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Prete R, Merola C, Garcia-Gonzalez N, Fanti F, Angelozzi G, Sergi M, Battista N, Perugini M, Corsetti A. Investigating the modulation of the endocannabinoid system by probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMC513 in a zebrafish model of di-n-hexyl phthalate exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19328. [PMID: 39164319 PMCID: PMC11336085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants used as plasticizers in food packaging and in thousands of everyday products have become harmful for their impact on human health. Among them, phthalates, recognized as emerging endocrine disruptors (EDs) can induce toxic effects leading to different health disorders. Only few studies evaluated the effects of di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP) in in vivo models and no studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of DnHP on the endocannabinoid system (ECS), one of the majors signaling pathways involved in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the current relevance of probiotic bacteria as beneficial dietary interventions, the present study was aimed at evaluating the potential neuroprotective impact of daily administration of Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum IMC513 on zebrafish adults exposed to DnHP, with a focus on ECS modulation. Gene expression analysis revealed a promising protective role of probiotic through the restoration of ECS genes expression to the control level, in the brain of zebrafish daily exposed to DnHP. In addition, the levels of main endocannabinoids were also modulated. These findings confirm the potential ability of probiotics to interact at central level by modulating the ECS, suggesting the use of probiotics as innovative dietary strategy to counteract alterations by EDs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Prete
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Natalia Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federico Fanti
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Angelozzi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Battista
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aldo Corsetti
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Ozcagli E, Kubickova B, Jacobs MN. Addressing chemically-induced obesogenic metabolic disruption: selection of chemicals for in vitro human PPARα, PPARγ transactivation, and adipogenesis test methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1401120. [PMID: 39040675 PMCID: PMC11260640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Whilst western diet and sedentary lifestyles heavily contribute to the global obesity epidemic, it is likely that chemical exposure may also contribute. A substantial body of literature implicates a variety of suspected environmental chemicals in metabolic disruption and obesogenic mechanisms. Chemically induced obesogenic metabolic disruption is not yet considered in regulatory testing paradigms or regulations, but this is an internationally recognised human health regulatory development need. An early step in the development of relevant regulatory test methods is to derive appropriate minimum chemical selection lists for the target endpoint and its key mechanisms, such that the test method can be suitably optimised and validated. Independently collated and reviewed reference and proficiency chemicals relevant for the regulatory chemical universe that they are intended to serve, assist regulatory test method development and validation, particularly in relation to the OECD Test Guidelines Programme. To address obesogenic mechanisms and modes of action for chemical hazard assessment, key initiating mechanisms include molecular-level Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) α and γ agonism and the tissue/organ-level key event of perturbation of the adipogenesis process that may lead to excess white adipose tissue. Here we present a critical literature review, analysis and evaluation of chemicals suitable for the development, optimisation and validation of human PPARα and PPARγ agonism and human white adipose tissue adipogenesis test methods. The chemical lists have been derived with consideration of essential criteria needed for understanding the strengths and limitations of the test methods. With a weight of evidence approach, this has been combined with practical and applied aspects required for the integration and combination of relevant candidate test methods into test batteries, as part of an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment for metabolic disruption. The proposed proficiency and reference chemical list includes a long list of negatives and positives (20 chemicals for PPARα, 21 for PPARγ, and 11 for adipogenesis) from which a (pre-)validation proficiency chemicals list has been derived.
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Shi X, Wang W, Feng J, Ma X, Xu M, Wang C. Gender-specific abdominal fat distribution and insulin resistance associated with organophosphate esters and phthalate metabolites exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123959. [PMID: 38608855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity highlights the potential contribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, common epidemiological measures such as body mass index and waist circumference may misrepresent the intricate obesity risks these chemicals pose across genders. This study delves deeper into abdominal fat by differentiating between subcutaneous and visceral regions by analyzing data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). We particularly investigated the gender-specific associations between organophosphorus flame-retardant metabolites (mOPFRs), phthalates (mPAEs) and accumulated fat indexes from 2536 people. Aiding by Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), we found while co-exposure to mOPFRs and mPAEs was linked to general and abdominal obesity across the entire and gender-specific populations, a gender-specific fat distribution emerged. For women, urinary BDCPP and MBzP were linked to an increased subcutaneous fat index (SFI) [BDCPP OR: 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03-1.21), MBzP OR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.18)], but not to visceral fat index (VFI). These metabolites had a combined linkage with SFI, with BDCPP (weighting 22.0%) and DPHP (weighting 31.0%) being the most influential in Quantile g-computation model (qgcomp) model. In men, BCEP exposure exclusively associated with the elevated VFI [OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26)], a trend further highlighted in mixture models with BCEP as the predominant association. Intriguingly, only males displayed a marked correlation between these metabolites and insulin resistance in subpopulation. An attempted mediation analysis revealed that elevated C-reactive protein mediated 12.1% of the association between urinary BCEP and insulin resistance, suggesting a potential role of inflammation. In conclusion, the gender-specific fat distribution and insulin resistance that associated with mOPFRs represented the potential risk of these chemicals to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliu Shi
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafan Feng
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Lu X, Xie T, van Faassen M, Kema IP, van Beek AP, Xu X, Huo X, Wolffenbuttel BHR, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Nolte IM, Snieder H. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their interactions with genetic risk scores on cardiometabolic traits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169972. [PMID: 38211872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitous non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have inconsistent associations with cardiometabolic traits. Additionally, large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have yielded many genetic risk variants for cardiometabolic traits and diseases. This study aimed to investigate the associations between a wide range of EDC exposures (parabens, bisphenols, and phthalates) and 14 cardiometabolic traits and whether these are moderated by their respective genetic risk scores (GRSs). Data were from 1074 participants aged 18 years or older of the Lifelines Cohort Study, a large population-based biobank. GRSs for 14 cardiometabolic traits were calculated based on genome-wide significant common variants from recent GWASs. The concentrations of 15 EDCs in 24-hour urine were measured by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology. The main effects of trait-specific GRSs and each of the EDC exposures and their interaction effects on the 14 cardiometabolic traits were examined in multiple linear regression. The present study confirmed significant main effects for all GRSs on their corresponding cardiometabolic trait. Regarding the main effects of EDC exposures, 26 out of 280 EDC-trait tests were significant with explained variances ranging from 0.43 % (MMP- estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) to 2.37 % (PrP-waist-hip ratio adjusted body mass index (WHRadjBMI)). We confirmed the association of MiBP and MBzP with WHRadjBMI and body mass index (BMI), and showed that parabens, bisphenol F, and many other phthalate metabolites significantly contributed to the variance of WHRadjBMI, BMI, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), eGFR, fasting glucose (FG), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Only one association between BMI and bisphenol F was nominally significantly moderated by the GRS explaining 0.36 % of the variance. However, it did not survive multiple testing correction. We showed that non-persistent EDC exposures exerted effects on BMI, WHRadjBMI, HDL, eGFR, FG, and DBP. However no evidence for a modulating role of GRSs was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Dalamaga M, Kounatidis D, Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Psallida S, Papavassiliou AG. The Role of Endocrine Disruptors Bisphenols and Phthalates in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:675. [PMID: 38203845 PMCID: PMC10779569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight constitutes one of the major health challenges for societies and healthcare systems worldwide. Besides the type of diet, calorie intake and the lack of physical exercise, recent data have highlighted a possible association between endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A, phthalates and their analogs, and obesity. EDCs represent a heterogeneous group of chemicals that may influence the hormonal regulation of body mass and adipose tissue morphology. Based on the available data from mechanistic, animal and epidemiological studies including meta-analyses, the weight of evidence points towards the contribution of EDCs to the development of obesity, associated disorders and obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction by (1) impacting adipogenesis; (2) modulating epigenetic pathways during development, enhancing susceptibility to obesity; (3) influencing neuroendocrine signals responsible for appetite and satiety; (4) promoting a proinflammatory milieu in adipose tissue and inducing a state of chronic subclinical inflammation; (5) dysregulating gut microbiome and immune homeostasis; and (6) inducing dysfunction in thermogenic adipose tissue. Critical periods of exposure to obesogenic EDCs are the prenatal, neonatal, pubertal and reproductive periods. Interestingly, EDCs even at low doses may promote epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult obesity in subsequent generations. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence on the role of obesogenic EDCs, specifically BPA and phthalate plasticizers, in the development of obesity, taking into account in vitro, animal and epidemiologic studies; discuss mechanisms linking EDCs to obesity; analyze the effects of EDCs on obesity in critical chronic periods of exposure; and present interesting perspectives, challenges and preventive measures in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kounatidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Evangelismos’ General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.G.V.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Natalia G. Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Evangelismos’ General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (N.G.V.)
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, ‘Attikon’ General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sotiria Psallida
- Department of Microbiology, ‘KAT’ General Hospital of Attica, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Zhu X, Cheang I, Chen Z, Shi M, Zhu Q, Yue X, Tang Y, Pang H, Liao S, Zhou Y, Li X. Associations of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites with lipid profiles among US general adult population. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20343. [PMID: 37800061 PMCID: PMC10550567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a parent compound that is metabolized into 4 phthalate metabolites, which correlate to adverse cardio-metabolic risk factors. This study aimed to explore the links between urinary DEHP metabolites and serum lipids in the U.S. general adult population. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data on 11 urinary phthalate metabolites from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to examine the relationship between phthalate metabolites [specific DEHPs: mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxy-pentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-hexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] and serum lipids (triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]). To identify mixed exposure effects of phthalate metabolites, quantile g-computation (QG-C) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were employed for the lipid profiles. Results A total of 9141 adults were included in the analysis. MECPP, MEHHP, MEHP, and MEOHP in the highest quartile had a negative relationship with HDL-C compared to the lowest quartile (All P for trend <0.05). TG showed a significant positive relation with MECPP, MEHHP, and MEOHP (All P for trend <0.05), but there was no notable association with MEHP. RCS demonstrated a linear relationship of DEHP metabolites with HDL-C, TC, TG, and LDL-C (all P for nonlinearity >0.05). The WQS index of DEHP metabolites showed independent correlations with HDL-C [β = -0.26, 95%CI (-0.43, -0.09), P = 0.002], TC [β = 0.55, 95%CI (0.13, 0.98), P = 0.011], and TG [β = 2.40, 95%CI (0.85, 3.96), P = 0.003]. Conclusion Our study suggests that environmental DEHP exposure may affect serum HDL-C and TG levels in the general adult population. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and illuminate the underlying mechanisms of DEHP exposure on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mengsha Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hui Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Kim D, Oh E, Kim H, Baek SM, Cho J, Kim EH, Choi S, Bian Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate potentiates methylglyoxal-induced blood-brain barrier damage via mitochondria-derived oxidative stress and bioenergetic perturbation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113985. [PMID: 37572985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates in contaminated foods and personal care products are one of the most frequently exposed chemicals with a public health concern. Phthalate exposure is related to cardiovascular diseases, including diabetic vascular complications and cerebrovascular diseases, yet the mechanism is still unclear. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity disruption is strongly associated with cardiovascular and neurological disease exacerbation. We investigated BBB damage by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or its metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) using brain endothelial cells and rat models. BBB damage by the subthreshold level of MEHP, but not a DEHP, significantly increased by the presence of methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive dicarbonyl compound whose levels increase in the blood in hyperglycemic conditions in diabetic patients. Significant potentiation in apoptosis and autophagy activation, mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial metabolic disturbance were observed in brain ECs by co-exposure to MG and MEHP. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) restored autophagy activation as well as tight junction protein impairment induced by co-exposure to MG and MEHP. Intraperitoneal administration of MG and MEHP significantly altered mitochondrial membrane potential and tight junction integrity in rat brain endothelium. This study may provide novel insights into enhancing phthalate toxicity in susceptible populations, such as diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eujin Oh
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Haram Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Seung Mi Baek
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Junho Cho
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Yiying Bian
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea.
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Wei R, Zhang W, Pu C, Shao Q, Xu Q, Li P, Zhao X, Sun T, Weng D. Assessment of lipid metabolism-disrupting effects of non-phthalate plasticizer diisobutyl adipate through in silico and in vitro approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:1395-1404. [PMID: 36896678 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diisobutyl adipate (DIBA), as a novel non-phthalate plasticizer, is widely used in various products. However, little effort has been made to investigate whether DIBA might have adverse effects on human health. In this study, we integrated an in silico and in vitro strategy to assess the impact of DIBA on cellular homeostasis. Since numerous plasticizers could activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway to interrupt metabolism systems, we first utilized molecular docking to analyze interaction between DIBA and PPARγ. Results indicated that DIBA had strong affinity with the ligand-binding domain of PPARγ (PPARγ-LBD) at Histidine 499. Afterwards, we used cellular models to investigate in vitro effects of DIBA. Results demonstrated that DIBA exposure increased intracellular lipid content in murine and human hepatocytes, and altered transcriptional expression of genes related to PPARγ signaling and lipid metabolism pathways. At last, target genes regulated by DIBA were predicted and enriched for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcriptional factors (TFs)-genes network were established accordingly. Target genes were enriched in Phospholipase D signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway which were related to lipid metabolism. These findings suggested that DIBA exposure might disturb intracellular lipid metabolism homeostasis via targeting PPARγ. This study also demonstrated that this integrated in silico and in vitro methodology could be utilized as a high throughput, cost-saving and effective tool to assess the potential risk of various environmental chemicals on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wei
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Weigao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlin Pu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianchao Shao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiqi Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunan Zhao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingzhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Weng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Vieyra G, Hankinson SE, Oulhote Y, Vandenberg LN, Tinker L, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Thomson CA, Bao W, Allison M, Odegaard AO, Reeves KW. Association between urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations and adiposity among postmenopausal women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115356. [PMID: 36706896 PMCID: PMC9974871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a leading risk factor for chronic diseases, potentially related to excess abdominal adiposity. Phthalates are environmental chemicals that have been suggested to act as obesogens, driving obesity risk. For the associations between phthalates and adiposity, prior studies have focused primarily on body mass index. We hypothesize that more refined measures of adiposity and fat distribution may provide greater insights into these associations given the role of central adiposity in chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVES To evaluate associations between urinary phthalate biomarkers and both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) among postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). METHODS We included 1125 WHI participants with available, coincident measurements of urinary phthalate biomarkers (baseline, year 3) and VAT and SAT (baseline, year 3, year 6). VAT and SAT measurements were estimated from DXA scans. Multilevel mixed-effects models estimated the prospective associations between urinary phthalate biomarkers at baseline and VAT and SAT three years later. RESULTS In multivariable adjusted models, we observed positive associations between some phthalate biomarkers, including the sum of di-isobutyl phthalate (ΣDiBP) biomarkers, MCNP, and ΣDEHP, with VAT three years later. For example, we observed positive associations between concentrations of ΣDiBP and VAT (Q4 vs Q1 β = 7.15, 95% CI -1.76-16.06; Q3 vs Q1 β = 10.94, 95% CI 3.55-18.33). Associations were generally attenuated but remained significant after additional adjustment for SAT. MBzP was positively associated with SAT. Other phthalate biomarkers investigated (MEP, MCOP, MCPP, ΣDBP) were not significantly associated with VAT or SAT. DISCUSSION Based on robust measures of adiposity, this study provides supportive evidence that higher urinary concentrations of select phthalate compounds were associated with higher VAT levels over time in postmenopausal women. Efforts to replicate these findings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vieyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lesley Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Thomson
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Institute of Public Health, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew O Odegaard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Reeves
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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10
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Zhang Y, Feng H, Tian A, Zhang C, Song F, Zeng T, Zhao X. Long-term exposure to low-dose Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate aggravated high fat diet-induced obesity in female mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114679. [PMID: 36841080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential obesogenic roles of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) have attracted great attention. The current study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of chronic low-dose DEHP (0.05 mg/kg BW) and a high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity in female mice and explore the underlying mechanisms. We found that low-dose DEHP challenge for 29 weeks increased fat accumulation both in CD- and HFD-fed mice and significantly accelerated the weight gain without affecting food intake in HFD-fed mice. DEHP exposure reduced the energy metabolism, down-regulated the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and total oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins expression in the brown adipose tissue, and up-regulated the PPARγ expression and its phosphorylation at Ser273 in white adipose tissue (WAT). Besides, the combination of DEHP and HFD drove the remodeling of gut microbiota of mice, characterized by the reduced richness and diversity and the elevated Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) analysis revealed that DEHP and HFD cotreatment led to a decrease in levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and pentanoic acid. Interestingly, sodium butyrate (NaB) significantly inhibited the adipogenesis and lipid accumulation of NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (PPARγ2 overexpression) and the PPARγ phosphorylation at Ser273 induced by DEHP or MEHP. These findings demonstrate that chronic low-dose DEHP challenge could prompt fat accumulation by increasing PPARγ phosphorylation at Ser273 and decreasing thermogenesis in BAT, which might be associated with the SCFAs reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Heping Feng
- Linyi Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Ao Tian
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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11
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Fan Y, Tao C, Li Z, Huang Y, Yan W, Zhao S, Gao B, Xu Q, Qin Y, Wang X, Peng Z, Covaci A, Li Y, Xia Y, Lu C. Association of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the U.S.: A Prospective Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2877-2886. [PMID: 36728834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wide exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) poses a great risk on human health. However, few large-scale cohort studies have comprehensively estimated the association between EDCs exposure and mortality risk. This study aimed to investigate the association of urinary EDCs exposure with mortality risk and quantify attributable mortality and economic loss. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to investigate the association of 38 representative EDCs exposure with mortality risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). During a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 47,279 individuals were enrolled. All-cause mortality was positively associated with 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, and monobenzyl phthalate. Cancer mortality was positively associated with cadmium. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was positively associated with 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, and 2-hydroxyfluorene. Nonlinear U-shaped relationships were found between all-cause mortality and cadmium and cobalt, which was also identified between 2-hydroxyfluorene and CVD mortality. J-shaped association of cadmium exposure with cancer mortality was also determined. EDCs exposure may cause 56.52% of total deaths (1,528,500 deaths) and around 1,897 billion USD in economic costs. Exposure to certain phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phytoestrogens, or toxic metals, even at substantially low levels, is significantly associated with mortality and induces high economic costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chengzhe Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuna Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenkai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - You Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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12
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Milankov A, Milanović M, Milošević N, Sudji J, Pejaković S, Milić N, Bjelica A, Medić Stojanoska M. The effects of phthalate exposure on metabolic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 540:117225. [PMID: 36627009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND-AIM Phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals which are present in wide-range of products. The objective of the study was to investigate whether phthalate exposure may attribute to the metabolic syndrome development in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHOD The cross-sectional study involved 60 women in reproductive age with confirmed PCOS. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were examined together with detected levels of ten phthalate metabolites measured by GC-MS in morning urine samples. RESULTS In this study at least one phthalate metabolite was detected in 51.7% of samples. Total phthalate metabolites urine concentrations were positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height-ratio (WtHR), leptin serum levels as well as lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI). Mono-methyl-phthalate (MMP) levels was significantly correlated with WtHR, LAP and VAI. Additionally, total phthalate metabolites levels were significantly linked with fasting plasma glucose and HOMA index, whereas MMP concentrations were associated with fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels. Total cholesterol (TC) level was statistically significantly higher among PCOS women with detected phthalate metabolites compared to those without phthalates. The sum of all phthalates was correlated with LDL and triglyceride levels as well as TC/HDL. MMP concentrations were linked positively with TC, LDL and triglyceride levels as well as with TC/HDL. It is noteworthy that MMP concentrations were positively associated with testosterone serum levels while the total phthalate metabolites concentrations were also linked but with moderate significance. CONCLUSIONS The increased phthalate metabolites concentrations may interfere with obesity, glucose and lipid impairment in PCOS women. Additionally, testosterone serum levels can be disrupted by MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Milankov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Milanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jan Sudji
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slađana Pejaković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Artur Bjelica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica Medić Stojanoska
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
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13
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Liu Y, Guo Z, Zhu R, Gou D, Jia PP, Pei DS. An insight into sex-specific neurotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of DEHP: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120673. [PMID: 36400143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is often used as an additive in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to give plastics flexibility, which makes DEHP widely used in food packaging, daily necessities, medical equipment, and other products. However, due to the unstable combination of DEHP and polymer, it will migrate to the environment in the materials and eventually contact the human body. It has been recorded that low-dose DEHP will increase neurotoxicity in the nervous system, and the human health effects of DEHP have been paid attention to because of the extensive exposure to DEHP and its high absorption during brain development. In this study, we review the evidence that DEHP exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities and neurological diseases based on human epidemiological and animal behavioral studies. Besides, we also summarized the oxidative damage, apoptosis, and signal transduction disorder related to neurobehavioral abnormalities and nerve injury, and described the potential mechanisms of neurotoxicity caused by DEHP. Overall, we found exposure to DEHP during the critical developmental period will increase the risk of neurobehavioral abnormalities, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. This effect is sex-specific and will continue to adulthood and even have an intergenerational effect. However, the research results on the sex-dependence of DEHP neurotoxicity are inconsistent, and there is a lack of systematic mechanisms research as theoretical support. Future investigations need to be carried out in a large-scale population and model organisms to produce more consistent and convincing results. And we emphasize the importance of mechanism research, which can enhance the understanding of the environmental and human health risks of DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ruihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhi Gou
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Wang H, Zhang Y. Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Phthalates in China: A Disease Burden and Cost Analysis. TOXICS 2022; 10:766. [PMID: 36548599 PMCID: PMC9782749 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) cause a variety of adverse health outcomes and contribute to substantial disease burden. This study summarized the exposure status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phthalates (PAEs) in China and evaluated the disease burden attributable to PBDEs and PAEs in 2015. The results showed that PBDE and PAE concentrations were higher in coastal areas. The disease burden attributable to PBDEs was 0.77 million cases, and the economic costs were CNY 18.92 billion. Meanwhile, 3.02 million individuals suffered from diseases attributable to PAEs, and the economic costs were CNY 49.20 billion. The economic burden caused by PBDEs and PAEs accounted for 0.28% and 0.72% of China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2015, respectively. When comparing China's results from 2010, it was determined that the GDP ratio of economic costs caused by PAEs in 2015 (0.72%) was lower than in 2010 (1.42%). Finally, compared with the results of the European Union and North America, the GDP ratios of economic costs caused by PAEs in 2015 were 0.19% in Canada (lower than China), 0.29% in the United States (lower than China), and 1.44% in the European Union (higher than China). This study provides important reference values for China's health governance, and further research should be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Educational, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Educational, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Parenti M, Schmidt RJ, Ozonoff S, Shin HM, Tancredi DJ, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, Walker CK, Slupsky CM. Maternal Serum and Placental Metabolomes in Association with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the MARBLES Cohort. Metabolites 2022; 12:829. [PMID: 36144233 PMCID: PMC9500898 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to phthalates, a family of endocrine-disrupting plasticizers, is associated with disruption of maternal metabolism and impaired neurodevelopment. We investigated associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and alterations of both the maternal third trimester serum metabolome and the placental metabolome at birth, and associations of these with child neurodevelopmental outcomes using data and samples from the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) cohort. The third trimester serum (n = 106) and placental (n = 132) metabolomes were investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Children were assessed clinically for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cognitive development. Although none of the urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were associated with maternal serum metabolites after adjustment for covariates, mixture analysis using quantile g-computation revealed alterations in placental metabolites with increasing concentrations of phthalate metabolites that included reduced concentrations of 2-hydoxybutyrate, carnitine, O-acetylcarnitine, glucitol, and N-acetylneuraminate. Child neurodevelopmental outcome was not associated with the third trimester serum metabolome, but it was correlated with the placental metabolome in male children only. Maternal phthalate exposure during pregnancy is associated with differences in the placental metabolome at delivery, and the placental metabolome is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in males in a cohort with high familial ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paula Krakowiak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cheryl K. Walker
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Gu L, Zhang T, Liu S, Wang S, Wang Z. Association of urinary phthalate metabolites with renal function among 9989 US adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113930. [PMID: 35914397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between phthalate metabolites and renal function. METHODS We analyzed data from 9989 participants who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018. Renal function was reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and hypertension. We used generalized linear regression to estimate the correlation between covariate-adjusted creatinine-normalized phthalate metabolites and renal function. In addition, subgroup analysis was used to further compare the effect differences between various populations. RESULTS In the adjusted model, we found differential associations between phthalates and plasticizers metabolites and renal function. We found that Mono-benzyl phthalate, Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, and Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were positively associated with lower eGFR with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.38 (1.14, 1.67), 1.30 (1.09, 1.57), and 1.27 (1.04, 1.53). While Mono-ethyl phthalate, Mono-(2-ethyl)-hexyl phthalate, Mono-isononyl phthalate and Mono-isobutyl phthalate were negatively associated with lower eGFR with OR values of 0.79 (0.69, 0.90), 0.64 (0.52, 0.78), 0.65 (0.51, 0.82) and 0.80 (0.63, 1.00), respectively. In addition, we found that Mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate and Mono-isobutyl phthalate were negatively associated with hypertension with ORs of 0.86 (0.78, 0.96) and 0.84 (0.72, 0.98). But phthalates and plasticizers metabolites were not associated with UACR. CONCLUSION This study found differences in the effects of phthalates and plasticizers metabolites on kidney function, which may raise concerns about possible changes in kidney function resulting from exposure to current levels of plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- The First Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Lanxin Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Shouyong Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
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17
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Dubey P, Reddy SY, Singh V, Shi T, Coltharp M, Clegg D, Dwivedi AK. Association of Exposure to Phthalate Metabolites With Sex Hormones, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in US Women. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2233088. [PMID: 36149653 PMCID: PMC9508659 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.33088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Obesity and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent among the US population and are associated with the dysregulation of sex hormones. An increase in obesity and metabolic syndrome may also be associated with exposure to phthalates. The association of exposure to phthalate metabolites with sex hormones and metabolic health has been understudied in the female population. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between exposure to common phthalate metabolites with total testosterone (TT) levels, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2013 to 2016. Female participants aged 15 years or older with urinary profiles containing common phthalate metabolites were included in this study. Statistical analyses were performed from March 15, 2021, to April 30, 2022. EXPOSURES Urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites were classified into tertiles, and the lowest tertile was used as a reference category. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites and their composite scores based on clustering were also used in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Serum concentrations of TT and SHBG were dichotomized into high TT levels (>46 ng/dL [to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 0.0347] for age <50 years and >32 ng/dL for age ≥50 years) and low SHBG levels (<2.85 μg/mL [to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 10.53]) as established for the female population. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30 or more (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), and metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. The serum concentrations of TT and SHBG were also included in the validation analyses. Modified Poisson models were used to estimate the adjusted relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs for the associations. RESULTS Among the 2004 women included in this study, the mean (SD) age was 46.6 (18.5) years (14.7% Hispanic participants, 62.7% non-Hispanic White participants, and 13.2% non-Hispanic Black participants; 17.4% of participants were born outside the US [weighted percentages]; 230 (11.8%) had high TT levels, 210 (10.4%) had low SHBG levels, 825 (39.8%) had obesity, and 965 (45.5%) had metabolic syndrome (weighted percentages). Of the 13 phthalate metabolites, 8 had the highest tertile level greater than 6.2 ng/mL (range, 0.5-75.2 ng/mL). High levels of exposure to mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (RR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.33-2.54]), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (RR, 1.77 [95% CI, 1.21-2.59]), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (RR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.34-2.81]), and monobenzyl phthalate (RR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.21-2.54]) were associated with low SHBG levels but not with high TT levels. High levels of exposure to some of these metabolites were also associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Most associations were specific to premenopausal or postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, exposure to certain phthalate metabolites could be associated with low SHBG levels, obesity, and metabolic syndrome depending on menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Dubey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Sireesha Y. Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Vishwajeet Singh
- Office of Research, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Ted Shi
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Mallorie Coltharp
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Deborah Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
| | - Alok K. Dwivedi
- Office of Research, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
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Liao J, Fang D, Liu Y, Xiong S, Wang X, Tian Y, Zhang H, An S, He C, Chen W, Liu X, Wu N, Tian K, Wang L, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Zhang L, Li Q, Shen X, Zhou Y. Exposure characteristics of phthalate metabolites among the Zunyi cohort of pregnant women in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58869-58880. [PMID: 35377124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reported evidence has increasingly indicated that exposure to phthalates can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, phthalate exposure levels among pregnant women remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the concentrations and predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine samples of the ongoing Zunyi cohort of pregnant women from Southwest China. The urine samples were collected from 1003 pregnant women during their third trimester of pregnancy. The concentrations of nine phthalate metabolites in urine samples were then determined. Data on socio-demographic profiles of the participants, lifestyle during pregnancy, parity, and sampling season were collected using questionnaires. The detectable rate of phthalate metabolites ranged from 76 to 100%. On average, mono-butyl phthalate exhibited the highest median concentration (62.45 μg/L), while mono-benzyl phthalate exhibited the lowest median concentration (0.04 μg/L). Urine concentrations of phthalate metabolites were significantly higher in older, multiparous, higher body mass index, higher income, and passive smoking during pregnancy participants. The levels of low-molecular-weight phthalate metabolites were highest during the summer. The findings indicate the health of pregnant women and fetuses in Zunyi may be generally harmed by the high exposure of phthalate metabolites, especially by mono-n-butyl phthalate. In addition, phthalate metabolites present a demographic and seasonal differential distribution among the study population. Targeted measures to reduce phthalate exposure for high-risk pregnant women and during high-exposure seasons may have potential benefits for maternal and fetal health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liao
- Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Derong Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Shimin Xiong
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yingkuan Tian
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Songlin An
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Caidie He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Nian Wu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Kunming Tian
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Linglu Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Xishui County People's Hospital, Zunyi, 564600, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Xishui County People's Hospital, Zunyi, 564600, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Meitan County People's Hospital, Zunyi, 564100, Guizhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xubo Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanzhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
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Kloboves ME, Pacyga DC, Gardiner JC, Flaws JA, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Associations of maternal anthropometrics with newborn anogenital distance and the 2:4 digit ratio. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:2154-2166. [PMID: 35802047 PMCID: PMC9801973 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal anthropometrics associated with anogenital distance (AGD) and 2:4 digit ratio (2:4D) in newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER Select maternal anthropometrics indicative of obesity or increased adiposity are associated with elongated AGD in daughters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Excessive maternal weight or adiposity before or in early pregnancy may impact child reproductive, and other hormonally mediated, development. AGD and 2:4D are proposed markers of in utero reproductive development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study includes 450 mother/newborn dyads participating in the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS), a prospective pregnancy cohort from Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA. Participants included in the current study enrolled between 2013 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Most mothers in this study were college-educated (82%) and non-Hispanic White (80%), and 55% were under- or normal weight before pregnancy. Pregnant women aged 18-40 years reported pre-pregnancy weight and height to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI. At 8-15 weeks gestation, we measured waist and hip circumference, and evaluated weight, % body fat, visceral fat level, % muscle and BMI using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Within 24 h of birth, we measured newborn 2nd and 4th left/right digits to calculate the 2:4D. In daughters, we measured AGDAF (anus to fourchette) and AGDAC (anus to clitoris). In sons, we measured AGDAS (anus to scrotum) and AGDAP (anus to base of the penis). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Select maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with AGD in newborn daughters, but not sons. For example, AGDAC was 0.73 mm (95% CI: 0.15, 1.32) longer for every interquartile range (IQR) increase in pre-pregnancy BMI and 0.88 mm (95% CI: 0.18, 1.58) longer for every IQR increase in hip circumference, whereas AGDAF was 0.51 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.00) and 0.56 mm (95% CI: 0.03, 1.09) longer for every IQR increase in hip and waist circumference, respectively. Quartile analyses generally supported linear associations, but additional strong associations emerged in Q4 (versus Q1) of maternal % body fat and visceral fat levels with AGDAC. In quartile analyses, we observed only a few modest associations of maternal anthropometrics with 2:4D, which differed by hand (left versus right) and newborn sex. Although there is always the possibility of spurious findings, the associations for both measures of female AGD were consistent across multiple maternal anthropometric measures, which strengthens our conclusions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study sample was racially and ethnically homogenous, educated and relatively healthy, so our study may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, we may not have been powered to identify some sex-specific associations, especially for 2:4D. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Increased maternal weight and adiposity before and in early pregnancy may lengthen the female AGD, which warrants further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This publication was made possible by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS) grants ES024795 and ES022848, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant R03HD100775, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grant RD83543401 and National Institute of Health Office of the Director grant OD023272. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US EPA or NIH. Furthermore, the US EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. This project was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Kloboves
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Correspondence address. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 236C Trout Building, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. E-mail:
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20
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Huang HB, Cheng PK, Siao CY, Lo YTC, Chou WC, Huang PC. Mediation effects of thyroid function in the associations between phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism in adults. Environ Health 2022; 21:61. [PMID: 35778735 PMCID: PMC9248169 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of industrial chemicals widely used in everyday products including cosmetics, food packaging and containers, plastics, and building materials. Previous studies have indicated that urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with metabolic effects including those on lipid metabolism, but the results are mixed. Furthermore, whether thyroid function mediates the association between phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we explored whether changes in thyroid function markers mediate the associations between phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism indicators in Taiwanese adults. The cross-sectional data were obtained from the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants conducted in 2013. Levels of 11 urinary phthalate metabolites, levels of 5 thyroid hormones, and 8 indicators of lipid metabolism were assessed in 222 Taiwanese adults. The relationships of urinary phthalate metabolite levels with serum thyroid hormone levels and lipid metabolism indicators were explored using multiple regression models. Mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of thyroid function in the association between phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism. The metabolite of di(- 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHPm) exhibited a significant positive association with the lipid metabolite indicator of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β = 0.059, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.009, 0.109) in adults, and the thyroid function indicator thyroxine (T4) had a significant negative association with the metabolite ∑DEHPm (β = - 0.059, 95% CI = - 0.101, - 0.016) and a significant negative association with HDL-C (β = - 0.284, 95% CI = - 0.440, - 0.128). The T4 indirect effect was 0.015 (95% CI = - 0.0087, 0.05), and the mediation effect was 32.2%. Our results support the assumption that exposure to phthalates influences the homeostasis of lipid metabolism by interfering with thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Keng Cheng
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Siao
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting C Lo
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Wang WJ, Wang CS, Wang CK, Yang AM, Lin CY. Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Metabolites Are Independently Related to Body Fluid Status in Adults: Results from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19126964. [PMID: 35742214 PMCID: PMC9222572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been utilized in many daily products for decades. Previous studies have reported that DEHP exposure could induce renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity, which contributes to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion. However, there is also no previous study to evaluate the association between DEHP exposure and body fluid status. Methods: We selected 1678 subjects (aged ≥18 years) from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003–2004 to determine the relationship between urine DEHP metabolites and body composition (body measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)). Results: After weighing the sampling strategy in multiple linear regression analysis, we report that higher levels of DEHP metabolites are correlated with increases in body measures (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference), BIA parameters (estimated fat mass, percent body fat, ECF, and ECF/intracellular fluid (ICF) ratio) in multiple linear regression analysis. The relationship between DEHP metabolites and the ECF/ICF ratio was more evident in subjects of younger age (20–39 years old), women, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, and subjects who were not active smokers. Conclusion: In addition to being positively correlated with body measures and body fat, we found that urine DEHP metabolites were positively correlated with ECF and the ECF/ICF ratio in the US general adult population. The finding implies that DEHP exposures might increase ECF volume and the ECF/ICF ratio, which may have adverse health outcomes on the cardiovascular system. Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Sung Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
| | - Chi-Kang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - An-Ming Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan; (C.-S.W.); (A.-M.Y.)
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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22
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Deierlein AL, Wu H, Just AC, Kupsco AJ, Braun JM, Oken E, Soria-Contreras DC, Cantoral A, Pizano ML, McRae N, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Baccarelli AA. Prenatal phthalates, gestational weight gain, and long-term weight changes among Mexican women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112835. [PMID: 35101400 PMCID: PMC8976769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that may influence weight status; however, few studies have considered weight gain during pregnancy and subsequent long-term weight changes in women. OBJECTIVE To determine associations of prenatal phthalate exposure with maternal weight during pregnancy and through up to seven years post-delivery. METHODS We analyzed 15 urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters among 874 pregnant women enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress Study in Mexico City. We examined three time-specific maternal weight outcomes: gestational weight gain (between 2nd and 3rd trimesters), short-term weight (between 3rd trimester and 12 months post-delivery), and long-term weight (between 18 months and 6-7 years post-delivery). We used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to estimate associations for the total phthalate mixture, as well as multivariable linear mixed models for individual phthalate biomarkers. RESULTS As a mixture, 2nd trimester urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations were associated with somewhat lower gestational weight gain between the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (interquartile range, IQR, difference: -0.07 standard deviations, SD; 95% credible interval, CrI: -0.20, 0.06); multivariable regression and BKMR models indicated that this inverse association was primarily driven by mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP). Prenatal (2nd and 3rd trimesters) urinary phthalate mixture concentrations were positively associated with maternal weight change through 12 months postpartum (IQR difference: 0.11 SD; 95% CrI: 0.00, 0.23); these associations persisted from 18 months to 6-7 years follow-up (IQR difference: 0.07 SD; 95% CrI: 0.04, 0.10). Postpartum weight changes were associated with mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) and MECPTP. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal phthalate exposure was inversely associated with gestational weight gain and positively associated with long-term changes in maternal weight. Further investigation is required to understand how phthalates may influence body composition and whether they contribute to the development of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Deierlein
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, USA.
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Allison J Kupsco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana C Soria-Contreras
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ma Luisa Pizano
- Division of Community Interventions Research, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Nguyen HD, Oh H, Kim MS. The effects of chemical mixtures on lipid profiles in the Korean adult population: threshold and molecular mechanisms for dyslipidemia involved. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39182-39208. [PMID: 35099691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A scarcity of research assesses the effects of exposure to a combination of chemicals on lipid profiles as well as molecular mechanisms related to dyslipidemia. A cross-sectional study of 3692 adults aims to identify the association between chemical mixtures, including blood and urine 26 chemicals, and lipid profiles among Korean adults (aged ≥ 18) using linear regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). In silico toxicogenomic data-mining, we assessed molecular mechanisms linked with dyslipidemia, including genes, miRNAs, pathways, biological processes, and diseases. In the linear regression models, heavy metals, volatile organic compound metabolites, and phthalate metabolites were found to be related to HDL-C, triglycerides, LDL-C, total lipids, and total cholesterol, and significant trends were observed for these chemical quartiles (p < 0.01). The WQS index was significantly linked with HDL-C, triglycerides, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and total lipids. The qgcomp index also found a significant association between chemicals and HDL-C, triglycerides, and total lipids. In BKMR analysis, the overall effect of the chemical mixture was significantly associated with HDL-C, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and total lipids. We found that mixed chemicals interacted with the PPARA gene and were linked with dyslipidemia. Several pathways ("SREBF and miR33 in cholesterol," "estrogen receptor pathway and lipid homeostasis," and "regulation of PGC-1α"), "negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process," "negative regulation of sequestering of triglycerides," "regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process," and "negative regulation of cholesterol storage," and "abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome" were identified as key molecular mechanisms that may be affected by mixed chemicals and implicated in the development of dyslipidemia. The highest interaction and expression of miRNAs involved in the process of dyslipidemia were also described. Especially, the cutoff levels for chemical exposure levels related to lipid profiles were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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Buerger AN, Parente CE, Harris JP, Watts EG, Wormington AM, Bisesi JH. Impacts of diethylhexyl phthalate and overfeeding on physical fitness and lipid mobilization in Danio rerio (zebrafish). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133703. [PMID: 35066078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity has steadily increased on a global scale, research has shifted to explore potential contributors to this pandemic beyond overeating and lack of exercise. Environmental chemical contaminants, known as obesogens, alter metabolic processes and exacerbate the obese phenotype. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common chemical plasticizer found in medical supplies, food packaging, and polyvinyl materials, and has been identified as a probable obesogen. This study investigated the hypothesis that co-exposure to DEHP and overfeeding would result in decreased lipid mobilization and physical fitness in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Four treatment groups were randomly assigned: Regular Fed (control, 10 mg/fish/day with 0 mg/kg DEHP), Overfed (20 mg/fish/day with 0 mg/kg DEHP), Regular Fed + DEHP (10 mg/fish/day with 3 mg/kg DEHP), Overfed + DEHP (20 mg/fish/day with 3 mg/kg DEHP). After 24 weeks, swim tunnel assays were conducted on half of the zebrafish from each treatment to measure critical swimming speeds (Ucrit); the other fish were euthanized without swimming. Body mass index (BMI) was measured, and tissues were collected for blood lipid characterization and gene expression analyses. Co-exposure to DEHP and overfeeding decreased swim performance as measured by Ucrit. While no differences in blood lipids were observed with DEHP exposure, differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and utilization in the gastrointestinal and liver tissue suggests alterations in metabolism and lipid packaging, which may impact utilization and ability to mobilize lipid reserves during physical activity following chronic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Buerger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Parente
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason P Harris
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily G Watts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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26
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Yoon H, Kim TH, Lee BC, Lee B, Kim P, Shin BS, Choi J. Comparison of the exposure assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate between the PBPK model-based reverse dosimetry and scenario-based analysis: A Korean general population study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133549. [PMID: 35066077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), classified as a reproductive toxicant, is a ubiquitous pollutant in foodstuffs, dust, and commercial products. In this study, to provide a useful cross-check on the accuracy of the exposure assessment, the estimated daily intake of DEHP was compared using reverse dosimetry with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a scenario-based probabilistic estimation model for six subpopulations in Korea. For reverse dosimetry analysis, the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, namely mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), from three human biomonitoring program datasets were used. For the scenario-based model, we evaluated the various exposure sources of DEHP, including diet, air, indoor dust, soil, and personal care products (PCPs), and also determined its levels based on the literature review and measurements of indoor dust. The DEHP exposure doses using both exposure assessment approaches were similar in all cases, except for the 95th percentile exposure doses in toddlers (1-2 years) and young children (3-6 years). The PBPK-reverse dosimetry estimated daily intakes at the 95th percentile ranged between 22.53 and 29.90 μg/kg/day for toddlers and young children. These exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of 20 μg/kg bw/day of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on the increased relative liver weight. Although, food was considered the primary source of DEHP, contributing to a total exposure of 50.8-75.1%, the effect of exposure to indoor dust should not be overlooked. The occurrence of high levels of DEHP in indoor dust collected from Korean homes suggests the use of a wide variety of consumer products containing DEHP. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the high exposure levels of DEHP, especially in young children. Therefore, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring of the indoor dust, consumer products, and the body burden of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheun Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Association between recurrent breast cancer and phthalate exposure modified by hormone receptors and body mass index. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2858. [PMID: 35190574 PMCID: PMC8861041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between phthalate exposure and breast cancer remains controversial. We performed a prospective patient cohort design to explore the interaction between creatinine-corrected urinary phthalate metabolites and hormone receptors as well as body mass index (BMI) on recurrent breast cancer. In this follow-up study, 636 female breast cancer patients and 45 new recurrent cases diagnosed for a total of 1576.68 person-years of follow-up were recruited. Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) was negatively associated with breast cancer recurrence, with adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 3rd vs. 1st quartile of 0.15 (95% CI 0.04–0.51). The MEOHP presented as a non-monotonic dose–response (NMDR) curve, being U-shaped. In the stratification of hormone receptors, MEOHP still exhibited a U-shaped dose–response curve. The third quartile of MEOHP showed significant lowest recurrent risk in the status of ER-positive (aHR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.66), PR-negative (aHR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03–0.63), and HER2-negative (aHR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.76). Whether in BMI < 25 or in BMI ≥ 25, the third quartile of MEOHP was negatively associated with recurrent breast cancer, and there was a negative interaction on an additive scale between MEOHP and BMI (pinteraction = 0.042). The association between MEOHP and recurrent breast cancer was modified by hormone receptors and BMI.
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Associations between maternal mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels, nuclear receptor gene polymorphisms, and fatty acid levels in pregnant Japanese women in the Hokkaido study. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:22-32. [PMID: 34801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed how the interaction between mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in maternal sera and the maternal genotypes associated with nuclear receptors affect fatty acid levels in a prospective birth cohort study of pregnant Japanese individuals (n = 437) recruited in Sapporo between 2002 and 2005. We analyzed MEHP and fatty acids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPAR gamma (PPARG), PPARG coactivator 1A (PPARGC1A), PPAR delta, constitutive androstane receptor, liver X receptor (LXR) alpha, and LXR beta (LXRB) were analyzed using real-time PCR. Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm the influence of log10-transformed MEHP levels and maternal genotypes on log10-transformed fatty acid levels. When the effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and the maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678) genotype on oleic acid levels were evaluated, the estimated changes (95 % confidence intervals) in oleic acid levels against MEHP levels, maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678)-GA/AA genotype, and the interaction between them showed a mean reduction of 0.200 (0.079, 0.322), mean reduction of 0.141 (0.000, 0.283), and mean increase of 0.145 (0.010, 0.281), respectively, after adjusting for the perfluorooctanesulfonate level. The effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and maternal LXRB (rs2303044) genotype on linoleic acid levels was also significant (pint = 0.010). In conclusion, the interaction between MEHP and the maternal genotypes PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and LXRB (rs2303044) decreased fatty acid levels. Further, the interaction between MEHP and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) may have a greater effect on fatty acid levels than the interaction between PFOS and PPARGC1A.
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Maffini MV, Geueke B, Groh K, Carney Almroth B, Muncke J. Role of epidemiology in risk assessment: a case study of five ortho-phthalates. Environ Health 2021; 20:114. [PMID: 34775973 PMCID: PMC8591894 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between environmental chemical exposures and chronic diseases is of increasing concern. Chemical risk assessment relies heavily on pre-market toxicity testing to identify safe levels of exposure, often known as reference doses (RfD), expected to be protective of human health. Although some RfDs have been reassessed in light of new hazard information, it is not a common practice. Continuous surveillance of animal and human data, both in terms of exposures and associated health outcomes, could provide valuable information to risk assessors and regulators. Using ortho-phthalates as case study, we asked whether RfDs deduced from male reproductive toxicity studies and set by traditional regulatory toxicology approaches sufficiently protect the population for other health outcomes. METHODS We searched for epidemiological studies on benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Data were extracted from studies where any of the five chemicals or their metabolites were measured and showed a statistically significant association with a health outcome; 38 studies met the criteria. We estimated intake for each phthalate from urinary metabolite concentration and compared estimated intake ranges associated with health endpoints to each phthalate's RfD. RESULT For DBP, DIBP, and BBP, the estimated intake ranges significantly associated with health endpoints were all below their individual RfDs. For DEHP, the intake range included associations at levels both below and above its RfD. For DCHP, no relevant studies could be identified. The significantly affected endpoints revealed by our analysis include metabolic, neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, obesity, and changes in hormone levels. Most of these conditions are not routinely evaluated in animal testing employed in regulatory toxicology. CONCLUSION We conclude that for DBP, DIBP, BBP, and DEHP current RfDs estimated based on male reproductive toxicity may not be sufficiently protective of other health effects. Thus, a new approach is needed where post-market exposures, epidemiological and clinical data are systematically reviewed to ensure adequate health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
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Biemann R, Blüher M, Isermann B. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds such as phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with an increased risk for obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101546. [PMID: 33966978 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies suggests that the increased production of synthetic chemicals that interfere with the proper functioning of the hormonal system, so-called endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), might be involved in the development and rapid spread of obesity, coined the obesity epidemic. Recent findings have demonstrated that EDCs may interfere with hormonal receptors that regulate adipogenesis and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to EDCs has been shown to influence the metabolism of the developing embryo through epigenetic mechanisms and to promote obesity in subsequent generations. In this Review, we discuss the potential impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate-based plasticizers on obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Special emphasis is given to the obesogenic effects of prenatal exposure and strategies for identifying, regulating, and replacing EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Review on Toxic Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Zebrafish Embryos. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9080193. [PMID: 34437511 PMCID: PMC8402419 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in consumer products. People are continuously exposed to DEHP through ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. From epidemiological studies, DEHP has been shown to associate with various adverse health effects, such as reproductive abnormalities and metabolic diseases. Health concerns have been raised regarding DEHP exposures; therefore, relevant risk assessment has become necessary through toxicological testing of DEHP. In the past 10 years, an increasing number of DEHP toxicity studies have been using zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model due to their high fecundity, rapid embryonic development as well as optical transparency, which have now been established as an alternative of the more conventional rodent model. The aim of the present paper is to review the effects of acute (from embryo stage to ≤1 week) and chronic (from embryo stage to >1 week) DEHP exposures on zebrafish, which start from the embryonic stage, and to analyze acute and potential long-term effects induced by acute exposure and effects induced by chronic exposure of DEHP upon subjecting to exposures, starting from the embryonic stage to different developmental stages, with a view to facilitate risk assessments on DEHP exposures.
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Hung SC, Lin TI, Suen JL, Liu HK, Wu PL, Wu CY, Yang YCSH, Yang SN, Yang YN. Phthalate Exposure Pattern in Breast Milk within a Six-Month Postpartum Time in Southern Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115726. [PMID: 34073581 PMCID: PMC8198263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer, has been detected in breast milk in many countries; however, whether phthalate metabolite concentration and the detection rate in breast milk change postpartum is still unknown. We measured phthalate metabolite concentrations in breast milk in the first 6 months postpartum in women enrolled in the E-Da hospital from January to July 2017. A total of 56 breastfeeding mothers and 66 samples were included in this study. We analyzed the samples’ concentration of eight phthalate metabolites using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentration of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was significantly higher in the first month, and then decreased over time. The detection rate of ono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) was low in the first month and then increased over time. Compared with a previous study published in 2011, the levels of MEHP and MiBP in breast milk were much lower in the present study, suggesting an increased awareness of the health risks of phthalate exposure after a food scandal occurred in Taiwan. This study provides information for evaluating newborns’ exposure to different kinds of phthalate through human milk in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Che Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Kuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ning Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (T.-I.L.); (H.-K.L.); (P.-L.W.); (C.-Y.W.); (S.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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Han SJ, Lee SH. Nontraditional Risk Factors for Obesity in Modern Society. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30:93-103. [PMID: 34011693 PMCID: PMC8277595 DOI: 10.7570/jomes21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity, which have rapidly increased around the world in recent years, are significant health problems. They can lead to various morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, some types of cancer, and even death. Obesity is caused by an energy imbalance due to excessive calorie intake and insufficient energy consumption, and genetic factors and individual behavioral problems are also known to be major contributing factors. However, these are insufficient to explain the surge in obesity that has occurred in recent decades. Recent studies have suggested that environmental factors arising from the process of socioeconomic development and modernization contribute to this phenomenon. These environmental factors include light pollution due to artificial lighting, air pollution, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and reduced exposure to green spaces due to urbanization of residential areas. In this manuscript, the findings and mechanisms of these novel risk factors causing overweight and obesity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bloom MS, Valachovic EL, Begum TF, Kucklick JR, Brock JW, Wenzel AG, Wineland RJ, Cruze L, Unal ER, Newman RB. Association between gestational phthalate exposure and newborn head circumference; impacts by race and sex. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110763. [PMID: 33516688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Observational and experimental studies report associations between gestational phthalate exposure and fetal development, yet few data exist to characterize phthalate effects on head circumference (HC) or to estimate the impact of race or sex. To address this data gap, we enrolled 152 African American and 158 white mothers with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies from the Charleston, South Carolina (USA) metropolitan area in a prospective birth cohort. Study participants provided up to two urine specimens during mid and late gestation, completed a study questionnaire, and allowed access to hospital birth records. We measured eight phthalate monoester metabolites using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and calculated molar sums of phthalate parent diesters. After specific gravity correction, we tested for associations between phthalates and neonatal HC (cm) and cephalization index (cm/g) using multiple informant linear regression with inverse probability weighting to account for selection bias between repeated urine sampling, adjusted for maternal race, age, body mass index, education, and smoking. We explored interactions by maternal race and infant sex. A doubling of urinary monoethyl phthalate (MEP) concentration was associated with a -0.49% (95%CI: -0.95%, -0.02%) smaller head circumference, although seven other phthalate metabolites were null. There were no statistically significant associations with cephalization index. HC was larger for whites than African American newborns (p < 0.0001) but similar for males and females (p = 0.16). We detected interactions for maternal race with urinary monobutyl phthalate (MBP; p = 0.03), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP; p = 0.01), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP; p = 0.05), monomethyl phthalate (MMP; p = 0.02), and the sum of dibutyl phthalate metabolites (∑DBP; p = 0.05), in which reduced HC circumference associations were stronger among whites than African Americans, and interactions for sex with MBP (p = 0.08) and MiBP (p = 0.03), in which associations were stronger for females than males. Our results suggest that gestational phthalate exposure is associated with smaller neonatal HC and that white mothers and female newborns have greater susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bloom
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Edward L Valachovic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Thoin F Begum
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Abby G Wenzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca J Wineland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lori Cruze
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Hagobian T, Delli-Bovi Z, Mercado A, Bird A, Guy M, Phelan S. Development and feasibility of randomized trial to reduce urinary bisphenols in women with obesity. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33436090 PMCID: PMC7802296 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol exposure is widespread and correlated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Previous intervention studies have successfully lowered bisphenol exposure among women of normal weight. The primary objective of this study was to develop and test the feasibility of a 3-week behavioral change intervention, rooted in social cognitive theory, to lower a broad range of bisphenols (BPA, BPS, and BPF) in women with obesity. METHODS Thirty women with obesity (31.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2, 21.1 ± 3.1 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control. The intervention included weekly face-to-face meetings to reduce bisphenol exposures from food, cosmetics, and packaged products. Fasting urinary bisphenols, creatinine, and weight were assessed at study entry and after 3 weeks. RESULTS The intervention was evaluated as feasible (100% of enrollment and recruitment, 96% of retention and attendance at lesson plan visits, and 96% of a collection of urine samples). Adherence to the intervention was estimated based on completion of self-monitoring records; the number of daily records completed was 7.7 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) after week 1, 7.1 ± 1.5 after week 2, and 4.4 ± 0.9 after week 3. In secondary analysis, there was a significant treatment × time effect on creatinine-corrected urinary BPS (- 1.42 μg/g creatinine in the intervention vs. - 0.09 μg/g creatinine in the control group). CONCLUSION In women with obesity, the 3-week intervention was considered feasible with promising preliminary results of decreasing BPS concentrations. These data warrant future large-scale clinical trial interventions to reduce bisphenol exposure and determine whether reductions in bisphenols positively impact diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk markers. This study was retroactively registered at ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT03440307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Hagobian
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.
| | - Zoe Delli-Bovi
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Adrian Mercado
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Alyssa Bird
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Megan Guy
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Center for Health Research and Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
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Mohanto NC, Ito Y, Kato S, Kamijima M. Life-Time Environmental Chemical Exposure and Obesity: Review of Epidemiological Studies Using Human Biomonitoring Methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778737. [PMID: 34858347 PMCID: PMC8632231 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential global increase in the incidence of obesity may be partly attributable to environmental chemical (EC) exposure. Humans are constantly exposed to ECs, primarily through environmental components. This review compiled human epidemiological study findings of associations between blood and/or urinary exposure levels of ECs and anthropometric overweight and obesity indices. The findings reveal research gaps that should be addressed. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) for full text English articles published in 2006-2020 using the keywords "environmental exposure" and "obesity". A total of 821 articles were retrieved; 102 reported relationships between environmental exposure and obesity indices. ECs were the predominantly studied environmental exposure compounds. The ECs were grouped into phenols, phthalates, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to evaluate obesogenic roles. In total, 106 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were summarized after an additional search by each group of EC combined with obesity in the PubMed and Scopus databases. Dose-dependent positive associations between bisphenol A (BPA) and various obesity indices were revealed. Both individual and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and non-DEHP metabolites showed inconsistent associations with overweight and obesity indices, although mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) seem to have obesogenic roles in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Maternal exposure levels of individual POP metabolites or congeners showed inconsistent associations, whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were positively associated with obesity indices. There was insufficient evidence of associations between early childhood EC exposure and the subsequent development of overweight and obesity in late childhood. Overall, human evidence explicitly reveals the consistent obesogenic roles of BPA, DDE, and PFOA, but inconsistent roles of phthalate metabolites and other POPs. Further prospective studies may yield deeper insights into the overall scenario.
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Lee I, Park YJ, Kim MJ, Kim S, Choi S, Park J, Cho YH, Hong S, Yoo J, Park H, Cheon GJ, Choi K, Moon MK. Associations of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and parabens with obesity and diabetes mellitus in a Korean adult population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2017. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106227. [PMID: 33152652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been suspected as risk factors for obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) among humans. However, associations between phthalates and environmental phenols are often inconsistent across different populations. In this study, we recruited the adult population (n = 3782) of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2017 (Cycle 3) and assessed the associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalate, BPA, and paraben exposure with obesity and DM. A potential collider issue with the use of urinary creatinine (Cr) or specific gravity (SG) exists when adjusting urinary dilution; therefore, a covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS) was employed for adjustment, and the results were compared. In the present population, the direction of the association often varied depending on the choices made to adjust urinary dilution. When using CAS, the direction of association resembled those of previously reported experimental observations. With Cr or SG adjustment, ORs for obesity decreased in the highest quartiles of monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.71 (0.54, 0.93); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.90)], monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate (MCNP) [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.67 (0.52, 0.87); SG: 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)], and mono(3-carboxylpropyl) phthalate (MCPP) in the urine [OR (95% CI) = Cr: 0.60 (0.47, 0.76); SG: 0.61 (0.48, 0.77)]; however, with CAS, these negative associations disappeared. Instead, mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.03, 1.66)], BPA [OR (95% CI) = 1.62 (1.27, 2.06)], or ethyl paraben (EtP) [OR (95% CI) = 1.51 (1.19, 1.91)] concentrations in the highest quartile showed positive associations with a higher risk of obesity. On the other hand, for DM, an overall decrease in ORs was observed for phthalate metabolites and BPA following SG adjustment and disappeared with CAS adjustment. In addition, the highest quartiles of BPA, methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) showed a significantly higher risk of DM than those in the lowest quartiles following CAS [OR (95% CI) = BPA: 1.65 (1.06, 2.59); MeP: 1.68 (1.08, 2.60); and EtP: 2.74 (1.77, 4.24), respectively]. The present observations outline the importance of using an appropriate adjustment method for urinary dilution in association studies on obesity and DM. In addition, several phthalates, BPA, and parabens were identified as potential chemical risk factors for these outcomes. Further studies are warranted in other populations to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Choi
- College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyong Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Devision of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wu AH, Franke AA, Wilkens LR, Tseng C, Conroy SM, Li Y, Polfus LM, De Rouen M, Caberto C, Haiman C, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Cheng I. Urinary phthalate exposures and risk of breast cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:44. [PMID: 33823904 PMCID: PMC8025373 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiologic evidence from observational studies on breast cancer risk and phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals, has been inconsistent. In the only previous study based on pre-diagnostic urinary phthalates and risk of breast cancer, results were null in mostly white women. METHODS We examined the association between pre-diagnostic urinary phthalates and breast cancer in a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study, presenting the first data from five major racial/ethnic groups in the USA. We measured 10 phthalate metabolites and phthalic acid, using a sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay on 1032 women with breast cancer (48 African Americans, 77 Latinos, 155 Native Hawaiians, 478 Japanese Americans, and 274 Whites) and 1030 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine risk with individual metabolites and ratios of primary (MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate) to secondary (MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl); MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexy)) metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer. In addition, we investigated risk associations with high (∑HMWP) and low molecular weight (∑LMWP) phthalates, as well as total phthalates which included high and low molecular weight phthalates with phthalic acid (∑LMHMPA) or without phthalic acid in molar ratios (∑LMHMmolar) and adjusted for creatinine and potential confounders. RESULTS Among all women, breast cancer risk was higher for those in tertile 2 and tertile 3 of primary to secondary metabolites of DEHP (MEHP/(MEHHP + MEOHP)) in comparison to those in tertile 1; the respective odds ratios were 1.32 (95% CI 1.04-1.68) and 1.26 (95% CI 0.96-1.66) (Ptrend = 0.05). Risk among Native Hawaiian women increased with exposures to eight of ten individual phthalates and total phthalates (∑LMHMPA ORT3 vs T1 = 2.66, 95% CI 1.39-5.12, Ptrend = 0.001). In analysis by hormone receptor (HR) status, exposure above the median of ∑LMWP was associated with an increased risk of HR-positive breast cancer (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.60) while above the median exposure to phthalic acid was associated with an increased risk of HR-negative breast cancer (ORabove vs below median = 1.59, 95% CI 1.01-2.48). CONCLUSIONS Further investigations of suggestive associations of elevated breast cancer risk with higher ratios of primary to secondary metabolites of DEHP, and differences in risk patterns by race/ethnicity and HR status are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Wu
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Rm 4443, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Adrian A. Franke
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Chiuchen Tseng
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Rm 4443, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Shannon M. Conroy
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Linda M. Polfus
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Rm 4443, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Mindy De Rouen
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Christian Caberto
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Rm 4443, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Rm 4443, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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Philips EM, Jaddoe VWV, Deierlein A, Asimakopoulos AG, Kannan K, Steegers EAP, Trasande L. Exposures to phthalates and bisphenols in pregnancy and postpartum weight gain in a population-based longitudinal birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106002. [PMID: 32745783 PMCID: PMC7572597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests that exposures to phthalates and bisphenols may interfere with processes related to glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body weight. Few studies have considered the possible influence of chemical exposures during pregnancy on maternal weight gain or metabolic health outcomes postpartum. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of early and mid-pregnancy bisphenol and phthalate urine concentrations with maternal weight gain 6 years postpartum. METHODS We analyzed urine samples for bisphenol, phthalate and creatinine concentrations from early and mid-pregnancy in 1192 women in a large, population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and examined postpartum weight gain using maternal anthropometrics before pregnancy and 6 years postpartum. We have used covariate-adjusted linear regressions to evaluate associations of early and mid-pregnancy bisphenols and phthalate metabolites with weight change. Mediator and interaction models have been used to assess the role of gestational weight gain and breastfeeding, respectively. Sensitivity analysis is performed among women without subsequent pregnancies. RESULTS Among all 1192 mothers included in the analysis, each log unit increase in the average bisphenol A and all assessed phthalate groupings were associated with increased maternal weight gain. As a proxy for phthalate exposure, each log unit increase in averaged phthalic acid was associated with 734 g weight gain (95% CI 273-1196 g) between pre-pregnancy and 6 years postpartum. Mediation by gestational weight gain was not present. Breastfeeding and ethnicity did not modify the effects. Stratification revealed these associations to be strongest among overweight and obese women. Among women without subsequent pregnancies (n = 373) associations of bisphenols, HMW phthalate metabolites and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate metabolites attenuated. For phthalic acid, LMW phthalate metabolites and di-n-octylphthalate metabolites associations increased. Similarly to the whole group, stratification yielded significant results among overweight and obese women. DISCUSSION In a large population-based birth cohort, early and mid-pregnancy phthalate exposures are associated with weight gain 6 years postpartum, particularly among overweight and obese women. These data support ongoing action to replace phthalates with safer alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Philips
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Deierlein
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States; New York Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, NY, United States.
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Buerger AN, Dillon DT, Schmidt J, Yang T, Zubcevic J, Martyniuk CJ, Bisesi JH. Gastrointestinal dysbiosis following diethylhexyl phthalate exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Altered microbial diversity, functionality, and network connectivity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114496. [PMID: 32806437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome community structure is intimately involved in key biological functions in the gastrointestinal (GI) system including nutrient absorption and lipid metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that disruption of the GI microbiome is a contributing factor to metabolic disorders and obesity. Poor diet and chemical exposure have been independently shown to cause disruption of the GI microbiome community structure and function. We hypothesized that the addition a chemical exposure to overfeeding exacerbates adverse effects on the GI microbiome community structure and function. To test this hypothesis, adult zebrafish were fed a normal feeding regime (Control), an overfeeding regime (OF), or an overfeeding regime contaminated with diethylhexyl phthalate (OF + DEHP), a suspected obesogen-inducing chemical. After 60 days, fecal matter was collected for sequencing, identification, and quantification of the GI microbiome using the 16s rRNA hypervariable region. Analysis of beta diversity indicated distinct microbial profiles between treatments with the largest divergence between Control and OF + DEHP groups. Based upon functional predictions, OF + DEHP treatment altered carbohydrate metabolism, while both OF and OF + DEHP affected biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipid metabolism. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed decreases in cluster size and a fracturing of the microbial community network into unconnected components and a loss of keystone species in the OF + DEHP treatment when compared to Control and OF treatments. Data suggest that the addition of DEHP in the diet may exacerbate microbial dysbiosis, a consequence that may explain in part its role as an obesogenic chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Buerger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David T Dillon
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan Schmidt
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- The Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH, USA; Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Lin CY, Lee HL, Hwang YT, Wang C, Hsieh CJ, Wu C, Sung FC, Su TC. The association between urine di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites, global DNA methylation, and subclinical atherosclerosis in a young Taiwanese population. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114912. [PMID: 32540595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been utilized in many products for years. DEHP exposure has been linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and its risk factors. Recent evidence has found a crucial role for epigenetics, including DNA methylation, in CVD. Moreover, DEHP exposure has proved to alter DNA methylation in epidemiological studies. However, the interplay between DEHP exposure, global DNA methylation, and atherosclerosis has never been reported. In this current study, we enrolled 793 participants (12-30 years) from a Taiwanese population to investigate the association between concentrations of DEHP metabolites, 5mdC/dG (global DNA methylation marker) and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). The results showed urine mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) level was positively correlated with 5mdC/dG and CIMT, respectively. In logistic regression models, the odds ratios (OR) of thicker CIMT (greater than 75th percentile) with one unit increase in ln-MEHP level was higher when levels of 5mdC/dG were above 50%. In structural equation model, the result showed urine MEHP levels are directly associated with CIMT. Moreover, MEHP had an indirect association with CIMT through the 5mdC/dG after adjusting other confounding effects. In the current study, urine DEHP metabolite levels were positively correlated with 5mdC/dG, and CIMT. Our results showed DEHP had a direct and indirect association with CIMT through the 5mdC/dG. The finding implies that DNA methylation may mediate the association between DEHP exposures and subclinical atherosclerosis in this young population. Future effort is needed to elucidate the causal relationship between DEHP exposure, DNA methylation and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hwang
- Department of Statistics, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan
| | - Chikang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualian County, 970, Taiwan
| | - Charlene Wu
- Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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Basak S, Das MK, Duttaroy AK. Plastics derived endocrine-disrupting compounds and their effects on early development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1308-1325. [PMID: 32476245 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the estrogenic effects of bisphenols were first described 80 years ago, recent data about its potential negative impact on birth outcome parameters raises a strong rationale to investigate further. The adverse health effects of plastics recommend to measure the impacts of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in human health. Exposure to these compounds in utero may program the diseases of the testis, prostate, kidney and abnormalities in the immune system, and cause tumors, uterine hemorrhage during pregnancy and polycystic ovary. These compounds also control the processes of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset diseases by modulating DNA methylation and epimutations in reproductive cells. The early developmental stage is the most susceptible window for developmental and genomic programming. The critical stages of the events for a normal human birth lie between the many transitions occurring between spermatogenesis, egg fertilization and the fully formed fetus. As the cells begin to grow and differentiate, there are critical balances of hormones, and protein synthesis. Data are emerging on how these plastic-derived compounds affect embryogenesis, placentation and feto-placental development since pregnant women and unborn fetuses are often exposed to these factors during preconception and throughout gestation. Impaired early development that ultimately influences fetal outcomes is at the center of many developmental disorders and contributes an independent risk factor for adult chronic diseases. This review will summarize the current status on the impact of exposure to plastic derived EDCs on the growth, gene expression, epigenetic and angiogenic activities of the early fetal development process and their possible effects on birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mrinal K Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kwan WS, Nikezic D, Roy VAL, Yu KN. Multiple Stressor Effects of Radon and Phthalates in Children: Background Information and Future Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2898. [PMID: 32331399 PMCID: PMC7215282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews available background information for studying multiple stressor effects of radon (222Rn) and phthalates in children and provides insights on future directions. In realistic situations, living organisms are collectively subjected to many environmental stressors, with the resultant effects being referred to as multiple stressor effects. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can lead to lung cancers. On the other hand, phthalates are semi-volatile organic compounds widely applied as plasticizers to provide flexibility to plastic in consumer products. Links of phthalates to various health effects have been reported, including allergy and asthma. In the present review, the focus on indoor contaminants was due to their higher concentrations and to the higher indoor occupancy factor, while the focus on the pediatric population was due to their inherent sensitivity and their spending more time close to the floor. Two main future directions in studying multiple stressor effects of radon and phthalates in children were proposed. The first one was on computational modeling and micro-dosimetric studies, and the second one was on biological studies. In particular, dose-response relationship and effect-specific models for combined exposures to radon and phthalates would be necessary. The ideas and methodology behind such proposed research work are also applicable to studies on multiple stressor effects of collective exposures to other significant airborne contaminants, and to population groups other than children.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. S. Kwan
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - D. Nikezic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića 9, RS-36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia;
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - K. N. Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Filardi T, Panimolle F, Lenzi A, Morano S. Bisphenol A and Phthalates in Diet: An Emerging Link with Pregnancy Complications. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020525. [PMID: 32092855 PMCID: PMC7071371 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that are able to interfere with hormone action, likely contributing to the development of several endocrine and metabolic diseases. Among them, Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates contaminate food and water and have been largely studied as obesogenic agents. They might contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in pregnancy, potentially playing a role in the development of pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and adverse outcomes. Pregnancy and childhood are sensitive windows of susceptibility, and, although with not univocal results, preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that exposure to BPA and phthalates at these stages of life might have an impact on the development of metabolic diseases even many years later. The molecular mechanisms underlying this association are largely unknown, but adipocyte and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are suspected to be involved. Remarkably, transgenerational damage has been observed, which might be explained by epigenetic changes. Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and to provide preventive measure to limit health risks connected with exposure to EDCs.
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Chuang SC, Chen HC, Sun CW, Chen YA, Wang YH, Chiang CJ, Chen CC, Wang SL, Chen CJ, Hsiung CA. Phthalate exposure and prostate cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108902. [PMID: 31785779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalic acid esters are established as endocrine disruptors. The study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and prostate cancer occurrence. METHODS The study was based on the Taiwan Community-Based Cancer Screening Program, which was set up in 1991-1992 and followed periodically. By 2010, 80 incident prostate cancer cases were identified in the 12,020 men. For each case, 2 controls were randomly selected, matched by age (±3 years), urine collection date (±3 months), and residential township. Frequently used phthalate metabolites from the urine samples were quantified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between the exposure levels and prostate cancer occurrence. RESULTS Exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl), butyl-benzyl and di-isobutyl phthalates (DEHP, BBzP, DiBP) was positively associated with prostate cancer in men with waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm but not in the leans. Odds ratio for the DEHP metabolite summary score (upper tertile compared to the rest) and prostate cancer were 7.76 (95% CI = 1.95-30.9) for WC ≥ 90 cm. CONCLUSIONS DEHP, BBzP, and DiBP exposure were associated with prostate cancer occurrence in abdominally obese men. The main limitation remains the lack of mechanistic experiments and comparable toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chi Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-An Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan Cancer Registry, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Zhu Q, Hou J, Yin W, Ye F, Xu T, Cheng J, Yu Z, Wang L, Yuan J. Associations of a mixture of urinary phthalate metabolites with blood lipid traits: A repeated-measures pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113509. [PMID: 31767236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is available about the associations of phthalates or their metabolites with blood lipids, however, the mixture effects of multiple phthalate metabolites on blood lipid traits remain largely unknown. In this pilot study, 106 individuals at three age groups of <18, 18- and ≥60 years were recruited from the residents (n = 1240) who were randomly selected from two communities in Wuhan city, China. The participants completed the questionnaire survey and physical examination as well as provided urine samples in the winter of 2014 and the summer of 2015. We measured urinary levels of nine phthalate metabolites using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We estimated the associations of individual phthalate metabolite with blood lipid traits by linear mixed effect (LME) models, and assessed the overall association of the mixture of nine phthalate metabolites with blood lipid traits using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models. LME models revealed the negative association of urinary mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) with total cholesterol (TC) as well as of urinary mono-benzyl phthalate or urinary MEHP with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). BKMR models revealed the negative overall association of the mixture of nine phthalate metabolites with TC or LDL-C, and DEHP metabolites (especially MEHP) had a greater contribution to TC or LDL-C levels than non-DEHP metabolites. The findings indicated the negative overall association of the mixture of nine phthalate metabolites with TC or LDL-C. Among nine phthalate metabolites, MEHP was the most important component for the changes of TC or LDL-C levels, implying that phthalates exposure may disrupt lipid metabolism in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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Ribeiro C, Mendes V, Peleteiro B, Delgado I, Araújo J, Aggerbeck M, Annesi-Maesano I, Sarigiannis D, Ramos E. Association between the exposure to phthalates and adiposity: A meta-analysis in children and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108780. [PMID: 31610390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental chemicals has become one of the major concerns in the past decades. Phthalates are a family of synthetic organic chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics, solvents, and personal care products. These compounds are considered as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) since they may interfere with the endocrine system and disrupt its physiologic function. AIM The purpose of this work is to synthesize results from published literature on the association between the exposure to phthalates and adiposity in adults and children. METHODS We searched PubMed from inception up to 01 August 2019, to retrieve original papers reporting data on the association between EDCs and adiposity, using the following search expression: (("Endocrine disruptor" OR Endocrine disruptor[mh] OR phthalate) AND (Obesity OR Overweight OR BMI OR "Body fat" OR Adipose tissue[mh] OR Body size[mh] OR "body size" OR "body weight" OR Anthropometry OR "anthropometric measures")) AND (humans[mh]). The study variables and characteristics were collected during data extraction, namely the study design, sample, exposure, outcome, descriptive and association measures. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE template for observational studies. Although studies examined several adiposity measures, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) were the most commonly used, therefore, we used the beta coefficients regarding BMI and WC, and odds ratios when BMI outcome was categorical to perform the meta-analysis. Data from the studies were combined using fixed effects meta-analyses to compute summary regression coefficients or odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the I2 statistic. RESULTS In the systematic review we found 29 publications addressing the association between phthalate compounds and adiposity. The vast majority of the included studies reported associations that were not statistically significant. For most of the phthalate compounds there were few studies providing compatible measures and therefore it was not possible to combine the results in a meta-analysis. Both for BMI and WC, the meta-analysis for MiBP, MCPP and MbzP showed negative associations and null association for MBP in children, although none of them was significant. For MEP, positive but not significant associations were found both in children and adults. Conversely, for MEHP a negative association was found also in children and adults although it did not reach statistical significance. Only for MECPP a significant association was found for obesity in adults (OR = 1.67 (95% CI 1.30; 2.16). CONCLUSION In general, a positive association between phthalates and adiposity measures was found, especially in adults. However, most of the results did not reach statistical significance and the inconsistencies found between studies did not allow to reach a definitive conclusion. Additionally, we cannot exclude a possible effect of publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Mendes
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Peleteiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Delgado
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martine Aggerbeck
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Dept (EPAR), Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Rua das Taipas nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Li X, Duan Y, Sun H, Zhang P, Xu J, Hua X, Jin L, Li M. Human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area: Get insight into impacts of spatial variation and manipulation mode. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105143. [PMID: 31630067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one important category of additives in plastics, which are ubiquitous products of e-waste recycling areas, where PAEs are released to the environment intensively and higher exposure level is expected for the employees. This study investigated human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area (Ziya Circular Economy Park (ZCEP) in Tianjin, China) with intending to explore the impacts of residence spatial variation and dismantling manipulation mode. We collected 157 urine samples from three sites around ZCEP with different distances from the core dismantling site and urinary phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) concentrations were measured and were compared among these three sites. The exposure levels of PAEs exhibited spatial variation according to the distance from the core dismantling site, and urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations (389 ng/mL) of the employees in ZCEP were significantly higher than those of residents in Ziya town (285 ng/mL) and the downtown of Jinghai district (207 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAEs exposure levels were significantly affected by the manipulation modes in the e-waste recycling area and the urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations in the employees of family workshops (401 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in plants with centralized management (298 ng/mL). There were obvious differences on the urinary median mPAEs concentrations between subgroups based on age, BMI, and sex; however, no significant statistical associations were found between PAEs exposure levels and these socio-demographic indices (p > 0.05). Besides, there was no correlation between exposure levels of different PAEs and their physicochemical parameters like the logKow (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yishuang Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Liu X, Craig ZR. Environmentally relevant exposure to dibutyl phthalate disrupts DNA damage repair gene expression in the mouse ovary†. Biol Reprod 2019; 101:854-867. [PMID: 31318015 PMCID: PMC6930367 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates have a history of reproductive toxicity in animal models and associations with adverse reproductive outcomes in women. Human exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) occurs via consumer products (7-10 μg/kg/day) and medications (1-233 μg/kg/day). Most DBP toxicity studies have focused on high supraphysiological exposure levels; thus, very little is known about exposures occurring at environmentally relevant levels. CD-1 female mice (80 days old) were treated with tocopherol-stripped corn oil (vehicle control) or DBP dissolved in oil at environmentally relevant (10 and 100 μg/kg/day) or higher (1000 μg/kg/day) levels for 30 days to evaluate effects on DNA damage response (DDR) pathway genes and folliculogenesis. DBP exposure caused dose-dependent effects on folliculogenesis and gene expression. Specifically, animals exposed to the high dose of DBP had more atretic follicles in their ovaries, while in those treated with environmentally relevant doses, follicle numbers were no different from vehicle-treated controls. DBP exposure significantly reduced the expression of DDR genes including those involved in homologous recombination (Atm, Brca1, Mre11a, Rad50), mismatch repair (Msh3, Msh6), and nucleotide excision repair (Xpc, Pcna) in a dose-specific manner. Interestingly, staining for the DNA damage marker, γH2AX, was similar between treatments. DBP exposure did not result in differential DNA methylation in the Brca1 promoter but significantly reduced transcript levels for the maintenance DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1, in the ovary. Collectively, these findings show that oral exposure to environmentally relevant levels of DBP for 30 days does not significantly impact folliculogenesis in adult mice but leads to aberrant ovarian expression of DDR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zelieann R Craig
- School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), 2012-2014. Ann Occup Environ Med 2019; 31:e23. [PMID: 31620300 PMCID: PMC6779927 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phthalate is a chemical that is commonly used as a plasticizer in processing plastic products and as a solvent in personal care products. Although previous experimental studies have reported that phthalate metabolites are associated with obesity, epidemiological study results have been inconsistent and insufficient. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and obesity in adult Korean population. Methods The present study selected 4,752 Korean adults aged 19 years or older from the 2012–2014 Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. The concentrations of urinary di-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites—i.e., mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate—mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were adjusted using the urinary creatinine. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between urinary phthalate metabolite concentration and body mass index (BMI) with respect to sex and age. Results Among women, urinary MEHHP and DEHP concentrations were found to have statistically significantly positive associations with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; odds ratio (OR): 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–2.49 for MEHHP and OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.21 for DEHP). Among men, urinary MnBP concentration was found to have statistically significantly negative association with obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–0.99). In the analysis stratified by sex and age, women aged ≥ 50 years showed statistically significantly positive associations between the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, DEHP, MBzP, and obesity (Q4 versus Q1; OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.28–2.94 for MEHHP, OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.21–2.94 for MEOHP, OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.31–3.18 for DEHP, and Q3 versus Q1; OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.02–2.05 for MBzP). Meanwhile, men aged ≥ 50 years showed no significant associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and obesity. Conclusions In the present study, we found differences in the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and BMI according to sex and age. However, because the present study was cross-sectional in nature, additional support through prospective studies is needed to estimate the causal associations.
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