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Li M, Liu X, Li J, Guo H, Xue S, Zhu L, Ma C, Chen D, Wang H, Cai Y, Shen J. Brain glycogen: A key to revealing the pathology of mental diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1844:149194. [PMID: 39182899 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Brain glycogen, which is distinct from muscle glycogen and liver glycogen, has become a crucial node linking metabolism, epigenetics, and autophagy. Recent studies have suggested that brain glycogen governs multiple neurobehavioral processes, such as memory formation and consolidation. However, the changes in brain glycogen levels in mental diseases and the associations of these changes with the disease prognosis are unknown. Here, we review the psychological functions of brain glycogen and the different characteristics of astrocytic glycogen and neuronal glycogen. In addition, we summarize the alterations in brain glycogen levels in depression, schizophrenia and sleep disorders, highlighting that brain glycogen functions as an important metabolite responsible for the development of mental diseases. In summary, brain glycogen is a key to understanding the pathology of mental diseases and deserves more attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Graduate School, Xi׳an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing 986 Hospital Department, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyun Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Graduate School, Xi׳an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuicui Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jiangpei Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Pavlou MAS, Singh K, Ravichandran S, Halder R, Nicot N, Birck C, Grandbarbe L, Del Sol A, Michelucci A. Transcriptional and Chromatin Accessibility Profiling of Neural Stem Cells Differentiating into Astrocytes Reveal Dynamic Signatures Affected under Inflammatory Conditions. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060948. [PMID: 36980289 PMCID: PMC10047363 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes arise from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) and represent the most abundant cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), playing key roles in the developing and adult brain. Since the differentiation of NSCs towards a gliogenic fate is a precisely timed and regulated process, its perturbation gives rise to dysfunctional astrocytic phenotypes. Inflammation, which often underlies neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors, disrupts the accurate developmental process of NSCs. However, the specific consequences of an inflammatory environment on the epigenetic and transcriptional programs underlying NSCs' differentiation into astrocytes is unexplored. Here, we address this gap by profiling in mice glial precursors from neural tissue derived from early embryonic stages along their astrocytic differentiation trajectory in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master pro-inflammatory cytokine. By using a combination of RNA- and ATAC-sequencing approaches, together with footprint and integrated gene regulatory network analyses, we here identify key differences during the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes under physiological and inflammatory settings. In agreement with its role to turn cells resistant to inflammatory challenges, we detect Nrf2 as a master transcription factor supporting the astrocytic differentiation under TNF exposure. Further, under these conditions, we unravel additional transcriptional regulatory hubs, including Stat3, Smad3, Cebpb, and Nfkb2, highlighting the interplay among pathways underlying physiological astrocytic developmental processes and those involved in inflammatory responses, resulting in discrete astrocytic phenotypes. Overall, our study reports key transcriptional and epigenetic changes leading to the identification of molecular regulators of astrocytic differentiation. Furthermore, our analyses provide a valuable resource for understanding inflammation-induced astrocytic phenotypes that might contribute to the development and progression of CNS disorders with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Kartikeya Singh
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Srikanth Ravichandran
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Scientific Central Services, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Translational Medicine Operations Hub, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
- LuxGen Genome Center, Luxembourg Institute of Health & Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Cindy Birck
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Grandbarbe
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Computational Biology Group, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), 48160 Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Scientific Central Services, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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3
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Kambe Y, Youkai M, Hashiguchi K, Sameshima Y, Takasaki I, Miyata A, Kurihara T. Spinal Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle Contributes to the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/PAC1 Receptor-Induced Nociceptive Behaviors in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121859. [PMID: 36551287 PMCID: PMC9775268 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that spinal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor signaling triggered long-lasting nociceptive behaviors through astroglial activation in mice. Since astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) could be essential for long-term synaptic facilitation, we aimed to elucidate a possible involvement of spinal ANLS in the development of the PACAP/PAC1 receptor-induced nociceptive behaviors. A single intrathecal administration of PACAP induced short-term spontaneous aversive behaviors, followed by long-lasting mechanical allodynia in mice. These nociceptive behaviors were inhibited by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB), an inhibitor of glycogenolysis, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous L-lactate application. In the cultured spinal astrocytes, the PACAP-evoked glycogenolysis and L-lactate secretion were inhibited by DAB. In addition, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor attenuated the PACAP-induced nociceptive behaviors as well as the PACAP-evoked glycogenolysis and L-lactate secretion. Finally, an inhibitor for the monocarboxylate transporters blocked the L-lactate secretion from the spinal astrocytes and inhibited the PACAP- and spinal nerve ligation-induced nociceptive behaviors. These results suggested that spinal PAC1 receptor-PKC-ANLS signaling contributed to the PACAP-induced nociceptive behaviors. This signaling system could be involved in the peripheral nerve injury-induced pain-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masafumi Youkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshimune Sameshima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5256
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4
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Ono K, Gotoh H, Nomura T, Morita T, Baba O, Matsumoto M, Saitoh S, Ohno N. Ultrastructural characteristics of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the early postnatal mouse optic nerve observed by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278118. [PMID: 36454994 PMCID: PMC9714907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) arise from restricted regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and differentiate into myelin-forming cells after migration, but their ultrastructural characteristics have not been fully elucidated. This study examined the three-dimensional ultrastructure of OPCs in comparison with other glial cells in the early postnatal optic nerve by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. We examined 70 putative OPCs (pOPC) that were distinct from other glial cells according to established morphological criteria. The pOPCs were unipolar in shape with relatively few processes, and their Golgi apparatus were localized in the perinuclear region with a single cisterna. Astrocytes abundant in the optic nerve were distinct from pOPCs and had a greater number of processes and more complicated Golgi apparatus morphology. All pOPCs and astrocytes contained a pair of centrioles (basal bodies). Among them, 45% of pOPCs extended a short cilium, and 20% of pOPCs had centrioles accompanied by vesicles, whereas all astrocytes with basal bodies had cilia with invaginated ciliary pockets. These results suggest that the fine structures of pOPCs during the developing and immature stages may account for their distinct behavior. Additionally, the vesicular transport of the centrioles, along with a short cilium length, suggests active ciliogenesis in pOPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Morita
- Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Oral Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Otto Baba
- Oral & Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Oral Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Developmental & Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy II and Cell Biology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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5
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Béland-Millar A, Messier C. Voluntary Behavior and Training Conditions Modulate in vivo Extracellular Glucose and Lactate in the Mouse Primary Motor Cortex. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:732242. [PMID: 35058739 PMCID: PMC8764159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.732242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning or performing new behaviors requires significant neuronal signaling and is metabolically demanding. The metabolic cost of performing a behavior is mitigated by exposure and practice which result in diminished signaling and metabolic requirements. We examined the impact of novel and habituated wheel running, as well as effortful behaviors on the modulation of extracellular glucose and lactate using biosensors inserted in the primary motor cortex of mice. We found that motor behaviors produce increases in extracellular lactate and decreases in extracellular glucose in the primary motor cortex. These effects were modulated by experience, novelty and intensity of the behavior. The increase in extracellular lactate appears to be strongly associated with novelty of a behavior as well as the difficulty of performing a behavior. Our observations are consistent with the view that a main function of aerobic glycolysis is not to fuel the current neuronal activity but to sustain new bio-infrastructure as learning changes neural networks, chiefly through the shuttling of glucose derived carbons into the pentose phosphate pathway for the biosynthesis of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Zhu Y, Huang R, Wu Z, Song S, Cheng L, Zhu R. Deep learning-based predictive identification of neural stem cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2614. [PMID: 33972525 PMCID: PMC8110743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons is proposed to be critical in devising potential cell-based therapeutic strategies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, however, the determination and prediction of differentiation is complex and not yet clearly established, especially at the early stage. We hypothesize that deep learning could extract minutiae from large-scale datasets, and present a deep neural network model for predictable reliable identification of NSCs fate. Remarkably, using only bright field images without artificial labelling, our model is surprisingly effective at identifying the differentiated cell types, even as early as 1 day of culture. Moreover, our approach showcases superior precision and robustness in designed independent test scenarios involving various inducers, including neurotrophins, hormones, small molecule compounds and even nanoparticles, suggesting excellent generalizability and applicability. We anticipate that our accurate and robust deep learning-based platform for NSCs differentiation identification will accelerate the progress of NSCs applications. The differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons is a critical part in devising potential cell-based therapeutic strategies for central nervous system diseases but NSCs fate determination and prediction is problematic. Here, the authors present a deep neural network model for predictable reliable identification of NSCs fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Simin Song
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Phenotype microarrays reveal metabolic dysregulations of neurospheres derived from embryonic Ts1Cje mouse model of Down syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236826. [PMID: 32730314 PMCID: PMC7392322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), is the most common cause of intellectual disability, and is characterized by defective neurogenesis during perinatal development. To identify metabolic aberrations in early neurogenesis, we profiled neurospheres derived from the embryonic brain of Ts1Cje, a mouse model of Down syndrome. High-throughput phenotypic microarray revealed a significant decrease in utilisation of 17 out of 367 substrates and significantly higher utilisation of 6 substrates in the Ts1Cje neurospheres compared to controls. Specifically, Ts1Cje neurospheres were less efficient in the utilisation of glucose-6-phosphate suggesting a dysregulation in the energy-producing pathway. T Cje neurospheres were significantly smaller in diameter than the controls. Subsequent preliminary study on supplementation with 6-phosphogluconic acid, an intermediate of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism, was able to rescue the Ts1Cje neurosphere size. This study confirmed the perturbed pentose phosphate pathway, contributing to defects observed in Ts1Cje neurospheres. We show for the first time that this comprehensive energetic assay platform facilitates the metabolic characterisation of Ts1Cje cells and confirmed their distinguishable metabolic profiles compared to the controls.
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8
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Brown AM, Rich LR, Ransom BR. Metabolism of Glycogen in Brain White Matter. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:187-207. [PMID: 31667810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen is a specialized energy buffer, rather than a conventional reserve. In the rodent optic nerve, a central white matter tract, it is located in astrocytes, where it is converted to lactate, which is then shuttled intercellularly from the astrocyte to the axon. This basic pathway was elucidated from non-physiological experiments in which the nerve was deprived of exogenous glucose. However, this shuttling also occurs under physiological conditions, when tissue energy demand is increased above baseline levels in the presence of normoglycemic concentrations of glucose. The signaling mechanism by which axons alert astrocytes to their increased energy requirement is likely to be elevated interstitial K+, the inevitable consequence of increased neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Neurology, University on Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Laura R Rich
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Neurology, University on Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Coggan JS, Keller D, Calì C, Lehväslaiho H, Markram H, Schürmann F, Magistretti PJ. Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006392. [PMID: 30161133 PMCID: PMC6160207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of rapid energy supply to the brain, especially to accommodate the heightened metabolic activity of excited states, is not well-understood. We explored the role of glycogen as a fuel source for neuromodulation using the noradrenergic stimulation of glia in a computational model of the neural-glial-vasculature ensemble (NGV). The detection of norepinephrine (NE) by the astrocyte and the coupled cAMP signal are rapid and largely insensitive to the distance of the locus coeruleus projection release sites from the glia, implying a diminished impact for volume transmission in high affinity receptor transduction systems. Glucosyl-conjugated units liberated from glial glycogen by NE-elicited cAMP second messenger transduction winds sequentially through the glycolytic cascade, generating robust increases in NADH and ATP before pyruvate is finally transformed into lactate. This astrocytic lactate is rapidly exported by monocarboxylate transporters to the associated neuron, demonstrating that the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle activated by glycogenolysis is a likely fuel source for neuromodulation and enhanced neural activity. Altogether, the energy supply for both astrocytes and neurons can be supplied rapidly by glycogenolysis upon neuromodulatory stimulus. Although efficient compared to computers, the human brain utilizes energy at 10-fold the rate of other organs by mass. How the brain is supplied with sufficient on-demand energy to support its activity in the absence of neuronal storage capacity remains unknown. Neurons are not capable of meeting their own energy requirements, instead energy supply in the brain is managed by an oligocellular cartel composed of neurons, glia and the local vasculature (NGV), wherein glia can provide the ergogenic metabolite lactate to the neuron in a process called the astrocyte-to-neuron shuttle (ANLS). The only means of energy storage in the brain is glycogen, a polymerized form of glucose that is localized largely to astrocytes, but its exact role and conditions of use are not clear. In this computational model we show that neuromodulatory stimulation by norepinephrine induces astrocytes to recover glucosyl subunits from glycogen for use in a glycolytic process that favors the production of lactate. The ATP and NADH produced support metabolism in the astrocyte while the lactate is exported to feed the neuron. Thus, rapid energy demands by both neurons and glia in a stimulated brain can be met by glycogen mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Coggan
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JSC); (PJM)
| | - Daniel Keller
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Calì
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heikki Lehväslaiho
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (JSC); (PJM)
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10
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Alberini CM, Cruz E, Descalzi G, Bessières B, Gao V. Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms. Glia 2018; 66:1244-1262. [PMID: 29076603 PMCID: PMC5903986 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far, molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused on neuronal mechanisms. In addition to neurons, however, the brain comprises other types of cells and systems, including glia and vasculature. Accordingly, recent experimental work has begun to ask questions about the roles of non-neuronal cells in memory formation. These studies provide evidence that all types of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) make important contributions to the processing of encoded information and storing memories. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the critical role of astrocytes as providers of energy for the long-lasting neuronal changes that are necessary for long-term memory formation. We focus on three main findings: first, the role of glucose metabolism and the learning- and activity-dependent metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons in the service of long-term memory formation; second, the role of astrocytic glucose metabolism in arousal, a state that contributes to the formation of very long-lasting and detailed memories; and finally, in light of the high energy demands of the brain during early development, we will discuss the possible role of astrocytic and neuronal glucose metabolisms in the formation of early-life memories. We conclude by proposing future directions and discussing the implications of these findings for brain health and disease. Astrocyte glycogenolysis and lactate play a critical role in memory formation. Emotionally salient experiences form strong memories by recruiting astrocytic β2 adrenergic receptors and astrocyte-generated lactate. Glycogenolysis and astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling may also play critical roles in memory formation during development, when the energy requirements of brain metabolism are at their peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
- Associate Investigator, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
| | - Emmanuel Cruz
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Giannina Descalzi
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Benjamin Bessières
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Virginia Gao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
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11
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Eraso-Pichot A, Brasó-Vives M, Golbano A, Menacho C, Claro E, Galea E, Masgrau R. GSEA of mouse and human mitochondriomes reveals fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes. Glia 2018; 66:1724-1735. [PMID: 29575211 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalent view in neuroenergetics is that glucose is the main brain fuel, with neurons being mostly oxidative and astrocytes glycolytic. Evidence supporting that astrocyte mitochondria are functional has been overlooked. Here we sought to determine what is unique about astrocyte mitochondria by performing unbiased statistical comparisons of the mitochondriome in astrocytes and neurons. Using MitoCarta, a compendium of mitochondrial proteins, together with transcriptomes of mouse neurons and astrocytes, we generated cell-specific databases of nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrion proteins, ranked according to relative expression. Standard and in-house Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) of five mouse transcriptomes revealed that genes encoding for enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and amino acid catabolism are consistently more expressed in astrocytes than in neurons. FAO and oxidative-metabolism-related genes are also up-regulated in human cortical astrocytes versus the whole cortex, and in adult astrocytes versus fetal astrocytes. We thus present the first evidence of FAO in human astrocytes. Further, as shown in vitro, FAO coexists with glycolysis in astrocytes and is inhibited by glutamate. Altogether, these analyses provide arguments against the glucose-centered view of energy metabolism in astrocytes and reveal mitochondria as specialized organelles in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Marina Brasó-Vives
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Arantxa Golbano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Carmen Menacho
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Enrique Claro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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12
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Gotoh H, Nomura T, Ono K. Glycogen serves as an energy source that maintains astrocyte cell proliferation in the neonatal telencephalon. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2294-2307. [PMID: 27601444 PMCID: PMC5464718 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16665380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of energy are required when cells undergo cell proliferation and differentiation for mammalian neuronal development. Early neonatal mice face transient starvation and use stored energy for survival or to support development. Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide that is formed by glucose, and serves as an astrocytic energy store for rapid energy requirements. Although it is present in radial glial cells and astrocytes, the role of glycogen during development remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that glycogen accumulated in glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)+ astrocytes in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream. Glycogen levels markedly decreased after birth due to the increase of glycogen phosphorylase, an essential enzyme for glycogen metabolism. In primary cultures and in vivo, the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase decreased the proliferation of astrocytic cells. The number of cells in the G1 phase increased in combination with the up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors or down-regulation of the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB), a determinant for cell cycle progression. These results suggest that glycogen accumulates in astrocytes located in specific areas during the prenatal stage and is used as an energy source to maintain normal development in the early postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Gotoh
- 1 Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- 1 Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,2 Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- 1 Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Kleiderman S, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Gutbier S, Evje LG, Hadera MG, Glaab E, Henry M, Sachinidis A, Alves PM, Sonnewald U, Leist M. Functional and phenotypic differences of pure populations of stem cell-derived astrocytes and neuronal precursor cells. Glia 2015; 64:695-715. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - João V. Sá
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ana P. Teixeira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Simon Gutbier
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Lars G. Evje
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen; Allégaten 41 5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Mussie G. Hadera
- Department of Pharmacy; College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg; Belvaux L-4366 Luxembourg
| | - Margit Henry
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica; Apartado 12 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Trondheim Norway
| | - Marcel Leist
- The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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14
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Furihata T, Ito R, Kamiichi A, Saito K, Chiba K. Establishment and characterization of a new conditionally immortalized human astrocyte cell line. J Neurochem 2015; 136:92-105. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamiichi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan
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15
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Inflammation Promotes a Conversion of Astrocytes into Neural Progenitor Cells via NF-κB Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5041-55. [PMID: 26381429 PMCID: PMC5012156 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation, a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, is a complex series of events, which can be detrimental and even lead to neuronal death. Nonetheless, several studies suggest that inflammatory signals are also positively influencing neural cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Recently, correlative studies suggested that astrocytes are able to dedifferentiate upon injury and may thereby re-acquire neural stem cell (NSC) potential. However, the mechanism underlying this dedifferentiation process upon injury remains unclear. Here, we report that during the early response of reactive gliosis, inflammation induces a conversion of mature astrocytes into neural progenitors. A TNF treatment induces the decrease of specific astrocyte markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or genes related to glycogen metabolism, while a subset of these cells re-expresses immaturity markers, such as CD44, Musashi-1, and Oct4. Thus, TNF treatment results in the appearance of cells that exhibit a neural progenitor phenotype and are able to proliferate and differentiate into neurons and/or astrocytes. This dedifferentiation process is maintained as long as TNF is present in the culture medium. In addition, we highlight a role for Oct4 in this process, since the TNF-induced dedifferentiation can be prevented by inhibiting Oct4 expression. Our results show that activation of the NF-κB pathway through TNF plays an important role in the dedifferentiation of astrocytes via the re-expression of Oct4. These findings indicate that the first step of reactive gliosis is in fact a dedifferentiation process of resident astrocytes mediated by the NF-κB pathway.
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16
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Stoll EA, Makin R, Sweet IR, Trevelyan AJ, Miwa S, Horner PJ, Turnbull DM. Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Subventricular Zone Oxidize Fatty Acids to Produce Energy and Support Neurogenic Activity. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2306-19. [PMID: 25919237 PMCID: PMC4478223 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is tightly coupled to energy consumption, particularly sugars such as glucose. However, we find that, unlike mature neurons and astrocytes, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) do not require glucose to sustain aerobic respiration. NSPCs within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) express enzymes required for fatty acid oxidation and show sustained increases in oxygen consumption upon treatment with a polyunsaturated fatty acid. NSPCs also demonstrate sustained decreases in oxygen consumption upon treatment with etomoxir, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. In addition, etomoxir decreases the proliferation of SVZ NSPCs without affecting cellular survival. Finally, higher levels of neurogenesis can be achieved in aged mice by ectopically expressing proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), a factor that increases cellular aerobic capacity by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic gene transcription. Regulation of metabolic fuel availability could prove a powerful tool in promoting or limiting cellular proliferation in the central nervous system. Stem Cells2015;33:2306–2319
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Makin
- Undergraduate Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Horner
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Douglass M Turnbull
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Allaman I, Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ. Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:23. [PMID: 25709564 PMCID: PMC4321437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and glycolysis rate is not homogenous, with a marked propensity for glycolytic glucose processing in astrocytes compared to neurons. Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is inevitably formed as a by-product of glycolysis. Methylglyoxal is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are associated with several pathologies including diabetes, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In normal situations, cells are protected against methylglyoxal toxicity by different mechanisms and in particular the glyoxalase system, which represents the most important pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. While the neurotoxic effects of methylglyoxal and AGEs are well characterized, our understanding the glyoxalase system in the brain is more scattered. Considering the high energy requirements (i.e., glucose) of the brain, one should expect that the cerebral glyoxalase system is adequately fitted to handle methylglyoxal toxicity. This review focuses on our actual knowledge on the cellular aspects of the glyoxalase system in brain cells, in particular with regard to its activity in astrocytes and neurons. A main emerging concept is that these two neural cell types have different and energetically adapted glyoxalase defense mechanisms which may serve as protective mechanism against methylglyoxal-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Allaman
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Bélanger
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Gouix E, Buisson A, Nieoullon A, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Tauskela JS, Blondeau N, Had-Aissouni L. Oxygen glucose deprivation-induced astrocyte dysfunction provokes neuronal death through oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Abbadi S, Rodarte JJ, Abutaleb A, Lavell E, Smith CL, Ruff W, Schiller J, Olivi A, Levchenko A, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Glucose-6-phosphatase is a key metabolic regulator of glioblastoma invasion. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1547-59. [PMID: 25001192 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0106-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain cancer in adults. Similar to other cancers, GBM cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to promote proliferation and survival. Glycolytic inhibition is widely used to target such reprogramming. However, the stability of glycolytic inhibition in GBM remains unclear especially in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In this study, it was determined that glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC/G6Pase) expression is elevated in GBM when compared with normal brain. Human-derived brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC) use this enzyme to counteract glycolytic inhibition induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) and sustain malignant progression. Downregulation of G6PC renders the majority of these cells unable to survive glycolytic inhibition, and promotes glycogen accumulation through the activation of glycogen synthase (GYS1) and inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). Moreover, BTICs that survive G6PC knockdown are less aggressive (reduced migration, invasion, proliferation, and increased astrocytic differentiation). Collectively, these findings establish G6PC as a key enzyme with promalignant functional consequences that has not been previously reported in GBM and identify it as a potential therapeutic target. IMPLICATIONS This study is the first to demonstrate a functional relationship between the critical gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic enzyme G6PC with the metabolic adaptations during GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abbadi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julio J Rodarte
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ameer Abutaleb
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Lavell
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris L Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William Ruff
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Alessandro Olivi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cazares
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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20
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Gold PE, Newman LA, Scavuzzo CJ, Korol DL. Modulation of multiple memory systems: from neurotransmitters to metabolic substrates. Hippocampus 2014; 23:1053-65. [PMID: 23929581 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews evidence showing that neurochemical modulators can regulate the relative participation of the hippocampus and striatum in learning and memory tasks. For example, relative release of acetylcholine increases in the hippocampus and striatum reflects the relative engagement of these brain systems during learning of place and response tasks. Acetylcholine release is regulated in part by available brain glucose levels, which themselves are dynamically modified during learning. Recent findings suggest that glucose acts through astrocytes to deliver lactate to neurons. Brain glycogen is contained in astrocytes and provides a capacity to deliver energy substrates to neurons when needed, a need that can be generated by training on tasks that target hippocampal and striatal processing mechanisms. These results integrate an increase in blood glucose after epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla with provision of brain energy substrates, including lactate released from astrocytes. Together, the availability of peripheral and central energy substrates regulate the processing of learning and memory within and across multiple neural systems. Dysfunctions of the physiological steps that modulate memory--from hormones to neurotransmitters to metabolic substrates--may contribute importantly to some of the cognitive impairments seen during normal aging and during neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Gold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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21
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Gold PE, Korol DL. Forgetfulness during aging: an integrated biology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 112:130-8. [PMID: 24674745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related impairments in memory are often attributed to failures, at either systems or molecular levels, of memory storage processes. A major characteristic of changes in memory with increasing age is the advent of forgetfulness in old vs. young animals. This review examines the contribution of a dysfunction of the mechanisms responsible for modulating the maintenance of memory in aged rats. A memory-modulating system that includes epinephrine, acting through release of glucose from liver glycogen stores, potently enhances memory in young rats. In old rats, epinephrine loses its ability to release glucose and loses its efficacy in enhancing memory. Brain measures of extracellular levels of glucose in the hippocampus during memory testing show decreases in glucose in both young and old rats, but the decreases are markedly greater in extent and duration in old rats. Importantly, the old rats do not have the ability to increase blood glucose levels in response to arousal-related epinephrine release, which is retained and even increased in aged rats. Glucose appears to be able to reverse fully the increased rate of forgetting seen in old rats. This set of findings suggests that physiological mechanisms outside of the brain, i.e. changes in neuroendocrine functions, may contribute substantially to the onset of rapid forgetting in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Gold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
| | - Donna L Korol
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
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22
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Functional astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle in a human stem cell-derived neuronal network. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1386-93. [PMID: 23715062 PMCID: PMC3764384 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The NT2.D1 cell line is one of the most well-documented embryocarcinoma cell lines, and can be differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. Great focus has also been placed on defining the electrophysiological properties of the neuronal cells, and more recently we have investigated the functional properties of their associated astrocytes. We now show for the first time that human stem cell-derived astrocytes produce glycogen and that co-cultures of these cells demonstrate a functional astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS). The ANLS hypothesis proposes that during neuronal activity, glutamate released into the synaptic cleft is taken up by astrocytes and triggers glucose uptake, which is converted into lactate and released via monocarboxylate transporters for neuronal use. Using mixed cultures of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes, we have shown that these cells modulate their glucose uptake in response to glutamate. Additionally, we demonstrate that in response to increased neuronal activity and under hypoglycaemic conditions, co-cultures modulate glycogen turnover and increase lactate production. Similar results were also shown after treatment with glutamate, potassium, isoproterenol, and dbcAMP. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time a functional ANLS in a human stem cell-derived co-culture.
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23
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Gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:643-54. [PMID: 23846842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, is recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and confers neuroprotective effects in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Astrocytes regulate glucose metabolism, glutamate transport, and defense mechanism against oxidative stress. C6 astroglial cells are widely used as an astrocyte-like cell line to study the astrocytic function and signaling pathways. Our previous studies showed that guanosine modulates the glutamate uptake activity, thus avoiding glutamatergic excitotoxicity and protecting neural cells. The goal of this study was to determine the gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro in cultured C6 cells. Glucose deprivation induced cytotoxicity, an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels and lipid peroxidation as well as affected the metabolism of glutamate, which may impair important astrocytic functions. Guanosine prevented glucose deprivation-induced toxicity in C6 cells by modulating oxidative and nitrosative stress and glial responses, such as the glutamate uptake, the glutamine synthetase activity, and the glutathione levels. Glucose deprivation decreased the level of EAAC1, the main glutamate transporter present in C6 cells. Guanosine also prevented this effect, most likely through PKC, PI3K, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. Taken together, these results show that guanosine may represent an important mechanism for protection of glial cells against glucose deprivation. Additionally, this study contributes to a more thorough understanding of the glial- and redox-related protective properties of guanosine in astroglial cells.
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24
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Obel LF, Müller MS, Walls AB, Sickmann HM, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A. Brain glycogen-new perspectives on its metabolic function and regulation at the subcellular level. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2012; 4:3. [PMID: 22403540 PMCID: PMC3291878 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a complex glucose polymer found in a variety of tissues, including brain, where it is localized primarily in astrocytes. The small quantity found in brain compared to e.g., liver has led to the understanding that brain glycogen is merely used during hypoglycemia or ischemia. In this review evidence is brought forward highlighting what has been an emerging understanding in brain energy metabolism: that glycogen is more than just a convenient way to store energy for use in emergencies—it is a highly dynamic molecule with versatile implications in brain function, i.e., synaptic activity and memory formation. In line with the great spatiotemporal complexity of the brain and thereof derived focus on the basis for ensuring the availability of the right amount of energy at the right time and place, we here encourage a closer look into the molecular and subcellular mechanisms underlying glycogen metabolism. Based on (1) the compartmentation of the interconnected second messenger pathways controlling glycogen metabolism (calcium and cAMP), (2) alterations in the subcellular location of glycogen-associated enzymes and proteins induced by the metabolic status and (3) a sequential component in the intermolecular mechanisms of glycogen metabolism, we suggest that glycogen metabolism in astrocytes is compartmentalized at the subcellular level. As a consequence, the meaning and importance of conventional terms used to describe glycogen metabolism (e.g., turnover) is challenged. Overall, this review represents an overview of contemporary knowledge about brain glycogen and its metabolism and function. However, it also has a sharp focus on what we do not know, which is perhaps even more important for the future quest of uncovering the roles of glycogen in brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea F Obel
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Newman LA, Korol DL, Gold PE. Lactate produced by glycogenolysis in astrocytes regulates memory processing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28427. [PMID: 22180782 PMCID: PMC3236748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When administered either systemically or centrally, glucose is a potent enhancer of memory processes. Measures of glucose levels in extracellular fluid in the rat hippocampus during memory tests reveal that these levels are dynamic, decreasing in response to memory tasks and loads; exogenous glucose blocks these decreases and enhances memory. The present experiments test the hypothesis that glucose enhancement of memory is mediated by glycogen storage and then metabolism to lactate in astrocytes, which provide lactate to neurons as an energy substrate. Sensitive bioprobes were used to measure brain glucose and lactate levels in 1-sec samples. Extracellular glucose decreased and lactate increased while rats performed a spatial working memory task. Intrahippocampal infusions of lactate enhanced memory in this task. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of astrocytic glycogenolysis impaired memory and this impairment was reversed by administration of lactate or glucose, both of which can provide lactate to neurons in the absence of glycogenolysis. Pharmacological block of the monocarboxylate transporter responsible for lactate uptake into neurons also impaired memory and this impairment was not reversed by either glucose or lactate. These findings support the view that astrocytes regulate memory formation by controlling the provision of lactate to support neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Newman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America.
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