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Wang Y, Liang ZJ, Gale RP, Liao HZ, Ma J, Gong TJ, Shao YQ, Liang Y. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: Biology and therapy. Blood Rev 2024; 65:101196. [PMID: 38604819 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is caused by BCR::ABL1. Tyrosine kinase-inhibitors (TKIs) are the initial therapy. Several organizations have reported milestones to evaluate response to initial TKI-therapy and suggest when a change of TKI should be considered. Achieving treatment-free remission (TFR) is increasingly recognized as the optimal therapy goal. Which TKI is the best initial therapy for which persons and what depth and duration of molecular remission is needed to achieve TFR are controversial. In this review we discuss these issues and suggest future research directions.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Remission Induction
- Biology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Liang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hua-Ze Liao
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Harbin Institute of Hematology and Oncology, Harbin First Hospital, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Tie-Jun Gong
- Harbin Institute of Hematology and Oncology, Harbin First Hospital, Harbin 150010, China.
| | - Ying-Qi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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Gene expression signature that predicts early molecular response failure in chronic-phase CML patients on frontline imatinib. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1610-1621. [PMID: 31126916 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients treated with frontline imatinib, failure to achieve early molecular response (EMR; EMR failure: BCR-ABL1 >10% on the international scale at 3 months) is predictive of inferior outcomes. Identifying patients at high-risk of EMR failure at diagnosis provides an opportunity to intensify frontline therapy and potentially avoid EMR failure. We studied blood samples from 96 CP-CML patients at diagnosis and identified 365 genes that were aberrantly expressed in 13 patients who subsequently failed to achieve EMR, with a gene signature significantly enriched for stem cell phenotype (eg, Myc, β-catenin, Hoxa9/Meis1), cell cycle, and reduced immune response pathways. We selected a 17-gene panel to predict EMR failure and validated this signature on an independent patient cohort. Patients classified as high risk with our gene expression signature (HR-GES) exhibited significantly higher rates of EMR failure compared with low-risk (LR-GES) patients (78% vs 5%; P < .0001), with an overall accuracy of 93%. Furthermore, HR-GES patients who received frontline nilotinib had a relatively low rate of EMR failure (10%). However, HR-GES patients still had inferior deep molecular response achievement rate by 24 months compared with LR-GES patients. This novel multigene signature may be useful for selecting patients at high risk of EMR failure on standard therapy who may benefit from trials of more potent kinase inhibitors or other experimental approaches.
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Nteliopoulos G, Bazeos A, Claudiani S, Gerrard G, Curry E, Szydlo R, Alikian M, Foong HE, Nikolakopoulou Z, Loaiza S, Khorashad JS, Milojkovic D, Perrotti D, Gale RP, Foroni L, Apperley JF. Somatic variants in epigenetic modifiers can predict failure of response to imatinib but not to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Haematologica 2019; 104:2400-2409. [PMID: 31073075 PMCID: PMC6959189 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no validated molecular biomarkers to identify newly-diagnosed individuals with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia likely to respond poorly to imatinib and who might benefit from first-line treatment with a more potent second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Our inability to predict these ‘high-risk’ individuals reflects the poorly understood heterogeneity of the disease. To investigate the potential of genetic variants in epigenetic modifiers as biomarkers at diagnosis, we used Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing of 71 candidate genes for predicting response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and probability of disease progression. A total of 124 subjects with newly-diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia began with imatinib (n=62) or second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n=62) and were classified as responders or non-responders based on the BCRABL1 transcript levels within the first year and the European LeukemiaNet criteria for failure. Somatic variants affecting 21 genes (e.g. ASXL1, IKZF1, DNMT3A, CREBBP) were detected in 30% of subjects, most of whom were non-responders (41% non-responders, 18% responders to imatinib, 38% non-responders, 25% responders to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors). The presence of variants predicted the rate of achieving a major molecular response, event-free survival, progression-free survival and chronic myeloid leukemia-related survival in the imatinib but not the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors cohort. Rare germline variants had no prognostic significance irrespective of treatment while some pre-leukemia variants suggest a multi-step development of chronic myeloid leukemia. Our data suggest that identification of somatic variants at diagnosis facilitates stratification into imatinib responders/non-responders, thereby allowing earlier use of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which, in turn, may overcome the negative impact of such variants on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Bazeos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Simone Claudiani
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth Gerrard
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Sarah Cannon Molecular Diagnostics, HCA Healthcare UK, London, UK
| | - Edward Curry
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Richard Szydlo
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mary Alikian
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hui En Foong
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jamshid S Khorashad
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Dragana Milojkovic
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Letizia Foroni
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Wang PF, Cai HQ, Zhang CB, Li YM, Liu X, Wan JH, Jiang T, Li SW, Yan CX. Molecular and clinical characterization of PTPN2 expression from RNA-seq data of 996 brain gliomas. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:145. [PMID: 29764444 PMCID: PMC5953404 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to promote antitumor immunity and achieve durable tumor remissions. However, certain tumors are refractory to current immunotherapy. These negative results encouraged us to uncover other therapeutic targets and strategies. PTPN2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2) has been newly identified as an immunotherapy target. Loss of PTPN2 sensitizes the tumor to immunotherapy via IFNγ signaling. Methods Here, we investigated the relationship between PTPN2 mRNA levels and clinical characteristics in gliomas. RNA-seq data of a cohort of 325 patients with glioma were available from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and 671 from The Cancer Genome Atlas. R language, GraphPad Prism 5, and SPSS 22.0 were used to analyze data and draw figures. Results PTPN2 transcript levels increased significantly with higher grades of glioma and in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type and mesenchymal subtype gliomas. A comprehensive biological analysis was conducted, which indicated a crucial role of PTPN2 in the immune and inflammation responses in gliomas. Specifically, PTPN2 was positively associated with HCK, LCK, MHC II, and STAT1 but negatively related to IgG and interferon. Moreover, canonical correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of PTPN2 with infiltrating immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8+ T cells. Clinically, higher levels of PTPN2 were associated with a worse overall survival both in patients with gliomas and glioblastomas. Conclusion PTPN2 expression level was increased in glioblastomas and associated with gliomas of the IDH wild-type and mesenchymal subtype. There was a close correlation between PTPN2 and the immune response and inflammatory activity in gliomas. Our results show that PTPN2 is a promising immunotherapy target and may provide additional treatment strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1187-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Building 1, Ward 6, Xiang Shan Yi Ke Song Road 50, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Building 1, Ward 6, Xiang Shan Yi Ke Song Road 50, Haidian, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Michael Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jing-Hai Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Building 1, Ward 6, Xiang Shan Yi Ke Song Road 50, Haidian, Beijing, China.
| | - Chang-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Building 1, Ward 6, Xiang Shan Yi Ke Song Road 50, Haidian, Beijing, China.
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Le HTT, Cho YC, Cho S. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 by PTP inhibitor XIX: Its role as a multiphosphatase inhibitor. BMB Rep 2018; 50:329-334. [PMID: 28228214 PMCID: PMC5498144 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.6.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play crucial roles in signal transduction and their functional alteration has been detected in many diseases. PTP inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic drugs for diseases that are related to the activity of PTPs. In this study, PTP inhibitor XIX, an inhibitor of CD45 and PTEN, was investigated whether it inhibits other PTPs. Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) was selectively inhibited by the inhibitor in a competitive manner. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) analysis showed that the inhibitor induces conformational changes in PTPN2. Phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Tyr-705, a crucial site for STAT3 activation and target site of PTPN2, decreased upon exposure to the inhibitor. Our results suggest that PTP inhibitor XIX might be considered as an effective regulator of PTPN2 for treating diseases related to PTPN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Le
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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PTPRG and PTPRC modulate nilotinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9442-9455. [PMID: 29507701 PMCID: PMC5823647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) BCR-ABL1 has improved treatment response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, in some patients response still remains suboptimal. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are natural counter-actors of PTK activity and can affect TKI sensitivity, but the impact of PTPs on treatment response to second-generation TKIs is unknown. We assessed the mRNA expression level of 38 PTPs in 66 newly diagnosed CML patients and analyzed the potential relation with treatment outcome after 9 months of nilotinib medication. A significantly positive association with response was observed for higher PTPN13, PTPRA, PTPRC (also known as CD45), PTPRG, and PTPRM expression. Selected PTPs were then subjected to a functional analysis in CML cell line models using PTP gene knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 technology or PTP overexpression. These analyses revealed PTPRG positively and PTPRC negatively modulating nilotinib response. Consistently, PTPRG negatively and PTPRC positively affected BCR-ABL1 dependent transformation. We identified BCR-ABL1 signaling events, which were affected by modulating PTP levels or nilotinib treatment in the same direction. In conclusion, the PTP status of CML cells is important for the response to second generation TKIs and may help in optimizing therapeutic strategies.
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