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Zelaya H, Grunz K, Nguyen TS, Habibi A, Witzler C, Reyda S, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Bosmann M, Weiler H, Ruf W. Nucleic acid sensing promotes inflammatory monocyte migration through biased coagulation factor VIIa signaling. Blood 2024; 143:845-857. [PMID: 38096370 PMCID: PMC10940062 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Protease activated receptors (PARs) are cleaved by coagulation proteases and thereby connect hemostasis with innate immune responses. Signaling of the tissue factor (TF) complex with factor VIIa (FVIIa) via PAR2 stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and cancer cell migration, but functions of cell autonomous TF-FVIIa signaling in immune cells are unknown. Here, we show that myeloid cell expression of FVII but not of FX is crucial for inflammatory cell recruitment to the alveolar space after challenge with the double-stranded viral RNA mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]. In line with these data, genetically modified mice completely resistant to PAR2 cleavage but not FXa-resistant PAR2-mutant mice are protected from lung inflammation. Poly(I:C)-stimulated migration of monocytes/macrophages is dependent on ERK activation and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) but independent of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Monocyte/macrophage-synthesized FVIIa cleaving PAR2 is required for integrin αMβ2-dependent migration on fibrinogen but not for integrin β1-dependent migration on fibronectin. To further dissect the downstream signaling pathway, we generated PAR2S365/T368A-mutant mice deficient in β-arrestin recruitment and ERK scaffolding. This mutation reduces cytosolic, but not nuclear ERK phosphorylation by Poly(I:C) stimulation, and prevents macrophage migration on fibrinogen but not fibronectin after stimulation with Poly(I:C) or CpG-B, a single-stranded DNA TLR9 agonist. In addition, PAR2S365/T368A-mutant mice display markedly reduced immune cell recruitment to the alveolar space after Poly(I:C) challenge. These results identify TF-FVIIa-PAR2-β-arrestin-biased signaling as a driver for lung infiltration in response to viral nucleic acids and suggest potential therapeutic interventions specifically targeting TF-VIIa signaling in thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Zelaya
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Kristin Grunz
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Son Nguyen
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anxhela Habibi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudius Witzler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
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2
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Rondeau LE, Da Luz BB, Santiago A, Bermudez-Brito M, Hann A, De Palma G, Jury J, Wang X, Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ, Rolland C, Deraison C, Ruf W, Bercik P, Vergnolle N, Caminero A. Proteolytic bacteria expansion during colitis amplifies inflammation through cleavage of the external domain of PAR2. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2387857. [PMID: 39171684 PMCID: PMC11346554 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2387857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in proteolytic activity have been linked to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and experimental colitis. Proteases in the intestine play important roles in maintaining homeostasis, but exposure of mucosal tissues to excess proteolytic activity can promote pathology through protease-activated receptors (PARs). Previous research implicates microbial proteases in IBD, but the underlying pathways and specific interactions between microbes and PARs remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of microbial proteolytic activation of the external domain of PAR2 in intestinal injury using mice expressing PAR2 with a mutated N-terminal external domain that is resistant to canonical activation by proteolytic cleavage. Our findings demonstrate the key role of proteolytic cleavage of the PAR2 external domain in promoting intestinal permeability and inflammation during colitis. In wild-type mice expressing protease-sensitive PAR2, excessive inflammation leads to the expansion of bacterial taxa that cleave the external domain of PAR2, exacerbating colitis severity. In contrast, mice expressing mutated protease-resistant PAR2 exhibit attenuated colitis severity and do not experience the same proteolytic bacterial expansion. Colonization of wild-type mice with proteolytic PAR2-activating Enterococcus and Staphylococcus worsens colitis severity. Our study identifies a previously unknown interaction between proteolytic bacterial communities, which are shaped by inflammation, and the external domain of PAR2 in colitis. The findings should encourage new therapeutic developments for IBD by targeting excessive PAR2 cleavage by bacterial proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Emile Rondeau
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bruna Barbosa Da Luz
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alba Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam Bermudez-Brito
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Hann
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Francisca Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Jean Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Celine Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Sun X, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Sun X, Yang L, Jin M. Sodium taurocholate hydrate inhibits influenza virus replication and suppresses influenza a Virus-triggered inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110544. [PMID: 37392567 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an important respiratory pathogen that poses serious threats to human health. Owing to the high mutation rate of viral genes, weaker cross-protection of vaccines, and rapid emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses. Taurocholic acid is a primary bile acid that promotes digestion, absorption, and excretion of dietary lipids. Here, we demonstrate that sodium taurocholate hydrate (STH) exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza strains H5N6, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and H9N2 in vitro. STH significantly inhibited the early stages of influenza A virus replication. The levels of influenza virus viral RNA (vRNA), complementary RNA (cRNA), and mRNA were specifically reduced in virus-infected cells following STH treatment. In vivo, STH treatment of infected mice alleviated clinical signs and reduced weight loss and mortality. STH also reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 overexpression. STH significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4 and the NF-kB family member p65, both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that STH exerts a protective effect against influenza infection via suppression of the NF-kB pathway, highlighting the potential use of STH as a drug for treating influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Lam JH, Baumgarth N. Toll-like receptor mediated inflammation directs B cells towards protective antiviral extrafollicular responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3979. [PMID: 37407556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrafollicular plasmablast responses (EFRs) are considered to generate antibodies of low affinity that offer little protection from infections. Paradoxically, high avidity antigen-B cell receptor engagement is thought to be the main driver of B cell differentiation, whether in EFRs or slower-developing germinal centers (GCs). Here we show that influenza infection rapidly induces EFRs, generating protective antibodies via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated mechanisms that are both B cell intrinsic and extrinsic. B cell-intrinsic TLR signals support antigen-stimulated B cell survival, clonal expansion, and the differentiation of B cells via induction of IRF4, the master regulator of B cell differentiation, through activation of NF-kB c-Rel. Provision of sustained TLR4 stimulation after immunization shifts the fate of virus-specific B cells towards EFRs instead of GCs, prompting rapid antibody production and improving their protective capacity over antigen/alum administration alone. Thus, inflammatory signals act as B cell fate-determinants for the rapid generation of protective antiviral extrafollicular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Lam
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
- Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA.
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, USA.
- Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA.
- W. Harry Feinstone Dept Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, E4135, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Ryan TAJ, O’Neill LAJ. An Emerging Role for Type I Interferons as Critical Regulators of Blood Coagulation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050778. [PMID: 36899914 PMCID: PMC10001161 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are central mediators of anti-viral and anti-bacterial host defence. Detection of microbes by innate immune cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cGAS-STING, induces the expression of type I IFN-stimulated genes. Primarily comprising the cytokines IFN-α and IFN-β, type I IFNs act via the type I IFN receptor in an autocrine or exocrine manner to orchestrate rapid and diverse innate immune responses. Growing evidence pinpoints type I IFN signalling as a fulcrum that not only induces blood coagulation as a core feature of the inflammatory response but is also activated by components of the coagulation cascade. In this review, we describe in detail recent studies identifying the type I IFN pathway as a modulator of vascular function and thrombosis. In addition, we profile discoveries showing that thrombin signalling via protease-activated receptors (PARs), which can synergize with TLRs, regulates the host response to infection via induction of type I IFN signalling. Thus, type I IFNs can have both protective (via maintenance of haemostasis) and pathological (facilitating thrombosis) effects on inflammation and coagulation signalling. These can manifest as an increased risk of thrombotic complications in infection and in type I interferonopathies such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). We also consider the effects on coagulation of recombinant type I IFN therapies in the clinic and discuss pharmacological regulation of type I IFN signalling as a potential mechanism by which aberrant coagulation and thrombosis may be treated therapeutically.
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Lacrimal Gland Epithelial Cells Shape Immune Responses through the Modulation of Inflammasomes and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054309. [PMID: 36901740 PMCID: PMC10001612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacrimal gland inflammation triggers dry eye disease through impaired tear secretion by the epithelium. As aberrant inflammasome activation occurs in autoimmune disorders including Sjögren's syndrome, we analyzed the inflammasome pathway during acute and chronic inflammation and investigated its potential regulators. Bacterial infection was mimicked by the intraglandular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nigericin, known to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Acute injury of the lacrimal gland was induced by interleukin (IL)-1α injection. Chronic inflammation was studied using two Sjögren's syndrome models: diseased NOD.H2b compared to healthy BALBc mice and Thrombospondin-1-null (TSP-1-/-) compared to TSP-1WTC57BL/6J mice. Inflammasome activation was investigated by immunostaining using the R26ASC-citrine reporter mouse, by Western blotting, and by RNAseq. LPS/Nigericin, IL-1α and chronic inflammation induced inflammasomes in lacrimal gland epithelial cells. Acute and chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland upregulated multiple inflammasome sensors, caspases 1/4, and interleukins Il1b and Il18. We also found increased IL-1β maturation in Sjögren's syndrome models compared with healthy control lacrimal glands. Using RNA-seq data of regenerating lacrimal glands, we found that lipogenic genes were upregulated during the resolution of inflammation following acute injury. In chronically inflamed NOD.H2b lacrimal glands, an altered lipid metabolism was associated with disease progression: genes for cholesterol metabolism were upregulated, while genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and fatty acid synthesis were downregulated, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)/sterol regulatory element-binding 1 (SREBP-1)-dependent signaling. We conclude that epithelial cells can promote immune responses by forming inflammasomes, and that sustained inflammasome activation, together with an altered lipid metabolism, are key players of Sjögren's syndrome-like pathogenesis in the NOD.H2b mouse lacrimal gland by promoting epithelial dysfunction and inflammation.
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7
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Shao C, Lu L. PAR2 Overexpression is Involved in the Occurrence of Hyperoxygen-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Rats. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:423-437. [PMID: 36657618 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2166799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease commonly seen in preterm infants. It is characterized by delayed development of the alveoli and lung fibrosis. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is an inflammatory driver that plays a proinflammatory role mainly through the P38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS Newborn rat pups were kept under air or oxygen at >60% concentration. Lung tissues were collected at postnatal days (P) 1, 4, 7, and 10 to observe pathological changes and take measurements. RESULTS In the hyperoxic group, P4 and P7 rats showed delayed alveolar development, septal thickening, and disturbances in alveolar structure.PAR2, P38 MAPK, NF-κB, and IL-18 expression at P4, P7, and P10 was significantly higher than in the air group. CONCLUSION PAR2 is involved in lung injury induced by persistent hyperoxia. Activated PAR2 promotes IL-18 overexpression through the P38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which may be an important mechanism of PAR2-mediated lung injury in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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8
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Shouib R, Eitzen G. Cdc42 regulates cytokine expression and trafficking in bronchial epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1069499. [PMID: 36618374 PMCID: PMC9816864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells can respond to incoming pathogens, allergens and stimulants through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. These pro-inflammatory mediators activate inflammatory signaling cascades that allow a robust immune response to be mounted. However, uncontrolled production and release of cytokines and chemokines can result in chronic inflammation and appears to be an underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of pulmonary disorders such as asthma and COPD. The Rho GTPase, Cdc42, is an important signaling molecule that we hypothesize can regulate cytokine production and release from epithelial cells. We treated BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells with a set of stimulants to activate inflammatory pathways and cytokine release. The production, trafficking and secretion of cytokines were assessed when Cdc42 was pharmacologically inhibited with ML141 drug or silenced with lentiviral-mediated shRNA knockdown. We found that Cdc42 inhibition with ML141 differentially affected gene expression of a subset of cytokines; transcription of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased while MCP-1 was decreased. However, Cdc42 inhibition or depletion disrupted IL-8 trafficking and reduced its secretion even though transcription was increased. Cytokines transiting through the Golgi were particularly affected by Cdc42 disruption. Our results define a role for Cdc42 in the regulation of cytokine production and release in airway epithelial cells. This underscores the role of Cdc42 in coupling receptor activation to downstream gene expression and also as a regulator of cytokine secretory pathways.
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Pandey T, Ma DK. Stress-Induced Phenoptosis: Mechanistic Insights and Evolutionary Implications. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1504-1511. [PMID: 36717459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution by natural selection results in biological traits that enable organismic adaptation and survival under various stressful environments. External stresses can be sometimes too severe to overcome, leading to organismic death either because of failure in adapting to such stress, or alternatively, through a regulated form of organismic death (phenoptosis). While regulated cell deaths, including apoptosis, have been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying phenoptosis and its evolutionary significance for multicellular organisms. In this article, we review documented phenomena and mechanistic evidence emerging from studies of stress-induced phenoptosis in the multicellular organism C. elegans and stress-induced deaths at cellular levels in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals, focusing on abiotic and pathogen stresses. Genes and signaling pathways involved in phenoptosis appear to promote organismic death during severe stress and aging, while conferring fitness and immune defense during mild stress and early life, consistent with their antagonistic pleiotropy actions. As cell apoptosis during development can shape tissues and organs, stress-induced phenoptosis may also contribute to possible benefits at the population level, through mechanisms including kin selection, abortive infection, and soma-to-germline resource allocation. Current models can generate experimentally testable predictions and conceptual frameworks with implications for understanding both stress-induced phenoptosis and natural aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Pandey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. .,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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10
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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11
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Cui H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Cai Z, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhao K, Qiao S, Wang Y, Meng L, Dong S, Liu J, Guo Z. Anti-Influenza Effect and Mechanisms of Lentinan in an ICR Mouse Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892864. [PMID: 35669119 PMCID: PMC9163413 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a serious threat to global human health and public health security. There is an urgent need to develop new anti-influenza drugs. Lentinan (LNT) has attracted increasing attention in recent years. As potential protective agent, LNT has been shown to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. However, there has been no further research into the anti-influenza action of lentinan in vivo, and the mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, the anti-influenza effect and mechanism of Lentinan were studied in the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse model. The results showed that Lentinan had a high degree of protection in mice against infection with influenza A virus, delayed the emergence of clinical manifestations, improved the survival rate of mice, significantly prolonged the middle survival days, attenuated the weight loss, and reduced the lung coefficient of mice. It alleviated the pathological damage of mice infected with the influenza virus and improved blood indices. Lentinan treatment considerably inhibited inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) levels in the serum and lung and improved IFN-γ cytokine levels, which reduced cytokine storms caused by influenza virus infection. The underlying mechanisms of action involved Lentinan inhibiting the inflammatory response by regulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. This study provides a foundation for the clinical application of Lentinan, and provides new insight into the development of novel immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chunmao Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuming Cai
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaoliang Chen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lijia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
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Kountz TS, Biyasheva A, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Extracellular Nucleotides and Histamine Suppress TLR3- and RIG-I-Mediated Release of Antiviral IFNs from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2390-2402. [PMID: 35459743 PMCID: PMC9444327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses stimulate the release of antiviral IFNs from the airway epithelium. Previous studies have shown that asthmatic patients show diminished release of type I and type III IFNs from bronchial epithelia. However, the mechanism of this suppression is not understood. In this study, we report that extracellular nucleotides and histamine, which are elevated in asthmatic airways, strongly inhibit release of type I and type III IFNs from human bronchial airway epithelial cells (AECs). Specifically, ATP, UTP, and histamine all inhibited the release of type I and type III IFNs from AECs induced by activation of TLR3, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), or cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING. This inhibition was at least partly mediated by Gq signaling through purinergic P2Y2 and H1 receptors, but it did not involve store-operated calcium entry. Pharmacological blockade of protein kinase C partially reversed inhibition of IFN production. Conversely, direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters strongly inhibited TLR3- and RIG-I-mediated IFN production. Inhibition of type I and type III IFNs by ATP, UTP, histamine, and the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) receptor agonist SLIGKV also occurred in differentiated AECs grown at an air-liquid interface, indicating that the suppression is conserved following mucociliary differentiation. Importantly, histamine and, more strikingly, ATP inhibited type I IFN release from human airway cells infected with live influenza A virus or rhinovirus 1B. These results reveal an important role for extracellular nucleotides and histamine in attenuating the induction of type I and III IFNs from AECs and help explain the molecular basis of the suppression of IFN responses in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Assel Biyasheva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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13
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Protocatechuic acid protects mice from influenza A virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:589-596. [PMID: 35067799 PMCID: PMC8784203 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 infection remains great challenge to public health and causes great burden over the world. Although there are anti-viral agents available, searching for effective agents to treat H1N1 infection is still in urgent because of the emergence of resistant strain. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a biological agent with multiple functions. In present study, we explored the effects of PCA on H1N1 infection. Mice infected with mouse adapted influenza strain A/Font Monmouth were administrated with PCA. The body weight change, mortality, lung index, viral titer, immune cell infiltration, and cytokine production in the lung were monitored. The activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway was investigated. PCA treatment prevented H1N1 infection-induced mice body weight loss and death. PCA reduced the lung index, viral titer, infiltration of immune cells, and cytokine level in the lung, as well as suppressed H1N1-induced TLR4/NF-κB activation. PCA protects mice against H1N1 infection and could be a potential therapeutic agent to treat influenza.
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14
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Chernyak BV, Lyamzaev KG, Mulkidjanian AY. Innate Immunity as an Executor of the Programmed Death of Individual Organisms for the Benefit of the Entire Population. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413480. [PMID: 34948277 PMCID: PMC8704876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, over-activation of innate immunity in response to viral or bacterial infections often causes severe illness and death. Furthermore, similar mechanisms related to innate immunity can cause pathogenesis and death in sepsis, massive trauma (including surgery and burns), ischemia/reperfusion, some toxic lesions, and viral infections including COVID-19. Based on the reviewed observations, we suggest that such severe outcomes may be manifestations of a controlled suicidal strategy protecting the entire population from the spread of pathogens and from dangerous pathologies rather than an aberrant hyperstimulation of defense responses. We argue that innate immunity may be involved in the implementation of an altruistic programmed death of an organism aimed at increasing the well-being of the whole community. We discuss possible ways to suppress this atavistic program by interfering with innate immunity and suggest that combating this program should be a major goal of future medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (B.V.C.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Armen Y. Mulkidjanian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.V.C.); (A.Y.M.)
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15
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Gunther RC, Bharathi V, Miles SD, Tumey LR, Schmedes CM, Tatsumi K, Bridges MD, Martinez D, Montgomery SA, Beck MA, Camerer E, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Myeloid Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Contributes to Influenza A Virus Pathology in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791017. [PMID: 34925374 PMCID: PMC8671937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInnate immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection are initiated in part by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). TLR3-dependent signaling induces an antiviral immune response and an NFκB-dependent inflammatory response. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) inhibits the antiviral response and enhances the inflammatory response. PAR2 deficiency protected mice during IAV infection. However, the PAR2 expressing cell-types contributing to IAV pathology in mice and the mechanism by which PAR2 contributes to IAV infection is unknown.MethodsIAV infection was analyzed in global (Par2-/-), myeloid (Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+) and lung epithelial cell (EpC) Par2 deficient (Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+) mice and their respective controls (Par2+/+ and Par2fl/fl). In addition, the effect of PAR2 activation on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) activation of TLR3 was analyzed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Lastly, we determined the effect of PAR2 inhibition in wild-type (WT) mice.ResultsAfter IAV infection, Par2-/- and mice with myeloid Par2 deficiency exhibited increased survival compared to infected controls. The improved survival was associated with reduced proinflammatory mediators and reduced cellular infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Par2-/- and Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+ 3 days post infection (dpi) compared to infected control mice. Interestingly, Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+ mice showed no survival benefit compared to Par2fl/fl. In vitro studies showed that Par2-/- BMDM produced less IL6 and IL12p40 than Par2+/+ BMDM after poly I:C stimulation. In addition, activation of PAR2 on Par2+/+ BMDM increased poly I:C induction of IL6 and IL12p40 compared to poly I:C stimulation alone. Importantly, PAR2 inhibition prior to IAV infection protect WT mice.ConclusionGlobal Par2 or myeloid cell but not lung EpC Par2 deficiency was associated with reduced BALF inflammatory markers and reduced IAV-induced mortality. Our study suggests that PAR2 may be a therapeutic target to reduce IAV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C. Gunther
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miles
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauryn R. Tumey
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clare M. Schmedes
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meagan D. Bridges
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Martinez
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric Camerer
- Department of Medicine, Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Silvio Antoniak,
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16
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Du Q, Huang W, Zhao J, Zeng J, Zhang W, Huang X, Chen R, Jiang H, Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhong N, Wang X, Yang Z. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits influenza-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114128. [PMID: 33872750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Influenza virus infection is widely believed to cause mild symptoms, but can lead to high mortality and severe disease complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proposed as a promising agent to treat respiratory viral infections. A herbal formula Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LHQW) comprising two prescriptions: Maxing Shigan decoction and Yinqiao San, has been used clinically to treat respiratory infection with immune regulatory effects. However, little is known about the capacity of LHQW against influenza-induced secondary bacterial pneumonia. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and underlying mechanism of LHQW on influenza A virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8) secondary methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. METHODS The anti-adhesion activity of LHQW against PR8-induced MRSA infection was assessed in human lung epithelial (A549) cells and the effect of LHQW on the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was detected. Also, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in PR8-infected A549 cells were determined. The body weight change, survivals, viral titers, colonies and the pathological parameters after LHQW treatment in severe pneumonia model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS LHQW significantly reduced the adhesion of MRSA to PR8-infected A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing the up-regulation of bacterial receptors. LHQW also markedly declined the overexpression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α induced by LPS stimulated-A549 cells following influenza virus infection. Furthermore, the abnormal changes of lung index in dual-infection mice were relieved after administered with LHQW in preventive and therapeutic mode, but with no significantly difference (P > 0.05). LHQW could not effectively improve survival rate or prolong the survival time of mice (P > 0.05). LHQW (1000 mg/kg/d) administered prophylactically significantly decreased the lung viral titers (P < 0.05), slightly downregulated IL-6 but TNF-α, IL-1β levels and improved lung pathological inflammation including neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, which is consistent with the expression of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS LHQW inhibited influenza-induced bacterial adhesion by down-regulating the adhesion molecules with the improvement trend on severe pneumonia, indicating that it can be used as an adjuvant medication in severe viral-bacterial pneumonia therapy rather than as a single medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed College of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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17
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Shah RB, Shah RD, Retzinger DG, Retzinger AC, Retzinger DA, Retzinger GS. Competing Bioaerosols May Influence the Seasonality of Influenza-Like Illnesses, including COVID-19. The Chicago Experience. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091204. [PMID: 34578237 PMCID: PMC8469960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from Chicago confirm the end of flu season coincides with the beginning of pollen season. More importantly, the end of flu season also coincides with onset of seasonal aerosolization of mold spores. Overall, the data suggest bioaerosols, especially mold spores, compete with viruses for a shared receptor, with the periodicity of influenza-like illnesses, including COVID-19, a consequence of seasonal factors that influence aerosolization of competing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa B. Shah
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60209, USA;
| | - Rachna D. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60153, USA;
| | | | - Andrew C. Retzinger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, Camden Clark Medical Center, Parkersburg, WV 26101, USA;
| | | | - Gregory S. Retzinger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-926-2258
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18
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19
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Magalhães NS, Savino W, Silva PMR, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is a Crucial Player for the Poor Outcomes for COVID-19 in Elderly, Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644751. [PMID: 34458281 PMCID: PMC8385716 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new infectious disease, named COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic in 2020. The three most common pre-existing comorbidities associated with COVID-19-related death are elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people. A common factor among these risk groups for the outcome of death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is dysbiosis, with an increase in the proportion of bacteria with a pro-inflammatory profile. Due to this dysbiosis, elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people present a higher propensity to mount an inflammatory environment in the gut with poor immune editing, culminating in a weakness of the intestinal permeability barrier and high bacterial product translocation to the bloodstream. This scenario culminates in a low-grade, persistent, and systemic inflammation. In this context, we propose here that high circulating levels of bacterial products, like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can potentiate the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokines, including IL-6, being crucial for development of the cytokine storm in the severe form of the disease. A better understanding on the possible correlation between gut dysbiosis and poor outcomes observed in elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people can be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on modulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Santos Magalhães
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Machado Rodrigues Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Cardosa SR, Ogunkolade BW, Lowe R, Savage E, Mein CA, Boucher BJ, Hitman GA. Areca catechu-(Betel-nut)-induced whole transcriptome changes in a human monocyte cell line that may have relevance to diabetes and obesity; a pilot study. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 34391409 PMCID: PMC8364090 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betel-nut consumption is the fourth most common addictive habit globally and there is good evidence linking the habit to obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of our pilot study was to identify gene expression relevant to obesity, T2D and the metabolic syndrome using a genome-wide transcriptomic approach in a human monocyte cell line incubated with arecoline and its nitrosated products. RESULTS The THP1 monocyte cell line was incubated separately with arecoline and 3-methylnitrosaminopropionaldehyde (MNPA) in triplicate for 24 h and pooled cDNA indexed paired-end libraries were sequenced (Illumina NextSeq 500). After incubation with arecoline and MNPA, 15 and 39 genes respectively had significant changes in their expression (q < 0.05, log fold change 1.5). Eighteen of those genes have reported associations with T2D and obesity in humans; of these genes there was most marked evidence for CLEC10A, MAPK8IP1, NEGR1, NQ01 and INHBE genes. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary studies have identified a large number of genes relevant to obesity, T2D and metabolic syndrome whose expression was changed significantly in human TPH1 cells following incubation with betel-nut derived arecoline or with MNPA. These findings require validation by further cell-based work and investigation amongst betel-chewing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleny R Cardosa
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B William Ogunkolade
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rob Lowe
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emanuel Savage
- Barts and The London Genome Centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charles A Mein
- Barts and The London Genome Centre, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Barbara J Boucher
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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21
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Subramaniam S, Ruf W, Bosmann M. Advocacy of targeting protease-activated receptors in severe coronavirus disease 2019. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2086-2099. [PMID: 34235728 PMCID: PMC8794588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying drug targets mitigating vascular dysfunction, thrombo-inflammation and thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 is essential. COVID-19 coagulopathy differs from sepsis coagulopathy. Factors that drive severe lung pathology and coagulation abnormalities in COVID-19 are not understood. Protein-protein interaction studies indicate that the tagged viral bait protein ORF9c directly interacts with PAR2, which modulates host cell IFN and inflammatory cytokines. In addition to direct interaction of SARS-CoV-2 viral protein with PARs, we speculate that activation of PAR by proteases plays a role in COVID-19-induced hyperinflammation. In COVID-19-associated coagulopathy elevated levels of activated coagulation proteases may cleave PARs in association with TMPRSS2. PARs activation enhances the release of cytokines, chemokines and tissue factor expression to propagate IFN-dependent inflammation, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, vascular permeability and coagulation responses. This hypothesis, corroborated by in vitro findings and emerging clinical evidence, will focus targeted studies of PAR1/2 blockers as adjuvant drugs against cytokine release syndrome and COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Shirey KA, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. Targeting TLR4 Signaling to Blunt Viral-Mediated Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705080. [PMID: 34282358 PMCID: PMC8285366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been a long-standing global burden ranging from seasonal recurrences to the unexpected pandemics. The yearly hospitalizations from seasonal viruses such as influenza can fluctuate greatly depending on the circulating strain(s) and the congruency with the predicted strains used for the yearly vaccine formulation, which often are not predicted accurately. While antiviral agents are available against influenza, efficacy is limited due to a temporal disconnect between the time of infection and symptom development and viral resistance. Uncontrolled, influenza infections can lead to a severe inflammatory response initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that ultimately signal through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Overall, these pathogen-host interactions result in a local cytokine storm leading to acute lung injury (ALI) or the more severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with concomitant systemic involvement and more severe, life threatening consequences. In addition to traditional antiviral treatments, blocking the host's innate immune response may provide a more viable approach to combat these infectious pathogens. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic illustrates a critical need for novel treatments to counteract the ALI and ARDS that has caused the deaths of millions worldwide. This review will examine how antagonizing TLR4 signaling has been effective experimentally in ameliorating ALI and lethal infection in challenge models triggered not only by influenza, but also by other ALI-inducing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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23
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Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Pathre P, Besse JA, Baruch-Morgenstern NB, Ballaban AY, Osswald GA, Brusilovsky M, Habel JE, Caldwell JM, Ynga-Durand MA, Abonia PJ, Hu YC, Wen T, Rothenberg ME. Functional role of kallikrein 5 and proteinase-activated receptor 2 in eosinophilic esophagitis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/545/eaaz7773. [PMID: 32461336 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz7773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, food antigen-driven, inflammatory disease of the esophagus and is associated with impaired barrier function. Evidence is emerging that loss of esophageal expression of the serine peptidase inhibitor, kazal type 7 (SPINK7), is an upstream event in EoE pathogenesis. Here, we provide evidence that loss of SPINK7 mediates its pro-EoE effects via kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and its substrate, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Overexpression of KLK5 in differentiated esophageal epithelial cells recapitulated the effect of SPINK7 gene silencing, including barrier impairment and loss of desmoglein-1 expression. Conversely, KLK5 deficiency attenuated allergen-induced esophageal protease activity, modified commensal microbiome composition, and attenuated eosinophilia in a murine model of EoE. Inhibition of PAR2 blunted the cytokine production associated with loss of SPINK7 in epithelial cells and attenuated the allergen-induced esophageal eosinophilia in vivo. Clinical samples substantiated dysregulated PAR2 expression in the esophagus of patients with EoE, and delivery of the clinically approved drug α1 antitrypsin (A1AT, a protease inhibitor) inhibited experimental EoE. These findings demonstrate a role for the balance between KLK5 and protease inhibitors in the esophagus and highlight EoE as a protease-mediated disease. We suggest that antagonizing KLK5 and/or PAR2 has potential to be therapeutic for EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Andrea M Klingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Purnima Pathre
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - John A Besse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Netali Ben Baruch-Morgenstern
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Adina Y Ballaban
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Garrett A Osswald
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jeff E Habel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Mario A Ynga-Durand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.,Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Investigación y Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo J Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.
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24
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Ruf W, Graf C. Coagulation signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Thromb Res 2021; 191 Suppl 1:S106-S111. [PMID: 32736766 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(20)30406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have delineated many interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer cells that are pivotal for cancer-associated thrombosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Expanding evidence shows that platelets, the tissue factor pathway, and proteolytic signaling involving protease-activated receptors (PARs) are also central players in innate and adaptive immunity. Recent studies in immune-competent mice have uncovered new immune-evasive roles of coagulation signaling networks in the development and growth of different preclinical tumor models. Tumor-type specific PAR1 signaling facilitates the escape from immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages produce factor X (FX) and cell autonomous FXa-PAR2 signaling emerges as a central mechanism for tumor-promoting macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacological targeting of this signaling pathway with tissue penetrating oral FXa inhibitor reprograms macrophage phenotypes, enhances tumor antigen presentation, and expands tumor-killing cytotoxic lymphocytes. Importantly, by specifically targeting innate immune cells, the oral FXa inhibitor rivaroxaban synergizes with checkpoint inhibitor therapy in enhancing antigen-specific antitumor immunity. In similar experiments, anticoagulation with heparin is inefficient to block extravascular coagulation signaling. Thus, antithrombotic therapy with oral FXa inhibitors may contribute to reversing tumor immune-evasive mechanisms and enhance the clinical outcome of targeted immuno-therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Macrophage protease-activated receptor 2 regulates fetal liver erythropoiesis in mice. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5810-5824. [PMID: 33232477 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in many coagulation factors and protease-activated receptors (PARs) affect embryonic development. We describe a defect in definitive erythropoiesis in PAR2-deficient mice. Embryonic PAR2 deficiency increases embryonic death associated with variably severe anemia in comparison with PAR2-expressing embryos. PAR2-deficient fetal livers display reduced macrophage densities, erythroblastic island areas, and messenger RNA expression levels of markers for erythropoiesis and macrophages. Coagulation factor synthesis in the liver coincides with expanding fetal liver hematopoiesis during midgestation, and embryonic factor VII (FVII) deficiency impairs liver macrophage development. Cleavage-insensitive PAR2-mutant mice recapitulate the hematopoiesis defect of PAR2-deficient embryos, and macrophage-expressed PAR2 directly supports erythroblastic island function and the differentiation of red blood cells in the fetal liver. Conditional deletion of PAR2 in macrophages impairs erythropoiesis, as well as increases inflammatory stress, as evidenced by upregulation of interferon-regulated hepcidin antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, postnatal macrophage PAR2 deficiency does not have any effect on steady-state Kupffer cells, bone marrow macrophage numbers, or erythropoiesis, but erythropoiesis in macrophages from PAR2-deficient mice is impaired following hemolysis. These data identify a novel function for macrophage PAR2 signaling in adapting to rapid increases in blood demand during gestational development and postnatal erythropoiesis under stress conditions.
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26
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Antoniak S, Tatsumi K, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Auriemma AC, Bharathi V, Stokol T, Beck MA, Griffin JH, Palumbo JS, Mackman N. PAR1 regulation of CXCL1 expression and neutrophil recruitment to the lung in mice infected with influenza A virus. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1103-1111. [PMID: 33346953 PMCID: PMC8048419 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed in various immune cells and in the lung. We showed that PAR1 plays a role in Coxsackievirus B3 infection by enhancing toll-like receptor 3-dependent interferon- β expression in cardiac fibroblasts. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of PAR1 in a mouse model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. METHODS We used mice with either a global deficiency of PAR1, cell type-specific deficiencies of PAR1, or mutation of PAR1 at the R41 or R46 cleavage sites. RESULTS PAR1-deficient mice had increased CXCL1 expression in the lung, increased neutrophil recruitment, increased protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased mortality after IAV infection compared with control mice infected with IAV. Results from mice with cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 indicated that PAR1 expression by hematopoietic cells suppressed CXCL1 expression, whereas PAR1 expression by endothelial cells enhanced CXCL1 expression in response to IAV infection. PAR1 activation also enhanced polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid induction of interleukin-8 in a human endothelial cell line. Mutation of the R46 cleavage site of PAR1 was associated with increased CXCL1 expression in the lung in response to IAV infection, which suggested that R46 signaling suppresses CXCL1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PAR1 expression by different cell types and activation by different proteases modulates the immune response during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Clare M. Schmedes
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Grant J. Egnatz
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Alyson C. Auriemma
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Departments of Nutrition and PediatricsGillings School of Global Public HealthSchool of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
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27
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Lee JS, Chowdhury N, Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ö. Host surface ectonucleotidase-CD73 and the opportunistic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, cross-modulation underlies a new homeostatic mechanism for chronic bacterial survival in human epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:414-429. [PMID: 32419582 PMCID: PMC7239027 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, ectonucleotidase-CD73, has emerged as a central component of the cellular homeostatic-machinery that counterbalances the danger-molecule (extracellular-ATP)-driven proinflammatory response in immune cells. While the importance of CD73 in microbial host fitness and symbiosis is gradually being unraveled, there remains a significant gap in knowledge of CD73 and its putative role in epithelial cells. Here, we depict a novel host-pathogen adaptation mechanism where CD73 takes a center role in the intracellular persistence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major colonizer of oral mucosa, using human primary gingival epithelial cell (GEC) system. Temporal analyses revealed, upon invasion into the GECs, P. gingivalis can significantly elevate the host-surface CD73 activity and expression. The enhanced and active CD73 significantly increases P. gingivalis intracellular growth in the presence of substrate-AMP and simultaneously acts as a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon eATP treatment. The inhibition of CD73 by siRNA or by a specific inhibitor markedly increases ROS production. Moreover, CD73 and P. gingivalis cross-signaling significantly modulates pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the GECs. Conversely, exogenous treatment of the infected GECs with IL-6 suppresses the intracellular bacteria via amplified ROS generation. However, the decreased bacterial levels can be restored by overexpressing functionally active CD73. Together, these findings illuminate how the local extracellular-purine-metabolism, in which CD73 serves as a core molecular switch, can alter intracellular microbial colonization resistance. Further, host-adaptive pathogens such as P. gingivalis can target host ectonucleotidases to disarm specific innate defenses for successful intracellular persistence in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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28
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Singh H, Koury J, Kaul M. Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2021; 13:170. [PMID: 33498715 PMCID: PMC7912342 DOI: 10.3390/v13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Her JY, Lee Y, Kim SJ, Heo G, Choo J, Kim Y, Howe C, Rhee SH, Yu HS, Chung HY, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Blockage of protease-activated receptor 2 exacerbates inflammation in high-fat environment partly through autophagy inhibition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G30-G42. [PMID: 33146548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) regulates inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. However, its precise role in colitis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of PAR2 in high-fat diet-fed mice with colitis and its potential role in autophagy. PAR2+/+ and PAR2-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 days before colitis induction with dextran sodium sulfate. Deletion of PAR2 and an HFD significantly exacerbated colitis, as shown by increased mortality, body weight loss, diarrhea or bloody stools, colon length shortening, and mucosal damage. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were elevated in HFD-fed PAR2-/- mice and in cells treated with the PAR2 antagonist GB83, palmitic acid (PA), and a cytokine cocktail (CC). Damaging effects of PAR2 blockage were associated with autophagy regulation by reducing the levels of YAP1, SIRT1, PGC-1α, Atg5, and LC3A/B-I/II. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction was demonstrated only in cells treated with GB83, PA, and CC. Reduced cell viability and greater induction of apoptosis, as shown by increased levels of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were observed in cells treated with GB83, PA, and CC but not in those treated with only PA and CC. Collectively, protective effects of PAR2 were elucidated during inflammation accompanied by a high-fat environment by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis, suggesting PAR2 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease co-occurring with metabolic syndrome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Deletion of PAR2 with high-fat diet feeding exacerbates colitis in a murine colitis model. Proinflammatory effects of PAR2 blockage in a high-fat environment were associated with an altered balance between autophagy and apoptosis. Increased colonic levels of PAR2 represent as a therapeutic strategy for IBD co-occurring with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Her
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cody Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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30
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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Rayees S, Rochford I, Joshi JC, Joshi B, Banerjee S, Mehta D. Macrophage TLR4 and PAR2 Signaling: Role in Regulating Vascular Inflammatory Injury and Repair. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2091. [PMID: 33072072 PMCID: PMC7530636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in dictating the tissue response to infection and orchestrating subsequent repair of the damage. In this context, macrophages residing in the lungs continuously sense and discriminate among a wide range of insults to initiate the immune responses important to host-defense. Inflammatory tissue injury also leads to activation of proteases, and thereby the coagulation pathway, to optimize injury and repair post-infection. However, long-lasting inflammatory triggers from macrophages can impair the lung's ability to recover from severe injury, leading to increased lung vascular permeability and neutrophilic injury, hallmarks of Acute Lung Injury (ALI). In this review, we discuss the roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and protease activating receptor 2 (PAR2) expressed on the macrophage cell-surface in regulating lung vascular inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rayees
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rochford
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jagdish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bhagwati Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Somenath Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
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32
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Pryzdial ELG, Sutherland MR, Lin BH, Horwitz M. Antiviral anticoagulation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:774-788. [PMID: 32685886 PMCID: PMC7354393 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel envelope virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hallmarks of COVID-19 are a puzzling form of thrombophilia that has elevated D-dimer but only modest effects on other parameters of coagulopathy. This is combined with severe inflammation, often leading to acute respiratory distress and possible lethality. Coagulopathy and inflammation are interconnected by the transmembrane receptor, tissue factor (TF), which initiates blood clotting as a cofactor for factor VIIa (FVIIa)-mediated factor Xa (FXa) generation. TF also functions from within the nascent TF/FVIIa/FXa complex to trigger profound changes via protease-activated receptors (PARs) in many cell types, including SARS-CoV-2-trophic cells. Therefore, aberrant expression of TF may be the underlying basis of COVID-19 symptoms. Evidence suggests a correlation between infection with many virus types and development of clotting-related symptoms, ranging from heart disease to bleeding, depending on the virus. Since numerous cell types express TF and can act as sites for virus replication, a model envelope virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), has been used to investigate the uptake of TF into the envelope. Indeed, HSV1 and other viruses harbor surface TF antigen, which retains clotting and PAR signaling function. Strikingly, envelope TF is essential for HSV1 infection in mice, and the FXa-directed oral anticoagulant apixaban had remarkable antiviral efficacy. SARS-CoV-2 replicates in TF-bearing epithelial and endothelial cells and may stimulate and integrate host cell TF, like HSV1 and other known coagulopathic viruses. Combined with this possibility, the features of COVID-19 suggest that it is a TFopathy, and the TF/FVIIa/FXa complex is a feasible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L. G. Pryzdial
- Center for InnovationCanadian Blood ServicesVancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michael R. Sutherland
- Center for InnovationCanadian Blood ServicesVancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Bryan H. Lin
- Center for InnovationCanadian Blood ServicesVancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Marc Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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33
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Graf C, Wilgenbus P, Pagel S, Pott J, Marini F, Reyda S, Kitano M, Macher-Göppinger S, Weiler H, Ruf W. Myeloid cell-synthesized coagulation factor X dampens antitumor immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/39/eaaw8405. [PMID: 31541031 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial barrier for effective cancer therapy, and plasticity of innate immune cells may contribute to failures of targeted immunotherapies. Here, we show that rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated coagulation factor X (FX), promotes antitumor immunity by enhancing infiltration of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T cells at the tumor site. Profiling FX expression in the TME identifies monocytes and macrophages as crucial sources of extravascular FX. By generating mice with immune cells lacking the ability to produce FX, we show that myeloid cell-derived FX plays a pivotal role in promoting tumor immune evasion. In mouse models of cancer, we report that the efficacy of rivaroxaban is comparable with anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy and that rivaroxaban synergizes with anti-PD-L1 in improving antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that FXa promotes immune evasion by signaling through protease-activated receptor 2 and that rivaroxaban specifically targets this cell-autonomous signaling pathway to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages. Collectively, our results have uncovered the importance of FX produced in the TME as a regulator of immune cell activation and suggest translational potential of direct oral anticoagulants to remove persisting roadblocks for immunotherapy and provide extravascular benefits in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Wilgenbus
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Pagel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pott
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maki Kitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Andersson U, Ottestad W, Tracey KJ. Extracellular HMGB1: a therapeutic target in severe pulmonary inflammation including COVID-19? Mol Med 2020; 26:42. [PMID: 32380958 PMCID: PMC7203545 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes for unresolved reasons acute respiratory distress syndrome in vulnerable individuals. There is a need to identify key pathogenic molecules in COVID-19-associated inflammation attainable to target with existing therapeutic compounds. The endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule HMGB1 initiates inflammation via two separate pathways. Disulfide-HMGB1 triggers TLR4 receptors generating pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Extracellular HMGB1, released from dying cells or secreted by activated innate immunity cells, forms complexes with extracellular DNA, RNA and other DAMP or pathogen-associated molecular (DAMP) molecules released after lytic cell death. These complexes are endocytosed via RAGE, constitutively expressed at high levels in the lungs only, and transported to the endolysosomal system, which is disrupted by HMGB1 at high concentrations. Danger molecules thus get access to cytosolic proinflammatory receptors instigating inflammasome activation. It is conceivable that extracellular SARS-CoV-2 RNA may reach the cellular cytosol via HMGB1-assisted transfer combined with lysosome leakage. Extracellular HMGB1 generally exists in vivo bound to other molecules, including PAMPs and DAMPs. It is plausible that these complexes are specifically removed in the lungs revealed by a 40% reduction of HMGB1 plasma levels in arterial versus venous blood. Abundant pulmonary RAGE expression enables endocytosis of danger molecules to be destroyed in the lysosomes at physiological HMGB1 levels, but causing detrimental inflammasome activation at high levels. Stress induces apoptosis in pulmonary endothelial cells from females but necrosis in cells from males. CONCLUSION Based on these observations we propose extracellular HMGB1 to be considered as a therapeutic target for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Ottestad
- Air Ambulance department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, 11030 USA
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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Tian J, Qu N, Jiao X, Wang X, Geng J, Griffin N, Shan F. Methionine enkephalin inhibits influenza A virus infection through upregulating antiviral state in RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106032. [PMID: 31835089 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MENK, as an immune adjuvant, has potential immune-regulatory activity on innate and adaptive immune cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the antiviral effect of MENK on influenza virus-infected murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7) and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that MENK markedly inhibited influenza A virus (H1N1) replication in pre- and post-MENK treatment, especially in pre-MENK treatment. The mechanisms exploration revealed that MENK (10 mg/mL) significantly inhibited the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus and up-regulated levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β compared with those in H1N1 control group. Further experiments confirmed that antiviral effects of MENK was associated with promotion of opioid receptor (MOR) as well as activation of NF-κB p65 inducing cellular antiviral status. The data suggest that MENK should be potential candidate for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment against H1N1 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Department of Translational Medicine, No.4 Teaching Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jin Geng
- Department of Ophthalmology, No.1 Teaching Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Noreen Griffin
- Immune Therapeutics, Inc., 37 North Orange Avenue, Suite 607, Orlando, FL 32801, USA
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Koike S, Yamasaki K, Yamauchi T, Shimada-Omori R, Tsuchiyama K, Ando H, Aiba S. TLR3 stimulation induces melanosome endo/phagocytosis through RHOA and CDC42 in human epidermal keratinocyte. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:168-177. [PMID: 31776046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocytes and melanocytes in human epidermis express Toll-like receptors (TLR) and induce immune responses. We previously reported that TLR3 stimulation increases melanosome transport from perinuclear to cell membrane in melanocytes and enhanced release of melanosome from melanocytes, which were followed by increase in melanosome uptake into keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether TLR3 stimuli directly affect keratinocytes to enhance melanosome uptake. METHODS To observe keratinocyte's melanosome uptake ability precisely without melanocytes influences, we isolated melanosomes from human melanocytes and applied isolated melanosomes to keratinocytes stimulated by Poly(I:C). RESULTS Poly(I:C)-stimulated keratinocytes enhanced uptake of isolated melanosome-rich globules five-times as much as control. Poly(I:C) increases the RNA and protein expressions of RHOA and CDC42, which are small GTP-binding proteins inducing the endocytosis. Pull-down assay showed that Poly(I:C) increased the GTP-binding RHOA and CDC42, suggesting TLR3 stimulation activated RHOA and CDC42. The knockdown of TLR3 suppressed RHOA and CDC42 induction by Poly(I:C). Consistently, the knockdown of RHOA and CDC42 significantly suppressed the melanosome-rich globules uptake by Poly(I:C)-stimulated keratinocytes. CONCLUSION Because RHOA and CDC42 activation induces endocytosis by modification of actin stress fiber and filopodia formation, respectively, these results suggested that TLR3 stimulation enhances melanosome uptake into keratinocytes through endocytosis mechanisms. Combining with the data of our previous publications, TLR3, which signal is activated by sensing viral molecules, enhance pigmentation by controlling both melanin transport system by RAB GTPases induction in melanocytes and uptake system by RHOA and CDC42 in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shimada-Omori
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tsuchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Matamoros JA, da Silva MIF, de Moura PMMF, Leitão MDCG, Coimbra EC. Reduced Expression of IL-1β and IL-18 Proinflammatory Interleukins Increases the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2715-2721. [PMID: 31554368 PMCID: PMC6976845 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.9.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to analyze the gene expression profile of the proinflammatory interleukins, (IL-1β and IL-18) in patients with premalignant lesions and cervical cancer. Methods: Total IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA was quantified by qPCR to obtain the expression data in cervical tissues. A total of 74 cervical biopsies were obtained from women undergoing a colposcopy. The samples were divided into: normal (19), low level lesions (LSIL) or NIC I (17), high level lesions (HSIL) or CIN II and CIN III (29) and cancer (9). The normal cervical tissue samples were included as controls. The OR and 95% CI were calculated for the determination of the risk of progression between each type of lesion and cancer using logistic regression. Results: The results showed that an increase in the risk of progression of pre-neoplastic lesions to cancer was between 2.5 and 2.08 times higher in women with lower IL-1β and IL-18 expression, respectively. Conclusions: This study provided evidence that IL-1β and IL-18 are potential biomarkers that can be explored in further studies for monitoring the evolution of pre-neoplastic lesions and avoiding overtreatment or undertreatment of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Anibal Matamoros
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Viruses, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Maria da Conceição Gomes Leitão
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Eliane Campos Coimbra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Viruses, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Hao X, Li F, Lv Q, Xu Y, Han Y, Gao H. Establishment of BALB/C mouse models of influenza A H1N1 aerosol inhalation. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1918-1929. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yan Hao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Feng‐Di Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yan‐Feng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Yun‐Lin Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging infectiousBeijing China
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Kalil AC, Thomas PG. Influenza virus-related critical illness: pathophysiology and epidemiology. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:258. [PMID: 31324202 PMCID: PMC6642581 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus affects the respiratory tract by direct viral infection or by damage from the immune system response. In humans, the respiratory epithelium is the only site where the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is effectively cleaved, generating infectious virus particles. Virus transmission occurs through a susceptible individual's contact with aerosols or respiratory fomites from an infected individual. The inability of the lung to perform its primary function of gas exchange can result from multiple mechanisms, including obstruction of the airways, loss of alveolar structure, loss of lung epithelial integrity from direct epithelial cell killing, and degradation of the critical extracellular matrix.Approximately 30-40% of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza are diagnosed with acute pneumonia. These patients who develop pneumonia are more likely to be < 5 years old, > 65 years old, Caucasian, and nursing home residents; have chronic lung or heart disease and history of smoking, and are immunocompromised.Influenza can primarily cause severe pneumonia, but it can also present in conjunction with or be followed by a secondary bacterial infection, most commonly by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Influenza is associated with a high predisposition to bacterial sepsis and ARDS. Viral infections presenting concurrently with bacterial pneumonia are now known to occur with a frequency of 30-50% in both adult and pediatric populations. The H3N2 subtype has been associated with unprecedented high levels of intensive care unit (ICU) admission.Influenza A is the predominant viral etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Risk factors independently associated with ARDS are age between 36 and 55 years old, pregnancy, and obesity, while protective factors are female sex, influenza vaccination, and infections with Influenza A (H3N2) or Influenza B viruses.In the ICU, particularly during the winter season, influenza should be suspected not only in patients with typical symptoms and epidemiology, but also in patients with severe pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis with or without bacterial co-infection, as well as in patients with encephalitis, myocarditis, and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre C Kalil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Tatsumi K, Schmedes CM, Houston ER, Butler E, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Protease-activated receptor 4 protects mice from Coxsackievirus B3 and H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Cell Immunol 2019; 344:103949. [PMID: 31337508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PAR4 is expressed by a variety of cells, including platelets, cardiac, lung and immune cells. We investigated the contribution of PAR4 to viral infections of the heart and lung. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3-dependent immune responses were analyzed after co-stimulation of PAR4 in murine bone-marrow derived macrophages, embryonic fibroblasts and embryonic cardiomyocytes. In addition, we analyzed Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1 IAV) infection of PAR4-/- (ΔPAR4) and wild-type (WT) mice. Lastly, we investigated the effect of platelet inhibition on H1N1 IAV infection. In vitro experiments revealed that PAR4 stimulation enhances the expression of TLR3-dependent CXCL10 expression and decreases TLR3-dependent NFκB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, CVB3-infected ΔPAR4 mice exhibited a decreased anti-viral response and increased viral genomes in the heart leading to more pronounced CVB3 myocarditis compared to WT mice. Similarly, H1N1 IAV-infected ΔPAR4 mice had increased immune cell numbers and inflammatory mediators in the lung, and increased mortality compared with infected WT controls. The study showed that PAR4 protects mice from viral infections of the heart and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Reaves Houston
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Butler
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Ruf W. Proteases, Protease-Activated Receptors, and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1252-1254. [PMID: 29793990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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Du Y, Lu C, Morgan RL, Stinson WA, Campbell PL, Cealey E, Fu W, Lepore NJ, Hervoso JL, Cui H, Urquhart AG, Lawton JN, Chung KC, Fox DA, Amin MA. Angiogenic and Arthritogenic Properties of the Soluble Form of CD13. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:360-369. [PMID: 31189572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N/CD13 is expressed by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and monocytes (MNs) in inflamed human synovial tissue (ST). This study examined the role of soluble CD13 (sCD13) in angiogenesis, MN migration, phosphorylation of signaling molecules, and induction of arthritis. The contribution of sCD13 was examined in angiogenesis and MN migration using sCD13 and CD13-depleted rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluids (SFs). An enzymatically inactive mutant CD13 and intact wild-type (WT) CD13 were used to determine whether its enzymatic activity contributes to the arthritis-related functions. CD13-induced phosphorylation of signaling molecules was determined by Western blotting. The effect of sCD13 on cytokine secretion from RA ST and RA FLS was evaluated. sCD13 was injected into C57BL/6 mouse knees to assess its arthritogenicity. sCD13 induced angiogenesis and was a potent chemoattractant for MNs and U937 cells. Inhibitors of Erk1/2, Src, NF-κB, Jnk, and pertussis toxin, a G protein-coupled receptor inhibitor, decreased sCD13-stimulated chemotaxis. CD13-depleted RA SF induced significantly less MN migration than sham-depleted SF, and addition of mutant or WT CD13 to CD13-depleted RA SF equally restored MN migration. sCD13 and recombinant WT or mutant CD13 had similar effects on signaling molecule phosphorylation, indicating that the enzymatic activity of CD13 had no role in these functions. CD13 increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by RA FLS, and a CD13 neutralizing Ab inhibited cytokine secretion from RA ST organ culture. Mouse knee joints injected with CD13 exhibited increased circumference and proinflammatory mediator expression. These data support the concept that sCD13 plays a pivotal role in RA and acute inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Du
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,National Center for Clinical Laboratories/Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rachel L Morgan
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - William A Stinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Phillip L Campbell
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ellen Cealey
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wenyi Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, China; and
| | - Nicholas J Lepore
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jonatan L Hervoso
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Huadong Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, China; and
| | - Andrew G Urquhart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jeffrey N Lawton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kevin C Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Mohammad A Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Zhou G, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H, Kane KP. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Agonist as Adjuvant: Augmenting Development of Protective Memory CD8 T Cell Responses Induced by Influenza Virosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:441-452. [PMID: 31182479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is expressed in various tissues, including lung, and when activated, promotes inflammation, differentiation, and migration of dendritic cells. We found that combining influenza virosomes containing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase with a PAR-2 agonist peptide (PAR-2AP) in an intranasal prime boost approach increased survival of mice challenged weeks later with lethal influenza virus over that by virosome or PAR-2AP prime boost alone. No weight loss occurred from influenza challenge after virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost compared with either virosomes or PAR-2AP alone. Thus, virosomes plus PAR-2AP prevented morbidity as well as mortality. Through adoptive transfer, CD8+ lung T cells but not CD4+ T cells from virosomes plus PAR-2AP-primed mice protected from lethal influenza virus challenge and enhanced survival with less weight loss and faster recovery. Virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost resulted in greater percentages of T effector memory phenotype cells (Tem) in lung, and higher frequencies of CD8 Tem and T central memory cells displayed effector functions in response to virus challenge in vivo. Virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost also resulted in greater percentages of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, both Tem and T central memory cells, in lungs of animals subsequently challenged with live influenza virus. Our findings indicate that PAR-2AP, a short peptide, may be a new and useful mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin P Kane
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Duodenal bacterial proteolytic activity determines sensitivity to dietary antigen through protease-activated receptor-2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1198. [PMID: 30867416 PMCID: PMC6416356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbe-host interactions are generally homeostatic, but when dysfunctional, they can incite food sensitivities and chronic diseases. Celiac disease (CeD) is a food sensitivity characterized by a breakdown of oral tolerance to gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals, although the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that duodenal biopsies from patients with active CeD have increased proteolytic activity against gluten substrates that correlates with increased Proteobacteria abundance, including Pseudomonas. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing elastase as a model, we show gluten-independent, PAR-2 mediated upregulation of inflammatory pathways in C57BL/6 mice without villus blunting. In mice expressing CeD risk genes, P. aeruginosa elastase synergizes with gluten to induce more severe inflammation that is associated with moderate villus blunting. These results demonstrate that proteases expressed by opportunistic pathogens impact host immune responses that are relevant to the development of food sensitivities, independently of the trigger antigen. Gluten triggers celiac disease in genetically predisposed individuals, but additional unknown mechanisms are required. Here, the authors show that proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can modulate inflammatory pathways that are relevant to the development of food sensitivities, independently of the trigger antigen.
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Sutherland MR, Simon AY, Shanina I, Horwitz MS, Ruf W, Pryzdial ELG. Virus envelope tissue factor promotes infection in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:482-491. [PMID: 30659719 PMCID: PMC6397068 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The coagulation initiator, tissue factor (TF), is on the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) surface. HSV1 surface TF was examined in mice as an antiviral target since it enhances infection in vitro. HSV1 surface TF facilitated infection of all organs evaluated and anticoagulants were antiviral. Protease activated receptor 2 inhibited infection in vivo and its pre-activation was antiviral. SUMMARY: Background Tissue factor (TF) is the essential cell surface initiator of coagulation, and mediates cell signaling through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2. Having a diverse cellular distribution, TF is involved in many biological pathways and pathologies. Our earlier work identified host cell-derived TF on the envelope covering several viruses, and showed its involvement in enhanced cell infection in vitro. Objective In the current study, we evaluated the in vivo effects of virus surface TF on infection and on the related modulator of infection PAR2. Methods With the use of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) as a model enveloped virus, purified HSV1 was generated with or without envelope TF through propagation in a TF-inducible cell line. Infection was studied after intravenous inoculation of BALB/c, C57BL/6J or C57BL/6J PAR2 knockout mice with 5 × 105 plaque-forming units of HSV1, mimicking viremia. Three days after inoculation, organs were processed, and virus was quantified with plaque-forming assays and quantitative real-time PCR. Results Infection of brain, lung, heart, spinal cord and liver by HSV1 required viral TF. Demonstrating promise as a therapeutic target, virus-specific anti-TF mAbs or small-molecule inhibitors of coagulation inhibited infection. PAR2 modulates HSV1 in vivo as demonstrated with PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonist peptide. Conclusion TF is a constituent of many permissive host cell types. Therefore, the results presented here may explain why many viruses are correlated with hemostatic abnormalities, and indicate that TF is a novel pan-specific envelope antiviral target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticoagulants/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/blood
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Thromboplastin/administration & dosage
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Sutherland
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayo Y Simon
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- African Centre of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Preclinical Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Shirey KA, Sunday ME, Lai W, Patel M, Blanco JCG, Cuttitta F, Vogel SN. Novel role of gastrin releasing peptide-mediated signaling in the host response to influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:223-231. [PMID: 30327535 PMCID: PMC6301097 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is an evolutionarily well-conserved neuropeptide that was originally recognized for its ability to mediate gastric acid secretion in the gut. More recently, however, GRP has been implicated in pulmonary lung inflammatory diseases including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and others. Antagonizing GRP or its receptor mitigated lethality associated with the onset of viral pneumonia in a well-characterized mouse model of influenza. In mice treated therapeutically with the small-molecule GRP inhibitor, NSC77427, increased survival was accompanied by decreased numbers of GRP-producing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, improved lung histopathology, and suppressed cytokine gene expression. In addition, in vitro studies in macrophages indicate that GRP synergizes with the prototype TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide, to induce cytokine gene expression. Thus, these findings reveal that GRP is a previously unidentified mediator of influenza-induced inflammatory disease that is a potentially novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mary E. Sunday
- Dept. of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA 27710
| | - Wendy Lai
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mira Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD USA 20850
| | | | - Frank Cuttitta
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD USA 21702
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
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50
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Palipane M, Snyder JD, LeMessurier KS, Schofield AK, Woolard SN, Samarasinghe AE. Macrophage CD14 impacts immune defenses against influenza virus in allergic hosts. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:212-219. [PMID: 30529429 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and influenza are leading causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although these two conditions can co-exist in the same patient, the immune parameters that impact disease outcomes are not fully elucidated. The importance of macrophages to both conditions suggested a role for CD14, a co-receptor for endotoxin, as a regulatory mechanism for innate immune responses during asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Herein, we hypothesized that parameters of influenza morbidity will be reduced in the absence of CD14. Age and gender matched wild-type (WT) and CD14 knock-out (KO) mice were subjected to our validated model of Aspergillus-induced model of asthma and/or influenza. Characteristics of disease pathogenesis were investigated using standard methods in weight loss, flow cytometry, airway resistance, histology, quantitative real-time PCR, and viral titer quantification. The absence of CD14 did not have an impact on morbidity as these mice were equally susceptible to disease with similar airway resistance. Peribronchovascular inflammation and goblet cell content were equivalent between WT and KO mice in asthma alone and asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Co-morbid KO mice had less lymphocytes and eosinophils in the airways although their lung viral burden was equivalent to WT. Inflammatory gene signatures were altered in co-morbid mice in each genotype. CD14 expression on macrophages is necessary for airway inflammation but not for viral pathogenesis in allergic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Palipane
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - John D Snyder
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - Anna K Schofield
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Stacie N Woolard
- Department of Flow Cytometry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States.
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