FET-based transduction. Various kinds of nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, nanowires and graphene, have been merged to the affinity biosensors to enhance their analytical performances. The advantages of the use of the nanomaterials are highlighted, and the results compared with those obtained using non-nanostructured biosensors. A critical comparison with conventional methods, such as RT-PCR and ELISA, is also reported. It is hoped that this review will provide interesting information for the future development of new reliable nano-based platforms for point-of-care diagnostic devices for COVID-19 prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan Z, Ghafoor D, Khan A, Ualiyeva D, Khan S, Bilal H, Khan B, Khan A, Sajjad W. Diagnostic approaches and potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100770. [PMID: 33014380 PMCID: PMC7525249 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and identified as a novel coronavirus. Due to its contagious nature, the virus spreads rapidly and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The global tally of COVID-19 was 28 million in early September 2020. The fears and stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 has demolished the socio-economic status worldwide. Researchers are trying to identify treatments, especially antiviral drugs and/or vaccines, that could potentially control the viral spread and manage the ongoing unprecedented global crisis. To date, more than 300 clinical trials have been conducted on various antiviral drugs, and immunomodulators are being evaluated at various stages of COVID-19. This review aims to collect and summarize a list of drugs used to treat COVID-19, including dexamethasone, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, tociluzimab, nitazoxanide and ivermectin. However, some of these drugs are not effective and their use has been suspended by WHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D. Ghafoor
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiao Hong Shan No.44, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - D. Ualiyeva
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - S.A. Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Kashmir, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - H. Bilal
- Centre for Management and Commerce, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan
| | - B. Khan
- Department of Optometry, Isra University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A. Khan
- Department of Computer and Software Technology, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan
| | - W. Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Antiochia R. Developments in biosensors for CoV detection and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 173:112777. [PMID: 33189015 PMCID: PMC7591947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state of art of biosensor technology for Coronavirus (CoV) detection, the current challenges and the future perspectives. Three categories of affinity-based biosensors (ABBs) have been developed, depending on their transduction mechanism, namely electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric biosensors. The biorecognition elements include antibodies and DNA, which undergo important non-covalent binding interactions, with the formation of antigen-antibody and ssDNA/oligonucleotide-complementary strand complexes in immuno- and DNA-sensors, respectively. The analytical performances, the advantages and drawbacks of each type of biosensor are highlighted, discussed, and compared to traditional methods. It is hoped that this review will encourage scientists and academics to design and develop new biosensing platforms for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, providing interesting reference for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fung J, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2099:89-97. [PMID: 31883089 PMCID: PMC7123003 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (CoV) in this century. To date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 MERS-CoV associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. Rapid laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. Though the gold standard for diagnosing MERS-CoV infection in humans is still nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of the up-E region, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could also be of use for early diagnosis in less developed locations. In the present method, a step-by-step guide to perform a MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (NP) capture ELISA using two NP-specific monoclonal antibodies is provided for readers to develop their in-house workflow or diagnostic kit for clinical use and for mass-screening project of animals (e.g., dromedaries and bats) to better understand the spread and evolution of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Fung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reta DH, Tessema TS, Ashenef AS, Desta AF, Labisso WL, Gizaw ST, Abay SM, Melka DS, Reta FA. Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Techniques of Medical Viruses. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8832728. [PMID: 32908530 PMCID: PMC7474384 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8832728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are causing serious problems in human population worldwide. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a perfect example how viral infection could pose a great threat to global public health and economic sectors. Therefore, the first step in combating viral pathogens is to get a timely and accurate diagnosis. Early and accurate detection of the viral presence in patient sample is crucial for appropriate treatment, control, and prevention of epidemics. Here, we summarize some of the molecular and immunological diagnostic approaches available for the detection of viral infections of humans. Molecular diagnostic techniques provide rapid viral detection in patient sample. They are also relatively inexpensive and highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods. Immunological-based techniques have been extensively utilized for the detection and epidemiological studies of human viral infections. They can detect antiviral antibodies or viral antigens in clinical samples. There are several commercially available molecular and immunological diagnostic kits that facilitate the use of these methods in the majority of clinical laboratories worldwide. In developing countries including Ethiopia where most of viral infections are endemic, exposure to improved or new methods is highly limited as these methods are very costly to use and also require technical skills. Since researchers and clinicians in all corners of the globe are working hard, it is hoped that in the near future, they will develop good quality tests that can be accessible in low-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hussien Reta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Adey Feleke Desta
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wajana Lako Labisso
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Mequanente Abay
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Seifu Melka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fisseha Alemu Reta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fagre A, Lewis J, Eckley M, Zhan S, Rocha SM, Sexton NR, Burke B, Geiss B, Peersen O, Kading R, Rovnak J, Ebel GD, Tjalkens RB, Aboellail T, Schountz T. SARS-CoV-2 infection, neuropathogenesis and transmission among deer mice: Implications for reverse zoonosis to New World rodents. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.07.241810. [PMID: 32793912 PMCID: PMC7418741 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.241810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) emerged in November, 2019 in China and rapidly became pandemic. As with other coronaviruses, a preponderance of evidence suggests the virus originated in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) and likely underwent a recombination event in an intermediate host prior to entry into human populations. A significant concern is that SARS-CoV-2 could become established in secondary reservoir hosts outside of Asia. To assess this potential, we challenged deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) with SARS-CoV-2 and found robust virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, lungs and intestines, with detectable viral RNA for up to 21 days in oral swabs and 14 days in lungs. Virus entry into the brain also occurred, likely via gustatory-olfactory-trigeminal pathway with eventual compromise to the blood brain barrier. Despite this, no conspicuous signs of disease were observed and no deer mice succumbed to infection. Expression of several innate immune response genes were elevated in the lungs, notably IFNα, Cxcl10, Oas2, Tbk1 and Pycard. Elevated CD4 and CD8β expression in the lungs was concomitant with Tbx21, IFNγ and IL-21 expression, suggesting a type I inflammatory immune response. Contact transmission occurred from infected to naive deer mice through two passages, showing sustained natural transmission. In the second deer mouse passage, an insertion of 4 amino acids occurred to fixation in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein that is predicted to form a solvent-accessible loop. Subsequent examination of the source virus from BEI Resources indicated the mutation was present at very low levels, demonstrating potent purifying selection for the insert during in vivo passage. Collectively, this work has determined that deer mice are a suitable animal model for the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and that they have the potential to serve as secondary reservoir hosts that could lead to periodic outbreaks of COVID-19 in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Juliette Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Miles Eckley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Nicole R Sexton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Bradly Burke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Brian Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Rebekah Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Llanes A, Restrepo CM, Caballero Z, Rajeev S, Kennedy MA, Lleonart R. Betacoronavirus Genomes: How Genomic Information has been Used to Deal with Past Outbreaks and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4546. [PMID: 32604724 PMCID: PMC7352669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged, with an alarming rate of human morbidity and case fatality. Genomic information has been widely used to understand the pathogenesis, animal origin and mode of transmission of coronaviruses in the aftermath of the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks. Furthermore, genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have had an unprecedented relevance in the battle against the 2019-2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the newest and most devastating outbreak caused by a coronavirus in the history of mankind. Here, we review how genomic information has been used to tackle outbreaks caused by emerging, highly pathogenic, betacoronavirus strains, emphasizing on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We focus on shared genomic features of the betacoronaviruses and the application of genomic information to phylogenetic analysis, molecular epidemiology and the design of diagnostic systems, potential drugs and vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0801, Panama; (A.L.); (C.M.R.); (Z.C.)
| | - Carlos M. Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0801, Panama; (A.L.); (C.M.R.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0801, Panama; (A.L.); (C.M.R.); (Z.C.)
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Melissa A. Kennedy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0801, Panama; (A.L.); (C.M.R.); (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The "Three Italy" of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possible involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in triggering complications other than pneumonia. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:311-323. [PMID: 32548750 PMCID: PMC7297137 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China, has been associated to a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a global pandemic. Soon after, the number of cases soared dramatically, spreading across China and worldwide. Italy has had 12,462 confirmed cases according to the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) as of March 11, and after the “lockdown” of the entire territory, by May 4, 209,254 cases of COVID-19 and 26,892 associated deaths have been reported. We performed a review to describe, in particular, the origin and the diffusion of COVID-19 in Italy, underlying how the geographical circulation has been heterogeneous and the importance of pathophysiology in the involvement of cardiovascular and neurological clinical manifestations.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, Kanjilal S, Quach C, Libman M, Dittrich S, Yansouni CP. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172:726-734. [PMID: 32282894 PMCID: PMC7170415 DOI: 10.7326/m20-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing to identify persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is central to control the global pandemic of COVID-19 that began in late 2019. In a few countries, the use of diagnostic testing on a massive scale has been a cornerstone of successful containment strategies. In contrast, the United States, hampered by limited testing capacity, has prioritized testing for specific groups of persons. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based assays performed in a laboratory on respiratory specimens are the reference standard for COVID-19 diagnostics. However, point-of-care technologies and serologic immunoassays are rapidly emerging. Although excellent tools exist for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients in well-equipped laboratories, important gaps remain in screening asymptomatic persons in the incubation phase, as well as in the accurate determination of live viral shedding during convalescence to inform decisions to end isolation. Many affluent countries have encountered challenges in test delivery and specimen collection that have inhibited rapid increases in testing capacity. These challenges may be even greater in low-resource settings. Urgent clinical and public health needs currently drive an unprecedented global effort to increase testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, the authors review the current array of tests for SARS-CoV-2, highlight gaps in current diagnostic capacity, and propose potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Cheng
- McGill University Health Centre and McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.P.C.)
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity and Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.P.)
| | - Michaël Desjardins
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.D.)
| | - Sanjat Kanjilal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.K.)
| | - Caroline Quach
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.Q.)
| | - Michael Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.L., C.P.Y.)
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics, Malaria and Fever Program, Geneva, Switzerland, and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (S.D.)
| | - Cedric P Yansouni
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.L., C.P.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shyu D, Dorroh J, Holtmeyer C, Ritter D, Upendran A, Kannan R, Dandachi D, Rojas-Moreno C, Whitt SP, Regunath H. Laboratory Tests for COVID-19: A Review of Peer-Reviewed Publications and Implications for Clinical Use. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2020; 117:184-195. [PMID: 32636542 PMCID: PMC7302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic tests for the coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) are critical for prompt diagnosis, treatment and isolation to break the cycle of transmission. A positive real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in conjunction with clinical and epidemiologic data, is the current standard for diagnosis, but several challenges still exist. Serological assays help to understand epidemiology better and to evaluate vaccine responses but they are unreliable for diagnosis in the acute phase of illness or assuming protective immunity. Serology is gaining attention, mainly because of convalescent plasma gaining importance as treatment for clinically worsening COVID-19 patients. We provide a narrative review of peer-reviewed research studies on RT-PCR, serology and antigen immune-assays for COVID-19, briefly describe their lab methods and discuss their limitations for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shyu
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James Dorroh
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Caleb Holtmeyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Detlef Ritter
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Anandhi Upendran
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and at the University of Missouri Institute of Clinical And Translational Science (MU-iCATS), University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dima Dandachi
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian Rojas-Moreno
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Stevan P Whitt
- MSMA member since 2019 and Missouri Medicine Editorial Board Member for Infectious Disease, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hariharan Regunath
- MSMA member since 2019 and Missouri Medicine Editorial Board Member for Infectious Disease, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Prasad N, Gopalakrishnan N, Sahay M, Gupta A, Agarwal SK. Epidemiology, Genomic Structure, the Molecular Mechanism of Injury, Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of Coronavirus Infection: An Overview. Indian J Nephrol 2020; 30:143-154. [PMID: 33013059 PMCID: PMC7470209 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_191_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by a novel beta coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) strain that was first discovered in 2019 in the Wuhan city of China. Based on virus genome sequencing studies, the bat is suspected as the natural host of virus, and infection might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts like reptiles and snakes etc., to infect humans. COVID-19 is transmitted from person to person contact, primarily via droplet infection within the incubation period or after clinical manifestations of fever, cough, sneezing, sputum, dyspnea, and pneumonia and through contaminated fomites. COVID-19 enters the respiratory tract through the ACE2 receptor on alveoli through binding of s-protein of the virus and causes injuries though the cytopathic effect, as well as cytokines and other mediators, released after developing sepsis. ACE 2 is almost 100-fold higher in kidneys than lung, and the virus can also involve the kidney in the same manner. Kidney involvement manifests in the form of proteinuria, hematuria, and an acute rise in serum creatinine. Kidney involvement is an independent risk factor for mortality. Diagnosis is primarly made by detecting viral RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) in nasopharyngeal swab samples. Role of antibodies, both IgM and IgG are still evolving and at best restricted for epidemiological purpose. Though a large number of treatments, including hydroxychloroquine, anti-viral, convalescent plasma etc., are being tried, as of now treatment is symptomatic only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Prasad
- Professor of Nephrology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Manisha Sahay
- Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Professor of Nephrology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:313-324. [PMID: 32238757 PMCID: PMC9728410 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV, which emerged in 2002. Within a few months of the first report, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across China and worldwide, reaching a pandemic level. As COVID-19 has triggered enormous human casualties and serious economic loss posing global threat, an understanding of the ongoing situation and the development of strategies to contain the virus's spread are urgently needed. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID-19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19. Here, we review the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Bioenvironmental Science and Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 5834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Tae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,B.T.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7023 E-mail:
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 344, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S.J.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7477 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fukushi S. Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Serum Antibodies Specific for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:55-65. [PMID: 32833203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the etiological agent of MERS, a severe respiratory disease first reported in the Middle East in 2012. Serological assays are used to diagnose MERS-CoV infection and to screen for serum antibodies in seroepidemiological studies. The conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the preferred tool for detecting serum antibodies specific for pathogens; however, the utility of conventional ELISA with respect to detection of MERS-CoV antibodies is limited due to the number of false-positives caused by cross-reactivity of serum antibodies with antigens that are conserved among coronaviruses. The competitive ELISA (cELISA) uses a pathogen-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) that competes with serum antibodies for binding to an antigen; therefore, it is used widely for serological surveillance of many pathogens. In this chapter, I describe detection of serum antibodies using cELISA based on MAbs specific for MERS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang W, Wang T, Deng Y, Niu P, A R, Zhao J, Peiris M, Tang S, Tan W. A novel luciferase immunosorbent assay performs better than a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect MERS-CoV specific IgG in humans and animals. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2019; 1:134-143. [PMID: 32501446 PMCID: PMC7148641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal zoonosis caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detecting anti-MERS-CoV antibodies in both humans and animals is urgently needed for the successful management of this illness. Here, we evaluated various novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISA) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) including subunit 1 (S1), N terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD) and subunit 2 (S2) of S for the detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG. Fusion proteins, including nanoluciferase (NLuc) and various fragments derived from the NP or S protein of MERS-CoV, were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 T cells. LISAs that detected anti-MERS-CoV IgG were further developed using cell lysates expressing various fusion proteins. Panels of human or animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of various LISAs in reference to a MERS-CoV RT-PCR, commercial S1-based ELISA, and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT). Our results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive than the NTD- and S2-LISAs for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG. Furthermore, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive (by at least 16-fold) than the commercially available S1-ELISA. Moreover, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISA specifically recognized anti-MERS-CoV IgG and did not cross-react with samples derived from other human CoV (OC43, 229E, HKU1, NL63)-infected patients. More importantly, these LISAs proved their applicability and reliability for detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice, among which the RBD-LISA exhibited excellent performance. The results of this study suggest that the novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1- LISAs are highly effective platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays have the potential to be used as serologic tests for the management and control of MERS-CoV infection. Scientific question This study evaluated novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISAs) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) for detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG in humans and animals. Evidence before this study Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microneutralization (MN), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT) have been performed to detect serum antibodies against MERS-CoV. There remains a need to develop novel serological assays independent of protein purification, special secondary antibody, virus cultivation and Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. New findings In this study, novel LISAs based on the MERS-CoV S fragments and NP were developed. Human and animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were measured by the newly developed LISAs as well as reference methods including commercial S1-ELISA and ppNT. The results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were able to specifically distinguish MERS-CoV-infected samples from samples infected by other HCoV as consistent as the reference methods. Comparing with the commercially available S1-ELISA, the S1- and RBD-LISAs were 64-folds more sensitive. Moreover, the applicability and reliability of the LISAs were verified by detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice. The RBD-LISA exhibited superior sensitivity and specificity. Significance of the study The novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1-LISAs were developed independent of protein purification and special secondary antibody, and showed super specificity and efficiency for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays are recommended for serological diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in the investigation of epidemic characteristic, origin tracing and vaccine study of MERS-CoV, they would contribute to the scientific control and prevention of MERS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Deng
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruhan A
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sohrab SS, Azhar EI. Genetic diversity of MERS-CoV spike protein gene in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:709-717. [PMID: 31831395 PMCID: PMC7102590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was primarily detected in 2012 and still causing disease in human and camel. Camel and bats have been identified as a potential source of virus for disease spread to human. Although, significant information related to MERS-CoV disease, spread, infection, epidemiology, clinical features have been published, A little information is available on the sequence diversity of Spike protein gene. The Spike protein gene plays a significant role in virus attachment to host cells. Recently, the information about recombinant MERS-CoV has been published. So, this work was designed to identify the emergence of any another recombinant virus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS In this study samples were collected from both human and camels and the Spike protein gene was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MERS-CoV Spike protein gene were used to analyze the recombination, genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship with selected sequences from Saudi Arabia. RESULTS The nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 65.7% to 99.8% among all the samples collected from human and camels from various locations in the Kingdom. The lowest similarity (65.7%) was observed in samples from Madinah and Dammam. The phylogenetic relationship formed different clusters with multiple isolates from various locations. The sample collected from human in Jeddah hospital formed a closed cluster with human samples collected from Buraydah, while camel sample formed a closed cluster with Hufuf isolates. The phylogenetic tree by using Aminoacid sequences formed closed cluster with Dammam, Makkah and Duba isolates. The amino acid sequences variations were observed in 28/35 samples and two unique amino acid sequences variations were observed in all samples analyzed while total 19 nucleotides sequences variations were observed in the Spike protein gene. The minor recombination events were identified in eight different sequences at various hotspots in both human and camel samples using recombination detection programme. CONCLUSION The generated information from this study is very valuable and it will be used to design and develop therapeutic compounds and vaccine to control the MERS-CoV disease spread in not only in the Kingdom but also globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed S Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hoy CFO, Kushiro K, Yamaoka Y, Ryo A, Takai M. Rapid multiplex microfiber-based immunoassay for anti-MERS-CoV antibody detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019; 26:100304. [PMID: 32289017 PMCID: PMC7104066 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
On-site multiplex biosensors for innate immunity antibodies are ideal tools for monitoring health status of individuals against various diseases. This study introduces a novel antibody immunoassay testing platform incorporating microfiber-based arrays of antigens to capture specific antibodies. The fabrication and setup of the device revolved around electrospun polystyrene (ESPS) microfibers that act as three-dimensional membrane filters, capable of rapid and multifold analyte capture. In particular, the ESPS microfibers were patterned through localized oxygen plasma to create hydrophilic zones that facilitate fluid flows and immobilizations of antigens. The bulk of this robust antibody immunoassay platform could be installed into a compact syringe-driven cassette device, which could perform multiplex antibody immunoassay for antibodies specifically against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with rapid preparation amounting to a total of 5 min, as well as high sensitivity and specificity for the MERS-CoV down to 200 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton F O Hoy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kushiro
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim Y, Lee H, Park K, Park S, Lim JH, So MK, Woo HM, Ko H, Lee JM, Lim SH, Ko BJ, Park YS, Choi SY, Song DH, Lee JY, Kim SS, Kim DY. Selection and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus through a Human Synthetic Fab Phage Display Library Panning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E42. [PMID: 31544848 PMCID: PMC6783954 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in the Middle East in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has become a global concern due to the high morbidity and mortality of individuals infected with the virus. Although the majority of MERS-CoV cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, the overall risk in areas outside the Middle East remains significant as inside Saudi Arabia. Additional pandemics of MERS-CoV are expected, and thus novel tools and reagents for therapy and diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we used phage display to develop novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target MERS-CoV. A human Fab phage display library was panned against the S2 subunit of the MERS-CoV spike protein (MERS-S2P), yielding three unique Fabs (S2A3, S2A6, and S2D5). The Fabs had moderate apparent affinities (Half maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 123-421 nM) for MERS-S2P, showed no cross-reactivity to spike proteins from other CoVs, and were non-aggregating and thermostable (Tm = 61.5-80.4 °C). Reformatting the Fabs into IgGs (Immunoglobulin Gs) greatly increased their apparent affinities (KD = 0.17-1.2 nM), presumably due to the effects of avidity. These apparent affinities were notably higher than that of a previously reported anti-MERS-CoV S2 reference mAb (KD = 8.7 nM). Furthermore, two of the three mAbs (S2A3 and S2D5) bound only MERS-CoV (Erasmus Medical Center (EMC)) and not other CoVs, reflecting their high binding specificity. However, the mAbs lacked MERS-CoV neutralizing activity. Given their high affinity, specificity, and desirable stabilities, we anticipate that these anti-MERS-CoV mAbs would be suitable reagents for developing antibody-based diagnostics in laboratory or hospital settings for point-of-care testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hansaem Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Sora Park
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Woo
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Hyemin Ko
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lim
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Park
- Plexense, Inc., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Du Hyun Song
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Layqah LA, Eissa S. An electrochemical immunosensor for the corona virus associated with the Middle East respiratory syndrome using an array of gold nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:224. [PMID: 30847572 PMCID: PMC7088225 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) is highly pathogenic. An immunosensor for the determination of MERS-CoV is described here. It is based on a competitive assay carried out on an array of carbon electrodes (DEP) modified with gold nanoparticles. Recombinant spike protein S1 was used as a biomarker for MERS CoV. The electrode array enables multiplexed detection of different CoVs. The biosensor is based on indirect competition between free virus in the sample and immobilized MERS-CoV protein for a fixed concentration of antibody added to the sample. Voltammetric response is detected by monitoring the change in the peak current (typically acquired at a working potential of −0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl) after addition of different concentrations of antigen against MERS-CoV. Electrochemical measurements using ferrocyanide/ferricyanide as a probe were recorded using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Good linear response between the sensor response and the concentrations from 0.001 to 100 ng.mL−1 and 0.01 to 10,000 ng.mL−1 were observed for MERS-CoV and HCoV, respectively. The assay was performed in 20 min with detection limit as low as 0.4 and 1.0 pg.mL−1 for HCoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. The method is highly selective over non-specific proteins such as Influenza A and B. The method is single-step, sensitive and accurate. It was successfully applied to spiked nasal samples. An electrochemical immunoassay is described for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). The method is based on a competitive assay carried out on a carbon array electrodes (DEP) nanostructured with gold nanoparticles. The array electrodes enable the multiplexed detection of different types of Corona Virus. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Ali Layqah
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Layqah LA, Eissa S. An electrochemical immunosensor for the corona virus associated with the Middle East respiratory syndrome using an array of gold nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes. Mikrochim Acta 2019. [PMID: 30847572 DOI: 10.1007/s0064-019-3345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) is highly pathogenic. An immunosensor for the determination of MERS-CoV is described here. It is based on a competitive assay carried out on an array of carbon electrodes (DEP) modified with gold nanoparticles. Recombinant spike protein S1 was used as a biomarker for MERS CoV. The electrode array enables multiplexed detection of different CoVs. The biosensor is based on indirect competition between free virus in the sample and immobilized MERS-CoV protein for a fixed concentration of antibody added to the sample. Voltammetric response is detected by monitoring the change in the peak current (typically acquired at a working potential of -0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl) after addition of different concentrations of antigen against MERS-CoV. Electrochemical measurements using ferrocyanide/ferricyanide as a probe were recorded using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Good linear response between the sensor response and the concentrations from 0.001 to 100 ng.mL-1 and 0.01 to 10,000 ng.mL-1 were observed for MERS-CoV and HCoV, respectively. The assay was performed in 20 min with detection limit as low as 0.4 and 1.0 pg.mL-1 for HCoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. The method is highly selective over non-specific proteins such as Influenza A and B. The method is single-step, sensitive and accurate. It was successfully applied to spiked nasal samples. Graphical abstract An electrochemical immunoassay is described for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). The method is based on a competitive assay carried out on a carbon array electrodes (DEP) nanostructured with gold nanoparticles. The array electrodes enable the multiplexed detection of different types of Corona Virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Ali Layqah
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kelly-Cirino C, Mazzola LT, Chua A, Oxenford CJ, Van Kerkhove MD. An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001105. [PMID: 30815285 PMCID: PMC6361340 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. A more detailed understanding of the kinetics of infection of MERS-CoV is needed in order to optimise the use of existing assays. Notably, MERS-CoV point-of-care tests are needed in order to optimise supportive care and to minimise transmission risk. However, for new test development, sourcing clinical material continues to be a major challenge to achieving assay validation. Harmonisation and standardisation of laboratory methods are essential for surveillance and for a rapid and effective international response to emerging diseases. Routine external quality assessment, along with well-characterised and up-to-date proficiency panels, would provide insight into MERS-CoV diagnostic performance worldwide. A defined set of Target Product Profiles for diagnostic technologies will be developed by WHO to address these gaps in MERS-CoV outbreak management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arlene Chua
- Department of Information, Evidence and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.,Medecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hashem AM, Al-Amri SS, Al-Subhi TL, Siddiq LA, Hassan AM, Alawi MM, Alhabbab RY, Hindawi SI, Mohammed OB, Amor NS, Alagaili AN, Mirza AA, Azhar EI. Development and validation of different indirect ELISAs for MERS-CoV serological testing. J Immunol Methods 2019; 466:41-46. [PMID: 31883093 PMCID: PMC7094657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, MERS-CoV has caused up to 2220 cases and 790 deaths in 27 countries with Saudi Arabia being the most affected country with ~83.1% of the cases and ~38.8% local death rate. Current serological assays such as microneutralization (MN), plaque reduction neutralization, immunofluorescence, protein microarray or pseudoparticle neutralization assays rely on handling of live MERS-CoV in high containment laboratories or need for expensive and special equipment and reagents and highly trained personnel which represent a technical hurdle for most laboratories in resource-limited MERS-CoV endemic countries. Here, we developed, compared and evaluated three different indirect ELISAs based on MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N), spike (S) ectodomain (amino acids 1–1297) and S1 subunit (amino acids 1–725) and compared them with MN assay. The developed ELISAs were evaluated using large number of confirmed seropositive (79 samples) and seronegative (274 samples) MERS-CoV human serum samples. Both rS1- and rS-ELISAs maintained high sensitivity and specificity (≥90%) across a wider range of OD values compared to rN-ELISA. Moreover, rS1- and rS-based ELISAs showed better agreement and correlation with MN assay in contrast to rN-ELISA. Collectively, our data demonstrate that rS1-ELISA and rS-ELISA are more reliable than rN-ELISA and represent a suitable choice for seroepidemiological testing and surveillance in MERS-CoV endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M Hashem
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tagreed L Al-Subhi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loai A Siddiq
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M Alawi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Infection Control & Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Y Alhabbab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa I Hindawi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil S Amor
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Mirza
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Veit S, Jany S, Fux R, Sutter G, Volz A. CD8+ T Cells Responding to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Delivered by Vaccinia Virus MVA in Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120718. [PMID: 30558354 PMCID: PMC6316859 DOI: 10.3390/v10120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans, was first described in 2012. Antibodies directed against the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein are thought to play a major role in controlling MERS-CoV infection and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity. In contrast, relatively little is known about the role of T cell responses and the antigenic targets of MERS-CoV that are recognized by CD8+ T cells. In this study, the highly conserved MERS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein served as a target immunogen to elicit MERS-CoV-specific cellular immune responses. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a safety-tested strain of vaccinia virus for preclinical and clinical vaccine research, was used for generating MVA-MERS-N expressing recombinant N protein. Overlapping peptides spanning the whole MERS-CoV N polypeptide were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I/II-restricted T cell responses in BALB/c mice immunized with MVA-MERS-N. We have identified a H2-d restricted decamer peptide epitope in the MERS-N protein with CD8+ T cell antigenicity. The identification of this epitope, and the availability of the MVA-MERS-N candidate vaccine, will help to evaluate MERS-N-specific immune responses and the potential immune correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in the appropriate murine models of MERS-CoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Veit
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Al-Omari A, Rabaan AA, Salih S, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 93:265-285. [PMID: 30413355 PMCID: PMC7127703 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In September 2012, a novel coronavirus was isolated from a patient who died in Saudi Arabia after presenting with acute respiratory distress and acute kidney injury. Analysis revealed the disease to be due to a novel virus which was named Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). There have been several MERS-CoV hospital outbreaks in KSA, continuing to the present day, and the disease has a mortality rate in excess of 35%. Since 2012, the World Health Organization has been informed of 2220 laboratory-confirmed cases resulting in at least 790 deaths. Cases have since arisen in 27 countries, including an outbreak in the Republic of Korea in 2015 in which 36 people died, but more than 80% of cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia.. Human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV, particularly in healthcare settings, initially caused a ‘media panic’, however human-to-human transmission appears to require close contact and thus far the virus has not achieved epidemic potential. Zoonotic transmission is of significant importance and evidence is growing implicating the dromedary camel as the major animal host in spread of disease to humans. MERS-CoV is now included on the WHO list of priority blueprint diseases for which there which is an urgent need for accelerated research and development as they have the potential to cause a public health emergency while there is an absence of efficacious drugs and/or vaccines. In this review we highlight epidemiological, clinical, and infection control aspects of MERS-CoV as informed by the Saudi experience. Attention is given to recommended treatments and progress towards vaccine development. 2220 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV resulting in at least 790 deaths since 2012 MERS-CoV is on the WHO list of priority blueprint diseases Zoonotic and human-to-human transmission modes need further clarification. No specific therapy has yet been approved. There is a need for well-controlled clinical trials on potential direct therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awad Al-Omari
- Critical Care and Infection Control Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, and Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samer Salih
- Internal Medicine Department, Dr.Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Medical Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chen Y, Wong EYM, Chan KH, Chen H, Zhang L, Xia N, Yuen KY. Rapid detection of MERS coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking MERS coronavirus transmission and animal origin. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:18. [PMID: 29511173 PMCID: PMC5841240 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-017-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a monoclonal antibody-based rapid nucleocapsid protein detection assay for diagnosis of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans and dromedary camels. In this study, we examined the usefulness of this assay to detect other lineage C betacoronaviruses closely related to MERS-CoV in bats. The rapid MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein detection assay was tested positive in 24 (88.9%) of 27 Tylonycteris bat CoV HKU4 (Ty-BatCoV-HKU4) RNA-positive alimentary samples of Tylonycteris pachypus and 4 (19.0%) of 21 Pipistrellus bat CoV HKU5 (Pi-BatCoV-HKU5) RNA-positive alimentary samples of Pipistrellus abramus. There was significantly more Ty-BatCoV-HKU4 RNA-positive alimentary samples than Pi-BatCoV-HKU5 RNA-positive alimentary samples that were tested positive by the rapid MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein detection assay (P < 0.001 by Chi-square test). The rapid assay was tested negative in all 51 alimentary samples RNA-positive for alphacoronaviruses (Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU2, Myotis bat CoV HKU6, Miniopterus bat CoV HKU8 and Hipposideros batCoV HKU10) and 32 alimentary samples positive for lineage B (SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3) and lineage D (Rousettus bat CoV HKU9) betacoronaviruses. No significant difference was observed between the viral loads of Ty-BatCoV-HKU4/Pi-BatCoV-HKU5 RNA-positive alimentary samples that were tested positive and negative by the rapid test (Mann-Witney U test). The rapid MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein detection assay is able to rapidly detect lineage C betacoronaviruses in bats. It detected significantly more Ty-BatCoV-HKU4 than Pi-BatCoV-HKU5 because MERS-CoV is more closely related to Ty-BatCoV-HKU4 than Pi-BatCoV-HKU5. This assay will facilitate rapid on-site mass screening of animal samples for ancestors of MERS-CoV and tracking transmission in the related bat species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020093. [PMID: 29495250 PMCID: PMC5850400 DOI: 10.3390/v10020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In 2012, a sixth human coronavirus (hCoV) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. The 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV has now been reported in more than 27 countries across the Middle East, Europe, North Africa and Asia. As of July 2017, 2040 MERS-CoV laboratory confirmed cases, resulting in 712 deaths, were reported globally, with a majority of these cases from the Arabian Peninsula. This review summarises the current understanding of MERS-CoV, with special reference to the (i) genome structure; (ii) clinical features; (iii) diagnosis of infection; and (iv) treatment and vaccine development.
Collapse
|
49
|
Cho H, Excler JL, Kim JH, Yoon IK. Development of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus vaccines - advances and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:304-313. [PMID: 29048984 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1389362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to pose a threat to global public health. Sporadic cases and outbreaks continue to be reported in the Middle East, and case fatality rates remain high at approximately 36% globally. No specific preventive or therapeutic countermeasures currently exist. A safe and effective vaccine could play an important role in protecting against the threat from MERS-CoV. This review discusses human vaccine candidates currently under development, and explores viral characteristics, molecular epidemiology and immunology relevant to MERS-CoV vaccine development. At present, a DNA vaccine candidate has begun a human clinical trial, while two vector-based candidates will very soon begin human trials. Protein-based vaccines are still at pre-clinical stage. Challenges to successful development include incomplete understanding of viral transmission, pathogenesis and immune response (in particular at the mucosal level), no optimal animal challenge models, lack of standardized immunological assays, and insufficient sustainable funding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoun Cho
- a Department of Clinical Development and Regulatory , International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- a Department of Clinical Development and Regulatory , International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- a Department of Clinical Development and Regulatory , International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- a Department of Clinical Development and Regulatory , International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fukushi S, Fukuma A, Kurosu T, Watanabe S, Shimojima M, Shirato K, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Nagata N, Ohnishi K, Ato M, Melaku SK, Sentsui H, Saijo M. Characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against the MERS-coronavirus spike protein and their application in species-independent antibody detection by competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:22-29. [PMID: 28993122 PMCID: PMC7113858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV were produced and characterized. Anti-MERS-CoV antibody detection system by competitive ELISA was developed. The competitive ELISA was validated using sera taken from dromedary camels.
Since discovering the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as a causative agent of severe respiratory illness in the Middle East in 2012, serological testing has been conducted to assess antibody responses in patients and to investigate the zoonotic reservoir of the virus. Although the virus neutralization test is the gold standard assay for MERS diagnosis and for investigating the zoonotic reservoir, it uses live virus and so must be performed in high containment laboratories. Competitive ELISA (cELISA), in which a labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) competes with test serum antibodies for target epitopes, may be a suitable alternative because it detects antibodies in a species-independent manner. In this study, novel MAbs against the spike protein of MERS-CoV were produced and characterized. One of these MAbs was used to develop a cELISA. The cELISA detected MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in sera from MERS-CoV-infected rats and rabbits immunized with the spike protein of MERS-CoV. The MAb-based cELISA was validated using sera from Ethiopian dromedary camels. Relative to the neutralization test, the cELISA detected MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in 66 Ethiopian dromedary camels with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 100%, respectively. The cELISA and neutralization test results correlated well (Pearson’s correlation coefficients = 0.71–0.76, depending on the cELISA serum dilution). This cELISA may be useful for MERS epidemiological investigations on MERS-CoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Simenew Keskes Melaku
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| |
Collapse
|