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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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Kobayashi K, Ohte S, Ohshiro T, Ugaki N, Tomoda H. A Mixture of Atropisomers Enhances Neutral Lipid Degradation in Mammalian Cells with Autophagy Induction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12099. [PMID: 30108268 PMCID: PMC6092391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atropisomers with a biaryl dihydronaphthopyranone structure, dinapinones A1 (DPA1) (M position) and A2 (DPA2) (P position), were isolated from the fungus culture broth of Talaromyces pinophilus FKI-3864 as inhibitors of [14C]neutral lipid ([14C]triacylglycerol (TG) and [14C]cholesteryl ester (CE)) synthesis from [14C]oleic acid in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. DPA2 inhibited [14C]TG and [14C]CE synthesis (IC50s, 0.65 and 5.6 μM, respectively), but DPA1 had no inhibitory activity on [14C]TG and [14C]CE synthesis even at 12 μM. However, a 1:1 mixture of DPA1 and DPA2 (DPAmix) had the most potent inhibitory activity on [14C]TG and [14C]CE synthesis (IC50s, 0.054 and 0.18 μM, respectively). The mechanism of action of DPAmix was investigated. DPAmix had no effects on the enzymes involved in neutral lipid synthesis, while DPAmix enhanced the degradation of [14C]neutral lipids with concomitant decrease in cytosolic lipid droplets accumulated in CHO-K1 cells. From analysis of autophagy marker proteins, DPAmix caused dose-dependent induction of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and degradation of p62. In the autophagic flux assay using bafilomycin A1, DPAmix upregulated autophagosome turnover. These results reveal that DPAmix enhances neutral lipid degradation together with induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohte
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Narihiro Ugaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Tominaga T, Uchida R, Koyama N, Tomoda H. Anti-Rhizopus activity of tanzawaic acids produced by the hot spring-derived fungus Penicillium sp. BF-0005. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:626-632. [PMID: 29717198 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A silkworm infection assay with the pathogenic fungus Rhizopus oryzae was established. Microbial culture broths were screened for anti-Rhizopus antibiotics using this assay. A new compound, tanzawaic acid R was isolated along with known and structurally related tanzawaic acids and arohynapene A from the culture broth of the hot spring-derived fungus Penicillium sp. BF-0005. The structure of tanzawaic acid R was elucidated by various spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Tanzawaic acids A, B, C, and R and arohynapene A exhibited antifungal activity against R. oryzae. Tanzawaic acids A and B dose-dependently exerted therapeutic effects in the silkworm infection assay with R. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Tominaga
- Microbial Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryuji Uchida
- Microbial Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan. .,Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Koyama
- Microbial Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Microbial Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Yin TP, Xing Y, Cai L, Yu J, Luo P, Ding ZT. A new polyketide glycoside from the rhizospheric Clonostachys rogersoniana associated with Panax notoginseng. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:1258-1263. [PMID: 28397534 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1314271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new polyketide glycoside rogerson A (1), along with two known compounds, rogerson B (2) and (22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (3), was obtained from the solid fermentation of Clonostachys rogersoniana, which was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng. Rogerson B (2) was isolated for the first time from a natural source. Their structure was determined by extensive analyses of NMR and MS studies. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for its cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Peng Yin
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
- b Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine , Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus , Zhuhai 519041 , China
| | - Yun Xing
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Le Cai
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Jing Yu
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Ping Luo
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- a School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , China
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Ishijima H, Uchida R, Ohtawa M, Kondo A, Nagai K, Shima K, Nonaka K, Masuma R, Iwamoto S, Onodera H, Nagamitsu T, Tomoda H. Simplifungin and Valsafungins, Antifungal Antibiotics of Fungal Origin. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7373-83. [PMID: 27400027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The targets of antifungal antibiotics in clinical use are more limited than those of antibacterial antibiotics. Therefore, new antifungal antibiotics with different mechanisms of action are desired. In the course of our screening for antifungal antibiotics of microbial origins, new antifungal antibiotics, simplifungin (1) and valsafungins A (2) and B (3), were isolated from cultures of the fungal strains Simplicillium minatense FKI-4981 and Valsaceae sp. FKH-53, respectively. The structures of 1 to 3 including their absolute stereochemistries were elucidated using various spectral analyses including NMR and collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS as well as chemical approaches including modifications to the Mosher's method. They were structurally related to myriocin. They inhibited the growth of yeast-like and zygomycetous fungi with MICs ranging between 0.125 and 8.0 μg/mL. An examination of their mechanisms of action by the newly established assay using LC-MS revealed that 1 and 2 inhibited serine palmitoyltransferase activity, which is involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis, with IC50 values of 224 and 24 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishijima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryuji Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ariko Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shima
- Life Science Business Department, Shimadzu Corporation , Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nonaka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Rokuro Masuma
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Susumu Iwamoto
- Chemical Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Onodera
- Chemical Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. , 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Suzuki A, Fukuda T, Kobayashi K, Ohshiro T, Tomoda H. Pseudopyronine B, an inhibitor of sterol O-acyltransferase, produced by Pseudomonas sp. BYK11209. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:96-97. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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