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Obi Y, Raimann JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Murea M. Residual Kidney Function in Hemodialysis: Its Importance and Contribution to Improved Patient Outcomes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:298. [PMID: 39057938 PMCID: PMC11281084 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals afflicted with advanced kidney dysfunction who require dialysis for medical management exhibit different degrees of native kidney function, called residual kidney function (RKF), ranging from nil to appreciable levels. The primary focus of this manuscript is to delve into the concept of RKF, a pivotal yet under-represented topic in nephrology. To begin, we unpack the definition and intrinsic nature of RKF. We then juxtapose the efficiency of RKF against that of hemodialysis in preserving homeostatic equilibrium and facilitating physiological functions. Given the complex interplay of RKF and overall patient health, we shed light on the extent of its influence on patient outcomes, particularly in those living with advanced kidney dysfunction and on dialysis. This manuscript subsequently presents methodologies and measures to assess RKF, concluding with the potential benefits of targeted interventions aimed at preserving RKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Obi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jochen G. Raimann
- Renal Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Lv D, Jiang H, Yang X, Li Y, Niu W, Zhang D. Advances in understanding of dendritic cell in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1294807. [PMID: 38433836 PMCID: PMC10904453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1294807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. At present, the underlying mechanisms of AKI remain incompletely understood. Immune disorder is a prominent feature of AKI, and dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating both innate and adaptive immune responses, including the induction of protective proinflammatory and tolerogenic immune reactions. Emerging evidence suggests that DCs play a critical role in the initiation and development of AKI. This paper aimed to conduct a comprehensive review and analysis of the role of DCs in the progression of AKI and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The ultimate objective was to offer valuable insights and guidance for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Lv
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianzhen Yang
- Department of Urology, Afliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Weipin Niu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Dominant Diseases of traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Dominant Diseases of traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Bajwa S, Luebbe A, Vo NDN, Piskor EM, Kosan C, Wolf G, Loeffler I. RAGE is a critical factor of sex-based differences in age-induced kidney damage. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1154551. [PMID: 37064891 PMCID: PMC10090518 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1154551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules with potential pathophysiological effects on the kidneys. Fibrosis together with the accumulation of AGEs has been investigated for its contribution to age-related decline in renal function. AGEs mediate their effects in large parts through their interactions with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). RAGE is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has the ability to interact with multiple pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative ligands. The role of RAGE in aging kidneys has not been fully characterized, especially for sex-based differences. Methods: Therefore, we analyzed constitutive RAGE knockout (KO) mice in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Paraffin-embedded kidney sections were used for histological analysis and protein expression of fibrosis and damage markers. RNA expression analysis from the kidney cortex was done by qPCR for AGE receptors, kidney damage, and early inflammation/fibrosis factors. FACS analysis was used for immune cell profiling of the kidneys. Results: Histological analysis revealed enhanced infiltration of immune cells (positive for B220) in aged (>70 weeks old) KO mice in both sexes. FACS analysis revealed a similar pattern of enhanced B-1a cells in aged KO mice. There was an age-based increase in pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF, TGF-β1, and SNAIL1) in KO male mice that presumably contributed to renal fibrosis and renal damage (glomerular and tubular). In fact, in KO mice, there was an age-dependent increase in renal damage (assessed by NGAL and KIM1) that was accompanied by increased fibrosis (assessed by CTGF). This effect was more pronounced in male KO mice than in the female KO mice. In contrast to the KO animals, no significant increase in damage markers was detectable in wild-type animals at the age examined (>70 weeks old). Moreover, there is an age-based increase in AGEs and scavenger receptor MSR-A2 in the kidneys. Discussion: Our data suggest that the loss of the clearance receptor RAGE in male animals further accelerates age-dependent renal damage; this could be in part due to an increase in AGEs load during aging and the absence of protective female hormones. By contrast, in females, RAGE expression seems to play only a minor role when compared to tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seerat Bajwa
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Luebbe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ngoc Dong Nhi Vo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Piskor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kosan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivonne Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Chen J, Huang XR, Yang F, Yiu WH, Yu X, Tang SCW, Lan HY. Single-cell RNA Sequencing Identified Novel Nr4a1 + Ear2 + Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Phenotype under Myeloid-TLR4 Dependent Regulation in Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) Crescentic Glomerulonephritis (cGN). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200668. [PMID: 35484716 PMCID: PMC9218767 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, this study demonstrates the critical role of myeloid specific TLR4 in macrophage-mediated progressive renal injury in anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN); however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), pseudotime trajectories reconstruction, and motif enrichment analysis are used, and macrophage diversity in anti-GBM cGN under tight regulation of myeloid-TLR4 is uncovered. Most significantly, a myeloid-TLR4 deletion-induced novel reparative macrophage phenotype (Nr4a1+ Ear2+) with significant upregulated anti-inflammatory and tissue repair-related signaling is discovered, thereby suppressing the M1 proinflammatory responses in anti-GBM cGN. This is further demonstrated in vitro that deletion of TLR4 from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) induces the Nr4a1/Ear2-expressing anti-inflammatory macrophages while blocking LPS-stimulated M1 proinflammatory responses. Mechanistically, activation of the Nr4a1/Ear2-axis is recognized as a key mechanism through which deletion of myeloid-TLR4 promotes the anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation in vivo and in vitro. This is confirmed by specifically silencing macrophage Nr4a1 or Ear2 to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects on TLR4 deficient BMDMs upon LPS stimulation. In conclusion, the findings decode a previously unidentified role for a myeloid-TLR4 dependent Nr4a1/Ear2 negative feedback mechanism in macrophage-mediated progressive renal injury, implying that activation of Nr4a1-Ear2 axis can be a novel and effective immunotherapy for anti-GBM cGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyi Chen
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciencesand Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Xiao Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciencesand Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080P. R. China
| | - Fuye Yang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciencesand Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang31009P. R. China
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangzhou510080P. R. China
| | - Sydney C. W. Tang
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciencesand Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong‐Guangdong Academy of Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney DiseasesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
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5
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Winfree S, Al Hasan M, El-Achkar TM. Profiling Immune Cells in the Kidney Using Tissue Cytometry and Machine Learning. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:968-978. [PMID: 36128490 PMCID: PMC9438423 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006802020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system governs key functions that maintain renal homeostasis through various effector cells that reside in or infiltrate the kidney. These immune cells play an important role in shaping adaptive or maladaptive responses to local or systemic stress and injury. We increasingly recognize that microenvironments within the kidney are characterized by a unique distribution of immune cells, the function of which depends on this unique spatial localization. Therefore, quantitative profiling of immune cells in intact kidney tissue becomes essential, particularly at a scale and resolution that allow the detection of differences between the various "nephro-ecosystems" in health and disease. In this review, we discuss advancements in tissue cytometry of the kidney, performed through multiplexed confocal imaging and analysis using the Volumetric Tissue Exploration and Analysis (VTEA) software. We highlight how this tool has improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in the kidney and its relevance in the pathobiology of renal disease. We also discuss how the field is increasingly incorporating machine learning to enhance the analytic potential of imaging data and provide unbiased methods to explore and visualize multidimensional data. Such novel analytic methods could be particularly relevant when applied to profiling immune cells. Furthermore, machine-learning approaches applied to cytometry could present venues for nonexhaustive exploration and classification of cells from existing data and improving tissue economy. Therefore, tissue cytometry is transforming what used to be a qualitative assessment of the kidney into a highly quantitative, imaging-based "omics" assessment that complements other advanced molecular interrogation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Winfree
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohammad Al Hasan
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tarek M. El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana,Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,Correspondence: Dr. Tarek M. El-Achkar (Ashkar), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, 950 W Walnut St., R2-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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6
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Zeng H, Yang X, Luo S, Zhou Y. The Advances of Single-Cell RNA-Seq in Kidney Immunology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752679. [PMID: 34721077 PMCID: PMC8548579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases are highly prevalent and treatment is costly. Immune cells play important roles in kidney diseases; however, it has been challenging to investigate the contribution of each cell type in kidney pathophysiology. Recently, the development of single-cell sequencing technology has allowed the extensive study of immune cells in blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, kidney biopsy and urine samples, helping researchers generate a comprehensive immune cell atlas for various kidney diseases. Here, we discuss several recent studies using scRNA-seq technology to explore the immune-related kidney diseases, including lupus nephritis, diabetic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Application of scRNA-seq successfully defined the transcriptome profiles of resident and infiltrating immune cells, as well as the intracellular communication networks between immune and adjacent cells. In addition, the discovery of similar immune cells in blood and urine suggests the possibility of examining kidney immunity without biopsy. In conclusion, these immune cell atlases will increase our understanding of kidney immunology and contribute to novel therapeutics for patients with kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siweier Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Xu L. The Role of Myeloid Cells in Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Repair. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1852-1864. [PMID: 35372990 PMCID: PMC8785849 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000672021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AKI remains highly prevalent, yet no optimal therapy is available to prevent it or promote recovery after initial insult. Experimental studies have demonstrated that both innate and adaptive immune responses play a central role during AKI. In response to injury, myeloid cells are first recruited and activated on the basis of specific signals from the damaged microenvironment. The subsequent recruitment and activation state of the immune cells depends on the stage of injury and recovery, reflecting a dynamic and diverse spectrum of immunophenotypes. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms by which myeloid cells contribute to injury, repair, and fibrosis after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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8
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Aiello S, Podestà MA, Rodriguez-Ordonez PY, Pezzuto F, Azzollini N, Solini S, Carrara C, Todeschini M, Casiraghi F, Noris M, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Transplantation-Induced Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Modulates Antigen Presentation by Donor Renal CD11c +F4/80 + Macrophages through IL-1R8 Regulation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:517-531. [PMID: 31988271 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In donor kidneys subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury during kidney transplant, phagocytes coexpressing the F4/80 and CD11c molecules mediate proinflammatory responses and trigger adaptive immunity in transplantation through antigen presentation. After injury, however, resident renal macrophages coexpressing these surface markers acquire a proreparative phenotype, which is pivotal in controlling inflammation and fibrosis. No data are currently available regarding the effects of transplant-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury on the ability of donor-derived resident renal macrophages to act as professional antigen-presenting cells. METHODS We evaluated the phenotype and function of intragraft CD11c+F4/80+ renal macrophages after cold ischemia. We also assessed the modifications of donor renal macrophages after reversible ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model of congeneic renal transplantation. To investigate the role played by IL-1R8, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies comparing cells and grafts from wild-type and IL-R8-deficient donors. RESULTS Cold ischemia and reversible ischemia-reperfusion injury dampened antigen presentation by renal macrophages, skewed their polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and increased surface expression of IL-1R8, diminishing activation mediated by toll-like receptor 4. Ischemic IL-1R8-deficient donor renal macrophages acquired an M1 phenotype, effectively induced IFNγ and IL-17 responses, and failed to orchestrate tissue repair, resulting in severe graft fibrosis and aberrant humoral immune responses. CONCLUSIONS IL-1R8 is a key regulator of donor renal macrophage functions after ischemia-reperfusion injury, crucial to guiding the phenotype and antigen-presenting role of these cells. It may therefore represent an intriguing pathway to explore with respect to modulating responses against autoantigens and alloantigens after kidney transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sistiana Aiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Pamela Y Rodriguez-Ordonez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Francesca Pezzuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Nadia Azzollini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Samantha Solini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Camillo Carrara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Marta Todeschini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Marina Noris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and.,L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Bergamo, Italy; and
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9
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Dai H, Thomson AW, Rogers NM. Dendritic Cells as Sensors, Mediators, and Regulators of Ischemic Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2418. [PMID: 31681306 PMCID: PMC6803430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized, bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen-processing and -presenting cells crucial to the induction, integration and regulation of innate, and adaptive immunity. They are stimulated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) via pattern recognition receptors to promote inflammation and initiate immune responses. In addition to residing within the parenchyma of all organs as part of the heterogeneous mononuclear phagocyte system, DCs are an abundant component of the inflammatory cell infiltrate that appears in response to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). They can play disparate roles in the pathogenesis of IRI since their selective depletion has been found to be protective, deleterious, or of no benefit in mouse models of IRI. In addition, administration of DC generated and manipulated ex vivo can protect organs from IRI by suppressing inflammatory cytokine production, limiting the capacity of DCs to activate NKT cells, or enhancing regulatory T cell function. Few studies however have investigated specific signal transduction mechanisms underlying DC function and how these affect IRI. Here, we address current knowledge of the role of DCs in regulation of IRI, current gaps in understanding and prospects for innovative therapeutic intervention at the biological and pharmacological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Dai
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Natasha M. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Renal Division, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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10
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Wang Y, Hu Z, Wu J, Wang P, Yang Q, Li Y, Zhu F, Yang J, Deng Y, Han M, Yao Y, Zeng R, Pei G, Xu G. High renal DC-SIGN + cell density is associated with severe renal lesions and poor prognosis in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Histopathology 2019; 74:744-758. [PMID: 30520136 DOI: 10.1111/his.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In this observational cohort study, we assessed the prognostic value of DC-SIGN+ cells in the pathogenesis and progression of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 139 adult IgAN patients were enrolled into this study from June 2009 to June 2010. We characterised DC-SIGN+ cells by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence in renal biopsy tissue. Correlations between the DC-SIGN, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3), CD4 and CD8 were evaluated. Patients were classified into the DC-SIGNhigh and DC-SIGNlow groups. Depending on an average of 100-month follow-up, the predictive value of DC-SIGN+ cells in IgAN progression was analysed. DC-SIGN+ cells were found frequently in IgAN kidneys while rarely observed in normal kidneys, and almost all DC-SIGN+ cells expressed MHC-II. We also found that DC-SIGN+ cells were adjacent to ICAM-3-positive CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. The density of DC-SIGN+ cells was positively and linearly correlated with the density of ICAM-3+ cells, CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells in renal biopsy tissues. In the DC-SIGNhigh group, the degree of renal lesion and inflammatory cell infiltration was more severe compared to the DC-SIGNlow group. Patients in the DC-SIGNhigh group also had increased incidences of deteriorating renal function during the follow up compared to patients in the DC-SIGNlow group. CONCLUSIONS DC-SIGN+ cells probably served as a potential contributor to exacerbate local inflammatory response. The density of DC-SIGN+ cells was associated with the severity of renal lesions of the patients. High renal DC-SIGN+ cell density might be used as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhizhi Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengge Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueqiang Li
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengming Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanjun Deng
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Han
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangchang Pei
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Mylonas KJ, Anderson J, Sheldrake TA, Hesketh EE, Richards JA, Ferenbach DA, Kluth DC, Savill J, Hughes J. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor: A key modulator of renal mononuclear phagocyte plasticity. Immunobiology 2018; 224:60-74. [PMID: 30415915 PMCID: PMC6401212 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) play key roles in the differentiation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We examined the effect of treatment with M-CSF-containing macrophage medium or GM-CSF-containing DC medium upon the phenotype of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and DCs. Culture of macrophages for 5 days in DC medium reduced F4/80 expression and increased CD11c expression with cells effectively stimulating T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. DC medium treatment of macrophages significantly reduced phagocytosis of both apoptotic cells and latex beads and strongly induced the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 known to be involved in DC trafficking to lymph nodes. Lysates of obstructed murine kidneys expressed both M-CSF and GM-CSF though M-CSF expression was dominant (M-CSF:GM-CSF ratio ∼30:1). However, combination treatment with both M-CSF and GM-CSF (ratio 30:1) indicated that small amounts of GM-CSF skewed macrophages towards a DC-like phenotype. To determine whether macrophage phenotype might be modulated in vivo we tracked CD45.1+ bone marrow-derived macrophages intravenously administered to CD45.2+ mice with unilateral ureteric obstruction. Flow cytometry of enzyme dissociated kidneys harvested 3 days later indicated CD11c and MHC Class II upregulation by adoptively transferred CD45.1+ cells with CD45.1+ cells evident in draining renal lymph nodes. Our data suggests that GM-CSF modulates mononuclear phagocyte plasticity, which likely promotes resolution of injury and healing in the injured kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Mylonas
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer Anderson
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tara A Sheldrake
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Emily E Hesketh
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James A Richards
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David A Ferenbach
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David C Kluth
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John Savill
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- The University of Edinburgh/ Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Virzì GM, Zhang J, Nalesso F, Ronco C, McCullough PA. The Role of Dendritic and Endothelial Cells in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 2018; 8:92-104. [PMID: 29617002 DOI: 10.1159/000485937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in innate and adaptive immune responses; however, the cross talk between cardiac and renal DCs in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) has not yet been fully elucidated. In this setting, endothelial cells (ECs) also contribute to immune responses. SUMMARY DC and EC activation and dysfunction have a central role in the pathogenesis of CRS. Regarding immune responses in CRS, it is unknown whether ECs may serve as antigen-presenting cells or act synergistically with DCs to actively participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. This review first focuses on the burden of concomitant heart and renal DCs in the context of CRS; it examines what is known of DCs in animal models, and proposes a central role for DCs in all types of CRS. Second, this review briefly describes the role of ECs in the context of CRS. Key Messages: Understanding the role of DCs and ECs in immune response could lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Jun Zhang
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Federico Nalesso
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA.,The Heart Hospital, Plano, Texas, USA
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13
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Garibaldi S, Barisione C, Marengo B, Ameri P, Brunelli C, Balbi M, Ghigliotti G. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products-Modified Albumin Induces Differentiation of RAW264.7 Macrophages into Dendritic-Like Cells Which Is Modulated by Cell Surface Thiols. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010027. [PMID: 28075404 PMCID: PMC5308259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Local accumulation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) induces pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic processes in kidneys and is an independent predictor of renal fibrosis and of rapid decline of eGFR in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition to kidney damage, circulating AOPP may be regarded as mediators of systemic oxidative stress and, in this capacity, they might play a role in the progression of atherosclerotic damage of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key cells in this process, due to their role in antigen presentation, inflammation resolution and T cell activation. AOPP consist in oxidative modifications of proteins (such as albumin and fibrinogen) that mainly occur through myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived hypochlorite (HOCl). HOCl modified proteins have been found in atherosclerotic lesions. The oxidizing environment and the shifts in cellular redox equilibrium trigger inflammation, activate immune cells and induce immune responses. Thus, surface thiol groups contribute to the regulation of immune functions. The aims of this work are: (1) to evaluate whether AOPP-proteins induce activation and differentiation of mature macrophages into dendritic cells in vitro; and (2) to define the role of cell surface thiol groups and of free radicals in this process. AOPP-proteins were prepared by in vitro incubation of human serum albumin (HSA) with HOCl. Mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 were treated with various concentrations of AOPP-HSA with or without the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Following 48 h of HSA-AOPP treatment, RAW264.7 morphological changes were evaluated by microscopic observation, while markers of dendritic lineage and activation (CD40, CD86, and MHC class II) and allogeneic T cell proliferation were evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell surface thiols were measured by AlexaFluor-maleimide binding, and ROS production was assessed as DCF fluorescence by flow cytometry. HSA-AOPP induced the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into a dendritic-like phenotype, as shown by morphological changes, by increased CD40, CD86 and MHC class II surface expression and by induction of T cell proliferation. The cell surface thiols dose dependently decreased following HSA-AOPP treatment, while ROS production increased. NAC pre-treatment enhanced the amount of cell surface thiols and prevented their reduction due to treatment with AOPP. Both ROS production and RAW264.7 differentiation into DC-like cells induced by HSA-AOPP were reduced by NAC. Our results highlight that oxidized plasma proteins modulate specific immune responses of macrophages through a process involving changes in the thiol redox equilibrium. We suggest that this mechanism may play a role in determining the rapid progression of the atherosclerotic process observed in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Garibaldi
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Chiara Barisione
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Claudio Brunelli
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Manrico Balbi
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ghigliotti
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino, Research Centre of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy.
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14
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Artinger K, Kirsch AH, Aringer I, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Eller P, Rosenkranz AR, Eller K. Innate and adaptive immunity in experimental glomerulonephritis: a pathfinder tale. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:943-947. [PMID: 27169420 PMCID: PMC5399043 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the experimental model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS) has been rigorously studied in recent years. The model is dependent on kidney-infiltrating T helper (TH) 17 and TH1 cells, which recruit neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, and cause sustained kidney inflammation. In a later phase of disease, regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate the kidney in an attempt to limit disease activity. In the early stage of NTS, lymph node drainage plays an important role in disease initiation since dendritic cells present the antigen to T cells in the T cell zones of the draining lymph nodes. This results in the differentiation and proliferation of TH17 and TH1 cells. In this setting, immune regulatory cells (Tregs), namely, CCR7-expressing Tregs and mast cells (MCs), which are recruited by Tregs via the production of interleukin-9, exert their immunosuppressive capacity. Together, these two cell populations inhibit T cell differentiation and proliferation, thereby limiting disease activity by as yet unknown mechanisms. In contrast, the spleen plays no role in immune activation in NTS, but constitutes a place of extramedullary haematopoiesis. The complex interactions of immune cells in NTS are still under investigation and might ultimately lead to targeted therapies in glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Artinger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander H. Kirsch
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ida Aringer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Foteini Moschovaki-Filippidou
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Eller
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Rosenkranz
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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15
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Tsai F, Perlman H, Cuda CM. The contribution of the programmed cell death machinery in innate immune cells to lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:74-85. [PMID: 27780774 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-factorial autoimmune disease initiated by genetic and environmental factors, which in combination trigger disease onset in susceptible individuals. Damage to the kidney as a consequence of lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most prevalent and severe outcomes, as LN affects up to 60% of SLE patients and accounts for much of SLE-associated morbidity and mortality. As remarkable strides have been made in unlocking new inflammatory mechanisms associated with signaling molecules of programmed cell death pathways, this review explores the available evidence implicating the action of these pathways specifically within dendritic cells and macrophages in the control of kidney disease. Although advancements into the underlying mechanisms responsible for inducing cell death inflammatory pathways have been made, there still exist areas of unmet need. By understanding the molecular mechanisms by which dendritic cells and macrophages contribute to LN pathogenesis, we can improve their viability as potential therapeutic targets to promote remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuNien Tsai
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 240 East Huron Street, Room M300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Harris Perlman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 240 East Huron Street, Room M300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 240 East Huron Street, Room M300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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16
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The Phenotypic Characterization of the Human Renal Mononuclear Phagocytes Reveal a Co-Ordinated Response to Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151674. [PMID: 26999595 PMCID: PMC4801374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian tissues contain networks of mononuclear phagocytes (MPh) that sense injury and orchestrate the response to it. In mice, this is affected by distinct populations of dendritic cells (DC), monocytes and macrophages and recent studies suggest the same is true for human skin and intestine but little is known about the kidney. Here we describe the analysis of MPh populations in five human kidneys and show they are highly heterogeneous and contain discrete populations of DC, monocytes and macrophages. These include: plasmacytoid DC (CD303+) and both types of conventional DC—cDC1 (CD141+ cells) and CD2 (CD1c+ cells); classical, non-classical and intermediate monocytes; and macrophages including a novel population of CD141+ macrophages clearly distinguishable from cDC1 cells. The relative size of the MPh populations differed between kidneys: the pDC population was bi-modally distributed being less than 2% of DC in two kidneys without severe injury and over 35% in the remaining three with low grade injury in the absence of morphological evidence of inflammation. There were profound differences in the other MPh populations in kidneys with high and low numbers of pDC. Thus, cDC1 cells were abundant (55 and 52.3%) when pDC were sparse and sparse (12.8–12.5%) when pDC were abundant, whereas the proportions of cDC2 cells and classical monocytes increased slightly in pDC high kidneys. We conclude that MPh are highly heterogeneous in human kidneys and that pDC infiltration indicative of low-grade injury does not occur in isolation but is part of a co-ordinated response affecting all renal DC, monocyte and macrophage populations.
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17
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Cao Q, Lu J, Li Q, Wang C, Wang XM, Lee VWS, Wang C, Nguyen H, Zheng G, Zhao Y, Alexander SI, Wang Y, Harris DCH. CD103+ Dendritic Cells Elicit CD8+ T Cell Responses to Accelerate Kidney Injury in Adriamycin Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1344-60. [PMID: 26376858 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in nonlymphoid organs exhibit two main functions: maintaining tolerance by induction of regulatory T cells and protecting against tissue infection through cross-presentation of foreign antigens to CD8(+) T cells. However, the role of CD103(+) DCs in kidney disease is unknown. In this study, we show that CD103(+) DCs are one of four subpopulations of renal mononuclear phagocytes in normal kidneys. CD103(+) DCs expressed DC-specific surface markers, transcription factors, and growth factor receptors and were found in the kidney cortex but not in the medulla. The number of kidney CD103(+) DCs was significantly higher in mice with adriamycin nephropathy (AN) than in normal mice, and depletion of CD103(+) DCs attenuated kidney injury in AN mice. In vitro, kidney CD103(+) DCs preferentially primed CD8(+) T cells and did not directly induce tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells significantly exacerbated kidney injury in AN SCID mice, whereas depletion of CD103(+) DCs in these mice impaired activation and proliferation of transfused CD8(+) T cells and prevented the exacerbation of kidney injury associated with this transfusion. In conclusion, kidney CD103(+) DCs display a pathogenic role in murine CKD via activation of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Junyu Lu
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China; and
| | - Qing Li
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Hanh Nguyen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
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18
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Abstract
Long overlooked as the virtual compartment and then strictly characterized through descriptive morphologic analysis, the renal interstitium has finally been associated with function. With identification of interstitial renin- and erythropoietin-producing cells, the most prominent endocrine functions of the kidney have now been attributed to the renal interstitium. This article reviews the functional role of renal interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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19
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Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris D. The Role of Dendritic Cells in Renal Inflammation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Andersen K, Eltrich N, Lichtnekert J, Anders HJ, Vielhauer V. The NLRP3/ASC inflammasome promotes T-cell-dependent immune complex glomerulonephritis by canonical and noncanonical mechanisms. Kidney Int 2014; 86:965-78. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Cao Q, Wang Y, Wang XM, Lu J, Lee VWS, Ye Q, Nguyen H, Zheng G, Zhao Y, Alexander SI, Harris DCH. Renal F4/80+ CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes display phenotypic and functional characteristics of macrophages in health and in adriamycin nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:349-63. [PMID: 25012165 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013121336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional markers of macrophages (Mфs) and dendritic cells (DCs) lack specificity and often overlap, leading to confusion and controversy regarding the precise function of these cells in kidney and other diseases. This study aimed to identify the phenotype and function of renal mononuclear phagocytes (rMPs) expressing key markers of both Mфs and DCs. F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells accounted for 45% of total rMPs in normal kidneys and in those from mice with Adriamycin nephropathy (AN). Despite expression of the DC marker CD11c, these double-positive rMPs displayed the features of Mфs, including Mф-like morphology, high expression of CD68, CD204, and CD206, and high phagocytic ability but low antigen-presenting ability. F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells were found in the cortex but not in the medulla of the kidney. In AN, F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells displayed an M1 Mф phenotype with high expression of inflammatory mediators and costimulatory factors. Adoptive transfer of F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells separated from diseased kidney aggravated renal injury in AN mice. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of common progenitors revealed that kidney F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells were derived predominantly from monocytes, but not from pre-DCs. In conclusion, renal F4/80(+)CD11c(+) cells are a major subset of rMPs and display Mф-like phenotypic and functional characteristics in health and in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Junyu Lu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Qianling Ye
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Knauf et al. demonstrate that prolonged activation of the intrarenal inflammasome is responsible for the loss of kidney function in oxalate crystal nephropathy. These findings suggest new therapeutic opportunities for patients suffering from severe hereditary kidney diseases such as primary hyperoxaluria, and reveal a previously unappreciated general mechanism of kidney disease progression that may also contribute to conditions other than crystal nephropathy.
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23
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Human renal fibroblasts generate dendritic cells with a unique regulatory profile. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:688-98. [PMID: 24913322 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts reside within the renal interstitium in close proximity to neighbouring dendritic cells (DCs). It is likely that these cells have a central role in the maintenance and function of resident and infiltrating renal DCs, though studies to confirm this have been lacking. We investigated whether renal fibroblasts influence human DC generation and function. We found that co-culture with renal fibroblasts led to the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Fibro-DCs), with significantly reduced CD80, CD83 and CD86 but elevated B7H1 and B7DC expression. In addition, these Fibro-DCs displayed a reduced capacity to produce interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-12p70 but maintained normal levels of IL-23 and IL-27. Furthermore, IL-10 production was elevated, which together resulted in a regulatory DC population with a reduced capacity to stimulate allogenic T-cell proliferation and interferon γ production, while preserving IL-17A. Supernatant transfer experiments suggested that a soluble mediator from the fibroblasts was sufficient to inhibit the immunogenic capability of DCs. Further experiments demonstrated that IL-6 was at least partially responsible for the modulating effect of renal fibroblasts on DC generation and subsequent function. In summary, renal fibroblasts may have a crucial decisive role in regulating local DC immune responses in vivo. Better understanding of this cell population and their mechanisms of action may have therapeutic relevance in many immune-driven renal diseases.
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24
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Molitoris BA. Therapeutic translation in acute kidney injury: the epithelial/endothelial axis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2355-63. [PMID: 24892710 PMCID: PMC4089444 DOI: 10.1172/jci72269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major clinical event with rising incidence, severity, and cost; it now has a morbidity and mortality exceeding acute myocardial infarction. There is also a documented conversion to and acceleration of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. The multifactorial nature of AKI etiologies and pathophysiology and the lack of diagnostic techniques have hindered translation of preclinical success. An evolving understanding of epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cell interactions and individualization of care will result in the eventual development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on epithelial and endothelial injury mediators, interactions, and targets for therapy.
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25
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Kitching AR. Dendritic cells in progressive renal disease: some answers, many questions. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2185-93. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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26
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Failed renoprotection by alternatively activated bone marrow macrophages is due to a proliferation-dependent phenotype switch in vivo. Kidney Int 2013; 85:794-806. [PMID: 24048378 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) regulate immune responses and ex vivo polarized splenic M2 are able to ameliorate renal injury including models of renal disease, such as adriamycin nephropathy. Whether M2 derived from other organs have similar protective efficacy is unknown. Here, we report adoptively transferred bone marrow M2 macrophages did not improve renal function or reduce renal injury in adriamycin nephropathy, whereas splenic M2 macrophages were protective. Bone marrow and splenic M2 macrophages showed similar regulatory phenotypes and suppressive functions in vitro. Within the inflamed kidney, suppressive phenotypes in bone marrow but not in splenic M2 macrophages, were dramatically reduced. Loss of the suppressive phenotype in bone marrow M2 was related to strong proliferation of bone marrow M2. Bone marrow M2 proliferation in vivo correlated with M-CSF expression by tubular cells in the inflamed kidney. Inhibition of M-CSF in vitro limited bone marrow M2 proliferation and prevented switch of phenotype. Proliferating cells derived from transfused bone marrow M2 were inflammatory rather than regulatory in their phenotype and function. Thus bone marrow in contrast to splenic M2 macrophages do not protect against renal structural and functional injury in murine adriamycin nephropathy. The failed renoprotection of bone marrow M2 is due to the switch of transfused M2 macrophages from a regulatory to an inflammatory phenotype.
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Kassianos AJ, Wang X, Sampangi S, Muczynski K, Healy H, Wilkinson R. Increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human CD141(hi) CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cell subsets in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1391-401. [PMID: 24049150 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in immune-mediated kidney diseases. Little is known, however, about DC subsets in human chronic kidney disease, with previous studies restricted to a limited set of pathologies and to using immunohistochemical methods. In this study, we developed novel protocols for extracting renal DC subsets from diseased human kidneys and identified, enumerated, and phenotyped them by multicolor flow cytometry. We detected significantly greater numbers of total DCs as well as CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) myeloid DC (mDCs) subsets in diseased biopsies with interstitial fibrosis than diseased biopsies without fibrosis or healthy kidney tissue. In contrast, plasmacytoid DC numbers were significantly higher in the fibrotic group compared with healthy tissue only. Numbers of all DC subsets correlated with loss of kidney function, recorded as estimated glomerular filtration rate. CD141(hi) DCs expressed C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A), whereas the majority of CD1c(+) DCs lacked the expression of CD1a and DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), suggesting these mDC subsets may be circulating CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) blood DCs infiltrating kidney tissue. Our analysis revealed CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) cells were restricted to the tubulointerstitium. Notably, DC expression of the costimulatory and maturation molecule CD86 was significantly increased in both diseased cohorts compared with healthy tissue. Transforming growth factor-β levels in dissociated tissue supernatants were significantly elevated in diseased biopsies with fibrosis compared with nonfibrotic biopsies, with mDCs identified as a major source of this profibrotic cytokine. Collectively, our data indicate that activated mDC subsets, likely recruited into the tubulointerstitium, are positioned to play a role in the development of fibrosis and, thus, progression to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
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Eckardt KU, Coresh J, Devuyst O, Johnson RJ, Köttgen A, Levey AS, Levin A. Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden. Lancet 2013; 382:158-69. [PMID: 23727165 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, kidney disease diagnosed with objective measures of kidney damage and function has been recognised as a major public health burden. The population prevalence of chronic kidney disease exceeds 10%, and is more than 50% in high-risk subpopulations. Independent of age, sex, ethnic group, and comorbidity, strong, graded, and consistent associations exist between clinical prognosis and two hallmarks of chronic kidney disease: reduced glomerular filtration rate and increased urinary albumin excretion. Furthermore, an acute reduction in glomerular filtration rate is a risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes and the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that the kidneys are not only target organs of many diseases but also can strikingly aggravate or start systemic pathophysiological processes through their complex functions and effects on body homoeostasis. Risk of kidney disease has a notable genetic component, and identified genes have provided new insights into relevant abnormalities in renal structure and function and essential homoeostatic processes. Collaboration across general and specialised health-care professionals is needed to fully address the challenge of prevention of acute and chronic kidney disease and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Hato T, El-Achkar TM, Dagher PC. Sisters in arms: myeloid and tubular epithelial cells shape renal innate immunity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1243-51. [PMID: 23515715 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity for survival is underscored by its presence at almost every level of the evolutionary tree of life. The task of "danger" recognition by the innate immune system is carried out by a broad class of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors are expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells such as renal epithelial cells. Upon activation, pattern recognition receptors induce essentially two types of defensive responses: inflammation and phagocytosis. In this review, we highlight evidence that renal epithelial cells are endowed with such defensive capabilities and as such fully participate in renal innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Gottschalk C, Damuzzo V, Gotot J, Kroczek RA, Yagita H, Murphy KM, Knolle PA, Ludwig-Portugall I, Kurts C. Batf3-dependent dendritic cells in the renal lymph node induce tolerance against circulating antigens. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:543-9. [PMID: 23411785 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the spleen is a major site where immune tolerance to circulating innocuous antigens occurs, the kidney also contributes. Circulating antigens smaller than albumin are constitutively filtered and concentrated in the kidney and reach the renal lymph node by lymphatic drainage, where resident dendritic cells (DCs) capture them and induce tolerance of specific cytotoxic T cells through unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that the coinhibitory cell surface receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on cytotoxic T cells mediates to their tolerance. Renal lymph node DCs of the CD8(+) XCR1(+) subset, which depend on the transcription factor Batf3, expressed the PD-1 cognate ligand PD-L1. Batf3-dependent DCs in the renal lymph node presented antigen that had been concentrated in the kidney and used PD-L1 to induce apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, T cell tolerance in the spleen was independent of PD-1, PD-L1, and Batf3. In summary, these results clarify how the kidney/renal lymph node system tolerizes the immune system against circulating innocuous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gottschalk
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Tourneur E, Ben Mkaddem S, Chassin C, Bens M, Goujon JM, Charles N, Pellefigues C, Aloulou M, Hertig A, Monteiro RC, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ, Rondeau E, Elbim C, Werts C, Vandewalle A. Cyclosporine A impairs nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (Nod1)-mediated innate antibacterial renal defenses in mice and human transplant recipients. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003152. [PMID: 23382681 PMCID: PMC3561241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pyelonephritis (APN), which is mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), is the most common bacterial complication in renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. However, it remains unclear how immunosuppressive drugs, such as the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), decrease renal resistance to UPEC. Here, we investigated the effects of CsA in host defense against UPEC in an experimental model of APN. We show that CsA-treated mice exhibit impaired production of the chemoattractant chemokines CXCL2 and CXCL1, decreased intrarenal recruitment of neutrophils, and greater susceptibility to UPEC than vehicle-treated mice. Strikingly, renal expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1), neutrophil migration capacity, and phagocytic killing of E. coli were significantly reduced in CsA-treated mice. CsA inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced, Tlr4-mediated production of CXCL2 by epithelial collecting duct cells. In addition, CsA markedly inhibited Nod1 expression in neutrophils, macrophages, and renal dendritic cells. CsA, acting through inhibition of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATs), also markedly downregulated Nod1 in neutrophils and macrophages. Silencing the NFATc1 isoform mRNA, similar to CsA, downregulated Nod1 expression in macrophages, and administration of the 11R-VIVIT peptide inhibitor of NFATs to mice also reduced neutrophil bacterial phagocytosis and renal resistance to UPEC. Conversely, synthetic Nod1 stimulating agonists given to CsA-treated mice significantly increased renal resistance to UPEC. Renal transplant recipients receiving CsA exhibited similar decrease in NOD1 expression and neutrophil phagocytosis of E. coli. The findings suggest that such mechanism of NFATc1-dependent inhibition of Nod1-mediated innate immune response together with the decrease in Tlr4-mediated production of chemoattractant chemokines caused by CsA may contribute to sensitizing kidney grafts to APN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Tourneur
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon, Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- INSERM U699, Paris, France; Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Chassin
- INSERM U699, Paris, France; Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marcelle Bens
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon, Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Goujon
- Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers; Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U699, Paris, France; Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Meryem Aloulou
- INSERM U699, Paris, France; Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Service Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale and INSERM U702, Hôpital Tenon; Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- INSERM U699, Paris, France; Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Rondeau
- Service Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale and INSERM U702, Hôpital Tenon; Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Carole Elbim
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Biologie et Génétique des Parois Bactériennes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Vandewalle
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon, Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Kanasaki K, Taduri G, Koya D. Diabetic nephropathy: the role of inflammation in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23390421 PMCID: PMC3565176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease associated with diabetes mellitus is a major health problem worldwide. Although established therapeutic strategies, such as appropriate blood glucose control, blood pressure control with renin-angiotensin system blockade, and lipid lowering with statins, are used to treat diabetes, the contribution of diabetic end-stage kidney disease to the total number of cases requiring hemodialysis has increased tremendously in the past two decades. Once renal function starts declining, it can result in a higher frequency of renal and extra-renal events, including cardiovascular events. Therefore, slowing renal function decline is one of the main areas of focus in diabetic nephropathy research, and novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent diabetic kidney disease progression. Regardless of the type of injury and etiology, kidney fibrosis is the commonly the final outcome of progressive kidney diseases, and it results in significant destruction of normal kidney structure and accompanying functional deterioration. Kidney fibrosis is caused by prolonged injury and dysregulation of the normal wound-healing process in association with excess extracellular matrix deposition. Kidney fibroblasts play an important role in the fibrotic process, but the origin of the fibroblasts remains elusive. In addition to the activation of residential fibroblasts, other important sources of fibroblasts have been proposed, such as pericytes, fibrocytes, and fibroblasts originating from epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Inflammatory cells and cytokines play a vital role In the process of fibroblast activation. In this review, we will analyze the contribution of inflammation to the process of tissue fibrosis, the type of fibroblast activation and the therapeutic strategies targeting the inflammatory pathways in an effort to slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Gangadhar Taduri
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
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Teteris SA, Hochheiser K, Kurts C. Isolation of functional dendritic cells from murine kidneys for immunological characterization. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17:364-71. [PMID: 22320441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The kidney is a complex organ, requiring the contributions of multiple cell types to perform its various functions. Within this system the dendritic cell has been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining the immunological balance of the kidney. In this methods paper we aim to identify the best method for isolating murine renal dendritic cells. METHODS The efficiency of isolating dendritic cells from enzymatically digested renal parenchyma by density centrifugation, MACS and FACS was compared. RESULTS Density centrifugation enriched dendritic cells by only approximately two fold. However, MACS and FACS resulted in a much higher purity (80% versus 95% respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although FACS gave the highest purity, MACS is the optimal method for isolating dendritic cells given cost and time factors. Isolation of a homogeneous population of renal dendritic cells will enable the molecular and functional dissection of these cells in both homeostasis and disease models.
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Nelson PJ, Rees AJ, Griffin MD, Hughes J, Kurts C, Duffield J. The renal mononuclear phagocytic system. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:194-203. [PMID: 22135312 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal mononuclear phagocytic system, conventionally composed of macrophages (Mø) and dendritic cells (DCs), plays a central role in health and disease of the kidney. Overlapping definitions of renal DCs and Mø, stemming from historically separate research tracks and the lack of experimental tools to specifically study the roles of these cells in vivo, have generated confusion and controversy, however, regarding their immunologic function in the kidney. This brief review provides an appraisal of the current state of knowledge of the renal mononuclear phagocytic system interpreted from the perspective of immunologic function. Physical characteristics, ontogeny, and known functions of the main subsets of renal mononuclear phagocytes as they relate to homeostasis, surveillance against injury and infection, and immune-mediated inflammatory injury and repair within the kidney are described. Gaps and inconsistencies in current knowledge are used to create a roadmap of key questions to be answered in future research.
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the common final outcome of almost all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis is also a reliable predictor of prognosis and a major determinant of renal insufficiency. Irrespective of the initial causes, renal fibrogenesis is a dynamic and converging process that consists of four overlapping phases: priming, activation, execution and progression. Nonresolving inflammation after a sustained injury sets up the fibrogenic stage (priming) and triggers the activation and expansion of matrix-producing cells from multiple sources through diverse mechanisms, including activation of interstitial fibroblasts and pericytes, phenotypic conversion of tubular epithelial and endothelial cells and recruitment of circulating fibrocytes. Upon activation, matrix-producing cells assemble a multicomponent, integrin-associated protein complex that integrates input from various fibrogenic signals and orchestrates the production of matrix components and their extracellular assembly. Multiple cellular and molecular events, such as tubular atrophy, microvascular rarefaction and tissue hypoxia, promote scar formation and ensure a vicious progression to end-stage kidney failure. This Review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis, which could offer novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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