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Morgenstern AR, Peterson LF, Arnold KA, Brewer MG. Differentiation of keratinocytes or exposure to type 2 cytokines diminishes S. aureus internalization. mSphere 2024; 9:e0068523. [PMID: 38501828 PMCID: PMC11036805 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00685-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Colonization by this bacterium is increased in individuals with chronic cutaneous diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and bullous pemphigoid. The greater abundance of S. aureus on the skin of subjects with atopic dermatitis in particular has been linked to recurrent cutaneous infections. The primary cell type of the epidermal layer of the skin is the keratinocyte, and it is thought that S. aureus internalized in keratinocytes associates with an increased incidence of skin infections. This study addresses whether keratinocyte differentiation and/or inflammation, two important characteristics altered in cutaneous diseases, influence bacterial internalization. To do this, S. aureus internalization was measured in immortalized and primary keratinocytes that were differentiated using high Ca2+-containing media and/or exposed to cytokines characteristic of atopic dermatitis (IL-4 and IL-13) or psoriasis (IL-17A and IL-22) skin. Our results indicate that S. aureus internalization is uniquely decreased upon keratinocyte differentiation, since this was not observed with another skin-resident bacterium, S. epidermidis. Additionally, treatment with IL-4 + IL-13 diminished bacterial internalization. We interpret this decrease as a mechanism of keratinocyte-based bacterial killing since a similar number of bacterial genomes were detected in cytokine-treated cells, but less viable internalized S. aureus was recovered. Finally, of the receptors reported for S. aureus binding/internalizing into keratinocytes, expression of the α5 component of the α5β1 integrin was in greatest accordance with the number of internalized bacteria in the context of keratinocyte differentiation.IMPORTANCEIndividuals with chronic cutaneous diseases demonstrate heightened susceptibility for severe and recurrent infections from Staphylococcus aureus. What drives this altered susceptibility remains poorly understood. Previous publications have detected S. aureus as deep as the dermal layer of skin in subjects with atopic dermatitis, suggesting that the cutaneous environment of this disease enables deeper bacterial infiltration than occurs in healthy individuals. This observation indicates that S. aureus has greater opportunity to interact with multiple skin cell types in individuals with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Identifying the characteristics of the skin that influence bacterial internalization, a common method to establish reservoirs and evade the immune response, is critical for our understanding of S. aureus pathogenesis. The significance of this research is the novel identification of epidermal characteristics that influence S. aureus internalization. With this knowledge, methods can be developed to identify patient populations at greater risk for cutaneous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam F. Peterson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Matthew G. Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Leidecker M, Bertling A, Hussain M, Bischoff M, Eble JA, Fender AC, Jurk K, Rumpf C, Herrmann M, Kehrel BE, Niemann S. Protein Disulfide Isomerase and Extracellular Adherence Protein Cooperatively Potentiate Staphylococcal Invasion into Endothelial Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0388622. [PMID: 36995240 PMCID: PMC10269700 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03886-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of host cells is an important feature of Staphylococcus aureus. The main internalization pathway involves binding of the bacteria to host cells, e.g., endothelial cells, via a fibronectin (Fn) bridge between S. aureus Fn binding proteins and α5β1-integrin, followed by phagocytosis. The secreted extracellular adherence protein (Eap) has been shown to promote this cellular uptake pathway of not only S. aureus, but also of bacteria otherwise poorly taken up by host cells, such as Staphylococcus carnosus. The exact mechanisms are still unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that Eap induces platelet activation by stimulation of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a catalyst of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Here, we show that Eap promotes PDI activity on the surface of endothelial cells, and that this contributes critically to Eap-driven staphylococcal invasion. PDI-stimulated β1-integrin activation followed by increased Fn binding to host cells likely accounts for the Eap-enhanced uptake of S. aureus into non-professional phagocytes. Additionally, Eap supports the binding of S. carnosus to Fn-α5β1 integrin, thereby allowing its uptake into endothelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that PDI is crucial for the uptake of bacteria into host cells. We describe a hitherto unknown function of Eap-the promotion of an enzymatic activity with subsequent enhancement of bacterial uptake-and thus broaden mechanistic insights into its importance as a driver of bacterial pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus can invade and persist in non-professional phagocytes, thereby escaping host defense mechanisms and antibiotic treatment. The intracellular lifestyle of S. aureus contributes to the development of infection, e.g., in infective endocarditis or chronic osteomyelitis. The extracellular adherence protein secreted by S. aureus promotes its own internalization as well as that of bacteria that are otherwise poorly taken up by host cells, such as Staphylococcus carnosus. In our study, we demonstrate that staphylococcal uptake by endothelial cells requires catalytic disulfide exchange activity by the cell-surface protein disulfide isomerase, and that this critical enzymatic function is enhanced by Eap. The therapeutic application of PDI inhibitors has previously been investigated in the context of thrombosis and hypercoagulability. Our results add another intriguing possibility: therapeutically targeting PDI, i.e., as a candidate approach to modulate the initiation and/or course of S. aureus infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Leidecker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Bertling
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Muzaffar Hussain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anke C. Fender
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Rumpf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beate E. Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Linz MS, Mattappallil A, Finkel D, Parker D. Clinical Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030557. [PMID: 36978425 PMCID: PMC10044708 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated in skin-and-soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) in the United States. Most S. aureus SSTIs are caused by the epidemic clone USA300 in the USA. These infections can be serious; in 2019, SSTIs with S. aureus were associated with an all-cause, age-standardized mortality rate of 0.5 globally. Clinical presentations of S. aureus SSTIs vary from superficial infections with local symptoms to monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, which can cause systemic manifestations and may lead to serious complications or death. In order to cause skin infections, S. aureus employs a host of virulence factors including cytolytic proteins, superantigenic factors, cell wall-anchored proteins, and molecules used for immune evasion. The immune response to S. aureus SSTIs involves initial responders such as keratinocytes and neutrophils, which are supported by dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes later during infection. Treatment for S. aureus SSTIs is usually oral therapy, with parenteral therapy reserved for severe presentations; it ranges from cephalosporins and penicillin agents such as oxacillin, which is generally used for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), to vancomycin for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Treatment challenges include adverse effects, risk for Clostridioides difficile infection, and potential for antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Linz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Arun Mattappallil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University Hospital, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Diana Finkel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-973-972-3047
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The survival of epidemic and sporadic MRSA on human skin mimics is determined by both host and bacterial factors. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e203. [PMID: 36382385 PMCID: PMC9987022 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial survival on, and interactions with, human skin may explain the epidemiological success of MRSA strains. We evaluated the bacterial counts for 27 epidemic and 31 sporadic MRSA strains on 3D epidermal models based on N/TERT cells (NEMs) after 1, 2 and 8 days. In addition, the expression of antimicrobial peptides (hBD-2, RNase 7), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) and chemokine IL-8 by NEMs was assessed using immunoassays and the expression of 43 S. aureus virulence factors was determined by a multiplex competitive Luminex assay. To explore donor variation, bacterial counts for five epidemic and seven sporadic MRSA strains were determined on 3D primary keratinocyte models (LEMs) from three human donors. Bacterial survival was comparable on NEMs between the two groups, but on LEMs, sporadic strains showed significantly lower survival numbers compared to epidemic strains. Both groups triggered the expression of immune factors. Upon interaction with NEMs, only the epidemic MRSA strains expressed pore-forming toxins, including alpha-hemolysin (Hla), gamma-hemolysin (HlgB), Panton-Valentine leucocidin (LukS) and LukED. Together, these data indicate that the outcome of the interaction between MRSA and human skin mimics, depends on the unique combination of bacterial strain and host factors.
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Nasogastric enteral feeding tubes modulate preterm colonization in early life. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:838-847. [PMID: 34845351 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are generally fed through nasogastric enteral feeding tubes (NEFTs). The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of NEFTs in the initial colonization of the preterm gut and its evolution within the first 2 weeks after birth. METHODS For this purpose, fecal and NEFT-derived samples from 30 preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were collected from birth to the second week of life. Samples were cultivated in ten culture media, including three for the isolation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. RESULTS Isolates (561) were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Although the first NEFTs inserted into the neonates after birth were rarely colonized, analysis of NEFTs and fecal samples over time revealed a significant increase in bacterial abundance, diversity, and detection frequency. Results showed a parallel colonization between time-matched NEFTs and fecal samples, suggesting an ongoing bidirectional transfer of bacteria from the neonatal gut to the NEFTs and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS In short-term hospitalization, length is by far the determinant factor for the early colonization of preterm infants. As NEFT populations reflect the bacterial populations that are colonizing the preterm in a precise moment, their knowledge could be useful to prevent the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains. IMPACT The hospital environment modulates preterm colonization immediately after birth. The colonization of preterm feces and NEFTs occurs in parallel. There is an ongoing bidirectional transfer of microorganisms from the neonatal gut to the NEFTs and vice versa. Bacterial communities inside NEFTs could act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. NEFT populations reflect the bacteria that are colonizing the preterm at a precise moment.
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Kember M, Grandy S, Raudonis R, Cheng Z. Non-Canonical Host Intracellular Niche Links to New Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020220. [PMID: 35215166 PMCID: PMC8876822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among people of all ages. The development of antimicrobials to treat infectious diseases has been one of the most significant advances in medical history. Alarmingly, antimicrobial resistance is a widespread phenomenon that will, without intervention, make currently treatable infections once again deadly. In an era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, there is a constant and pressing need to develop new antibacterial drugs. Unraveling the underlying resistance mechanisms is critical to fight this crisis. In this review, we summarize some emerging evidence of the non-canonical intracellular life cycle of two priority antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial factors that modulate this unique intracellular niche and its implications in contributing to resistance are discussed. We then briefly discuss some recent research that focused on the promises of boosting host immunity as a combination therapy with antimicrobials to eradicate these two particular pathogens. Finally, we summarize the importance of various strategies, including surveillance and vaccines, in mitigating the impacts of antimicrobial resistance in general.
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Barua N, Huang L, Li C, Yang Y, Luo M, Wei WI, Wong KT, Lo NWS, Kwok KO, Ip M. Comparative Study of Two-Dimensional (2D) vs. Three-Dimensional (3D) Organotypic Kertatinocyte-Fibroblast Skin Models for Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010299. [PMID: 35008727 PMCID: PMC8745520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of skin tissue by Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by mechanisms that involve sequential breaching of the different stratified layers of the epidermis. Induction of cell death in keratinocytes is a measure of virulence and plays a crucial role in the infection progression. We established a 3D-organotypic keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture model to evaluate whether a 3D-skin model is more effective in elucidating the differences in the induction of cell death by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than in comparison to 2D-HaCaT monolayers. We investigated the difference in adhesion, internalization, and the apoptotic index in HaCaT monolayers and our 3D-skin model using six strains of MRSA representing different clonal types, namely, ST8, ST30, ST59, ST22, ST45 and ST239. All the six strains exhibited internalization in HaCaT cells. Due to cell detachment, the invasion study was limited up to two and a half hours. TUNEL assay showed no significant difference in the cell death induced by the six MRSA strains in the HaCaT cells. Our 3D-skin model provided a better insight into the interactions between the MRSA strains and the human skin during the infection establishment as we could study the infection of MRSA in our skin model up to 48 h. Immunohistochemical staining together with TUNEL assay in the 3D-skin model showed co-localization of the bacteria with the apoptotic cells demonstrating the induction of apoptosis by the bacteria and revealed the variation in bacterial transmigration among the MRSA strains. The strain representing ST59 showed maximum internalization in HaCaT cells and the maximum cell death as measured by Apoptotic index in the 3D-skin model. Our results show that 3D-skin model might be more likely to imitate the physiological response of skin to MRSA infection than 2D-HaCaT monolayer keratinocyte cultures and will enhance our understanding of the difference in pathogenesis among different MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilakshi Barua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Carmen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
| | - Mingjing Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan In Wei
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.I.W.); (K.O.K.)
| | - Kam Tak Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
| | - Norman Wai Sing Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
| | - Kin On Kwok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.I.W.); (K.O.K.)
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.B.); (C.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (K.T.W.); (N.W.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-35051265
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Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2021; 12:547-569. [PMID: 33522395 PMCID: PMC7872022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Treatment of S. aureus infections is complicated by antibiotic resistance and a working vaccine is not available. There has been ongoing and increasing interest in the extraordinarily high number of toxins and other virulence determinants that S. aureus produces and how they impact disease. In this review, we will give an overview of how S. aureus initiates and maintains infection and discuss the main determinants involved. A more in-depth understanding of the function and contribution of S. aureus virulence determinants to S. aureus infection will enable us to develop anti-virulence strategies to counteract the lack of an anti-S. aureus vaccine and the ever-increasing shortage of working antibiotics against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Spengler C, Nolle F, Thewes N, Wieland B, Jung P, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. Using Knock-Out Mutants to Investigate the Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Abiotic Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11952. [PMID: 34769382 PMCID: PMC8584566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to abiotic surfaces is crucial for establishing device-related infections. With a high number of single-cell force spectroscopy measurements with genetically modified S. aureus cells, this study provides insights into the adhesion process of the pathogen to abiotic surfaces of different wettability. Our results show that S. aureus utilizes different cell wall molecules and interaction mechanisms when binding to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. We found that covalently bound cell wall proteins strongly interact with hydrophobic substrates, while their contribution to the overall adhesion force is smaller on hydrophilic substrates. Teichoic acids promote adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces as well as to hydrophilic surfaces. This, however, is to a lesser extent. An interplay of electrostatic effects of charges and protein composition on bacterial surfaces is predominant on hydrophilic surfaces, while it is overshadowed on hydrophobic surfaces by the influence of the high number of binding proteins. Our results can help to design new models of bacterial adhesion and may be used to interpret the adhesion of other microorganisms with similar surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Friederike Nolle
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Ben Wieland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.W.); (P.J.); (M.B.)
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.S.); (F.N.); (N.T.)
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Niemann S, Nguyen MT, Eble JA, Chasan AI, Mrakovcic M, Böttcher RT, Preissner KT, Roßlenbroich S, Peters G, Herrmann M. More Is Not Always Better-the Double-Headed Role of Fibronectin in Staphylococcus aureus Host Cell Invasion. mBio 2021; 12:e0106221. [PMID: 34663090 PMCID: PMC8524341 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01062-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While Staphylococcus aureus has classically been considered an extracellular pathogen, these bacteria are also capable of being taken up by host cells, including nonprofessional phagocytes such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells, or osteoblasts. The intracellular S. aureus lifestyle contributes to infection development. The predominant recognition and internalization pathway appears to be the binding of the bacteria via a fibronectin bridge to the α5β1-integrin on the host cell membrane, followed by phagocytosis. Although osteoblasts showed high expression of α5β1-integrin and fibronectin, and bacteria adhered to osteoblasts to a high proportion, here we demonstrate by internalization assays and immunofluorescence microscopy that S. aureus was less engulfed in osteoblasts than in epithelial cells. The addition of exogenous fibronectin during the infection of cells with S. aureus resulted in an increased uptake by epithelial cells but not by osteoblasts. This contrasts with the previous conception of the uptake mechanism, where high expression of integrin and fibronectin would promote the bacterial uptake into host cells. Extracellular fibronectin surrounding osteoblasts, but not epithelial cells, is organized in a fibrillary network. The inhibition of fibril formation, the short interfering RNA-mediated reduction of fibronectin expression, and the disruption of the fibronectin-fibril meshwork all resulted in a significant increase in S. aureus uptake by osteoblasts. Thus, the network of fibronectin fibrils appears to strongly reduce the uptake of S. aureus into a given host cell, indicating that the supramolecular structure of fibronectin determines the capacity of particular host cells to internalize the pathogen. IMPORTANCE Traditionally, Staphylococcus aureus has been considered an extracellular pathogen. However, among other factors, the frequent failure of antimicrobial therapy and the ability of the pathogen to cause recurrent disease have established the concept of eukaryotic invasion of the pathogen, thereby evading the host's immune system. In the current model of host cell invasion, bacteria initially bind to α5β1 integrin on the host cell side via a fibronectin bridge, which eventually leads to phagocytosis of S. aureus by host cells. However, in this study, we demonstrate that not the crude amount but the supramolecular structure of fibronectin molecules deposited on the eukaryotic cell surface plays an essential role in bacterial uptake by host cells. Our findings explain the large differences of S. aureus uptake efficacy in different host cell types as well as in vivo differences between courses of bacterial infections and the localization of bacteria in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Achmet I. Chasan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Mrakovcic
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph T. Böttcher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Kerckhoff-Herzforschungsinstitut, Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßlenbroich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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Ying YT, Ren WJ, Tan X, Yang J, Liu R, Du AF. Annexin A2-Mediated Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus into Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Requires Its Interaction with Clumping Factor B. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2090. [PMID: 34683411 PMCID: PMC8538401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of contagious mastitis in dairy cattle. Internalization of S. aureus by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells is thought to be responsible for persistent and chronic intramammary infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the role of Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a membrane-binding protein, in S. aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). In vitro binding assays were performed to co-immunoprecipitate the binding proteins of AnxA2 in the lysates of S. aureus. RESULTS AnxA2 mediated the internalization but not adherence of S. aureus. Engagement of AnxA2 stimulated an integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK)/p38 MAPK cascade to induce S. aureus invasion. One of the AnxA2-precipitated proteins was identified as S. aureus clumping factor B (ClfB) through use of mass spectrometry. Direct binding of ClfB to AnxA2 was further confirmed by using a pull-down assay. Pre-incubation with recombinant ClfB protein enhanced S. aureus internalization, an effect that was specially blocked by anti-AnxA2 antibody. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that binding of ClfB to AnxA2 has a function in promoting S. aureus internalization. Targeting the interaction of ClfB and AnxA2 may confer protection against S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Ying
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jia Ren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xun Tan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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12
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Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Salinas E. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910661. [PMID: 34639001 PMCID: PMC8509070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-449-9108424
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13
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Jasińska E, Bogut A, Magryś A, Olender A. Evaluation of the role of staphylococci in the pathomechanism of conjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:2585-2600. [PMID: 33778922 PMCID: PMC8238708 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Determination of the association between ica genes and phenotypic biofilm formation in staphylococcal isolates involved in conjunctivitis, their antibiotic resistance as well as detection of selected virulence characteristics: adhesion to epithelial cells and in vitro cytotoxicity. Methods The study included 26 Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and 26 Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) isolates. The presence of icaAD genes and ica operon was determined by the PCR assay. Phenotypic biofilm formation was verified using the microtitre plate assay. Antibiotic resistance was performed using the disc diffusion method. Staphylococcal ability to attach to host cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity on epithelial cells was evaluated by LDH assay. Results The ica genes were detected in 26.9% of SE and in 42.3% of SA isolates. Only 15.3% of isolates (SE) were positive for both the icaAD and the ica operon. Phenotypically, 19.2% of SE isolates were strong biofilm producers, among which three were both icaAD- and ica operon-positive. About 26.9% of SA isolates were strong biofilm producers. Methicillin resistance (MR) was detected in 34.6% of SE and 26.9% of SA isolates. About 75% of MR isolates were multidrug resistant. SA isolates adhered to host cells more extensively than SE. SA isolates released higher level of LDH than SE. Conclusions Adherence abilities were commonly observed in staphylococci associated with conjunctivitis. However, low prevalence of isolates positive for a complete and functional ica locus and low prevalence of strong biofilm producers was detected. SA adhered to a greater extent to eukaryotic cells than SE and were more cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jasińska
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bogut
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Grossmann A, Froböse NJ, Mellmann A, Alabi AS, Schaumburg F, Niemann S. An in vitro study on Staphylococcus schweitzeri virulence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1157. [PMID: 33442048 PMCID: PMC7806826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schweitzeri belongs to the Staphylococcus aureus-related complex and is mainly found in African wildlife; no infections in humans are reported yet. Hence, its medical importance is controversial. The aim of this work was to assess the virulence of S. schweitzeri in vitro. The capacity of African S. schweitzeri (n = 58) for invasion, intra- and extracellular cytotoxicity, phagolysosomal escape, coagulase activity, biofilm formation and host cell activation was compared with S. aureus representing the most common clonal complexes in Africa (CC15, CC121, CC152). Whole genome sequencing revealed that the S. schweitzeri isolates belonged to five geographical clusters. Isolates from humans were found in two different clades. S. schweitzeri and S. aureus showed a similar host cell invasion (0.9 vs. 1.2 CFU/Vero cell), host cell activation (i.e. expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 4.1 vs. 1.7 normalized fold change in gene expression of CCL5; 7.3 vs. 9.9 normalized fold change in gene expression of IL8, A549 cells) and intracellular cytotoxicity (31.5% vs. 25% cell death, A549 cells). The extracellular cytotoxicity (52.9% vs. 28.8% cell death, A549 cells) was higher for S. schweitzeri than for S. aureus. Nearly all tested S. schweitzeri (n = 18/20) were able to escape from phagolysosomes. In conclusion, some S. schweitzeri isolates display virulence phenotypes comparable to African S. aureus. S. schweitzeri might become an emerging zoonotic pathogen within the genus Staphylococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Grossmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Neele J Froböse
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Abraham S Alabi
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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15
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Casciaro B, Loffredo MR, Cappiello F, Fabiano G, Torrini L, Mangoni ML. The Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin G: Anti-Biofilm, Anti-Persister Activities, and Potentiator Effect of Tobramycin Efficacy Against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249410. [PMID: 33321906 PMCID: PMC7764207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a serious threat for human health, and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is one of the microorganisms that can easily switch from a planktonic to a sessile lifestyle, providing protection from a large variety of adverse environmental conditions. Dormant non-dividing cells with low metabolic activity, named persisters, are tolerant to antibiotic treatment and are the principal cause of recalcitrant and resistant infections, including skin infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as new anti-infective agents to treat such infections. Here for the first time, we investigated the activity of the frog-skin AMP temporin G (TG) against preformed S. aureus biofilm including persisters, as well as its efficacy in combination with tobramycin, in inhibiting S. aureus growth. TG was found to provoke ~50 to 100% reduction of biofilm viability in the concentration range from 12.5 to 100 µM vs ATCC and clinical isolates and to be active against persister cells (about 70–80% killing at 50–100 µM). Notably, sub-inhibitory concentrations of TG in combination with tobramycin were able to significantly reduce S. aureus growth, potentiating the antibiotic power. No critical cytotoxicity was detected when TG was tested in vitro up to 100 µM against human keratinocytes, confirming its safety profile for the development of a new potential anti-infective drug, especially for treatment of bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casciaro
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (M.L.M.); Tel.: +39-0649910838 (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.L.); (F.C.); (G.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Floriana Cappiello
- Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.L.); (F.C.); (G.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Guendalina Fabiano
- Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.L.); (F.C.); (G.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Luisa Torrini
- Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.L.); (F.C.); (G.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.L.); (F.C.); (G.F.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (M.L.M.); Tel.: +39-0649910838 (M.L.M.)
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16
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Nakamura Y, Kanemaru K, Shoji M, Totoki K, Nakamura K, Nakaminami H, Nakase K, Noguchi N, Fukami K. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enhances epidermal penetration by Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17845. [PMID: 33082376 PMCID: PMC7575579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) commonly colonizes the human skin and nostrils. However, it is also associated with a wide variety of diseases. S. aureus is frequently isolated from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and is linked to increased disease severity. S. aureus impairs the skin barrier and triggers inflammation through the secretion of various virulence factors. S. aureus secretes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), which hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol and cleaves glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. However, the role of S. aureus PI-PLC in the pathogenesis of skin diseases, including AD, remains unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the role of S. aureus PI-PLC in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. PI-PLC was observed to enhance the invasion and persistence of S. aureus in keratinocytes. Besides, PI-PLC promoted the penetration of S. aureus through the epidermal barrier in a mouse model of AD and the human organotypic epidermal equivalent. Furthermore, the loss of PI-PLC attenuated epidermal hyperplasia and the infiltration of Gr-1+ cells and CD4+ cells induced by S. aureus infection in the mouse model of AD. Collectively, these results indicate that PI-PLC eases the entry of S. aureus into the dermis and aggravates acanthosis and immune cell infiltration in infected skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan. .,PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan. .,Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Shoji
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Totoki
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Nakaminami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakase
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Maikranz E, Spengler C, Thewes N, Thewes A, Nolle F, Jung P, Bischoff M, Santen L, Jacobs K. Different binding mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19267-19275. [PMID: 32935690 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is a crucial step in initial biofilm formation. In a combined experimental and computational approach, we studied the adhesion of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. We used atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the similarities and differences of adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Our results reveal that binding to both types of surfaces is mediated by thermally fluctuating cell wall macromolecules that behave differently on each type of substrate: on hydrophobic surfaces, many macromolecules are involved in adhesion, yet only weakly tethered, leading to high variance between individual bacteria, but low variance between repetitions with the same bacterium. On hydrophilic surfaces, however, only few macromolecules tether strongly to the surface. Since during every repetition with the same bacterium different macromolecules bind, we observe a comparable variance between repetitions and different bacteria. We expect these findings to be of importance for the understanding of the adhesion behaviour of many bacterial species as well as other microorganisms and even nanoparticles with soft, macromolecular coatings, used e.g. for biological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Maikranz
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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18
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Virulence factors and clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in colonization and wound infection with emphasis on diabetic foot infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2235-2246. [PMID: 32683595 PMCID: PMC7669779 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foot ulcer is a common complication in diabetic subjects and infection of these wounds contributes to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Diabetic foot infections are caused by a multitude of microbes and Staphylococcus aureus, a major nosocomial and community-associated pathogen, significantly contributes to wound infections as well. Staphylococcus aureus is also the primary pathogen commonly associated with diabetic foot osteomyelitis and can cause chronic and recurrent bone infections. The virulence capability of the pathogen and host immune factors can determine the occurrence and progression of S. aureus infection. Pathogen-related factors include complexity of bacterial structure and functional characteristics that provide metabolic and adhesive properties to overcome host immune response. Even though, virulence markers and toxins of S. aureus are broadly similar in different wound models, certain distinguishing features can be observed in diabetic foot infection. Specific clonal lineages and virulence factors such as TSST-1, leukocidins, enterotoxins, and exfoliatins play a significant role in determining wound outcomes. In this review, we describe the role of specific virulence determinants and clonal lineages of S. aureus that influence wound colonization and infection with special reference to diabetic foot infections.
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19
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Pietrocola G, Pellegrini A, Alfeo MJ, Marchese L, Foster TJ, Speziale P. The iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein from Staphylococcus aureus acts as a receptor for the host protein vitronectin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10008-10022. [PMID: 32499371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and other animals. S. aureus expresses a variety of virulence factors that promote infection with this pathogen. These include cell-surface proteins that mediate adherence of the bacterial cells to host extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin and fibrinogen. Here, using immunoblotting, ELISA, and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we report that the iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein, besides being involved in heme transport, plays a novel role as a receptor for the plasma and extracellular matrix protein vitronectin (Vn). Vn-binding activity was expressed by staphylococcal strains grown under iron starvation conditions when Isd proteins are expressed. Recombinant IsdB bound Vn dose dependently and specifically. Both near-iron transporter motifs NEAT1 and NEAT2 of IsdB individually bound Vn in a saturable manner, with KD values in the range of 16-18 nm Binding of Vn to IsdB was specifically blocked by heparin and reduced at high ionic strength. Furthermore, IsdB-expressing bacterial cells bound significantly higher amounts of Vn from human plasma than did an isdB mutant. Adherence to and invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells by IsdB-expressing S. aureus cells was promoted by Vn, and an αvβ3 integrin-blocking mAb or cilengitide inhibited adherence and invasion by staphylococci, suggesting that Vn acts as a bridge between IsdB and host αvβ3 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela J Alfeo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Loredana Marchese
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Watkins KE, Unnikrishnan M. Evasion of host defenses by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:105-141. [PMID: 32762866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of hospital and community-acquired infections worldwide. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains and the high rates of recurrent staphylococcal infections have placed several treatment challenges on healthcare systems. In recent years, it has become evident that S. aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen, able to invade and survive in a range of cell types. The ability to survive intracellularly provides this pathogen with yet another way to evade antibiotics and immune responses during infection. Intracellular S. aureus have been strongly linked to several recurrent infections, including severe bone infections and septicemias. S. aureus is armed with an array of virulence factors as well as an intricate network of regulators that enable it to survive, replicate and escape from a number of immune and nonimmune host cells. It is able to successfully manipulate host cell pathways and use it as a niche to multiply, disseminate, as well as persist during an infection. This bacterium is also known to adapt to the intracellular environment by forming small colony variants, which are metabolically inactive. In this review we will discuss the clinical evidence, the molecular pathways involved in S. aureus intracellular persistence, and new treatment strategies for targeting intracellular S. aureus.
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21
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Mayandi V, Wen Choong AC, Dhand C, Lim FP, Aung TT, Sriram H, Dwivedi N, Periayah MH, Sridhar S, Fazil MHUT, Goh ETL, Orive G, W Beuerman R, Barkham TMS, Loh XJ, Liang ZX, Barathi VA, Ramakrishna S, Chong SJ, Verma NK, Lakshminarayanan R. Multifunctional Antimicrobial Nanofiber Dressings Containing ε-Polylysine for the Eradication of Bacterial Bioburden and Promotion of Wound Healing in Critically Colonized Wounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15989-16005. [PMID: 32172559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of acute and chronic wounds is often associated with delayed wound healing and prolonged hospitalization. The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the poor biocompatibility of topical antimicrobials warrant safe and effective antimicrobials. Antimicrobial agents that target microbial membranes without interfering with the mammalian cell proliferation and migration hold great promise in the treatment of traumatic wounds. This article reports the utility of superhydrophilic electrospun gelatin nanofiber dressings (NFDs) containing a broad-spectrum antimicrobial polymer, ε-polylysine (εPL), crosslinked by polydopamine (pDA) for treating second-degree burns. In a porcine model of partial thickness burns, NFDs promoted wound closure and reduced hypertrophic scarring compared to untreated burns. Analysis of NFDs in contact with the burns indicated that the dressings trap early colonizers and elicit bactericidal activity, thus creating a sterile wound bed for fibroblasts migration and re-epithelialization. In support of these observations, in porcine models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus colonized partial thickness burns, NFDs decreased bacterial bioburden and promoted wound closure and re-epithelialization. NFDs displayed superior clinical outcome than standard-of-care silver dressings. The excellent biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy of the newly developed dressings in pre-clinical models demonstrate its potential for clinical use to manage infected wounds without compromising tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Mayandi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Alvin Chua Wen Choong
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, 169856 Singapore
- Skin Bank Unit, Singapore General Hospital, 169608 Singapore
| | - Chetna Dhand
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Fui Ping Lim
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Thet Tun Aung
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 119077 Singapore
| | - Harini Sriram
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
| | - Neeraj Dwivedi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Mercy Halleluyah Periayah
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
| | - Sreepathy Sridhar
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
| | - Mobashar Hussain Urf Turabe Fazil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232 Singapore
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria 01006, Spain
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | | | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119077 Singapore
| | - Si Jack Chong
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, 169856 Singapore
- Skin Bank Unit, Singapore General Hospital, 169608 Singapore
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232 Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232 Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856 Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543 Singapore
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22
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ClpC affects the intracellular survival capacity of Staphylococcus aureus in non-professional phagocytic cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16267. [PMID: 31700127 PMCID: PMC6838064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and persistence of bacteria within host cells requires that they adapt to life in an intracellular environment. This adaptation induces bacterial stress through events such as phagocytosis and enhanced nutrient-restriction. During stress, bacteria synthesize a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs) to facilitate adaptation and survival. Previously, we determined the Staphylococcus aureus HSP ClpC temporally alters bacterial metabolism and persistence. This led us to hypothesize that ClpC might alter intracellular survival. Inactivation of clpC in S. aureus strain DSM20231 significantly enhanced long-term intracellular survival in human epithelial (HaCaT) and endothelial (EA.hy926) cell lines, without markedly affecting adhesion or invasion. This phenotype was similar across a genetically diverse collection of S. aureus isolates, and was influenced by the toxin/antitoxin encoding locus mazEF. Importantly, MazEF alters mRNA synthesis and/or stability of S. aureus virulence determinants, indicating ClpC may act through the mRNA modulatory activity of MazEF. Transcriptional analyses of total RNAs isolated from intracellular DSM20231 and isogenic clpC mutant cells identified alterations in transcription of α-toxin (hla), protein A (spa), and RNAIII, consistent with the hypothesis that ClpC negatively affects the intracellular survival of S. aureus in non-professional phagocytic cells, via modulation of MazEF and Agr.
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23
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Al Kindi A, Alkahtani AM, Nalubega M, El-Chami C, O'Neill C, Arkwright PD, Pennock JL. Staphylococcus aureus Internalized by Skin Keratinocytes Evade Antibiotic Killing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2242. [PMID: 31608046 PMCID: PMC6771413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes the majority of skin and soft tissue infections. Half of patients treated for primary skin infections suffer recurrences within 6 months despite appropriate antibiotic sensitivities and infection control measures. We investigated whether S. aureus internalized by human skin keratinocytes are effectively eradicated by standard anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. S. aureus, but not S. epidermidis, were internalized and survive within keratinocytes without inducing cytotoxicity or releasing the IL-33 danger signal. Except for rifampicin, anti-staphylococcal antibiotics in regular clinical use, including flucloxacillin, teicoplanin, clindamycin, and linezolid, did not kill internalized S. aureus, even at 20-fold their standard minimal inhibitory concentration. We conclude that internalization of S. aureus by human skin keratinocytes allows the bacteria to evade killing by most anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Antimicrobial strategies, including antibiotic combinations better able to penetrate into mammalian cells are required if intracellular S. aureus are to be effectively eradicated and recurrent infections prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al Kindi
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile El-Chami
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine O'Neill
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Pennock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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24
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Menina S, Eisenbeis J, Kamal MAM, Koch M, Bischoff M, Gordon S, Loretz B, Lehr C. Bioinspired Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Colistin to Combat Intracellular Infections by Salmonella enterica. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900564. [PMID: 31328434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the establishment of intracellular infection has proven to be an effective means of resisting antibiotic action, as anti-infective agents commonly exhibit a poor permeability across the host cell membrane. Encapsulation of anti-infectives into nanoscaled delivery systems, such as liposomes, is shown to result in an enhancement of intracellular delivery. The aim of the current work is, therefore, to formulate colistin, a poorly permeable anti-infective, into liposomes suitable for oral delivery, and to functionalize these carriers with a bacteria-derived invasive moiety to enhance their intracellular delivery. Different combinations of phospholipids and cholesterol are explored to optimize liposomal drug encapsulation and stability in biorelevant media. These liposomes are then surface-functionalized with extracellular adherence protein (Eap), derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells infected with Salmonella enterica using colistin-containing, Eap-functionalized liposomes resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular bacteria, in comparison to treatment with nonfunctionalized liposomes as well as colistin alone. This indicates that such bio-invasive carriers are able to facilitate intracellular delivery of colistin, as necessary for intracellular anti-infective activity. The developed Eap-functionalized liposomes, therefore, present a promising strategy for improving the therapy of intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menina
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Mohamed Ashraf M. Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- Institute for New MaterialsSaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesJohn Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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25
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Mayandi V, Sridhar S, Fazil MHUT, Goh ETL, Htoon HM, Orive G, Choong YK, Saravanan R, Beuerman RW, Barkham TMS, Yang L, Baskaran M, Jhanji V, Loh XJ, Verma NK, Lakshminarayanan R. Protective Action of Linear Polyethylenimine against Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Exaggerated Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1411-1422. [PMID: 31099239 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased evolution of multidrug resistant pathogens necessitates the development of multifunctional antimicrobials. There is a perceived need for developing new antimicrobials that can interfere with acute inflammation after bacterial infections. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration of LPEI ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL and elicited rapid bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The polymer was biocompatible for human cultured ocular and dermal cells. Prophylactic addition of LPEI inhibited the bacterial colonization of human primary dermal fibroblasts (hDFs). In a scratch wound cell migration assay, LPEI attenuated the migration inhibitory effects of bacterial secretions. The polymer neutralized the cytokine release by hDFs exposed to bacterial secretions, possibly by blocking their accessibility to host cell receptors. Topical instillation of LPEI (1 mg/mL) was noncytotoxic and did not affect the re-epithelialization of injured porcine cornea. In a prophylactic in vivo model of S. aureus keratitis, LPEI was superior to gatifloxacin in terms of reducing stimulation of cytokines, corneal edema, and overall severity of the infection. These observations demonstrate therapeutic potential of LPEI for antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Mayandi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sreepathy Sridhar
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Mobashar Hussain Urf Turabe Fazil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hla Myint Htoon
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology, UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Yeu Khai Choong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rathi Saravanan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | | | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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26
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Lin Y, Cong H, Liu K, Jiao Y, Yuan Y, Tang G, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Xiao J, Li C, Chen Z, Cao P. Microbicidal Phagocytosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells Against Staphylococcus aureus via the TLR2/MAPKs Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1132. [PMID: 31178866 PMCID: PMC6538773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) is an immune-privileged organ that lacks immunocytes, such as macrophages or neutrophils; therefore, it is unclear how IVD immunological defense against bacterial infection occurs. Here, we demonstrated that nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), the vital machinery for maintaining the homeostasis of IVD, exerted microbicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus via induction of phagolysosome formation. Moreover, we found that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway is critical for bacterial phagocytosis and phagolysosome formation of NPCs. These findings demonstrated for the first time that NPCs could function as non-professional phagocytes against S. aureus infection, thereby enhancing antimicrobial defense against bacterial infections in IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yuehuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases With Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Inaba H, Nomura R, Kato Y, Takeuchi H, Amano A, Asai F, Nakano K, Lamont RJ, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gulae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213309. [PMID: 30870452 PMCID: PMC6417775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gulae, an animal periodontal pathogen, possess fimbriae classified into three genotypes (A-C) based on the diversity of fimA genes encoding FimA. Accumulating evidence suggests that P. gulae strains with type C fimbriae are more virulent as compared to those with other types. The ability of these organisms to adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells has yet to be examined. P. gulae showed the greatest levels of adhesion and invasion at a multiplicity of infection of 100 for 90 min. P. gulae type C and some type B strains invaded gingival epithelial cells at significantly greater levels than the other strains, at the same level of efficiency as P. gingivalis with type II fimbriae. Adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells by P. gulae were inhibited by cytochalasin D and sodium azide, indicating the requirements of actin polymerization and energy metabolism for those activities. Invasion within gingival epithelial cells was blocked by staurosporine, whereas those inhibitors showed little effects on adhesion, while nocodazole and cycloheximide had negligible effects on either adhesion or invasion. P. gulae proteases were found to be essential for adhesion and invasion of gingival epithelial cells, while its DNA and RNA, and protein synthesis were unnecessary for those activities. Additionally, α5β1 integrin antibodies significantly inhibited adhesion and invasion by P. gulae. This is the first report to characterize P. gulae adhesion and invasion of human gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Department of Veterinary Public Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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28
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Palankar R, Binsker U, Haracska B, Wesche J, Greinacher A, Hammerschmidt S. Interaction between the Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein Eap and its subdomains with platelets. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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29
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Eisenbeis J, Saffarzadeh M, Peisker H, Jung P, Thewes N, Preissner KT, Herrmann M, Molle V, Geisbrecht BV, Jacobs K, Bischoff M. The Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Adherence Protein Eap Is a DNA Binding Protein Capable of Blocking Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:235. [PMID: 30038902 PMCID: PMC6047304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus is a secreted protein known to exert a number of adhesive and immunomodulatory properties. Here we describe the intrinsic DNA binding activity of this multifunctional secretory factor. By using atomic force microscopy, we provide evidence that Eap can bind and aggregate DNA. While the origin of the DNA substrate (e.g., eukaryotic, bacterial, phage, and artificial DNA) seems to not be of major importance, the DNA structure (e.g., linear or circular) plays a critical role with respect to the ability of Eap to bind and condense DNA. Further functional assays corroborated the nature of Eap as a DNA binding protein, since Eap suppressed the formation of "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs), composed of DNA-histone scaffolds, which are thought to function as a neutrophil-mediated extracellular trapping mechanism. The DNA binding and aggregation activity of Eap may thereby protect S. aureus against a specific anti-microbial defense reaction from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Peisker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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30
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Morgene MF, Botelho-Nevers E, Grattard F, Pillet S, Berthelot P, Pozzetto B, Verhoeven PO. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and non-influenza respiratory viruses: Interactions and synergism mechanisms. Virulence 2018; 9:1354-1363. [PMID: 30058450 PMCID: PMC6177244 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1504561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the respiratory tract can be complicated by bacterial superinfection, resulting in a significantly longer duration of illness and even a fatal outcome. In this review, we focused on interactions between S. aureus and non-influenza viruses. Clinical data evidenced that rhinovirus infection may increase the S. aureus carriage load in humans and its spread. In children, respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with S. aureus carriage. The mechanisms by which some non-influenza respiratory viruses predispose host cells to S. aureus superinfection can be summarized in three categories: i) modifying expression levels of cellular patterns involved in S. aureus adhesion and/or internalization, ii) inducing S. aureus invasion of epithelial cells due to the disruption of tight junctions, and iii) decreasing S. aureus clearance by altering the immune response. The comprehension of pathways involved in S. aureus-respiratory virus interactions may help developing new strategies of preventive and curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fedy Morgene
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florence Grattard
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul O. Verhoeven
- GIMAP EA 3064 (Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Josse J, Laurent F, Diot A. Staphylococcal Adhesion and Host Cell Invasion: Fibronectin-Binding and Other Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2433. [PMID: 29259603 PMCID: PMC5723312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus can cause life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and sepsis. This pathogenicity is closely related to their capacity to bind directly to the extracellular matrix or to host cells. Adhesion is indeed the first step in the formation of biofilm or the invasion of host cells, which protect the bacteria from the host immune system and facilitate chronic infection. Adhesion relies on the expression of a repertoire of surface proteins called adhesins, notably microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules. In this short review, we discuss the main pathway (FnBP-Fn-α5β1 integrin), as well as alternatives, through which Staphylococcus aureus adheres to and then invades non-professional phagocytic cells. We then examine the corresponding mechanisms for coagulase negative staphylococci. There is currently a little understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to internalization. Filling this gap in the literature would therefore be an important step toward limiting the duration of staphylococci infections in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Josse
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Institute for Infectious Agents, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Lyon, France.,Microbiology-Mycology Department, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alan Diot
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
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The Staphylococcus aureus extracellular matrix protein (Emp) has a fibrous structure and binds to different extracellular matrices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13665. [PMID: 29057978 PMCID: PMC5651841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein Emp of Staphylococcus aureus is a secreted adhesin that mediates interactions between the bacterial surface and extracellular host structures. However, its structure and role in staphylococcal pathogenesis remain unknown. Using multidisciplinary approaches, including circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron (TEM) and immunogold transmission electron microscopy, functional ELISA assays and in silico techniques, we characterized the Emp protein. We demonstrated that Emp and its truncated forms bind to suprastructures in human skin, cartilage or bone, among which binding activity seems to be higher for skin compounds. The binding domain is located in the C-terminal part of the protein. CD spectroscopy revealed high contents of β-sheets (39.58%) and natively disordered structures (41.2%), and TEM suggested a fibrous structure consisting of Emp polymers. The N-terminus seems to be essential for polymerization. Due to the uncommonly high histidine content, we suggest that Emp represents a novel type of histidine-rich protein sharing structural similarities to leucine-rich repeats proteins as predicted by the I-TASSER algorithm. These new findings suggest a role of Emp in infections of deeper tissue and open new possibilities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Soares B, Melo D, Motta CC, Marques V, Barreto N, Coelho S, Coelho I, Souza M. Characterization of virulence and antibiotic profile and agr typing of Staphylococcus aureus from milk of subclinical mastitis bovine in State of Rio de Janeiro. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to detect the main virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Stapylococcus aureus from bovine mastitic milk as well as classifying them according to agr typing. A total of 55 strains from six dairy unities in the state of Rio de Janeiro were selected, of these 27.3% presented fbnA and 78,2% for fbnB genes, respectively. None of the strains tested were positive for cap5 gene, 3.6% were positive for cap8 gene. Additionally, 94.5% of strains had hlA gene and 89.1% had hlB gene while 67.3% of the strains had icaA gene and 87.3% had icaD gene. From these results it was possible to establish 12 different virulence profiles. Prevalence of agrII type was detected in 81.8% of the isolates. Concerning antimicrobial resistance evaluation, the studied strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested except penicillin, 83.6% being resistant strains. None of the strains had mecA gene, however, 40% of the strains had blaZ gene. Associating virulence and resistance data made it possible to obtain 23 different profiles. This great diversity of strains shows wide array of bacterial strategies and the challenge of mastitis prevention in cattle. Despite antimicrobial susceptibility, these strains presented certain genes that allow its persistence in the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Soares
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D.A. Melo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C. C. Motta
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V.F. Marques
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N.B. Barreto
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S.M.O. Coelho
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I.S. Coelho
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M.M.S. Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus acts as a proliferation and migration repressing factor that alters the cell morphology of keratinocytes. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Bünter JP, Seth-Smith HMB, Rüegg S, Heikinheimo A, Borel N, Johler S. Wild type agr-negative livestock-associated MRSA exhibits high adhesive capacity to human and porcine cells. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:130-138. [PMID: 27720828 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections and a major public health concern worldwide. During the last decade, MRSA of CC398 have emerged as important colonizers of livestock. These strains also represent an increasing cause of human infections. A recent study reporting a new dominant spa type among MRSA from Finish fattening pigs (CC398/t2741) identified a strain lacking both the global virulence regulator gene locus agr and the adhesion gene fnbB. The aim of this study was to characterize this agr/fnbB-negative livestock-associated MRSA strain in terms of growth, hemolysis and adhesive capacity, and to provide data on its genomic background. To this end, growth curves and hemolysis patterns were generated and adhesion assays on human keratinocyte and porcine nasal mucosa cell lines were performed. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine the nature and extent of the relevant deletions in the livestock strains. For comparison, an agr-positive, fnbB-negative CC398/t2741 strain from the same pig herd, an agr/fnbB- positive CC398/t034 strain from another pig herd and one human MRSA strain and its isogenic Δagr knockout mutant were used. The agr-negative strains adhered significantly better to human and porcine host cells than the agr-positive control strains. For the agr-positive porcine MRSA strains, cytotoxic effects on porcine mucosal cells were observed. The strong adhesive capacity of the naturally agr-negative livestock-associated MRSA, in combination with diminished cytotoxic effects, is likely favorable for inducing persistent colonization in pigs. Independently of the host cell type, similar adhesive capacities of the naturally agr-negative livestock-associated MRSA and the human MRSA strain were shown. Our results indicate that loss of agr in the livestock-associated MRSA strain investigated in this study may have increased its potential to be transmitted to and amongst humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Bünter
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helena M B Seth-Smith
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Clonality, virulence and the occurrence of genes encoding antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus warneri isolates from bloodstream infections. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:828-836. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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37
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Mirani ZA, Naz S, Khan F, Aziz M, Asadullah, Khan MN, Khan SI. Antibacterial fatty acids destabilize hydrophobic and multicellular aggregates of biofilm in S. aureus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:115-121. [PMID: 27353168 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Present study is based on 20 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered from different food items. These isolates were identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining and growth on different selective and differential media. Studies on 16S RNA and positive reactions on DNase agar and Prolex Latex Agglutination system confirm it as Staphylococcus aureus. Oxacillin susceptibility testing and PCR with mecA gene-specific primer results showed that these isolates are MRSA-carrying mecA gene that belongs to SCCmecA type IV and also harbor agr type II. Phenotypic study revealed that these isolates adopt biofilm mode of growth after exposure to subinhibitory doses of oxacillin. The biofilm and cell surface hydrophobicity have a strong correlation. It was noticed that affinity to hexadecane (apolar-solvent) of planktonic cells was low, suggesting its hydrophilic character. However, as the cells are exposed to oxacillin, they adopt biofilm mode of life and the affinity to apolar solvent increases, indicating a hydrophobic character. In biofilm consortia, the cells with more hydrophobic surfaces show incomplete septation and produce multicellular aggregates. This is due to reduced expression of atl gene. This was confirmed by real-time PCR studies. Moreover, the planktonic or wild-type phenotypes of these isolates were more tolerant to antibacterial effect of the fatty acids used; that is, cis-2-decanoic acid and cis-9-octadectanoic acid. These fatty acids were more effective against biofilms. After exposure to these fatty acids, established biofilms were dispersed and surviving cells were unable to readopt biofilm mode of life. The planktonic or wild-type phenotypes produce fatty acid-modifying enzyme (FAME) to inactivate the bactericidal activity of fatty acids by esterification to cholesterol. The biofilm indwellers are metabolically inactive and unable to produce FAME; hence, they are vulnerable to antibiofilm effect of cis-2-decanoic acid and cis-9-octadectanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ali Mirani
- Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Naz
- Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Khan
- Department of Pathology, Dow University Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Aziz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology Section, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah
- Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naseem Khan
- Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Seema Ismat Khan
- Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
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Budd KE, Mitchell J, Keane OM. Lineage associated expression of virulence traits in bovine-adapted Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:24-31. [PMID: 27259823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the most costly disease to the dairy industry worldwide with Staphylococcus aureus commonly associated with intramammary infections that are persistent and refractory to treatment. The strains of S. aureus that cause mastitis predominantly belong to a number of well-described bovine-adapted lineages. The objective of this study was to determine if a variety of potential virulence traits were associated with lineage. Bovine-adapted S. aureus isolates (n=120), belonging to lineages CC97, CC151 and ST136, were tested for their ability to adhere to and internalise within cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC), to bind bovine fibronectin, to form a biofilm in TSB, TSB+1% glucose and TSB+4% NaCl, and to induce an immune response from bMEC. There were no significant differences between the lineages in ability to adhere to or internalise within bMEC although there were significant differences between individual isolates. For lineages CC97 and ST136, mammalian cell adherence was correlated with the ability to bind bovine fibronectin, however isolates from CC151 could not bind bovine fibronectin in vitro, but adhered to bMEC in a fibronectin-independent manner. There were significant differences between the lineages in ability to form a biofilm in all three growth media with ST136 forming the strongest biofilm while CC151 formed the weakest biofilm. Lineages also differed in their ability to elicit an immune response from bMEC with CC97 eliciting a stronger immune response than CC151 and ST136. These data indicate the potential for both lineage and strain-specific virulence and a strain-specific response to infection in vivo and caution against extrapolating an effect from a single strain of S. aureus to draw conclusions regarding virulence or the host response to infection in unrelated lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Budd
- Animal & Bioscience Department, AGRIC, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, AGRIC, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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N'Diaye A, Mijouin L, Hillion M, Diaz S, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Percoco G, Chevalier S, Lefeuvre L, Harmer NJ, Lesouhaitier O, Feuilloley MGJ. Effect of Substance P in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence: Implication for Skin Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:506. [PMID: 27148195 PMCID: PMC4832252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are two major skin associated bacteria, and Substance P (SP) is a major skin neuropeptide. Since bacteria are known to sense and response to many human hormones, we investigated the effects of SP on Staphylococci virulence in reconstructed human epidermis model and HaCaT keratinocytes. We show that SP is stimulating the virulence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis in a reconstructed human epidermis model. qRT-PCR array analysis of 64 genes expressed by keratinocytes in the response to bacterial infection revealed a potential link between the action of SP on Staphylococci and skin physiopathology. qRT-PCR and direct assay of cathelicidin and human β-defensin 2 secretion also provided that demonstration that the action of SP on bacteria is independent of antimicrobial peptide expression by keratinocytes. Considering an effect of SP on S. aureus and S. epidermidis, we observed that SP increases the adhesion potential of both bacteria on keratinocytes. However, SP modulates the virulence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis through different mechanisms. The response of S. aureus is associated with an increase in Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) production and a reduction of exolipase processing whereas in S. epidermidis the effect of SP appears mediated by a rise in biofilm formation activity. The Thermo unstable ribosomal Elongation factor Ef-Tu was identified as the SP-interacting protein in S. aureus and S. epidermidis. SP appears as an inter-kingdom communication factor involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence and essential for skin microflora homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa N'Diaye
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Lily Mijouin
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Mélanie Hillion
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Suraya Diaz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Giuseppe Percoco
- GlycoMev EA 4358, Normandie Université, Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France; Bio-EC LaboratoryLongjumeau, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Luc Lefeuvre
- Dermatologic Laboratories Uriage Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
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40
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Souza F, Piepers S, Della Libera A, Heinemann M, Cerqueira M, De Vliegher S. Interaction between bovine-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci species and strains and bovine mammary epithelial cells reflects differences in ecology and epidemiological behavior. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2867-2874. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Campoccia D, Testoni F, Ravaioli S, Cangini I, Maso A, Speziale P, Montanaro L, Visai L, Arciola CR. Orthopedic implant infections: Incompetence of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, and Enterococcus faecalis to invade osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:788-801. [PMID: 26378773 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Septic failure is still the major complication of prosthetic implants. Entering host cells, bacteria hide from host immune defenses, shelter from extracellular antibiotics, and cause chronic infection. Staphylococcus aureus, the leading etiologic agent of orthopedic implant infections, is able to enter bone cells and induce osteoblast apoptosis, osteoclast recruitment, and highly destructive osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, and Enterococcus faecalis are opportunistic pathogens causative of implant-related infections. This study investigated the ability to internalize into osteoblastic MG63 cells of 22 S. epidermidis, 9 S. lugdunensis, and 21 E. faecalis clinical isolates from orthopedic implant infections. Isolates were categorized in clusters by ribotyping. Internalization assay was carried out by means of a microtiter plate-based method. S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, and E. faecalis strains turned out incompetent to enter osteoblasts, exhibiting negligible internalization into MG63 cells, nearly three orders of magnitude lower than that of S. aureus. Osteoblast invasion does not appear as a pathogenetic mechanism utilized by S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, or E. faecalis for infecting orthopedic implants. Moreover, it can be inferred that intracellularly active antimicrobials should not be necessary against implant infections caused by the three bacterial species. Finally, implications with the uptake of biomaterial microparticles by nonphagocytic cells are enlightened. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 788-801, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Testoni
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cangini
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maso
- Microbiology Analysis Section of the Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Ergonomy and Disability, Nanotechnology Laboratory, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Thewes N, Thewes A, Loskill P, Peisker H, Bischoff M, Herrmann M, Santen L, Jacobs K. Stochastic binding of Staphylococcus aureus to hydrophobic surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8913-8919. [PMID: 26294050 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00963d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to surfaces is of immense importance for health care applications. Via a combined experimental and computational approach, we studied the initiation of contact in the adhesion process of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. AFM force spectroscopy with single cell bacterial probes paired with Monte Carlo simulations enabled an unprecedented molecular investigation of the contact formation. Our results reveal that bacteria attach to a surface over distances far beyond the range of classical surface forces via stochastic binding of thermally fluctuating cell wall proteins. Thereby, the bacteria are pulled into close contact with the surface as consecutive proteins of different stiffnesses attach. This mechanism greatly enhances the attachment capability of S. aureus. It, however, can be manipulated by enzymatically/chemically modifying the cell wall proteins to block their consecutive binding. Our study furthermore reveals that fluctuations in protein density and structure are much more relevant than the exact form of the binding potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus E2 9, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Elkhatib WF, Hair PS, Nyalwidhe JO, Cunnion KM. New potential role of serum apolipoprotein E mediated by its binding to clumping factor A during Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections to humans. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:335-343. [PMID: 25878259 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a crucial human pathogen expressing various immune-evasion proteins that interact with the host-cell molecules. Clumping factor A (ClfA) is a microbial surface protein that promotes S. aureus binding to fibrinogen, and is associated with septic arthritis and infective endocarditis. In order to identify the major human serum proteins that bind the ClfA, we utilized recombinant ClfA region A in a plate-based assay. SDS-PAGE analysis of the bound proteins yielded five prominent bands, which were analysed by MS yielding apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as the predominant protein. ClfA-sufficient S. aureus bound purified ApoE by more than one log greater than an isogenic ClfA-deficient mutant. An immunodot-blot assay yielded a linearity model for ClfA binding to human ApoE with a stoichiometric-binding ratio of 1.702 at maximal Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.927). These data suggest that ApoE could be a major and novel binding target for the S. aureus virulence factor ClfA. Thus, ClfA recruitment of serum ApoE to the S. aureus surface may sequester ApoE and blunt its host defence function against S. aureus-invasive infections to humans. In this context, compounds that can block or suppress ClfA binding to ApoE might be utilized as prophylactic or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Kittrell Hall, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.,Children's Specialty Group, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
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Decker R, Burdelski C, Zobiak M, Büttner H, Franke G, Christner M, Saß K, Zobiak B, Henke HA, Horswill AR, Bischoff M, Bur S, Hartmann T, Schaeffer CR, Fey PD, Rohde H. An 18 kDa scaffold protein is critical for Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004735. [PMID: 25799153 PMCID: PMC4370877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is crucially linked to formation of adherent biofilms on artificial surfaces. Biofilm assembly is significantly fostered by production of a bacteria derived extracellular matrix. However, the matrix composition, spatial organization, and relevance of specific molecular interactions for integration of bacterial cells into the multilayered biofilm community are not fully understood. Here we report on the function of novel 18 kDa Small basic protein (Sbp) that was isolated from S. epidermidis biofilm matrix preparations by an affinity chromatographic approach. Sbp accumulates within the biofilm matrix, being preferentially deposited at the biofilm–substratum interface. Analysis of Sbp-negative S. epidermidis mutants demonstrated the importance of Sbp for sustained colonization of abiotic surfaces, but also epithelial cells. In addition, Sbp promotes assembly of S. epidermidis cell aggregates and establishment of multilayered biofilms by influencing polysaccharide intercellular-adhesin (PIA) and accumulation associated protein (Aap) mediated intercellular aggregation. While inactivation of Sbp indirectly resulted in reduced PIA-synthesis and biofilm formation, Sbp serves as an essential ligand during Aap domain-B mediated biofilm accumulation. Our data support the conclusion that Sbp serves as an S. epidermidis biofilm scaffold protein that significantly contributes to key steps of surface colonization. Sbp-negative S. epidermidis mutants showed no attenuated virulence in a mouse catheter infection model. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of sbp in commensal and invasive S. epidermidis populations suggests that Sbp plays a significant role as a co-factor during both multi-factorial commensal colonization and infection of artificial surfaces. Biofilm formation is a key phenotype allowing the otherwise harmless skin commensal S. epidermidis to establish chronic implant-associated infections, affecting millions of patients worldwide. S. epidermidis biofilm assembly relies on the production of an extracellular matrix that serves as glue to stabilize the multilayered bacterial architecture. Here we identified novel 18 kDa Small basic protein (Sbp) as a key component of the extracellular matrix that promotes pivotal steps of bacterial biofilm formation in vitro. Importantly, Sbp is deposited specifically at the interface between biofilm and substrate, as well as in larger humps interspersed within the bacterial cell architecture, thereby forming a proteinaceous biofilm scaffold. This localization enables Sbp to foster stable S. epidermidis interactions with an artificial surface and also contributes to S. epidermidis cell aggregation mechanisms, i.e., polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and accumulation associated protein (Aap). In fact, by demonstrating direct Sbp-Aap interactions we provide the first evidence supporting the idea that specific molecular interactions between S. epidermidis and matrix components are involved in S. epidermidis biofilm accumulation. In conclusion, we here show that Sbp promotes key phenotypic features important for S. epidermidis to evolve as an opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Decker
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Burdelski
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Zobiak
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Büttner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gefion Franke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Christner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Saß
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zobiak
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanae A. Henke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bur
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hartmann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carolyn R. Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ballhausen B, Jung P, Kriegeskorte A, Makgotlho PE, Ruffing U, von Müller L, Köck R, Peters G, Herrmann M, Ziebuhr W, Becker K, Bischoff M. LA-MRSA CC398 differ from classical community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA lineages: functional analysis of infection and colonization processes. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:777-86. [PMID: 25034858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) of the clonal complex (CC) 398 became primarily known as colonizers of livestock animals. In the past few years, they have been increasingly introduced into hospitals with subsequent emergence of human infections. However, the (re-)adaptation to the human host is only incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess virulence properties of LA-MRSA CC398 by functional modeling of infection and colonization processes. A selection of 15 human LA-MRSA CC398 isolates and 11 pig-colonizing isolates were characterized regarding their virulence capacities and compared with human isolates of hospital-acquired (HA)-MRSA (CC5, CC22 and CC45) and community-associated (CA)-MRSA (CC8, CC30 and CC80) clonal lineages. Our investigations demonstrated that LA-MRSA CC398 adhered less efficient to human cells and human/bovine plasma fibronectin than CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA isolates. In contrast, the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates revealed a high cytotoxic potential comparable to certain CA-MRSA. Comparing the most prevalent LA-MRSA CC398 spa types (t011, t034, t108), isolates associated with spa t108 showed an increased adhesive and invasive potential paired with an increased ability to evade phagocytosis. The results underline both the pathogenic potential of LA-MRSA in general and the heterogeneity within the CC398 clade regarding the virulence characteristics of CC398 subpopulations. Assuming an ongoing (re-)adaptation to the human host combined with a huge reservoir of LA-MRSA CC398 in livestock and constant zoonotic transmission, the LA-MRSA CC398 lineage has the potential to pose a serious threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Ballhausen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - André Kriegeskorte
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ulla Ruffing
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lutz von Müller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Robin Köck
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Nonprofessional phagocytic cell receptors involved in Staphylococcus aureus internalization. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:538546. [PMID: 24826382 PMCID: PMC4009297 DOI: 10.1155/2014/538546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human and animal pathogen. The majority of infections caused by this pathogen are life threatening, primarily because S. aureus has developed multiple evasion strategies, possesses intracellular persistence for long periods, and targets the skin and soft tissues. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms employed by S. aureus to colonize and proliferate in these cells. The aim of this review is to describe the recent discoveries concerning the host receptors of nonprofessional phagocytes involved in S. aureus internalization. Most of the knowledge related to the interaction of S. aureus with its host cells has been described in professional phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Here, we showed that in nonprofessional phagocytes the α 5 β 1 integrin host receptor, chaperons, and the scavenger receptor CD36 are the main receptors employed during S. aureus internalization. The characterization and identification of new bacterial effectors and the host cell receptors involved will undoubtedly lead to new discoveries with beneficial purposes.
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Paniagua-Contreras GL, Monroy-Pérez E, Vaca-Paniagua F, Rodríguez-Moctezuma JR, Negrete-Abascal E, Vaca S. Implementation of a novel in vitro model of infection of reconstituted human epithelium for expression of virulence genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from catheter-related infections in Mexico. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:6. [PMID: 24405688 PMCID: PMC3905915 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are clinically relevant pathogens that cause severe catheter-related nosocomial infections driven by several virulence factors. Methods We implemented a novel model of infection in vitro of reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) to analyze the expression patterns of virulence genes in 21 MRSA strains isolated from catheter-related infections in Mexican patients undergoing haemodialysis. We also determined the phenotypic and genotypic co-occurrence of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistance traits in the S. aureus strains, which were also analysed by pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results In this study, MRSA strains isolated from haemodialysis catheter-related infections expressed virulence markers that mediate adhesion to, and invasion of, RHE. The most frequent pattern of expression (present in 47.6% of the strains) was as follows: fnbA, fnbB, spa, clfA, clfB, cna, bbp, ebps, eap, sdrC, sdrD, sdrE, efb, icaA, and agr. Seventy-one percent of the strains harboured the antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistance genes ermA, ermB, tet(M), tet(K), blaZ, qacA, qacB, and qacC. PFGE of the isolated MRSA revealed three identical strains and two pairs of identical strains. The strains with identical PFGE patterns showed the same phenotypes and genotypes, including the same spa type (t895), suggesting hospital personnel manipulating the haemodialysis equipment could be the source of catheter contamination. Conclusion These findings help define the prevalence of MRSA virulence factors in catheter-related infections. Some of the products of the expressed genes that we detected in this work may serve as potential antigens for inclusion in a vaccine for the prevention of MRSA-catheter-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Vaca
- FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av, de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Edo, de México, México.
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