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Nevado B, Chapman MA, Brennan AC, Clark JW, Wong ELY, Batstone T, McCarthy SA, Tracey A, Torrance J, Sims Y, Abbott RJ, Filatov D, Hiscock SJ. Genomic changes and stabilization following homoploid hybrid speciation of the Oxford ragwort Senecio squalidus. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)01085-6. [PMID: 39260362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus) is one of only two homoploid hybrid species known to have originated very recently, so it is a unique model for determining genomic changes and stabilization following homoploid hybrid speciation. Here, we provide a chromosome-level genome assembly of S. squalidus with 95% of the assembly contained in the 10 longest scaffolds, corresponding to its haploid chromosome number. We annotated 30,249 protein-coding genes and estimated that ∼62% of the genome consists of repetitive elements. We then characterized genome-wide patterns of linkage disequilibrium, polymorphism, and divergence in S. squalidus and its two parental species, finding that (1) linkage disequilibrium is highly heterogeneous, with a region on chromosome 4 showing increased values across all three species but especially in S. squalidus; (2) regions harboring genetic incompatibilities between the two parental species tend to be large, show reduced recombination, and have lower polymorphism in S. squalidus; (3) the two parental species have an unequal contribution (70:30) to the genome of S. squalidus, with long blocks of parent-specific ancestry supporting a very rapid stabilization of the hybrid lineage after hybrid formation; and (4) genomic regions with major parent ancestry exhibit an overrepresentation of loci with evidence for divergent selection occurring between the two parental species on Mount Etna. Our results show that both genetic incompatibilities and natural selection play a role in determining genome-wide reorganization following hybrid speciation and that patterns associated with homoploid hybrid speciation-typically seen in much older systems-can evolve very quickly following hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nevado
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Adrian C Brennan
- Biosciences Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James W Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Edgar L Y Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Tom Batstone
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Ying Sims
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Dmitry Filatov
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Simon J Hiscock
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum, Rose Lane, Oxford OX1 4AZ, UK
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2
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Draper D, Riofrío L, Naranjo C, Marques I. The Complex Genetic Legacy of Hybridization and Introgression between the Rare Ocotea loxensis van der Werff and the Widespread O. infrafoveolata van der Werff (Lauraceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1956. [PMID: 39065483 PMCID: PMC11280420 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization and introgression are complex evolutionary mechanisms that can increase species diversity and lead to speciation, but may also lead to species extinction. In this study, we tested the presence and genetic consequences of hybridization between the rare and Ecuadorian endemic O. loxensis van der Werff and the widespread O. infrafoveolata van der Werff (Lauraceae). Phenotypically, some trees are difficult to identify, and we expect that some might in fact be cryptic hybrids. Thus, we developed nuclear microsatellites to assess the existence of hybrids, as well as the patterns of genetic diversity and population structure in allopatric and sympatric populations. The results revealed high levels of genetic diversity, even in the rare O. loxensis, being usually significantly higher in sympatric than in allopatric populations. The Bayesian assignment of individuals into different genetic classes revealed a complex scenario with different hybrid generations occurring in all sympatric populations, but also in allopatric ones. The absence of some backcrossed hybrids suggests the existence of asymmetric gene flow, and that some hybrids might be more fitted than others might. The existence of current and past interspecific gene flow also explains the blurring of species boundaries in these species and could be linked to the high rates of species found in Ocotea.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Draper
- Center for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lorena Riofrío
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlos Naranjo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabel Marques
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Rose JP, Kriebel R, Sytsma KJ, Drew BT. Phylogenomic perspectives on speciation and reproductive isolation in a North American biodiversity hotspot: an example using California sages (Salvia subgenus Audibertia: Lamiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:295-310. [PMID: 38733329 PMCID: PMC11232522 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The California Floristic Province (CA-FP) is the most species-rich region of North America north of Mexico. One of several proposed hypotheses explaining the exceptional diversity of the region is that the CA-FP harbours myriad recently diverged lineages with nascent reproductive barriers. Salvia subgenus Audibertia is a conspicuous element of the CA-FP, with multiple sympatric and compatible species. METHODS Using 305 nuclear loci and both organellar genomes, we reconstruct species trees, examine genomic discordance, conduct divergence-time estimation, and analyse contemporaneous patterns of gene flow and mechanical reproductive isolation. KEY RESULTS Despite strong genomic discordance, an underlying bifurcating tree is supported. Organellar genomes capture additional introgression events not detected in the nuclear genome. Most interfertility is found within clades, indicating that reproductive barriers arise with increasing genetic divergence. Species are generally not mechanically isolated, suggesting that it is unlikely to be the primary factor leading to reproductive isolation. CONCLUSIONS Rapid, recent speciation with some interspecific gene flow in conjunction with the onset of a Mediterranean-like climate is the underlying cause of extant diversity in Salvia subgenus Audibertia. Speciation has largely not been facilitated by gene flow. Its signal in the nuclear genome seems to mostly be erased by backcrossing, but organellar genomes each capture different instances of historical gene flow, probably characteristic of many CA-FP lineages. Mechanical reproductive isolation appears to be only part of a mosaic of factors limiting gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bryan T Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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4
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Schnittler M, Inoue M, Shchepin ON, Fuchs J, Chang H, Lamkowski P, Knapp R, Horn K, Bennert HW, Bog M. Hybridization and reticulate evolution in Diphasiastrum (flat-branched clubmosses, Lycopodiaceae) - New data from the island of Taiwan and Vietnam. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 196:108067. [PMID: 38561082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In the species groups related to Diphasiastrum multispicatum and D. veitchii, hybridization was investigated in samples from northern and southern Vietnam and the island of Taiwan, including available herbarium specimens from southeast Asia. The accessions were analyzed using flow cytometry (living material only), Sanger sequencing and multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing. We detected two cases of ancient hybridization involving different combinations of parental species; both led via subsequent duplication to tetraploid taxa. A cross D. multispicatum × D. veitchii from Malaysia represents D. wightianum, a tetraploid taxon according to reported DNA content measurements of dried material (genome formulas MM, VV and MMVV, respectively). The second case involves D. veitchii and an unknown diploid parent (genome formula XX). Three hybridogenous taxa (genome formulas VVX, VVXX, VVVX) were discernable by a combination of flow cytometry and molecular data. Taxon I (VVX, three clones found on Taiwan island) is apparently triploid. Taxon II represents another genetically diverse and sexual tetraploid species (VVXX) and can be assigned to D. yueshanense, described from Taiwan island but occurring as well in mainland China and Vietnam. Taxon III is as well most likely tetraploid (VVVX) and represented by at least one, more likely two, clones from Taiwan island. Taxa I and III are presumably asexual and new to science. Two independently inherited nuclear markers recombine only within, not between these hybrids, pointing towards reproductive isolation. We present an evolutionary scheme which explains the origin of the hybrids and the evolution of new and fully sexual species by hybridization and subsequent allopolyploidization in flat-branched clubmosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schnittler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Inoue
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - O N Shchepin
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, Stadt Seeland, D-06466 OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - H Chang
- Division of Botany, Endemic Species Research Institute, 1, Ming Seng E. Road, Jiji, Nantou 552, Taiwan, ROC
| | - P Lamkowski
- Nature Conservation and Land Use Planning, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - R Knapp
- Steigestraße 78, D-69412 Eberbach, Germany
| | - K Horn
- Büro für angewandte Geobotanik und Landschaftsökologie (BaGL), Frankenstraße 2, D-91077 Dormitz, Germany
| | - H W Bennert
- Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Malekmohammadi M, Koutroumpa K, Crespo MB, Domina G, Korotkova N, Akhani H, von Mering S, Borsch T, Berendsohn WG. A taxonomic backbone for the Plumbaginaceae (Caryophyllales). PHYTOKEYS 2024; 243:67-103. [PMID: 38947553 PMCID: PMC11211657 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.243.122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
A taxonomic backbone of the Plumbaginaceae is presented and the current state of knowledge on phylogenetic relationships and taxon limits is reviewed as a basis for the accepted taxon concepts. In total, 4,476 scientific names and designations are treated of which 30 are not in the family Plumbaginaceae. The Plumbaginaceae are subdivided in three tribes with 26 genera and 1,179 accepted species. Two subgenera, 17 sections, two subsections and 187 infraspecific taxa are accepted. At the species and infraspecific level 2,782 synonyms were assigned to accepted taxa, whereas 194 names were excluded from the core checklist (i.e., unplaced taxa, infrageneric subdivisions with still uncertain application, names of verified uncertain application, invalid horticultural names, excluded names from other families, other excluded designations, and unresolved names). The EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy was utilized as the tool to compile and manage the names and further taxonomic data under explicit taxon concepts. Secundum references are given in case taxon concepts were taken from the literature, whereas this study serves as reference for newly circumscribed taxa. The family's division into the tribes Aegialitideae, Limonieae, and Plumbagineae departs from earlier two-subfamily classifications, prompted by recent phylogenetic findings that challenge the subfamilial affinity of Aegialitis. The genus Acantholimon was extended to include Gladiolimon, as currently available phylogenetic and morphological data support this merger. In Limonium, all accepted species could be assigned to sections and subsections or the "Mediterranean lineage", respectively, making use of the phylogenetic distribution of their morphological characters and states. A new combination and/or status is proposed for Dyerophytumsocotranum, Limoniumthymoides, Limonium×fraternum, Limonium×rossmaessleri, and Limoniumsect.Jovibarba. Special attention is given to nomenclatural issues, particularly for Staticenomenambiguum to resolve the names under accepted names. The use of artificial groupings like "aggregates", "complexes" and "species groups" in alpha-taxonomic treatments is discussed. The taxonomic backbone will receive continued updates and through the Caryophyllales Taxonomic Expert Network, it contributes the treatment of the Plumbaginaceae for the World Flora Online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Malekmohammadi
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
University of TehranTehranIran
| | - Konstantina Koutroumpa
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Manuel B. Crespo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, SpainUniversidad de AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | - Gianniantonio Domina
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, bldg. 4, 90128, Palermo, ItalyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Nadja Korotkova
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Hossein Akhani
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
University of TehranTehranIran
| | - Sabine von Mering
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Current address: Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, GermanyMuseum für NaturkundeBerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Walter G. Berendsohn
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
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6
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Long Z, Rieseberg LH. Documenting homoploid hybrid speciation. Mol Ecol 2024:e17412. [PMID: 38780141 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation is challenging to document because hybridization can lead to outcomes other than speciation. Thus, some authors have argued that establishment of homoploid hybrid speciation should include evidence that reproductive barriers isolating the hybrid neo-species from its parental species were derived from hybridization. While this criterion is difficult to satisfy, several recent papers have successfully employed a common pipeline to identify candidate genes underlying such barriers and (in one case) to validate their function. We describe this pipeline, its application to several plant and animal species and what we have learned about homoploid hybrid speciation as a consequence. We argue that - given the ubiquity of admixture and the polygenic basis of reproductive isolation - homoploid hybrid speciation could be much more common and more protracted than suggested by earlier conceptual arguments and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Long
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Rosser N, Seixas F, Queste LM, Cama B, Mori-Pezo R, Kryvokhyzha D, Nelson M, Waite-Hudson R, Goringe M, Costa M, Elias M, Mendes Eleres de Figueiredo C, Freitas AVL, Joron M, Kozak K, Lamas G, Martins ARP, McMillan WO, Ready J, Rueda-Muñoz N, Salazar C, Salazar P, Schulz S, Shirai LT, Silva-Brandão KL, Mallet J, Dasmahapatra KK. Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits. Nature 2024; 628:811-817. [PMID: 38632397 PMCID: PMC11041799 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization allows adaptations to be shared among lineages and may trigger the evolution of new species1,2. However, convincing examples of homoploid hybrid speciation remain rare because it is challenging to demonstrate that hybridization was crucial in generating reproductive isolation3. Here we combine population genomic analysis with quantitative trait locus mapping of species-specific traits to examine a case of hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies. We show that Heliconius elevatus is a hybrid species that is sympatric with both parents and has persisted as an independently evolving lineage for at least 180,000 years. This is despite pervasive and ongoing gene flow with one parent, Heliconius pardalinus, which homogenizes 99% of their genomes. The remaining 1% introgressed from the other parent, Heliconius melpomene, and is scattered widely across the H. elevatus genome in islands of divergence from H. pardalinus. These islands contain multiple traits that are under disruptive selection, including colour pattern, wing shape, host plant preference, sex pheromones and mate choice. Collectively, these traits place H. elevatus on its own adaptive peak and permit coexistence with both parents. Our results show that speciation was driven by introgression of ecological traits, and that speciation with gene flow is possible with a multilocus genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Fernando Seixas
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Bruna Cama
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ronald Mori-Pezo
- URKU Estudios Amazónicos, Tarapoto, Perú
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazona, Yurimaguas, Perú
| | - Dmytro Kryvokhyzha
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Matt Goringe
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Marianne Elias
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Clarisse Mendes Eleres de Figueiredo
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Biodiversity (CEABIO), Belém, Brazil
| | - André Victor Lucci Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Kozak
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jonathan Ready
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Biodiversity (CEABIO), Belém, Brazil
| | - Nicol Rueda-Muñoz
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricio Salazar
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leila T Shirai
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina L Silva-Brandão
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum de Natur Hamburg Zoology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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8
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Villa-Machío I, Heuertz M, Álvarez I, Nieto Feliner G. Demography-driven and adaptive introgression in a hybrid zone of the Armeria syngameon. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37837272 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Syngameons represent networks of otherwise distinct species connected by limited gene exchange. Although most studies have focused on how species maintain their cohesiveness despite gene flow, there are additional relevant questions regarding the evolutionary dynamics of syngameons and their drivers, as well as the success of their members and the network as a whole. Using a ddRADseq approach, we analysed the genetic structure, genomic clines and demographic history of a coastal hybrid zone involving two species of the Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) syngameon in southern Spain. We inferred that a peripheral population of the sand dune-adapted A. pungens diverged from the rest of the conspecific populations and subsequently hybridized with a locally more abundant pinewood congener, A. macrophylla. Both species display extensive plastid DNA haplotype sharing. Genomic cline analysis identified bidirectional introgression, but more outlier loci with excess A. pungens than A. macrophylla ancestry, suggesting the possibility of selection for A. pungens alleles. This is consistent with the finding that the A. pungens phenotype is selected for in open habitats, and with the strong correlation found between ancestry and phenotype. Taken together, our analyses suggest an intriguing scenario in which bidirectional introgression may, on the one hand, help to avoid reduced levels of genetic diversity due to the small size and isolated location of the A. pungens range-edge population, thereby minimizing demographic risks of stochastic extinction. On the other hand, the data also suggest that introgression into A. macrophylla may allow individuals to grow in open, highly irradiated, deep sandy, salt-exposed habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Villa-Machío
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Álvarez
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Nieto Feliner
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Blanckaert A, Sriram V, Bank C. In search of the Goldilocks zone for hybrid speciation II: hard times for hybrid speciation? Evolution 2023; 77:2162-2172. [PMID: 37459183 PMCID: PMC10547126 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization opens a unique window for observing speciation mechanisms and is a potential engine of speciation. One controversially discussed outcome of hybridization is homoploid hybrid speciation by reciprocal sorting, where a hybrid population maintains a mixed combination of the parental genetic incompatibilities, preventing further gene exchange between the newly formed population and the two parental sources. Previous work showed that, for specific linkage architectures (i.e., the genomic location and order of hybrid incompatibilities), reciprocal sorting could reliably result in hybrid speciation. Yet, the sorting of incompatibilities creates a risk of population extinction. To understand how the demographic consequences of the purging of incompatibilities interact with the formation of a hybrid species, we model an isolated hybrid population resulting from a single admixture event. We study how population size, linkage architecture, and the strength of the incompatibility affect survival of the hybrid population, resolution/purging of the genetic incompatibilities and the probability of observing hybrid speciation. We demonstrate that the extinction risk is highest for intermediately strong hybrid incompatibilities. In addition, the linkage architecture displaying the highest hybrid speciation probabilities changes drastically with population size. Overall, this indicates that population dynamics can strongly affect the outcome of hybridization and the hybrid speciation probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Blanckaert
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Claudia Bank
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Bock DG, Cai Z, Elphinstone C, González-Segovia E, Hirabayashi K, Huang K, Keais GL, Kim A, Owens GL, Rieseberg LH. Genomics of plant speciation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100599. [PMID: 37050879 PMCID: PMC10504567 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate. For several decades, botanical research has complemented and, in some cases, challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of other organisms while also revealing additional ways in which species can form. Now, the ability to sequence genomes at an unprecedented pace and scale has allowed biologists to settle decades-long debates and tackle other emerging challenges in speciation research. Here, we review these recent genome-enabled developments in plant speciation. We discuss complications related to identification of reproductive isolation (RI) loci using analyses of the landscape of genomic divergence and highlight the important role that structural variants have in speciation, as increasingly revealed by new sequencing technologies. Further, we review how genomics has advanced what we know of some routes to new species formation, like hybridization or whole-genome duplication, while casting doubt on others, like population bottlenecks and genetic drift. While genomics can fast-track identification of genes and mutations that confer RI, we emphasize that follow-up molecular and field experiments remain critical. Nonetheless, genomics has clarified the outsized role of ancient variants rather than new mutations, particularly early during speciation. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues of future study. These include expanding what we know so far about the role of epigenetic and structural changes during speciation, broadening the scope and taxonomic breadth of plant speciation genomics studies, and synthesizing information from extensive genomic data that have already been generated by the plant speciation community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Bock
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhe Cai
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cassandra Elphinstone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric González-Segovia
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kaichi Huang
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graeme L Keais
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Kim
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory L Owens
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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11
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Gawrońska B, Marszałek M, Kosiński P, Podsiedlik M, Bednorz L, Zeyland J. No wonder, it is a hybrid. Natural hybridization between Jacobaea vulgaris and J. erucifolia revealed by molecular marker systems and its potential ecological impact. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10467. [PMID: 37664498 PMCID: PMC10468328 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive changes in the environment are related to modifications of the habitat. Introducing exotic species, and interbreeding between species can lead to processes that in the case of rare species or small populations threatens their integrity. Given the declining trends of many populations due to increased hybridization, early recognition of hybrids becomes important in conservation management. Natural hybridization is prevalent in Jacobaea. There are many naturally occurring interspecific hybrids in this genus, including those between Jacobaea vulgaris and its relatives. Although Jacobaea erucifolia and J. vulgaris often co-occur and are considered closely related, apart from the few reports of German botanists on the existence of such hybrids, there is no information on research confirming hybridization between them. Morphologically intermediate individuals, found in the sympatric distributions of J. vulgaris and J. erucifolia, were hypothesized to be their hybrids. Two molecular marker systems (nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers) were employed to test this hypothesis and characterize putative hybrids. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequencing results and taxon-specific amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fragment distribution analysis confirmed the hybrid nature of all 25 putative hybrids. The AFLP patterns of most hybrids demonstrated a closer relationship to J. erucifolia, suggesting frequent backcrossing. Moreover, they showed that several individuals previously described as pure were probably also of hybrid origin, backcrosses to J. erucifolia and J. vulgaris. This study provides the first molecular confirmation that natural hybrids between J. vulgaris and J. erucifolia occur in Poland. Hybridization appeared to be bidirectional but asymmetrical with J. vulgaris as the usual maternal parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawrońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and BioengineeringPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Małgorzata Marszałek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and BioengineeringPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Piotr Kosiński
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and BioengineeringPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesKórnikPoland
| | - Marek Podsiedlik
- Natural History Collections, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznańPoland
| | - Leszek Bednorz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and BioengineeringPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and BioengineeringPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
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12
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Wang D, Sun Y, Lei W, Zhu H, Wang J, Bi H, Feng S, Liu J, Ru D. Backcrossing to different parents produced two distinct hybrid species. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:145-155. [PMID: 37264213 PMCID: PMC10382510 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) events with the same parental species have rarely been reported. In this study, we used population transcriptome data to test paraphyly and HHS events in the conifer Picea brachytyla. Our analyses revealed non-sister relationships for two lineages of P. brachytyla, with the southern lineage being placed within the re-circumscribed P. likiangensis species complex (PLSC) and P. brachytyla sensu stricto (s.s.) consisted solely of the northern lineage, forming a distinct clade that is paratactic to both the PLSC and P. wilsonii. Our phylogenetic and coalescent analyses suggested that P. brachytyla s.s. arose from HHS between the ancestor of the PLSC before its diversification and P. wilsonii through an intermediate hybrid lineage at an early stage and backcrossing to the ancestral PLSC. Additionally, P. purpurea shares the same parents and an extinct lineage with P. brachytyla s.s. but backcrossing to the other parent, P. wilsonii at a later stage. We reveal the first case that backcrossing to different parents of the same extinct hybrid lineage produced two different hybrid species. Our results highlight the existence of more reticulate evolution during species diversification in the spruce genus and more complex homoploid hybrid events than previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yongshuai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Weixiao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hao Bi
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Dafu Ru
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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13
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Blanckaert A, Sriram V, Bank C. In search of the Goldilocks zone for hybrid speciation II: hard times for hybrid speciation? BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528680. [PMID: 36824868 PMCID: PMC9948988 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization opens a unique window for observing speciation mechanisms and is a potential engine of speciation. One controversially discussed outcome of hybridization is homoploid hybrid speciation by reciprocal sorting, where a hybrid population maintains a mixed combination of the parental genetic incompatibilities, preventing further gene exchange between the newly formed population and the two parental sources. Previous work showed that, for specific linkage architectures (i.e., the genomic location and order of hybrid incompatibilities), reciprocal sorting could reliably result in hybrid speciation. Yet, the sorting of incompatibilities creates a risk of population extinction. To understand how demographic consequences of the purging of incompatibilities interact with the formation of a hybrid species, we model an isolated hybrid population resulting from a single admixture event. We study how population size, linkage architecture and the strength of the incompatibility affect survival of the hybrid population, resolution/purging of the genetic incompatibilities and the probability of observing hybrid speciation. We demonstrate that the extinction risk is highest for intermediately strong hybrid incompatibilities. In addition, the linkage architecture displaying the highest hybrid speciation probabilities changes drastically with population size. Overall, this indicates that population dynamics can strongly affect the outcome of hybridization and the hybrid speciation probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Blanckaert
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | | | - Claudia Bank
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Tiburtini M, Bacchetta G, Sarigu M, Cambria S, Caputo P, De Luca D, Domina G, Turini A, Peruzzi L. Integrative Taxonomy of Armeria Taxa (Plumbaginaceae) Endemic to Sardinia and Corsica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112229. [PMID: 37299208 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sardinia and Corsica are two Mediterranean islands where the genus Armeria is represented by 11 taxa, 10 out of which are endemic. An integrative approach, using molecular phylogeny, karyology, and seed and plant morphometry was used to resolve the complex taxonomy and systematics in this group. We found that several taxa are no longer supported by newly produced data. Accordingly, we describe a new taxonomic hypothesis that only considers five species: Armeria leucocephala and A. soleirolii, endemic to Corsica, and A. morisii, A. sardoa, and A. sulcitana, endemic to Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tiburtini
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Sarigu
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cambria
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Antonino Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Caputo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianniantonio Domina
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Turini
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Peruzzi
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Zhang BL, Chen W, Wang Z, Pang W, Luo MT, Wang S, Shao Y, He WQ, Deng Y, Zhou L, Chen J, Yang MM, Wu Y, Wang L, Fernández-Bellon H, Molloy S, Meunier H, Wanert F, Kuderna L, Marques-Bonet T, Roos C, Qi XG, Li M, Liu Z, Schierup MH, Cooper DN, Liu J, Zheng YT, Zhang G, Wu DD. Comparative genomics reveals the hybrid origin of a macaque group. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3580. [PMID: 37262187 PMCID: PMC10413639 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although species can arise through hybridization, compelling evidence for hybrid speciation has been reported only rarely in animals. Here, we present phylogenomic analyses on genomes from 12 macaque species and show that the fascicularis group originated from an ancient hybridization between the sinica and silenus groups ~3.45 to 3.56 million years ago. The X chromosomes and low-recombination regions exhibited equal contributions from each parental lineage, suggesting that they were less affected by subsequent backcrossing and hence could have played an important role in maintaining hybrid integrity. We identified many reproduction-associated genes that could have contributed to the development of the mixed sexual phenotypes characteristic of the fascicularis group. The phylogeny within the silenus group was also resolved, and functional experimentation confirmed that all extant Western silenus species are susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Our study provides novel insights into macaque evolution and reveals a hybrid speciation event that has occurred only very rarely in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo and Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zefu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Meng-Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wen-Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Long Zhou
- Center for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology and Women’s Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Min-Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yajiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo and Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | - Hélène Meunier
- Centre de Primatologie, de l'Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanélie Wanert
- Plateforme SILABE, Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Lukas Kuderna
- Genome Interpretation Department, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Guang Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhijin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | | | - David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology and College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology and Women’s Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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16
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Everson KM, Donohue ME, Weisrock DW. A Pervasive History of Gene Flow in Madagascar's True Lemurs (Genus Eulemur). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1130. [PMID: 37372308 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become widely accepted that interspecific gene flow is common across the Tree of Life. Questions remain about how species boundaries can be maintained in the face of high levels of gene flow and how phylogeneticists should account for reticulation in their analyses. The true lemurs of Madagascar (genus Eulemur, 12 species) provide a unique opportunity to explore these questions, as they form a recent radiation with at least five active hybrid zones. Here, we present new analyses of a mitochondrial dataset with hundreds of individuals in the genus Eulemur, as well as a nuclear dataset containing hundreds of genetic loci for a small number of individuals. Traditional coalescent-based phylogenetic analyses of both datasets reveal that not all recognized species are monophyletic. Using network-based approaches, we also find that a species tree containing between one and three ancient reticulations is supported by strong evidence. Together, these results suggest that hybridization has been a prominent feature of the genus Eulemur in both the past and present. We also recommend that greater taxonomic attention should be paid to this group so that geographic boundaries and conservation priorities can be better established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Everson
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mariah E Donohue
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - David W Weisrock
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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17
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Lopes F, Oliveira LR, Beux Y, Kessler A, Cárdenas-Alayza S, Majluf P, Páez-Rosas D, Chaves J, Crespo E, Brownell RL, Baylis AMM, Sepúlveda M, Franco-Trecu V, Loch C, Robertson BC, Peart CR, Wolf JBW, Bonatto SL. Genomic evidence for homoploid hybrid speciation in a marine mammal apex predator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6601. [PMID: 37134171 PMCID: PMC10156116 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is widespread and constitutes an important source of genetic variability and evolution. In animals, its role in generating novel and independent lineages (hybrid speciation) has been strongly debated, with only a few cases supported by genomic data. The South American fur seal (SAfs) Arctocephalus australis is a marine apex predator of Pacific and Atlantic waters, with a disjunct set of populations in Peru and Northern Chile [Peruvian fur seal (Pfs)] with controversial taxonomic status. We demonstrate, using complete genome and reduced representation sequencing, that the Pfs is a genetically distinct species with an admixed genome that originated from hybridization between the SAfs and the Galapagos fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) ~400,000 years ago. Our results strongly support the origin of Pfs by homoploid hybrid speciation over alternative introgression scenarios. This study highlights the role of hybridization in promoting species-level biodiversity in large vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopes
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Brazil
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Larissa R Oliveira
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS), Torres, Brazil
| | - Yago Beux
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Kessler
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Susana Cárdenas-Alayza
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Majluf
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Páez-Rosas
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos, Oficina Técnica San Cristobal, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Jaime Chaves
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, Ecuador
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1800 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Crespo
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Marinos, CESIMAR - CCT CENPAT, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Robert L Brownell
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Maritza Sepúlveda
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Valentina Franco-Trecu
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Claire R Peart
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Jochen B W Wolf
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Sandro L Bonatto
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Jia Y, Liu ML, López-Pujol J, Jia RW, Kou YX, Yue M, Guan TX, Li ZH. The hybridization origin of the Chinese endemic herb genus Notopterygium (Apiaceae): Evidence from population genomics and ecological niche analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107736. [PMID: 36805473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is recognized as a major force in species evolution and biodiversity formation, generally leading to the origin and differentiation of new species. Multiple hybridization events cannot easily be reconstructed, yet they offer the potential to study a number of evolutionary processes. Here, we used nuclear expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat and large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism variation data, combined with niche analysis, to investigate the putative independent hybridization events in Notopterygium, a group of perennial herb plants endemic to China. Population genomic analysis indicated that the four studied species are genetically well-delimited and that N. forrestii and N. oviforme have originated by hybridization. According to Approximate Bayesian Computation, the best-fit model involved the formation of N. forrestii from the crossing of N. franchetii and N. incisum, with N. forrestii further backcrossing to N. franchetii to form N. oviforme. The niche analyses indicated that niche divergence [likely triggered by the regional climate changes, particularly the intensification of East Asian winter monsoon, and tectonic movements (affecting both Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Qinling Mountains)] may have promoted and maintained the reproductive isolation among hybrid species. N. forrestii shows ecological specialization with respect to their parental species, whereas N. oviforme has completely shifted its niche. These results suggested that the climate and environmental factors together triggered the two-step hybridization of the East Asia herb plants. Our study also emphasizes the power of genome-wide SNPs for investigating suspected cases of hybridization, particularly unravelling old hybridization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mi-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona 08038, Catalonia, Spain; Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES), Samborondón 091650, Ecuador
| | - Rui-Wen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Kou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Xia Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhong-Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Boatwright JL. A Robust Methodology for Assessing Homoeolog-Specific Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2545:251-258. [PMID: 36720817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2561-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm evolution is marked by numerous, recurring polyploidization events. While hybridization and polyploidization have greatly increased the degree of genetic and phenotypic diversity in plants, the mechanisms underlying changes in the genotype-to-phenotype relationships remain unclear. As the field of natural sciences continues to expand during the post-genomic era, large datasets are becoming increasingly common. However, the development of tools and workflows available to robustly assess these changes have lagged behind data production. A robust homoeolog-specific expression analysis strongly depends upon proper homoeolog calling, the ability to account for reference sequence biases, flexible and accurate methods for dealing with residual bias, and a reproducible workflow. To that end, this chapter aims to provide a detailed description of the potential pitfalls encountered while estimating homoeolog-specific expression as well as provide a workflow that allows for robust inferences based on precise estimates of expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lucas Boatwright
- Advanced Plant Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. .,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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20
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Noguerales V, Ortego J. Genomic evidence of speciation by fusion in a recent radiation of grasshoppers. Evolution 2022; 76:2618-2633. [PMID: 35695020 PMCID: PMC9796961 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Postdivergence gene flow can trigger a number of creative evolutionary outcomes, ranging from the transfer of beneficial alleles across species boundaries (i.e., adaptive introgression) to the formation of new species (i.e., hybrid speciation). Although neutral and adaptive introgression has been broadly documented in nature, hybrid speciation is assumed to be rare and the evolutionary and ecological context facilitating this phenomenon still remains controversial. Through combining genomic and phenotypic data, we evaluate the hypothesis that the dual feeding regime (based on both scrub legumes and gramineous herbs) of the taxonomically controversial grasshopper Chorthippus saulcyi algoaldensis resulted from hybridization between the sister taxa C. binotatus (that exclusively feeds on scrub legumes) and C. saulcyi (that only feeds on gramineous herbs). Genetic clustering analyses and inferences from coalescent-based demographic simulations confirm that C. s. algoaldensis represents an independently evolving lineage and support the ancient hybrid origin of this taxon (about 1.4 Ma), which sheds light on its uncertain phylogenetic position and might explain its broader trophic niche. We propose a Pleistocene hybrid speciation model where range shifts resulting from climatic oscillations can promote the formation of hybrid swarms and facilitate their long-term persistence through geographic isolation from parental forms in topographically complex landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Noguerales
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CyprusNicosia1678Cyprus,Island Ecology and Evolution GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC)San Cristóbal de La Laguna38206Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)Sevilla41092Spain
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Early stages of sympatric homoploid hybrid speciation in crater lake cichlid fishes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5893. [PMID: 36202802 PMCID: PMC9537415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation (i.e., hybrid speciation without a change in ploidy) has traditionally been considered to be rare in animals. Only few accepted empirical examples of homoploid hybrid speciation in nature exist, and in only one previous case (insects) was it convincingly shown that this process occurred in complete sympatry. Here, we report an instance of sympatric homoploid hybrid speciation in Midas cichlid fishes in Crater Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua. The hybrid lineage, albeit at an early stage of speciation, has genomically and phenotypically diverged from both of its two parental species. Together with a distinct stable isotope signature this suggests that this hybrid lineages occupies a different trophic niche compared to the other sympatric Midas cichlid species in Crater Lake Xiloá. Here, the authors present a rare example of sympatric homoploid hybrid speciation, without ploidy changes, in the Midas cichlid fishes from Nicaragua. Midas cichlid hybrids occupy a different ecological niche, likely facilitated by body shape adaptations.
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22
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Crowl AA, Fritsch PW, Tiley GP, Lynch NP, Ranney TG, Ashrafi H, Manos PS. A first complete phylogenomic hypothesis for diploid blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1596-1606. [PMID: 36109839 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The true blueberries (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus; Ericaceae), endemic to North America, have been intensively studied for over a century. However, with species estimates ranging from nine to 24 and much confusion regarding species boundaries, this ecologically and economically valuable group remains inadequately understood at a basic evolutionary and taxonomic level. As a first step toward understanding the evolutionary history and taxonomy of this species complex, we present the first phylogenomic hypothesis of the known diploid blueberries. METHODS We used flow cytometry to verify the ploidy of putative diploid taxa and a target-enrichment approach to obtain a genomic data set for phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Despite evidence of gene flow, we found that a primary phylogenetic signal is present. Monophyly for all morphospecies was recovered, with two notable exceptions: one sample of V. boreale was consistently nested in the V. myrtilloides clade and V. caesariense was nested in the V. fuscatum clade. One diploid taxon, Vaccinium pallidum, is implicated as having a homoploid hybrid origin. CONCLUSIONS This foundational study represents the first attempt to elucidate evolutionary relationships of the true blueberries of North America with a phylogenomic approach and sets the stage for multiple avenues of future study such as a taxonomic revision of the group, the verification of a homoploid hybrid taxon, and the study of polyploid lineages within the context of a diploid phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Crowl
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Peter W Fritsch
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107, USA
| | - George P Tiley
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Nathan P Lynch
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, North Carolina, 28759, USA
| | - Thomas G Ranney
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, North Carolina, 28759, USA
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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Introgression at the emerging secondary contact zone of magpie Pica pica subspecies (Aves: Corvidae): integrating data on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, vocalizations, and field observations. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Zones of secondary contact provide a good opportunity to investigate the origin and dynamics of reproductive isolation between related populations. We analyzed genetic and phenotypic patterns and gene flow between two subspecies of the Eurasian magpie Pica pica s.l. which recently came into contact after presumably long periods of isolation. We describe the distribution of subspecies in a young contact zone at Argun’ river basin in southern Siberia where populations occur in parapatry and an older hybrid population in eastern Mongolia. Based on genome-wide SNP data, we analyzed patterns and strength of gene flow between the subspecies. Our results indicate occasional hybridization with backcrossing and asymmetric introgression along a wide range in Transbaikalia and locally in eastern Mongolia. Males of P. p. jankowskii apparently exhibit higher dispersal ability towards the west compared to P. p. leucoptera (towards the east). The former occasionally migrates to eastern Mongolia and Transbaikalia where introgression of nuclear, but not mitochondrial DNA was evident. Bioacoustic investigations showed differences between the subspecies in speed and structure of vocalization. We discovered intermediate calls of hybrid magpies and bilingual birds alternating calls that are typical for the two taxa. Furthermore, we found dramatically decreased reproductive success in hybridogeneous populations. By complementing our results with established phylogeographic patterns of P. pica s.l. based on a mitochondrial marker sequence, and considering indications of sterility of hybrids in the contact zone, we propose to elevate the two corresponding subspecies to species level: P. pica for the western form and P. serica for the eastern form.
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Integrative Taxonomy of Armeria arenaria (Plumbaginaceae), with a Special Focus on the Putative Subspecies Endemic to the Apennines. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071060. [PMID: 36101438 PMCID: PMC9312046 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Armeria arenaria is a highly variable Western European species, for which three subspecies are recorded in Italy. Armeria arenaria subsp. arenaria has been reported from Northern Italy, while A. arenaria subsp. marginata and A. arenaria subsp. apennina are considered endemic to the Apennines. The taxonomic value of these two latter taxa is unclear and the actual occurrence of A. arenaria s.str. in Italy has never been addressed. Following an integrated taxonomic approach, in this study we show that all the Italian records of A. arenaria s.str. should be actually referred to A. arenaria subsp. praecox and that only one Northern Apennine endemic taxon can be recognized, namely, A. arenaria subsp. marginata. Abstract Three subspecies of Armeria arenaria are reported from Italy, two of which are considered endemic to the Apennines. The taxonomic value of these two taxa (A. arenaria subsp. marginata and A. arenaria subsp. apennina) is unclear. Moreover, the relationships between A. arenaria subsp. praecox and Northern Italian populations—currently ascribed to A. arenaria subsp. arenaria—have never been addressed. Accordingly, we used an integrated taxonomic approach, including morphometry, seed morpho–colorimetry, karyology, molecular systematics (psbA–trnH, trnQ–rps16, trnF–trnL, trnL–rpl32, and ITS region), and comparative niche analysis. According to our results, French–Northern Italian populations are clearly distinct from Apennine populations. In the first group, there is evidence which allows the recognition of A. arenaria s.str. (not occurring in Italy) and A. arenaria subsp. praecox. In the second group, the two putative taxa endemic to the Northern Apennines cannot be separated, so a single subspecies is here recognized: A. arenaria subsp. marginata.
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Bog M, Inoue M, Klahr A, Fuchs J, Ivanenko Y, Hori K, Horn K, Wilfried Bennert H, Schnittler M. Club-mosses (Diphasiastrum, Lycopodiaceae) from the Far East - Introgression and possible cryptic speciation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107587. [PMID: 35830913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization occurs often in the genus Diphasiastrum (Lycopodiaceae), which corroborates reports for the two other recognized lycophyte families, Isoëtaceae and Selaginellaceae. Here we investigate the case of D. alpinum and D. sitchense from the Russian Far East (Kamchatka). Their hybrid, D. × takedae, was morphologically recognizable in 16 out of 22 accessions showing molecular signatures of hybridization; the remaining accessions displayed the morphology of either D. alpinum (3) or D. sitchense (3). We sequenced markers for chloroplast microsatellites (cp, 175 accessions from Kamchatka) and for the two nuclear markers RPB and LFY (175 and 152 accessions). A selection of 42 accessions, including all hybrid accessions, was analysed via genotyping by sequencing (GBS). We found multiple, but apparently uniparental hybridization, clearly characterized by a deviating group of haplotypes for D. sitchense and all hybrids. All accessions showing molecular signatures of hybridization in nuclear markers revealed the parental haplotype of D. sitchense, however only the LFY marker differentiated between the parent species. GBS, including 69,819 quality-filtered single nucleotid polymorphisms, unambiguously identified the hybrids and revealed introgression to occur. Most of the hybrids were F1, but three turned out to be backcrosses with D. alpinum (one) and with D. sitchense (two). These observations are in contrast to prior findings on three European species and their intermediates where all three hybrids turned out to be independent F1 crosses without evidence of recent backcrossing. In this study, backcrossing was detected, which indicates a limited fertility of the hybrid taxon D. × takedae. A comparison of accessions of Kamchatkian D. alpinum with plants from Europe indicated possible cryptic speciation. Accessions from the Far East had (i) a lower DNA content (7.0 vs. 7.5 pg/2C), (ii) different prevailing cp haplotypes, and (iii) RPB genotypes, and (iv) a clearly different SNP pattern in GBS. Diphasiastrum sitchense and the similar D. nikoënse, for the latter additional accessions from Japan were investigated, appeared as forms of one diverse species, sharing genotypes in both nuclear markers, although chloroplast haplotypes and DNA content show slight variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maho Inoue
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Klahr
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yuri Ivanenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab, 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kiyotaka Hori
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi City, Kochi Prefecture 781-8125, Japan
| | - Karsten Horn
- Büro für angewandte Geobotanik und Landschaftsökologie (BaGL), Frankenstraße 2, D-91077 Dormitz, Germany
| | - H Wilfried Bennert
- Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Schnittler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Wang D, Xu X, Zhang H, Xi Z, Abbott RJ, Fu J, Liu JQ. Abiotic niche divergence of hybrid species from their progenitors. Am Nat 2022; 200:634-645. [DOI: 10.1086/721372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Windham MD, Huiet L, Metzgar JS, Ranker TA, Yatskievych G, Haufler CH, Pryer KM. Once more unto the breach, dear friends: Resolving the origins and relationships of the Pellaea wrightiana hybrid complex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:821-850. [PMID: 35568966 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The taxonomic status of Wright's cliff brake fern, Pellaea wrightiana, has been in dispute ever since it was first described by Hooker in 1858. Previously published evidence suggested that this "taxon" may represent a polyploid complex rather than a single discrete species, a hypothesis tested here using a multifaceted analytical approach. METHODS Data derived from cytogenetics, spore analyses, leaf morphometrics, enzyme electrophoresis, and phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA sequences are used to elucidate the origin, relationships, and taxonomic circumscription of P. wrightiana. RESULTS Plants traditionally assigned to this taxon represent three distinct polyploids. The most widespread, P. wrightiana, is a fertile allotetraploid that arose through hybridization between two divergent diploid species, P. truncata and P. ternifolia. Sterile triploids commonly identified as P. wrightiana, were found to be backcross hybrids between this fertile tetraploid and diploid P. truncata. Relatively common across Arizona and New Mexico, they are here assigned to P. ×wagneri hyb. nov. In addition, occasional sterile tetraploid plants assigned to P. wrightiana are shown here to be hybrids between the fertile allotetraploid and the tetraploid P. ternifolia subsp. arizonica. These tetraploid hybrids originated independently in two regions of parental sympatry (southern Arizona and west Texas) and are here assigned to P. ×gooddingii hyb. nov. CONCLUSIONS Weaving together data from a diversity of taxonomic approaches, we show that plants identified as P. wrightiana represent three morphologically distinguishable polyploids that have arisen through repeated hybridization events involving the divergent sexual taxa P. ternifolia and P. truncata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Layne Huiet
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Jordan S Metzgar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, VA, USA
| | - Tom A Ranker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, 96822, HI, USA
| | - George Yatskievych
- Billie L. Turner Plant Resources Center, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, TX, USA
| | - Christopher H Haufler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
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Castillo-Bravo R, Fort A, Cashell R, Brychkova G, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Parent-of-Origin Effects on Seed Size Modify Heterosis Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835219. [PMID: 35330872 PMCID: PMC8940307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parent-of-origin effects arise when a phenotype depends on whether it is inherited maternally or paternally. Parent-of-origin effects can exert a strong influence on F1 seed size in flowering plants, an important agronomic and life-history trait that can contribute to biomass heterosis. Here we investigate the natural variation in the relative contributions of the maternal and paternal genomes to F1 seed size across 71 reciprocal pairs of F1 hybrid diploids and the parental effect on F1 seed size heterosis. We demonstrate that the paternally derived genome influences F1 seed size more significantly than previously appreciated. We further demonstrate (by disruption of parental genome dosage balance in F1 triploid seeds) that hybridity acts as an enhancer of genome dosage effects on F1 seed size, beyond that observed from hybridity or genome dosage effects on their own. Our findings indicate that interactions between genetic hybridity and parental genome dosage can enhance heterosis effects in plants, opening new avenues for boosting heterosis breeding in crop plants.
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Badaeva ED, Konovalov FA, Knüpffer H, Fricano A, Ruban AS, Kehel Z, Zoshchuk SA, Surzhikov SA, Neumann K, Graner A, Hammer K, Filatenko A, Bogaard A, Jones G, Özkan H, Kilian B. Genetic diversity, distribution and domestication history of the neglected GGA tA t genepool of wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:755-776. [PMID: 34283259 PMCID: PMC8942905 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive survey of cytogenetic and genomic diversity of the GGAtAt genepool of wheat, thereby unlocking these plant genetic resources for wheat improvement. Wheat yields are stagnating around the world and new sources of genes for resistance or tolerances to abiotic traits are required. In this context, the tetraploid wheat wild relatives are among the key candidates for wheat improvement. Despite its potential huge value for wheat breeding, the tetraploid GGAtAt genepool is largely neglected. Understanding the population structure, native distribution range, intraspecific variation of the entire tetraploid GGAtAt genepool and its domestication history would further its use for wheat improvement. The paper provides the first comprehensive survey of genomic and cytogenetic diversity sampling the full breadth and depth of the tetraploid GGAtAt genepool. According to the results obtained, the extant GGAtAt genepool consists of three distinct lineages. We provide detailed insights into the cytogenetic composition of GGAtAt wheats, revealed group- and population-specific markers and show that chromosomal rearrangements play an important role in intraspecific diversity of T. araraticum. The origin and domestication history of the GGAtAt lineages is discussed in the context of state-of-the-art archaeobotanical finds. We shed new light on the complex evolutionary history of the GGAtAt wheat genepool and provide the basis for an increased use of the GGAtAt wheat genepool for wheat improvement. The findings have implications for our understanding of the origins of agriculture in southwest Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D Badaeva
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Fedor A Konovalov
- Independent Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Helmut Knüpffer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Agostino Fricano
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Genomics & Bioinformatics, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Alevtina S Ruban
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Zakaria Kehel
- International Center for the Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Svyatoslav A Zoshchuk
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Surzhikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kerstin Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karl Hammer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anna Filatenko
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Independent Researcher, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Glynis Jones
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hakan Özkan
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Dittberner H, Tellier A, de Meaux J. Approximate Bayesian computation untangles signatures of contemporary and historical hybridization between two endangered species. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6516021. [PMID: 35084503 PMCID: PMC8826969 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary gene flow, when resumed after a period of isolation, can have crucial consequences for endangered species, as it can both increase the supply of adaptive alleles and erode local adaptation. Determining the history of gene flow and thus the importance of contemporary hybridization, however, is notoriously difficult. Here, we focus on two endangered plant species, Arabis nemorensis and A. sagittata, which hybridize naturally in a sympatric population located on the banks of the Rhine. Using reduced genome sequencing, we determined the phylogeography of the two taxa but report only a unique sympatric population. Molecular variation in chloroplast DNA indicated that A. sagittata is the principal receiver of gene flow. Applying classical D-statistics and its derivatives to whole-genome data of 35 accessions, we detect gene flow not only in the sympatric population but also among allopatric populations. Using an Approximate Bayesian computation approach, we identify the model that best describes the history of gene flow between these taxa. This model shows that low levels of gene flow have persisted long after speciation. Around 10 000 years ago, gene flow stopped and a period of complete isolation began. Eventually, a hotspot of contemporary hybridization was formed in the unique sympatric population. Occasional sympatry may have helped protect these lineages from extinction in spite of their extremely low diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Dittberner
- Institute of Plant Sciences,University of Cologne, Zülpicher str. 47b, Germany
| | - Aurelien Tellier
- Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Juliette de Meaux
- Institute of Plant Sciences,University of Cologne, Zülpicher str. 47b, Germany
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31
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Pellicer J, Balant M, Fernández P, Rodríguez González R, Hidalgo O. Morphological and Genome-Wide Evidence of Homoploid Hybridisation in Urospermum (Asteraceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020182. [PMID: 35050070 PMCID: PMC8779322 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Urospermum is distributed in the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia, and has been introduced to other extra-Mediterranean regions. Although the two species constituting the genus, U. dalechampii and U. picroides, are frequently found together, hybrids have so far only been reported once, from Morocco. However, we found certain individuals in Catalonia, whose intermediate morphology suggested a potential hybrid origin. In this study, we applied morphological and molecular methods to investigate the origin of those individuals. Intermediate features at phenotype, karyological, cytogenetic, and genomic levels were identified in morphologically intermediate individuals, supporting their homoploid hybrid origin. Chloroplast sequence data suggest that U. dalechampii is the maternal progenitor of the hybrid. Together with the intermediate traits displayed, the lack of fertile seeds suggests that hybrids are probably F1. Future monitoring studies will be, nonetheless, needed to evaluate the extent of hybridisation and its potential impact on the biology of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Pellicer
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (P.F.); (R.R.G.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (O.H.); Tel.: +34-932890611 (J.P. & O.H.)
| | - Manica Balant
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (P.F.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Pol Fernández
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (P.F.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Roi Rodríguez González
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (P.F.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (P.F.); (R.R.G.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (O.H.); Tel.: +34-932890611 (J.P. & O.H.)
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Abstract
Alleles that introgress between species can influence the evolutionary and ecological fate of species exposed to novel environments. Hybrid offspring of different species are often unfit, and yet it has long been argued that introgression can be a potent force in evolution, especially in plants. Over the last two decades, genomic data have increasingly provided evidence that introgression is a critically important source of genetic variation and that this additional variation can be useful in adaptive evolution of both animals and plants. Here, we review factors that influence the probability that foreign genetic variants provide long-term benefits (so-called adaptive introgression) and discuss their potential benefits. We find that introgression plays an important role in adaptive evolution, particularly when a species is far from its fitness optimum, such as when they expand their range or are subject to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Current affiliation: Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies and Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
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Lyu R, He J, Luo Y, Lin L, Yao M, Cheng J, Xie L, Pei L, Yan S, Li L. Natural Hybrid Origin of the Controversial "Species" Clematis × pinnata (Ranunculaceae) Based on Multidisciplinary Evidence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745988. [PMID: 34712260 PMCID: PMC8545901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization is common and has often been viewed as a driving force of plant diversity. However, it raises taxonomic problems and thus impacts biodiversity estimation and biological conservation. Although previous molecular phylogenetic studies suggested that interspecific hybridization may be rather common in Clematis, and artificial hybridization has been widely applied to produce new Clematis cultivars for nearly two centuries, the issue of natural hybridization of Clematis has never been addressed in detail. In this study, we tested the hybrid origin of a mesophytic and cold-adapted vine species, Clematis pinnata, which is a rare and taxonomically controversial taxon endemic to northern China. Using field investigations, flow cytometry (FCM), phylogenomic analysis, morphological statistics, and niche modeling, we tested hybrid origin and species status of C. pinnata. The FCM results showed that all the tested species were homoploid (2n = 16). Phylonet and HyDe analyses based on transcriptome data showed the hybrid origins of C. × pinnata from either C. brevicaudata × C. heracleifolia or C. brevicaudata × C. tubulosa. The plastome phylogeny depicted that C. × pinnata in different sampling sites originated by different hybridization events. Morphological analysis showed intermediacy of C. × pinnata between its putative parental species in many qualitative and quantitative characters. Niche modeling results suggested that C. × pinnata had not been adapted to a novel ecological niche independent of its putative parents. These findings demonstrated that plants of C. × pinnata did not formed a self-evolved clade and should not be treated as a species. The present study also suggests that interspecific hybridization is a common mechanism in Clematis to generate diversity and variation, and it may play an important role in the evolution and diversification of this genus. Our study implies that morphological diversity caused by natural hybridization may overstate the real species diversity in Clematis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Lyu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian He
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Luo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lele Lin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Linying Pei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Landscape Plant, Beijing Forestry University Forest Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shuangxi Yan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangqian Li
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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34
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Triguero-Piñero P, de Vega C, Aparicio A, Albaladejo RG. Isolation of microsatellite markers for the endemic Phlomis lychnitis (Lamiaceae). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8233-8238. [PMID: 34617241 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlomis lychnitis is a mostly endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula that frequently hybridizes with the narrow endemic P. crinita subsp. malacitana in southern Spain. Whenever they coexist they form homoploid hybrid zones. Unlike hybridization at the polyploid level, the process of hybridization at the homoploid level is much less well known. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study we report the development of 22 microsatellite markers through next-generation sequencing technologies for P. lychnitis. We characterize the genetic diversity for two populations of this species for the 10 markers that resulted to be polymorphic. Further, we check the transferability of these polymorphic markers to one population of P. crinita subsp. malacitana to verify the potential use of these markers for hybridization studies. The values of expected heterozygosity for P. lychnitis were higher than in P. crinita subsp. malacitana, and the three analyzed populations displayed negative values for the inbreeding coefficient which is compatible with the frequent instances of hybridization and introgression between species. CONCLUSIONS This set of polymorphic markers are useful for further studies aiming at a deeper understanding of the homoploid hybrid process between these species. Additionally, this is the first panel of microsatellite markers developed for the genus Phlomis, a genus very rich in endemic species and with medicinal properties that could benefit from the use of these new markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Triguero-Piñero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González no 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara de Vega
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González no 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Abelardo Aparicio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González no 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael G Albaladejo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González no 2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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35
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Sun Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Li G, Zhang X, Liang Z, Li J, Gong L, Wendel JF, Wang D, Liu B. Homoploid F1 hybrids and segmental allotetraploids of japonica and indica rice subspecies show similar and enhanced tolerance to nitrogen deficiency than parental lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5612-5624. [PMID: 33909897 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether the merger of two divergent genomes by hybridization at the homoploid level or coupled with whole-genome duplication (WGD; allopolyploidy) can result in plants having better tolerance to stress conditions. In this study, we compared phenotypic performance and gene expression in the two diploid subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica and indica), their reciprocal F1 hybrids, and in segmental allotetraploids under normal and nitrogen (N)-deficient conditions. We found that F1 hybrids and tetraploids showed higher and similar levels of tolerance to N deficiency than either parent. In parallel, total expression levels of 18 relevant functional genes were less perturbed by N deficiency in the F1 hybrids and tetraploids than in the parents. This was consistent with stable intrinsic partitioning of allelic/homoeologous expression defined by parental legacy in the homoploid F1 hybrids/tetraploids between the two conditions. The results suggest that genetic additivity at both the homoploid and allopolyploidy level might lead to similar beneficial phenotypic responses to nitrogen stress compared with the parents. The lack of synergistic responses to N limitation concomitant with WGD, relative to that exhibited by F1 hybrids, adds new empirical evidence in support of the emerging hypothesis that hybridization by itself can play a significant role in plant adaptive evolution in times of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yangzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zidong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, lowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Deli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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36
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Pellicer J, López-Pujol J, Aixarch M, Garnatje T, Vallès J, Hidalgo O. Detecting Introgressed Populations in the Iberian Endemic Centaurea podospermifolia through Genome Size. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10081492. [PMID: 34451537 PMCID: PMC8401423 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on results from previous studies, populations of the Iberian endemic Centaurea podospermifolia north of the Ebro River are considered genetically pure, while those southward are introgressed, with genetic input from C. cephalariifolia. This phenomenon is particularly relevant, especially given both the endangered and protected status for the species, which can have consequences in how to best apply conservation strategies to maintain genetic resources in the species. The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether genome size assessments using flow cytometry can help distinguishing between pure, hybrid and introgressed populations, and hence become a powerful and cost-effective tool to complement comprehensive population genetic surveys. The results indicate that there are significant genome size differences between populations of C. podospermifolia, which are coincident with previous considerations of pure and introgressed populations. Given the simplicity and reproducibility of this technique, flow cytometry could become an effective tool for monitoring pure populations of this species and, indeed, become an integral part of the management plans that are mandatory for listed taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Pellicer
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, Catalonia, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (J.L.-P.); (T.G.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, Catalonia, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (J.L.-P.); (T.G.)
| | - Marc Aixarch
- c/Mossèn Manyà 15, Catalonia, 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, Catalonia, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (J.L.-P.); (T.G.)
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica, Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, Catalonia, 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (J.L.-P.); (T.G.)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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37
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Kozak KM, Joron M, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. Rampant Genome-Wide Admixture across the Heliconius Radiation. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab099. [PMID: 33944917 PMCID: PMC8283734 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How frequent is gene flow between species? The pattern of evolution is typically portrayed as a phylogenetic tree, yet gene flow between good species may be an important mechanism in diversification, spreading adaptive traits and leading to a complex pattern of phylogenetic incongruence. This process has thus far been studied mainly among a few closely related species, or in geographically restricted areas such as islands, but not on the scale of a continental radiation. Using a genomic representation of 40 out of 47 species in the genus, we demonstrate that admixture has played a role throughout the evolution of the charismatic Neotropical butterflies Heliconius. Modeling of phylogenetic networks based on the exome uncovers up to 13 instances of interspecific gene flow. Admixture is detected among the relatives of Heliconius erato, as well as between the ancient lineages leading to modern clades. Interspecific gene flow played a role throughout the evolution of the genus, although the process has been most frequent in the clade of Heliconius melpomene and relatives. We identify Heliconius hecalesia and relatives as putative hybrids, including new evidence for introgression at the loci controlling the mimetic wing patterns. Models accounting for interspecific gene flow yield a more complete picture of the radiation as a network, which will improve our ability to study trait evolution in a realistic comparative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Kozak
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, France
| | | | - Chris D Jiggins
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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38
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Genomic phylogeography of the White-crowned Manakin Pseudopipra pipra (Aves: Pipridae) illuminates a continental-scale radiation out of the Andes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 164:107205. [PMID: 34015448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The complex landscape history of the Neotropics has generated opportunities for population isolation and diversification that place this region among the most species-rich in the world. Detailed phylogeographic studies are required to uncover the biogeographic histories of Neotropical taxa, to identify evolutionary correlates of diversity, and to reveal patterns of genetic connectivity, disjunction, and potential differentiation among lineages from different areas of endemism. The White-crowned Manakin (Pseudopipra pipra) is a small suboscine passerine bird that is broadly distributed through the subtropical rainforests of Central America, the lower montane cloud forests of the Andes from Colombia to central Peru, the lowlands of Amazonia and the Guianas, and the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil. Pseudopipra is currently recognized as a single, polytypic biological species. We studied the effect of the Neotropical landscape on genetic and phenotypic differentiation within this species using genomic data derived from double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), and mitochondrial DNA. Most of the genetic breakpoints we identify among populations coincide with physical barriers to gene flow previously associated with avian areas of endemism. The phylogenetic relationships among these populations imply a novel pattern of Andean origination for this group, with subsequent diversification into the Amazonian lowlands. Our analysis of genomic admixture and gene flow reveals a complex history of introgression between some western Amazonian populations. These reticulate processes confound our application of standard concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic methods and raise the question of whether a lineage in the western Napo area of endemism should be considered a hybrid species. Lastly, analysis of variation in vocal and plumage phenotypes in the context of our phylogeny supports the hypothesis that Pseudopipra is a species-complex composed of at least 8, and perhaps up to 17 distinct species which have arisen in the last ∼2.5 Ma.
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39
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Yang W, Feiner N, Pinho C, While GM, Kaliontzopoulou A, Harris DJ, Salvi D, Uller T. Extensive introgression and mosaic genomes of Mediterranean endemic lizards. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2762. [PMID: 33980851 PMCID: PMC8114931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of biodiversity, fuelled by climatic oscillation and geological change over the past 20 million years. Wall lizards of the genus Podarcis are among the most abundant, diverse, and conspicuous Mediterranean fauna. Here, we unravel the remarkably entangled evolutionary history of wall lizards by sequencing genomes of 34 major lineages covering 26 species. We demonstrate an early (>11 MYA) separation into two clades centred on the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and two clades of Mediterranean island endemics. Diversification within these clades was pronounced between 6.5-4.0 MYA, a period spanning the Messinian Salinity Crisis, during which the Mediterranean Sea nearly dried up before rapidly refilling. However, genetic exchange between lineages has been a pervasive feature throughout the entire history of wall lizards. This has resulted in a highly reticulated pattern of evolution across the group, characterised by mosaic genomes with major contributions from two or more parental taxa. These hybrid lineages gave rise to several of the extant species that are endemic to Mediterranean islands. The mosaic genomes of island endemics may have promoted their extraordinary adaptability and striking diversity in body size, shape and colouration, which have puzzled biologists for centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Yang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Catarina Pinho
- CIBIO/InBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Geoffrey M While
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO/InBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO/InBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Daniele Salvi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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40
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Draper D, Laguna E, Marques I. Demystifying Negative Connotations of Hybridization for Less Biased Conservation Policies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.637100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization is one of the most controversial—and usually neglected—issues in conservation due to its multiple evolutionary consequences that might include the origin and transfer of adaptations, the blur of distinctive lineages or the formation of maladaptive hybrids. However, despite different outcomes, most conservation laws do not offer any possibility of hybrids being protected since they are perceived as a threat to the survival of pure species. We assessed how much hybridization has contributed to species extinction considering all IUCN Red Data assessments. However, we found that it has been scarcely reported as a threat contributing to extinction: only 11 extinct species out of 120,369 assessments mentioned hybridization. Although the causes that contribute to species extinctions should be controlled, the reasons for not conserving hybrids seem subjective rather than empirically supported. In a genomic era where hybridization is being more frequently detected, the debate involving the conservation of hybrids should be re-opened. Should we conserve hybrids despite the possibility of gene flow with parental species? Should we protect only natural hybrids? The resolution of this debate goes to the heart of what we mean to conserve and the time scale of conservation. But hybridization is part of the evolutionary process and might even increase in the future due to human-induced changes. As such, it becomes clear that we need to move beyond the causes and instead tackle the consequences of hybridization to create environmental policies for the management of hybrids, considering both positive and negative consequences.
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41
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Matute DR, Cooper BS. Comparative studies on speciation: 30 years since Coyne and Orr. Evolution 2021; 75:764-778. [PMID: 33491225 PMCID: PMC8247902 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the processes of population divergence and speciation remains a core question in evolutionary biology. For nearly a hundred years evolutionary geneticists have characterized reproductive isolation (RI) mechanisms and specific barriers to gene flow required for species formation. The seminal work of Coyne and Orr provided the first comprehensive comparative analysis of speciation. By combining phylogenetic hypotheses and species range data with estimates of genetic divergence and multiple mechanisms of RI across Drosophila, Coyne and Orr's influential meta-analyses answered fundamental questions and motivated new analyses that continue to push the field forward today. Now 30 years later, we revisit the five questions addressed by Coyne and Orr, identifying results that remain well supported and others that seem less robust with new data. We then consider the future of speciation research, with emphasis on areas where novel methods and data motivate potential progress. While the literature remains biased towards Drosophila and other model systems, we are enthusiastic about the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Matute
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27510
| | - Brandon S. Cooper
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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Fabritzek AG, Griebeler EM, Kadereit JW. Hybridization, ecogeographical displacement and the emergence of new lineages - A genotyping-by-sequencing and ecological niche and species distribution modelling study of Sempervivum tectorum L. (Houseleek). J Evol Biol 2021; 34:830-844. [PMID: 33714223 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecogeographical displacement of homoploid hybrid lineages from their parents is well documented and considered an important mechanism to achieve reproductive isolation. In this study, we investigated the origin of the flowering plant species Sempervivum tectorum in the Massif Central (France) through homoploid hybridization between lineages of the species from the Rhine Gorge area (Germany) and the Pyrenees (France). We used genotyping-by-sequencing genetic data as evidence for the hybrid origin of the Massif Central lineage, and WorldClim climatic data and soil pH and soil temperature data collected by us for ecological niche and species distribution modelling. We could show that the Massif Central lineage shows hybrid admixture and that the niche of this lineage is significantly different from those of the parental lineages. In comparison with the parental niches, different variables of the niche of the hybrid lineage are intermediate, parental-combined or extreme. The different niche of the Massif Central populations thus can plausibly be interpreted as hybridization-derived. Our species distribution modelling for the Last Glacial Maximum and Mid-Holocene showed that the potential distribution of the hybrid lineage at the likely time of its origin in the Quaternary possibly was parapatric in relation to the largely sympatric distributions of the parental lineages. We hypothesize that reproductive isolation of the hybrid lineage from the parental lineages resulted from the segregation of distribution ranges by a differential response of the three lineages to a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin G Fabritzek
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Griebeler
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W Kadereit
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Liao R, Sun W, Ma Y. Natural hybridization between two butterfly bushes in Tibet: dominance of F 1 hybrids promotes strong reproductive isolation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:133. [PMID: 33691631 PMCID: PMC7945306 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recognized that a certain amount of habitat disturbance is a facilitating factor for the occurrence of natural hybridization, yet to date we are unaware of any studies exploring hybridization and reproductive barriers in those plants preferentially occupying disturbed habitats. Buddleja plants (also called butterfly bush) generally do grow in disturbed habitats, and several species with hybrid origin have been proposed, based solely on morphological evidence. RESULTS In the present study, we test the hypothesis that B. × wardii is of natural hybridization origin in two sympatric populations of three taxa including B. × wardii and its parents (B. alternifolia and B. crispa) plus 4 referenced parental populations, using four nuclear genes and three chloroplast intergenic spacers, as well as with 10 morphological characters. Our results suggest that at both sites B. × wardii is likely to be a hybrid between B. alternifolia and B. crispa, and moreover, we confirm that most of the hybrids examined are F1s. That these plants are F1s is further supported by morphology, as no transgressive characters were detected. B. crispa was found to be the maternal parent in the Bahe (BH) population, from cpDNA evidence. However, in the Taji (TJ) population, the direction of hybridization was difficult to establish due to the shared cpDNA haplotypes between B. alternifolia and B. crispa, however we still predicted a similar unidirectional hybridization pattern due to results from cross-specific pollination treatments which supported the "SI × SC rule". CONCLUSIONS The presence of mainly F1 hybrids can successfully impede gene flow and thus maintain species boundaries in parental species in a typical distribution of Buddleja, i.e. in disturbed habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations/ Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weibang Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations/ Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yongpeng Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations/ Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Bi H, Lu Z, Ma Y, Yang X, Chen N, Tian B, Liu B, Mao X, Ma T, DiFazio SP, Hu Q, Abbott RJ, Liu J. Hybrid speciation via inheritance of alternate alleles of parental isolating genes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:208-222. [PMID: 33220509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly realized that homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), which involves no change in chromosome number, is an important mechanism of speciation. HHS will likely increase in frequency as ecological and geographical barriers between species are continuing to be disrupted by human activities. HHS requires the establishment of reproductive isolation between a hybrid and its parents, but the underlying genes and genetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we reveal by integrated approaches that reproductive isolation originates in one homoploid hybrid plant species through the inheritance of alternate alleles at genes that determine parental premating isolation. The parent species of this hybrid species are reproductively isolated by differences in flowering time and survivorship on soils containing high concentrations of iron. We found that the hybrid species inherits alleles of parental isolating major genes related to flowering time from one parent and alleles of major genes related to iron tolerance from the other parent. In this way, it became reproductively isolated from one parent by the difference in flowering time and from the other by habitat adaptation (iron tolerance). These findings and further modeling results suggest that HHS may occur relatively easily via the inheritance of alternate parental premating isolating genes and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Bi
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Innovation Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Yazhen Ma
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Innovation Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Innovation Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xingxing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 25606, USA
| | - Quanjun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Richard J Abbott
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Innovation Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Grünig S, Fischer M, Parisod C. Recent hybrid speciation at the origin of the narrow endemic Pulmonaria helvetica. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:21-31. [PMID: 32738145 PMCID: PMC7750729 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hybridization is known to drive plant speciation through the establishment of homoploid or allopolyploid hybrid species. Here we investigate the origin of Pulmonaria helvetica, a narrow endemic species described across a restricted area of Switzerland that was entirely covered by ice during the last glacial maximum. This species presents an original number of chromosomes (2n = 24) and morphological traits suggestive of a hybrid origin. METHODS We sequenced a plastid locus and 1077 double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA (ddRAD) loci in 67 individuals from across the distribution range of P. helvetica and candidate progenitor species growing in the same area. Assignment of genotypes to main genetic clusters within and among taxa using STRUCTURE tested whether P. helvetica represents a genetically differentiated lineage and addressed the hypothesis of its hybrid origin. Comparative ecological modelling further addressed possible niche differentiation among taxa. KEY RESULTS Pulmonaria helvetica was highlighted as a genetically homogeneous species distinct from co-occurring taxa. Consistent with a scenario of hybrid speciation, it presented clear evidence of balanced admixture between Pulmonaria officinalis (2n = 16) and Pulmonaria mollis s.l. (2n = 18, 22), which was also highlighted as a maternal progenitor based on plastid sequences. Limited genetic structure within the maternal progenitor is consistent with an origin of P. helvetica through either homoploid hybridization with considerable karyotype changes or via complex scenarios of allopolyploidy involving a dysploid taxon of P. mollis s.l. Comparative niche modelling indicated non-significant ecological differences between P. helvetica and its progenitors, supporting intrinsic factors resulting from hybridization as main drivers of speciation. CONCLUSIONS Hybridization appears as a major process having promoted the postglacial origin of the narrow endemic P. helvetica, suggesting hybrid speciation as an effective process that rapidly produces new species under climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Grünig
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Parisod
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
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Li C, Wang X, Xiao Y, Sun X, Wang J, Yang X, Sun Y, Sha Y, Lv R, Yu Y, Ding B, Zhang Z, Li N, Wang T, Wendel JF, Liu B, Gong L. Coevolution in Hybrid Genomes: Nuclear-Encoded Rubisco Small Subunits and Their Plastid-Targeting Translocons Accompanying Sequential Allopolyploidy Events in Triticum. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:3409-3422. [PMID: 32602899 PMCID: PMC7743682 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Triticum/Aegilops complex includes hybrid species resulting from homoploid hybrid speciation and allopolyploid speciation. Sequential allotetra- and allohexaploidy events presumably result in two challenges for the hybrids, which involve 1) cytonuclear stoichiometric disruptions caused by combining two diverged nuclear genomes with the maternal inheritance of the cytoplasmic organellar donor; and 2) incompatibility of chimeric protein complexes with diverged subunits from nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes. Here, we describe coevolution of nuclear rbcS genes encoding the small subunits of Rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and nuclear genes encoding plastid translocons, which mediate recognition and translocation of nuclear-encoded proteins into plastids, in allopolyploid wheat species. We demonstrate that intergenomic paternal-to-maternal gene conversion specifically occurred in the genic region of the homoeologous rbcS3 gene from the D-genome progenitor of wheat (abbreviated as rbcS3D) such that it encodes a maternal-like or B-subgenome-like SSU3D transit peptide in allohexaploid wheat but not in allotetraploid wheat. Divergent and limited interaction between SSU3D and the D-subgenomic TOC90D translocon subunit is implicated to underpin SSU3D targeting into the chloroplast of hexaploid wheat. This implicates early selection favoring individuals harboring optimal maternal-like organellar SSU3D targeting in hexaploid wheat. These data represent a novel dimension of cytonuclear evolution mediated by organellar targeting and transportation of nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuhan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Sha
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Baoxu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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48
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Parker VT, Rodriguez CY, Wechsler G, Vasey MC. Allopatry, hybridization, and reproductive isolation in Arctostaphylos. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1798-1814. [PMID: 33274449 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Hybridization plays a key role in introgressive adaptation, speciation, and adaptive radiation as a source of evolutionary innovation. Hybridization is considered common in Arctostaphylos, yet species boundaries are retained in stands containing multiple species. Arctostaphylos contains diploids and tetraploids, and recent phylogenies indicate two clades; we hypothesize combinations of these traits limit or promote hybridization rates. METHODS We statistically analyzed co-occurrence patterns of species by clade membership and ploidy level from 87 random 0.1 ha plots. We sampled multiple sites to analyze for percent hybridization based on morphology. Finally, phenophases were analyzed by scoring herbarium sheets for a large number of taxa from both clades as well as tetraploids, and second, surveying three field sites over two years for divergence in phenological stages between co-occurring taxa. RESULTS Most taxa in Arctostaphylos are allopatric relative to other congenerics. When two taxa co-occur, the patterns are a diploid with a tetraploid, or two diploids from different clades. When three taxa co-occur, the pattern is two diploids from different clades and a tetraploid. Field and herbarium data both indicate flowering phenology is displaced between diploids from the two clades; one of the diploid clades and tetraploids overlap considerably. CONCLUSIONS The two deep clades in Arctostaphylos are genetically distant, with hybrids rare or non-existent when taxa co-occur. Reproductive isolation between clades is enhanced by displaced flowering phenology for co-occurring species. Within clades, taxa appear to have few reproductive barriers other than an allopatric distribution or different ploidy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thomas Parker
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Christina Y Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Gail Wechsler
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Michael C Vasey
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Romberg Tiburon Campus, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
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Criado Ruiz D, Villa Machío I, Herrero Nieto A, Nieto Feliner G. Hybridization and cryptic speciation in the Iberian endemic plant genus Phalacrocarpum (Asteraceae-Anthemideae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 156:107024. [PMID: 33271372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role and impact of reticulation in phylogenetic inquiry has improved with extended use of high throughput sequencing data. Yet, due to the dynamism of genomes over evolutionary time, disentangling old hybridization events remains a serious challenge. Phalacrocarpum (DC.) Willk. is one of the 27 Iberian endemic plant genera, currently considered monotypic but including three subspecies. Its uncertain phylogenetic relationships within tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) point to an Early Miocene divergence from its sister group, and its persistent taxonomic instability has been proposed to be due to hybridization. We aim at understanding the evolutionary history of this genus using SNPs called from a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis, Sanger sequences-from three plastid DNA regions (psbJ-petA, petB-petD, trnH-psbA) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions (cloned)-as well as leaf morphometric multivariate analysis. SNP data and Sanger sequences strongly support the unforeseen existence of a cryptic species in the eastern populations of P. oppositifolium subsp. anomalum. Broad molecular and morphometric patterns of variation found in conflictive populations from the Sanabria Valley region convincingly identify a recent previously undocumented hybrid zone. By contrast, evidence is less conclusive on relationships between subspecies hoffmannseggii, oppositifolium and a second conflictive group distributed along the Galician-Portuguese border (Orense massifs). Although genetic clustering analysis of SNP data suggests that the former subspecies was the maternal progenitor in hybridization events that gave rise to the other two groups, we found considerable uniqueness of ITS ribotypes and plastid haplotypes in them. This result, in the context of Pleistocene climatically-driven range shifts in NW Iberian Peninsula, can be due to periods of isolation, genetic bottlenecks and drift superimposed on old hybridization events. Our study confirms the idea that unravelling old hybridization events may be compromised by the suite of evolutionary processes accumulated subsequently, particularly in areas with a history of climatic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Criado Ruiz
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Villa Machío
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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50
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The Role of Hybridisation in the Making of the Species-Rich Arctic-Alpine Genus Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae). DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary processes fuelling rapid species diversification are not yet fully understood, although their major contribution to overall patterns of plant biodiversity is well established. Hybridisation is among the least understood of these processes, despite its multifaceted role in speciation processes being widely accepted. Species of the large arctic-alpine genus Saxifraga are notorious for their ability to hybridise; however, the overall role of hybridisation and polyploidisation for the diversification of this genus remains unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive genus-wide review of hybridisation accounts and ploidy levels. We find that the sections of Saxifraga vary greatly in their propensity to hybridise. The majority of natural hybridisation accounts are from recent localised events (n = 71). Hybridisation hotspots were located in the Pyrenees and the European Alps, thus contrasting with the overall distribution of species richness in the genus. Hybrids or hybrid populations are often short-lived in Saxifraga due to a multitude of reproductive barriers, most commonly low F1 hybrid fertility. However, these barriers are not always fully effective, allowing for backcrossing and the formation of hybrid swarms. In addition, we find that the incidence of polyploidy varies widely across different sections of Saxifraga, with species-rich sections Porphyrion and Saxifraga showing divergent polyploidy proportions. Overall, we show that hybridisation and polyploidisation played differential roles in the diversification of this large genus. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of species are yet to be scrutinised, particularly among the Asian Saxifraga species, illustrating the need for systematic further study to fully unravel the role of hybridisation during the evolution of Saxifraga.
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