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Shi M, Nan XR, Liu BQ. The Multifaceted Role of FUT8 in Tumorigenesis: From Pathways to Potential Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1068. [PMID: 38256141 PMCID: PMC10815953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
FUT8, the sole glycosyltransferase responsible for N-glycan core fucosylation, plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and development. Aberrant FUT8 expression disrupts the function of critical cellular components and triggers the abnormality of tumor signaling pathways, leading to malignant transformations such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. The association between FUT8 and unfavorable outcomes in various tumors underscores its potential as a valuable diagnostic marker. Given the remarkable variation in biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of FUT8 across different tumor types, gaining a comprehensive understanding of its complexity is imperative. Here, we review how FUT8 plays roles in tumorigenesis and development, and how this outcome could be utilized to develop potential clinical therapies for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bao-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (M.S.); (X.-R.N.)
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2
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Wang Y, Sun P, Hao X, Cao D, Liu J, Zhang D. Decreased DIO3OS Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and is Associated with Immune Infiltration. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1791-1806. [PMID: 36802306 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has become one of the most shared cancers in the whole world because of its high morbidity, poor survival rate, and low recovery rate. LncRNA DIO3 opposite strand upstream RNA (DIO3OS) has been reported to be obviously important in several human cancers, while its biological function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Here, DIO3OS gene expression data and clinical information of HCC patients were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the university of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Xena database. In our study, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare DIO3OS expression between healthy individuals and HCC patients. It was found that patients with HCC had significantly lower DIO3OS expression than healthy individuals. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis showed that high DIO3OS expression tended to predict better prognosis and higher survival rate in HCC patients. In addition, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) assay was used to annotate the biological function of DIO3OS. It was found that DIO3OS was significantly correlated with immune invasion in HCC. This was also aided by the subsequent ESTIMATE assay. Our study provides a novel biomarker and therapeutic strategy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinping Hao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Daihong Cao
- Dpartment of Pathology, Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiangyue Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Daijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
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3
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Jiménez del Val I, Kyriakopoulos S, Albrecht S, Stockmann H, Rudd PM, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. CHOmpact: A reduced metabolic model of Chinese hamster ovary cells with enhanced interpretability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2479-2493. [PMID: 37272445 PMCID: PMC10952303 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic modeling has emerged as a key tool for the characterization of biopharmaceutical cell culture processes. Metabolic models have also been instrumental in identifying genetic engineering targets and developing feeding strategies that optimize the growth and productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Despite their success, metabolic models of CHO cells still present considerable challenges. Genome-scale metabolic models (GeMs) of CHO cells are very large (>6000 reactions) and are difficult to constrain to yield physiologically consistent flux distributions. The large scale of GeMs also makes the interpretation of their outputs difficult. To address these challenges, we have developed CHOmpact, a reduced metabolic network that encompasses 101 metabolites linked through 144 reactions. Our compact reaction network allows us to deploy robust, nonlinear optimization and ensure that the computed flux distributions are physiologically consistent. Furthermore, our CHOmpact model delivers enhanced interpretability of simulation results and has allowed us to identify the mechanisms governing shifts in the anaplerotic consumption of asparagine and glutamate as well as an important mechanism of ammonia detoxification within mitochondria. CHOmpact, thus, addresses key challenges of large-scale metabolic models and will serve as a platform to develop dynamic metabolic models for the control and optimization of biopharmaceutical cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarantos Kyriakopoulos
- Manufacturing Science and TechnologyBioMarin PharmaceuticalCorkIrelandIreland
- Present address:
Drug Product DevelopmentJanssen PharmaceuticalsSchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Simone Albrecht
- GlycoScience GroupNational Institute for Bioprocessing Research and TrainingDublinIreland
| | - Henning Stockmann
- GlycoScience GroupNational Institute for Bioprocessing Research and TrainingDublinIreland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- GlycoScience GroupNational Institute for Bioprocessing Research and TrainingDublinIreland
- Present address:
Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Karen M. Polizzi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
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4
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Wu M, Zhao H, Tang X, Zhao W, Yi X, Li Q, Sun X. Organization and Complexity of the Yak (Bos Grunniens) Immunoglobulin Loci. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876509. [PMID: 35615368 PMCID: PMC9124968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As important livestock in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, yak provides meat and other necessities for Tibetans living. Plateau yak has resistance to diseases and stress, yet is nearly unknown in the structure and expression mechanism of yak immunoglobulin loci. Based on the published immunoglobulin genes of bovids (cattle, sheep and goat), the genomic organization of the yak immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) were described. The assemblage diversity of IgH, Igλ and Igκ in yak was similar to that in bovids, and contributes little to the antibody lineage compared with that in humans and mice. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) had a greater effect on immunoglobulin diversity in yak than in goat and sheep, and in addition to the complementarity-determining region (CDR), some loci in the framework region (FR) also showed high frequency mutations. CDR3 diversity showed that immunological lineages in yak were overwhelmingly generated through linkage diversity in IgH rearrangements. The emergence of new high-throughput sequencing technologies and the yak whole genome (2019) publication have greatly improved our understanding of the immune response in yaks. We had a more comprehensive analysis of yak immunoglobulin expression diversity by PE300, which avoided the disadvantage of missing low-frequency recombination in traditional Sanger sequencing. In summary, we described the schematic structure of the genomic organization of yak IgH loci and IgL loci. The analysis of immunoglobulin expression diversity showed that yak made up for the deficiency of V(D)J recombinant diversity by junctional diversity and CDR3 diversity. In addition, yak, like cattle, also had the same ultra-long IgH CDR3 (CDR3H), which provided more contribution to the diverse expression of yak immunoglobulin. These findings might provide a theoretical basis for disease resistance breeding and vaccine development in yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wanxia Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohua Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuzhu Sun,
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5
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Zamyatnin AA, Belozerskaya TA, Zamyatnin AA. Taxonomy of Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Proteins of the Same Amino Acid Sequence Length. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:1041818. [PMID: 34803523 PMCID: PMC8601843 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1041818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to this study, we discovered a protein characterized by many different amino acid sequences with the same number of amino acid residues. This turned out to be a unique cytochrome b, in which 1048 molecules out of 1689 contain 379 amino acid residues. A detailed study of the occurrence of this protein in living organisms at different taxonomic levels (from biological domains to biological orders of animals) has been carried out in the work presented here. We found that the main part of all b cytochromes is present in eukaryotes (99.2%), in biological kingdoms (95.9% in animals), in biological phylums (97.5% in chordates), and in biological classes (79.7% in mammals). Withal, this protein, containing 379 amino acid residues and characterized by many different amino acid sequences, is found only in eukaryotes (100%), only in animals (100%) and mainly in mammals (81.1%). Thus, a representative that has cytochrome b with a corresponding number of amino acid residues has not yet been identified among archaea and prokaryotes, while it is common in representatives of different biological types, classes, and orders of animals. It is believed that the structural diversity of a given protein within the same length and its one function of participation in the process of electron transfer relate to the physicochemical features of the extra- and intramembrane fragments of the polypeptide chain of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Zamyatnin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Belozerskaya
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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6
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Han JY, Park J. A Recurrent De Novo Terminal Duplication of 14q32 in Korean Siblings Associated with Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability, Growth Retardation, Facial Dysmorphism, and Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1388. [PMID: 34573370 PMCID: PMC8472681 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal 14q32 duplication has been reported often in association with other cytogenetic abnormalities, and individuals with this specific duplication showed varying degrees of developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) and growth retardation (GR), and distinct facial dysmorphisms. Herein, based on the limited cases of terminal duplication of 14q32 known to date, we present new affected siblings presenting with DD/ID, GR, and facial dysmorphism, as well as cerebral infarction caused by recurrent de novo der(14)t(14;14)(p11.2;q32.1) leading to terminal duplication of 14q32. We used coverage analysis generated via duo exome sequencing, performed chromosomal microarray (CMA) as a confirmatory test, and compared our findings with those reported previously. Coverage analysis generated via duo exome sequencing revealed a 17.2 Mb heterozygous duplication at chromosome 14q32.11-q32.33 with a Z ratio ranging between 0.5 and 1 in the proband and her elder brother. As a complementary method, CMA established a terminal duplication described as the arr[hg19]14q32.11q32.33(90,043,558_107,258,824)x3 in the proband and her elder brother; however, the parents and other siblings showed normal karyotyping and no abnormal gain or loss of CMA results. Five candidate genes, BCL11B, CCNK, YY1, DYNC1H1, and PACS2, were associated with the clinical phenotypes in our cases. Although the parents had normal chromosomes, two affected cases carrying terminal duplication of 14q32 can be explained by gonadal mosaicism. Further studies are needed to establish the association between cerebrovascular events and terminal duplication of chromosome 14q32, including investigation into the cytogenetics of patients with precise clinical descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Hassan SS, Bhatti G, Berry SM, Kusanovic JP, Pacora P, Tarca AL. The Cellular Transcriptome in the Maternal Circulation During Normal Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2863. [PMID: 31921132 PMCID: PMC6928201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a unique immunological state in which the mother adapts to tolerate the semi-allogenic conceptus; yet, the cellular dynamics in the maternal circulation are poorly understood. Using exon-level expression profiling of up to six longitudinal whole blood samples from 49 pregnant women, we undertook a systems biology analysis of the cellular transcriptome dynamics and its correlation with the plasma proteome. We found that: (1) chromosome 14 was the most enriched in transcripts differentially expressed throughout normal pregnancy; (2) the strongest expression changes followed three distinct longitudinal patterns, with genes related to host immune response (e.g., MMP8, DEFA1B, DEFA4, and LTF) showing a steady increase in expression from 10 to 40 weeks of gestation; (3) multiple biological processes and pathways related to immunity and inflammation were modulated during gestation; (4) genes changing with gestation were among those specific to T cells, B cells, CD71+ erythroid cells, natural killer cells, and endothelial cells, as defined based on the GNF Gene Expression Atlas; (5) the average expression of mRNA signatures of T cells, B cells, and erythroid cells followed unique patterns during gestation; (6) the correlation between mRNA and protein abundance was higher for mRNAs that were differentially expressed throughout gestation than for those that were not, and significant mRNA-protein correlations were observed for genes part of the T-cell signature. In summary, unique changes in immune-related genes were discovered by longitudinally assessing the cellular transcriptome in the maternal circulation throughout normal pregnancy, and positive correlations were noted between the cellular transcriptome and plasma proteome for specific genes/proteins. These findings provide insights into the immunobiology of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Stanley M. Berry
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, United States
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8
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Du L, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Basit A, Yu X, Li Q, Sun X. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region analysis in dairy goats. Immunobiology 2018; 223:599-607. [PMID: 30025710 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the goat genome database, we have annotated the genomic organization of the goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. The goat IgH locus is present on seven genome scaffolds, and contains ten VH, three DH and six JH segments. After the exclusion of three shorter segments, the VH genes were divided into two gene families based on sequence similarity. By analyzing the IgH cDNA sequences, we further identified that VH2 (54.2%), DH1 (61.7%) and JH1 (60.5%) segments were most frequently utilized in the expression of the immunoglobulin variable region, and that point mutations introduced by somatic hypermutation were the major mutation present in these expressed variable region. Compared with human and horses, DH-DH fusion occurred at a higher frequency in goat V(D)J recombination. These results provided variable insights into goat immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genome loci and repertoire diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingwang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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9
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Schicht M, Garreis F, Hartjen N, Beileke S, Jacobi C, Sahin A, Holland D, Schröder H, Hammer CM, Paulsen F, Bräuer L. SFTA3 - a novel surfactant protein of the ocular surface and its role in corneal wound healing and tear film surface tension. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9791. [PMID: 29955092 PMCID: PMC6023927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to characterize the expression and function of SFTA3 at the ocular surface and in tears. Ocular tissues, conjunctival (HCjE) and human corneal (HCE) epithelial cell lines as well as tearfilm of patients suffering from different forms of dry eye disease (DED) were analyzed by means of RT-PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. A possible role of recombinant SFTA3 in corneal wound healing was investigated performing in vitro scratch assays. Tear film regulatory properties were analyzed with the spinning drop method and the regulation of SFTA3 transcripts was studied in HCE and HCjE after incubation with proinflammatory cytokines as well as typical ocular pathogens by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The results reveal that human ocular tissue as well as tears of healthy volunteers express SFTA3 whereas tears from patients with DED showed significantly increased SFTA3 levels. In vitro wounding of HCE cell cultures that had been treated with recombinant SFTA3 demonstrated a significantly increased wound closure rate and rSFTA3 reduced the surface tension of tear fluid. The results indicate that SFTA3 at the ocular surface seemed to be involved in wound healing and the reduction of surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schicht
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hartjen
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Jacobi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Ophthalmological Practice Tibarg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | | | - Henrik Schröder
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian M Hammer
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Bräuer
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Tarquini F, Picchiassi E, Coata G, Centra M, Bini V, Meniconi S, Antonelli C, Giardina I, Di Renzo GC. Induction of the apoptotic pathway by oxidative stress in spontaneous preterm birth: Single nucleotide polymorphisms, maternal lifestyle factors and health status. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:81-89. [PMID: 29930809 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to search for associations between spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the apoptotic pathway as triggered by oxidative stress, maternal lifestyle and health status. SNP genotyping [rs7560 for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), rs9517320 for mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST3), rs1049216 for caspase 3 (CASP3)] in the placenta and maternal blood of 300 controls with at-term birth and 43 cases of sPTB was performed. No association was identified in genotype frequencies or combinations of foetal/maternal genotypes between single SNPs and sPTB. The risk of sPTB was significantly reduced by physical activity and significantly increased by current hypertensive diseases, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) or preterm PROM (P-PROM) and previous sPTB. The TT/GA genotype of JNK/CASP3 in maternal blood and maternal health status (current hypertensive diseases, current PROM/P-PROM, previous sPTB) were independently associated with sPTB. The present findings suggested that, independently of other maternal factors, pregnant women carrying the TT/GA genotype of JNK/CASP3 were more susceptible to sPTB than women bearing the GT/GA (our reference) genotype; that the apoptotic pathway triggered by oxidative stress was involved; and that genetic and non-genetic factors contributed to sPTB. Knowledge of these aspects may aid to improve the management of pregnancies by indicating the lifestyle to be adopted on the basis of sPTB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tarquini
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Picchiassi
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Coata
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Centra
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Samanta Meniconi
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Antonelli
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Giardina
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Di Renzo
- Laboratory of Prenatal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Schröder H, Fischer R, Sollfrank L, Paulsen F, Bräuer L, Schicht M. Expression of recombinant surfactant protein SFTA3 in the human kidney cell line HEK 293T. Ann Anat 2017; 211:149-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Yanai S, Wakayama M, Nakayama H, Shinozaki M, Tsukuma H, Tochigi N, Nemoto T, Saji T, Shibuya K. Implication of overexpression of dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam-1) for the pathogenesis of human Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH). Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:25. [PMID: 28288669 PMCID: PMC5348773 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare, fatal disease of unknown pathogenesis. Evidence from our recent study suggests that IPAH pathogenesis is related to upregulation of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway. We used microscopic observation and immunohistochemical techniques to identify expression patterns of cascading proteins—namely Wnt-11, dishevelled-2 (Dvl-2), and dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam-1)—in pulmonary arteries. Methods We analyzed sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded autopsied lung tissues obtained from 9 IPAH cases, 7 associated pulmonary arterial hypertension cases, and 16 age-matched controls without pulmonary arterial abnormalities. Results of microscopic observation were analyzed in relation to the cellular components and size of pulmonary arteries. Results Varying rates of positive reactivity to Dvl-2 and Daam-1 were confirmed in all cellular components of pulmonary arteries, namely, endothelial cells, myofibroblasts, and medial smooth muscle cells. In contrast, none of these components was reactive to Wnt-11. No specific expression patterns were observed for endothelial cells or myofibroblasts under any experimental conditions. However, marked expression of Dvl-2 and Daam-1 was confirmed in smooth muscle cells. In addition, Dvl-2 was depleted while Daam-1 expression was elevated in IPAH, in contrast with specimens from associated pulmonary arterial hypertension cases and controls. Conclusions High Daam-1 expression may upregulate the Wnt/PCP pathway and cause IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yanai
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Megumi Wakayama
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Haruo Nakayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8515, Japan
| | - Minoru Shinozaki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Tsukuma
- Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Naobumi Tochigi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nemoto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Saji
- Advanced and Integrated Cardiovascular Research Course in the Young and Adolescence, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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Schröder H, Sollfrank L, Paulsen F, Bräuer L, Schicht M. Recombinant expression of surfactant protein H (SFTA3) in Escherichia coli. Ann Anat 2016; 208:129-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Münnich N, Wernhart S, Hogstrand C, Schlomann U, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW. Expression of the zinc importer protein ZIP9/SLC39A9 in glioblastoma cells affects phosphorylation states of p53 and GSK-3β and causes increased cell migration. Biometals 2016; 29:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Tschernig T, Veith NT, Diler E, Bischoff M, Meier C, Schicht M. The importance of surfactant proteins-New aspects on macrophage phagocytosis. Ann Anat 2016; 208:142-145. [PMID: 27498043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant and its components have multiple functions. The so called collectins are surfactant proteins which opsonize bacteria and improve pulmonary host defense via the phagocytosis and clearance of microorganisms and particles. In this special issue of the Annals of Anatomy a new surfactant protein, Surfactant Associated 3, is highlighted. As outlined in this mini review Surfactant Associated 3 is regarded as an enhancer of phagocytosis. In addition, the role played by SP-A is updated and open research questions raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tschernig
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Nils T Veith
- Department of Traumatology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Ebru Diler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Agrawal S, Ganley ARD. Complete Sequence Construction of the Highly Repetitive Ribosomal RNA Gene Repeats in Eukaryotes Using Whole Genome Sequence Data. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1455:161-181. [PMID: 27576718 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3792-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) encode the major rRNA species of the ribosome, and thus are essential across life. These genes are highly repetitive in most eukaryotes, forming blocks of tandem repeats that form the core of nucleoli. The primary role of the rDNA in encoding rRNA has been long understood, but more recently the rDNA has been implicated in a number of other important biological phenomena, including genome stability, cell cycle, and epigenetic silencing. Noncoding elements, primarily located in the intergenic spacer region, appear to mediate many of these phenomena. Although sequence information is available for the genomes of many organisms, in almost all cases rDNA repeat sequences are lacking, primarily due to problems in assembling these intriguing regions during whole genome assemblies. Here, we present a method to obtain complete rDNA repeat unit sequences from whole genome assemblies. Limitations of next generation sequencing (NGS) data make them unsuitable for assembling complete rDNA unit sequences; therefore, the method we present relies on the use of Sanger whole genome sequence data. Our method makes use of the Arachne assembler, which can assemble highly repetitive regions such as the rDNA in a memory-efficient way. We provide a detailed step-by-step protocol for generating rDNA sequences from whole genome Sanger sequence data using Arachne, for refining complete rDNA unit sequences, and for validating the sequences obtained. In principle, our method will work for any species where the rDNA is organized into tandem repeats. This will help researchers working on species without a complete rDNA sequence, those working on evolutionary aspects of the rDNA, and those interested in conducting phylogenetic footprinting studies with the rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Agrawal
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Austen R D Ganley
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Vollmers C, Penland L, Kanbar JN, Quake SR. Novel exons and splice variants in the human antibody heavy chain identified by single cell and single molecule sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117050. [PMID: 25611855 PMCID: PMC4303433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody heavy chains contain a variable and a constant region. The constant region of the antibody heavy chain is encoded by multiple groups of exons which define the isotype and therefore many functional characteristics of the antibody. We performed both single B cell RNAseq and long read single molecule sequencing of antibody heavy chain transcripts and were able to identify novel exons for IGHA1 and IGHA2 as well as novel isoforms for IGHM antibody heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vollmers
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lolita Penland
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jad N. Kanbar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Dept. of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Interstitial 14q24.3 to q31.3 deletion in a 6-year-old boy with a non-specific dysmorphic phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:77. [PMID: 25426167 PMCID: PMC4243390 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few patients with interstitial deletions in the distal long arm of chromosome 14 have been reported, and these patients showed rather indistinct features, including growth and mental retardation and phenotypic alterations. RESULTS We describe a de novo 14q interstitial deletion in a 6-year-old boy with dysmorphic facial traits such as hypertelorism, short and narrow palpebral fissures, broad nose with anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, thin upper lip with cupid's bow, prominent and everted lower lip, mildly low-set ears, as well as moderate developmental delay and mild mental retardation. Array-CGH mapped the deletion to the region 14q24.3 to 14q31.3, including 13.11 Mb, proximal to the imprinted genomic region of 14q32. CONCLUSION This mild phenotypic presentation suggests that the deleted segment does not contain essential genes for early organ development. Twenty-two genes with known functions, including Neurexin III (NRXN3, OMIM 600567), map to the region deleted in the propositus.
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Protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of the two novel surfactant proteins SP-G and SP-H. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2513. [PMID: 25381619 PMCID: PMC7101549 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins are well known from the human lung where they are responsible for the stability and flexibility of the pulmonary surfactant system. They are able to influence the surface tension of the gas–liquid interface specifically by directly interacting with single lipids. This work describes the generation of reliable protein structure models to support the experimental characterization of two novel putative surfactant proteins called SP-G and SP-H. The obtained protein models were complemented by predicted posttranslational modifications and placed in a lipid model system mimicking the pulmonary surface. Molecular dynamics simulations of these protein-lipid systems showed the stability of the protein models and the formation of interactions between protein surface and lipid head groups on an atomic scale. Thereby, interaction interface and strength seem to be dependent on orientation and posttranslational modification of the protein. The here presented modeling was fundamental for experimental localization studies and the simulations showed that SP-G and SP-H are theoretically able to interact with lipid systems and thus are members of the surfactant protein family.
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20
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Vidarsson G, Dekkers G, Rispens T. IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:520. [PMID: 25368619 PMCID: PMC4202688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1660] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the five immunoglobulin isotypes, immunoglobulin G (IgG) is most abundant in human serum. The four subclasses, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, which are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. These regions are involved in binding to both IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR) and C1q. As a result, the different subclasses have different effector functions, both in terms of triggering FcγR-expressing cells, resulting in phagocytosis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and activating complement. The Fc-regions also contain a binding epitope for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), responsible for the extended half-life, placental transport, and bidirectional transport of IgG to mucosal surfaces. However, FcRn is also expressed in myeloid cells, where it participates in both phagocytosis and antigen presentation together with classical FcγR and complement. How these properties, IgG-polymorphisms and post-translational modification of the antibodies in the form of glycosylation, affect IgG-function will be the focus of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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21
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Pontrelli G, Cappelletti S, Claps D, Sirleto P, Ciocca L, Petrocchi S, Terracciano A, Serino D, Fusco L, Vigevano F, Specchio N. Epilepsy in patients with duplications of chromosome 14 harboring FOXG1. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:530-5. [PMID: 24731847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dup(14q12) harboring FOXG1 has been recently reported in individuals with developmental delay of variable severity, delayed/absent speech, and epilepsy/infantile spasms. FOXG1 was described as a dosage-sensitive gene encoding G1, a forkhead protein that is a brain-specific transcription factor with a role in brain development. PATIENTS We extensively reviewed all published cases with dup(14) harboring FOXG1 and highlighted those epileptological features that are more commonly found among such cases. We also describe one new patient, detailing his peculiar clinical and neurophysiological findings. RESULTS To date, 15 patients with dup(14) including FOXG1 have been reported; within those patients, nine also presented with epilepsy. At onset, the more frequent seizure type in the report and also in our patient is the epileptic spasm. Focal seizures might also be present. Outcomes in patients with epilepsy associated with dup(14) should be considered separately regarding seizures and cognitive and motor development. In the majority of patients (seven of 10, including ours), seizures tend to disappear and motor skills improve; however, instead stagnation of cognitive development is evident in all of them, associated with severe speech difficulties. CONCLUSIONS There are some common features that should be considered: seizures with onset during the first year of life, particularly clusters of spasms and focal seizures with hypsarrhythmic electroencephalograph pattern; different degrees of cognitive impairment possibly associated with behavior disturbances and severe speech disabilities; and dysmorphic features in the absence of significant microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pontrelli
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy; "Amaducci" Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Cappelletti
- Unit of Clinical Psychology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Dianela Claps
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Sirleto
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ciocca
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrocchi
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Terracciano
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Serino
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Fusco
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Vigevano
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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Herai RH, Yamagishi MEB. Detection of human interchromosomal trans-splicing in sequence databanks. Brief Bioinform 2009; 11:198-209. [PMID: 19955235 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-splicing is a common phenomenon in nematodes and kinetoplastids, and it has also been reported in other organisms, including humans. Up to now, all in silico strategies to find evidence of trans-splicing in humans have required that the candidate sequences follow the consensus splicing site rules (spliceosome-mediated mechanism). However, this criterion is not supported by the best human experimental evidence, which, except in a single case, do not follow canonical splicing sites. Moreover, recent findings describe a novel alternative tRNA mediated trans-splicing mechanism, which prescinds the spliceosome machinery. In order to answer the question, 'Are there hybrid mRNAs in sequence databanks, whose characteristics resemble those of the best human experimental evidence?', we have developed a methodology that successfully identified 16 hybrid mRNAs which might be instances of interchromosomal trans-splicing. Each hybrid mRNA is formed by a trans-spliced region (TSR), which was successfully mapped either onto known genes or onto a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) transcript which supports their transcription. The existence of these hybrid mRNAs indicates that trans-splicing may be more widespread than believed. Furthermore, non-canonical splice site patterns suggest that infrequent splicing sites may occur under special conditions, or that an alternative trans-splicing mechanism is involved. Finally, our candidates are supposedly from normal tissue, and a recent study has reported that trans-splicing may occur not only in malignant tissues, but in normal tissues as well. Our methodology can be applied to 5'-UTR, coding sequences and 3'-UTR in order to find new candidates for a posteriori experimental confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Hirochi Herai
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Distinct retroelement classes define evolutionary breakpoints demarcating sites of evolutionary novelty. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:334. [PMID: 19630942 PMCID: PMC2736999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale genome rearrangements brought about by chromosome breaks underlie numerous inherited diseases, initiate or promote many cancers and are also associated with karyotype diversification during species evolution. Recent research has shown that these breakpoints are nonrandomly distributed throughout the mammalian genome and many, termed "evolutionary breakpoints" (EB), are specific genomic locations that are "reused" during karyotypic evolution. When the phylogenetic trajectory of orthologous chromosome segments is considered, many of these EB are coincident with ancient centromere activity as well as new centromere formation. While EB have been characterized as repeat-rich regions, it has not been determined whether specific sequences have been retained during evolution that would indicate previous centromere activity or a propensity for new centromere formation. Likewise, the conservation of specific sequence motifs or classes at EBs among divergent mammalian taxa has not been determined. Results To define conserved sequence features of EBs associated with centromere evolution, we performed comparative sequence analysis of more than 4.8 Mb within the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, derived from centromeric regions (CEN), euchromatic regions (EU), and an evolutionary breakpoint (EB) that has undergone convergent breakpoint reuse and past centromere activity in marsupials. We found a dramatic enrichment for long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE1s) and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and a depletion of short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINEs) shared between CEN and EBs. We analyzed the orthologous human EB (14q32.33), known to be associated with translocations in many cancers including multiple myelomas and plasma cell leukemias, and found a conserved distribution of similar repetitive elements. Conclusion Our data indicate that EBs tracked within the class Mammalia harbor sequence features retained since the divergence of marsupials and eutherians that may have predisposed these genomic regions to large-scale chromosomal instability.
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Pidpala OV, Yatsishina AP, Lukash LL. Human mobile genetic elements: Structure, distribution and functional role. CYTOL GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545270806011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sliuzas V, Utkus A, Kucinskas V. Recombinant chromosome 14 due to maternal pericentric inversion. J Appl Genet 2008; 49:205-7. [PMID: 18436995 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 14 is often involved in various chromosome rearrangements, most of them balanced. Human chromosome 14 is acrocentric, so its pericentric inversions are extremely rare (only few cases have been described in the literature). Here we report on a boy with congenital malformations and recombinant chromosome 14 inherited from his mother carrying a pericentric inversion. The proband's G-banded chromosome analysis revealed derivative chromosome 14. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis identified duplication of the terminal part of chromosome 14q ish cgh dup(14)(q32.1qter). This abnormality has been confirmed by custom BAC FISH analysis. His mother's karyotype was 46,XX,inv(14)(p11.2q32.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Sliuzas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Burmeister T, Meyer C, Thiel G, Reinhardt R, Thiel E, Marschalek R. A MLL-KIAA0284 fusion gene in a patient with secondary acute myeloid leukemia and t(11;14)(q23;q32). Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 41:210-4. [PMID: 18640063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MLL aberrations are found in approximately 10% of acute leukemias. More than 80 different MLL fusion genes have been cytogenetically described but a significant number of MLL fusion partners remain unidentified on the molecular level. We describe here the case of a patient who developed secondary acute myeloid leukemia five years after the patient had received adjuvant radiochemotherapy because of breast cancer. This therapy comprised 4 cycles epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, a mitoxantrone-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation and a subsequent radiation. Cytogenetic bone marrow analysis revealed a translocation t(11;14)(q23;q32), with a MLL split signal in FISH analysis. By applying a long-distance inverse PCR method the KIAA0284 gene was identified as translocation partner. Both breakpoints, on chromosomes 11 and 14, were characterized. The breakpoint in the KIAA0284 gene was located 5' of the putative start codon and an in-frame MLL-KIAA0284 transcript was detectable by RT-PCR. The KIAA0284 gene has hitherto not been implicated in hematologic diseases and has never been reported as a translocation partner. Its physiological function is unknown. The expression of KIAA0284 in various tissues and hematologic diseases was investigated by real time quantitative PCR and turned out to be very low in all lymphatic and myeloid diseases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burmeister
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Medizinische Klinik III, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Sfar S, Chouchane L. [Human genome project: a federator program of genomic medicine]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2008; 56:170-175. [PMID: 18325690 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project improves our understanding of the molecular genetics basis of the inherited and complex diseases such as diabetes, schizophrenia, and cancer. Information from the human genome sequence is essential for several antenatal and neonatal screening programmes. The new genomic tools emerging from this project have revolutionized biology and medicine and have transformed our understanding of health and the provision of healthcare. Its implications pervade all areas of medicine, from disease prediction and prevention to the diagnosis and treatment of all forms of disease. Increasingly, it will be possible to drive predisposition testing into clinical practice, to develop new treatments or to adapt available treatments more specifically to an individual's genetic make-up. This genomic information should transform the traditional medications that are effective for every members of the population to personalized medicine and personalized therapy. The pharmacogenomics could give rise to a new generation of highly effective drugs that treat causes, not just symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sfar
- Laboratoire d'immuno-oncologie moléculaire, faculté de médecine de Monastir, avenue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Abstract
The rat genome project and the resources that it has generated are transforming the translation of rat biology to human medicine. The rat genome was sequenced to a high quality “draft,” the structure and location of the genes were predicted, and a global assessment was published (Gibbs RA et al., Nature 428: 493–521, 2004). Since that time, researchers have made use of the genome sequence and annotations and related resources. We take this opportunity to review the currently available rat genome resources and to discuss the progress and future plans for the rat genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - G. M. Weinstock
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - R. A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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29
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Hood L. A personal journey of discovery: developing technology and changing biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:1-43. [PMID: 20636073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This autobiographical article describes my experiences in developing chemically based, biological technologies for deciphering biological information: DNA, RNA, proteins, interactions, and networks. The instruments developed include protein and DNA sequencers and synthesizers, as well as ink-jet technology for synthesizing DNA chips. Diverse new strategies for doing biology also arose from novel applications of these instruments. The functioning of these instruments can be integrated to generate powerful new approaches to cloning and characterizing genes from a small amount of protein sequence or to using gene sequences to synthesize peptide fragments so as to characterize various properties of the proteins. I also discuss the five paradigm changes in which I have participated: the development and integration of biological instrumentation; the human genome project; cross-disciplinary biology; systems biology; and predictive, personalized, preventive, and participatory (P4) medicine. Finally, I discuss the origins, the philosophy, some accomplishments, and the future trajectories of the Institute for Systems Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.
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30
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Kleino I, Ortiz RM, Huovila APJ. ADAM15 gene structure and differential alternative exon use in human tissues. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:90. [PMID: 17937806 PMCID: PMC2148059 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ADAM15 is a metalloprotease-disintegrin implicated in ectodomain shedding and cell adhesion. Aberrant ADAM15 expression has been associated with human cancer and other disorders. We have previously shown that the alternative splicing of ADAM15 transcripts is mis-regulated in cancer cells. To gain a better understanding of ADAM15 regulation, its genomic organization and regulatory elements as well as the alternative exon use in human tissues were characterized. Results Human ADAM15, flanked by the FLJ32785/DCST1 and ephrin-A4 genes, spans 11.4 kb from the translation initiation codon to the polyadenylation signal, being the shortest multiple-exon ADAM gene. The gene contains 23 exons varying from 63 to 316 bp and 22 introns from 79 to 1283 bp. The gene appeared to have several transcription start sites and their location suggested the promoter location within a CpG island proximal to the translation start. Reporter expression experiments confirmed the location of functional GC-rich, TATAless and CAATless promoter, with the most critical transcription-supporting elements located -266 to -23 bp relative to the translation start. Normal human tissues showed different complex patterns of at least 13 different ADAM15 splice variants arising from the alternative use of the cytosolic-encoding exons 19, 20a/b, and 21a/b. The deduced ADAM15 protein isoforms have different combinations of cytosolic regulatory protein interaction motifs. Conclusion Characterization of human ADAM15 gene and identification of elements involved in the regulation of transcription and alternative splicing provide important clues for elucidation of physiological and pathological roles of ADAM15. The present results also show that the alternative exon use is a physiological post-transcriptional mechanism regulating ADAM15 expression in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivari Kleino
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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31
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Artamonova II, Gelfand MS. Comparative Genomics and Evolution of Alternative Splicing: The Pessimists' Science. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3407-30. [PMID: 17645315 DOI: 10.1021/cr068304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena I Artamonova
- Group of Bioinformatics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, RAS, Gubkina 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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32
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Haynes MR, Wu GE. Gene discovery at the human T-cell receptor alpha/delta locus. Immunogenetics 2006; 59:109-21. [PMID: 17165047 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha/delta variable loci are interspersed on the chromosome 14q11 and consist of 57 intergenic spaces ranging from 4 to 100 kb in length. To elucidate the evolutionary history of this locus, we searched the intergenic spaces of all TCR alpha/delta variable (TRAV/DV) genes for pseudogenes and potential protein-coding genes. We applied direct open reading frame (ORF) searches, an exon-finding algorithm and comparative genomics. Two TRAV/DV pseudogenes were discovered bearing 80 and 65% sequence similarity to TRAV14DV4 and TRAV9-1/9-2 genes, respectively. A gene bearing 85% sequence identity to B lymphocyte activation-related protein, BC-1514, upstream of TRAV26-2 was also discovered. This ORF (BC-1514tcra) is a member of a gene family whose evolutionary history and function are not known. In total, 36 analogs of this gene exist in the human, the chimpanzee, the Rhesus monkey, the frog and the zebrafish. Phylogenetic analyses show convergent evolution of these genes. Assays for the expression of BC-1514tcra revealed transcripts in the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and small intestine. These assays also showed the expression of another analog to BC-1514, found on chromosome 5 in the bone marrow and thymus RNA. The existence of at least 17 analogs at various locations in the human genome and in nonsyntenic chromosomes of the chimpanzee suggest that BC-1514tcra, along with its analogs may be transposable elements with evolved function(s). The identification of conserved putative serine phosphorylation sites provide evidence of their possible role(s) in signal transduction events involved in B cell development and differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Intergenic/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta/genetics
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Pan troglodytes/genetics
- Pan troglodytes/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Pseudogenes
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha R Haynes
- Department of Biology, Farquharson Building, Room 136, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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33
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Dinjens WNM, Koppert LB, Dezentjé DA, Abbou M, van Ballegooijen ES, Sleddens HFBM, van Dekken H, Tilanus HW, Wijnhoven BPL. Identification of a 7.1–mega base pairs minimal deletion at 14q31.1-32.11 in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:534-41. [PMID: 16647950 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In a recent evaluation by comparative genomic hybridization, we demonstrated chromosome 14q31-32.1 to be frequently deleted in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction. This suggests the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in the deleted region. In the present study, we have performed a detailed loss of heterozygosity analysis in 34 gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas and 1 tumor-corresponding dysplastic Barrett's epithelium sample with 37 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Thirty-five markers are in the 14q24.3-32.33 region with a mean distance of 800 kilo base pairs. Of 34 tumor samples, 14 (41%) showed loss of 14q markers. We identified a minimal region of allelic loss of 7105440 base pairs between markers D14S1000 and D14S256 at cytogenetic location 14q31.1-32.11. Within this region, markers D14S1035, D14S55, D14S1037, D14S1022, D14S1052, D14S974, D14S73, D14S1033, D14S67, D14S68, and D14S1058 showed loss in all informative tumors with 14q loss. The region between markers D14S1000 and D14S256 contains 7 known genes. The identification of this minimal deletion and the data base information on the genes present in this region facilitate the search for the candidate tumor suppressor gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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34
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Shih ACC, Lee DT, Lin L, Peng CL, Chen SH, Wu YW, Wong CY, Chou MY, Shiao TC, Hsieh MF. SinicView: a visualization environment for comparisons of multiple nucleotide sequence alignment tools. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:103. [PMID: 16509994 PMCID: PMC1434773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deluged by the rate and complexity of completed genomic sequences, the need to align longer sequences becomes more urgent, and many more tools have thus been developed. In the initial stage of genomic sequence analysis, a biologist is usually faced with the questions of how to choose the best tool to align sequences of interest and how to analyze and visualize the alignment results, and then with the question of whether poorly aligned regions produced by the tool are indeed not homologous or are just results due to inappropriate alignment tools or scoring systems used. Although several systematic evaluations of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) programs have been proposed, they may not provide a standard-bearer for most biologists because those poorly aligned regions in these evaluations are never discussed. Thus, a tool that allows cross comparison of the alignment results obtained by different tools simultaneously could help a biologist evaluate their correctness and accuracy. Results In this paper, we present a versatile alignment visualization system, called SinicView, (for Sequence-aligning INnovative and Interactive Comparison VIEWer), which allows the user to efficiently compare and evaluate assorted nucleotide alignment results obtained by different tools. SinicView calculates similarity of the alignment outputs under a fixed window using the sum-of-pairs method and provides scoring profiles of each set of aligned sequences. The user can visually compare alignment results either in graphic scoring profiles or in plain text format of the aligned nucleotides along with the annotations information. We illustrate the capabilities of our visualization system by comparing alignment results obtained by MLAGAN, MAVID, and MULTIZ, respectively. Conclusion With SinicView, users can use their own data sequences to compare various alignment tools or scoring systems and select the most suitable one to perform alignment in the initial stage of sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - DT Lee
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Laurent Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Peng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Heng Chen
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wong
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yuan Chou
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Chang Shiao
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Fen Hsieh
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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35
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Abstract
A boy with chromosome 14 terminal (14q32.3) deletion presented with typical facial dysmorphism, mental retardation, and hypotonia. Ocular examination revealed esotropia, jerk nystagmus, microcornea, and retinal-choroidal colobomas. We report the first case of microcorneas and colobomas in association with chromosome 14 terminal deletion to help further define this clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Chung
- State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Abstract
The present review considered: (a) the factors that conditioned the early transition from non-life to life; (b) genome structure and complexity in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and organelles; (c) comparative human chromosome genomics; and (d) the Brazilian contribution to some of these studies. Understanding the dialectical conflict between freedom and organization is fundamental to give meaning to the patterns and processes of organic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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37
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Smit MA, Tordoir X, Gyapay G, Cockett NE, Georges M, Charlier C. BEGAIN: a novel imprinted gene that generates paternally expressed transcripts in a tissue- and promoter-specific manner in sheep. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:801-14. [PMID: 16261422 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article we describe the organization of the ovine BEGAIN gene, located 138 kb proximally from the imprinted DLK1 gene and 203 kb from the CLPG mutation that causes the callipyge phenotype. We have shown that in sheep BEGAIN is ubiquitously expressed, including in skeletal muscle, throughout development. We have identified four major BEGAIN transcripts resulting from a combination of alternate promoter usage and alternative splicing. In ovine brain, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle, these four BEGAIN transcripts exhibited paternal or biallelic expression in a tissue- and promoter-specific manner. Our results indicate that the CLPG mutation does not alter transcript levels of BEGAIN, contrary to its effect on a core cluster of genes in the DLK1-GTL2 domain. Thus, although the BEGAIN gene represents another paternally expressed gene in the ovine DLK1-GTL2 imprinted domain, its expression is not governed by the long-range regulatory element that contains the CLPG mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Smit
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4700 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4700, USA
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38
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Orth AP, Batalov S, Perrone M, Chanda SK. The promise of genomics to identify novel therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:587-96. [PMID: 15584864 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.6.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cataloguing of the human genome has provided an unprecedented prospectus for target identification and drug discovery. A current analysis indicates that slightly more than 3000 unique protein encoding loci are potentially amenable to pharmacological intervention (the 'druggable genome', which can be queried at http://function.gnf.org/druggable). However, the assessment of genome sequence data has not resulted in the anticipated acceleration of novel therapeutic developments. The basis for this shortfall lies in the significant attrition rates endemic to preclinical/clinical development, as well as the often underestimated complexity of gene function in higher order biological systems. To address the latter issue, a number of strategies have emerged to facilitate genomics-driven target identification and validation, including cellular profiling of gene function, in silico modelling of gene networks, and systematic analyses of protein complexes. The expectation is that the integration of these and other systems-based technologies may enable the conversion of potential genomic targets into functionally validated molecules, and result in practicable gene-based drug discovery pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Orth
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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39
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Ashurst JL, Chen CK, Gilbert JGR, Jekosch K, Keenan S, Meidl P, Searle SM, Stalker J, Storey R, Trevanion S, Wilming L, Hubbard T. The Vertebrate Genome Annotation (Vega) database. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:D459-65. [PMID: 15608237 PMCID: PMC540089 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vertebrate Genome Annotation (Vega) database (http://vega.sanger.ac.uk) has been designed to be a community resource for browsing manual annotation of finished sequences from a variety of vertebrate genomes. Its core database is based on an Ensembl-style schema, extended to incorporate curation-specific metadata. In collaboration with the genome sequencing centres, Vega attempts to present consistent high-quality annotation of the published human chromosome sequences. In addition, it is also possible to view various finished regions from other vertebrates, including mouse and zebrafish. Vega displays only manually annotated gene structures built using transcriptional evidence, which can be examined in the browser. Attempts have been made to standardize the annotation procedure across each vertebrate genome, which should aid comparative analysis of orthologues across the different finished regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ashurst
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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40
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Cohen N, Dagan T, Stone L, Graur D. GC composition of the human genome: in search of isochores. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 22:1260-72. [PMID: 15728737 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isochore theory, proposed nearly three decades ago, depicts the mammalian genome as a mosaic of long, fairly homogeneous genomic regions that are characterized by their guanine and cytosine (GC) content. The human genome, for instance, was claimed to consist of five distinct isochore families: L1, L2, H1, H2, and H3, with GC contents of <37%, 37%-42%, 42%-47%, 47%-52%, and >52%, respectively. In this paper, we address the question of the validity of the isochore theory through a rigorous sequence-based analysis of the human genome. Toward this end, we adopt a set of six attributes that are generally claimed to characterize isochores and statistically test their veracity against the available draft sequence of the complete human genome. By the selection criteria used in this study: distinctiveness, homogeneity, and minimal length of 300 kb, we identify 1,857 genomic segments that warrant the label "isochore." These putative isochores are nonuniformly scattered throughout the genome and cover about 41% of the human genome. We found that a four-family model of putative isochores is the most parsimonious multi-Gaussian model that can be fitted to the empirical data. These families, however, are GC poor, with mean GC contents of 35%, 38%, 41%, and 48% and do not resemble the five isochore families in the literature. Moreover, due to large overlaps among the families, it is impossible to classify genomic segments into isochore families reliably, according to compositional properties alone. These findings undermine the utility of the isochore theory and seem to indicate that the theory may have reached the limits of its usefulness as a description of genomic compositional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Cohen
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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41
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Schlade-Bartusiak K, Costa T, Summers AM, Nowaczyk MJM, Cox DW. FISH-mapping of telomeric 14q32 deletions: Search for the cause of seizures. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138A:218-24. [PMID: 16152642 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ring chromosome 14 is a rare cytogenetic disorder. Individuals with r(14) generally have developmental delay and seizures. Other features include hypotonia, microcephaly, mild facial dysmorphism, and retinal pigmentation. Most of these features are also found in patients with linear terminal deletions of chromosome 14, except for seizures and retinal abnormalities. The objective of the study was to determine if deletion of a specific chromosome region is a possible explanation for the occurrence of seizures in patients with ring chromosome 14. Patients diagnosed either with r(14) (six patients) or a deletion of distal 14q (three patients) were analyzed by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with BAC probes. We observed differences in the size of deletions in the studied group. In two r(14) patients, we did not detect any deletion; the four other patients had deletions of various sizes, ranging from 0.8 Mb to 5 Mb. Two linear deletions were 3.2 Mb and 5.3 Mb in length, respectively; the third case had an interstitial deletion that did not overlap with the others. The deleted regions in ring chromosomes showed overlap with those in the two linear terminal deletions. We conclude that there is unlikely to be a specific deleted locus in 14q32.3 that predisposes r(14) patients to seizures or retinal pigmentation. The cause is probably related to the formation of the ring itself and the effect this may have on local chromatin structure.
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Taylor TB, Nambiar PR, Raja R, Cheung E, Rosenberg DW, Anderegg B. Microgenomics: Identification of new expression profiles via small and single-cell sample analyses. Cytometry A 2004; 59:254-61. [PMID: 15170605 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the sequencing of the human genome has been finished, microgenomics has been booming, employing highly sophisticated, high-throughput platforms. But these mainly chip-based methods can only generate biologically relevant data if the samples investigated consist of homogeneous cell populations, in which no unwanted cells of different specificity and/or developmental stage obscure the results. METHODS Different sampling methods have been routinely applied to overcome the problem presented by heterogeneous samples, e.g., global surveys, cell cultures, and microdissection. Various methods of laser-assisted microdissection, employing either positive or negative selection of tissue areas or even single cells, are available. RESULTS These laser-assisted microdissection methods allow for fast and precise procurement of extremely small samples. Through subsequent application of recently developed methods of linear mRNA amplification in a pool of isolated total RNA, it has now become possible to perform complex high-throughput RNA expression profiling by microdissecting and processing even single-cell samples. CONCLUSIONS Studies using the tools and methods of microgenomics have shed light on how those new approaches will eventually aid in the development of a new generation of diagnostics, e.g., leading to new patient-specific drugs tailored to the requirements assessed by assaying only a few biopsy cells.
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Jaillon O, Aury JM, Brunet F, Petit JL, Stange-Thomann N, Mauceli E, Bouneau L, Fischer C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Bernot A, Nicaud S, Jaffe D, Fisher S, Lutfalla G, Dossat C, Segurens B, Dasilva C, Salanoubat M, Levy M, Boudet N, Castellano S, Anthouard V, Jubin C, Castelli V, Katinka M, Vacherie B, Biémont C, Skalli Z, Cattolico L, Poulain J, De Berardinis V, Cruaud C, Duprat S, Brottier P, Coutanceau JP, Gouzy J, Parra G, Lardier G, Chapple C, McKernan KJ, McEwan P, Bosak S, Kellis M, Volff JN, Guigó R, Zody MC, Mesirov J, Lindblad-Toh K, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Kahn D, Robinson-Rechavi M, Laudet V, Schachter V, Quétier F, Saurin W, Scarpelli C, Wincker P, Lander ES, Weissenbach J, Roest Crollius H. Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature 2004; 431:946-57. [PMID: 15496914 DOI: 10.1038/nature03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1406] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetraodon nigroviridis is a freshwater puffer fish with the smallest known vertebrate genome. Here, we report a draft genome sequence with long-range linkage and substantial anchoring to the 21 Tetraodon chromosomes. Genome analysis provides a greatly improved fish gene catalogue, including identifying key genes previously thought to be absent in fish. Comparison with other vertebrates and a urochordate indicates that fish proteins have diverged markedly faster than their mammalian homologues. Comparison with the human genome suggests approximately 900 previously unannotated human genes. Analysis of the Tetraodon and human genomes shows that whole-genome duplication occurred in the teleost fish lineage, subsequent to its divergence from mammals. The analysis also makes it possible to infer the basic structure of the ancestral bony vertebrate genome, which was composed of 12 chromosomes, and to reconstruct much of the evolutionary history of ancient and recent chromosome rearrangements leading to the modern human karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jaillon
- UMR 8030 Genoscope, CNRS and Université d'Evry, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
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44
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Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 2004; 431:931-45. [PMID: 15496913 DOI: 10.1038/nature03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2806] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers approximately 99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of approximately 1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human genome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead.
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Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, Couronne O, Grimwood J, Lowry S, Gordon LA, Scott D, Xie G, Huang W, Hellsten U, Tran-Gyamfi M, She X, Prabhakar S, Aerts A, Altherr M, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chan YM, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Lopez F, Lou Y, Martinez D, Medina C, Morgan J, Nandkeshwar R, Noonan JP, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Priest J, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wheeler J, Wu K, Yang J, Dickson M, Cheng JF, Eichler EE, Olsen A, Pennacchio LA, Rokhsar DS, Richardson P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM. The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5. Nature 2004; 431:268-74. [PMID: 15372022 DOI: 10.1038/nature02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 5 is one of the largest human chromosomes and contains numerous intrachromosomal duplications, yet it has one of the lowest gene densities. This is partially explained by numerous gene-poor regions that display a remarkable degree of noncoding conservation with non-mammalian vertebrates, suggesting that they are functionally constrained. In total, we compiled 177.7 million base pairs of highly accurate finished sequence containing 923 manually curated protein-coding genes including the protocadherin and interleukin gene families. We also completely sequenced versions of the large chromosome-5-specific internal duplications. These duplications are very recent evolutionary events and probably have a mechanistic role in human physiological variation, as deletions in these regions are the cause of debilitating disorders including spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Schmutz
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 975 California Ave, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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46
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Wilson RK, Ley TJ, Cole FS, Milbrandt JD, Clifton S, Fulton L, Fewell G, Minx P, Sun H, McLellan M, Pohl C, Mardis ER. Mutational profiling in the human genome. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2004; 68:23-9. [PMID: 15338599 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2003.68.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R K Wilson
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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47
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Waterston RH, Hillier LW, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Mardis ER, McPherson JD, Wilson RK. The human genome: genes, pseudogenes, and variation on chromosome 7. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2004; 68:13-22. [PMID: 15338598 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2003.68.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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48
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Curwen V, Eyras E, Andrews TD, Clarke L, Mongin E, Searle SMJ, Clamp M. The Ensembl automatic gene annotation system. Genome Res 2004; 14:942-50. [PMID: 15123590 PMCID: PMC479124 DOI: 10.1101/gr.1858004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As more genomes are sequenced, there is an increasing need for automated first-pass annotation which allows timely access to important genomic information. The Ensembl gene-building system enables fast automated annotation of eukaryotic genomes. It annotates genes based on evidence derived from known protein, cDNA, and EST sequences. The gene-building system rests on top of the core Ensembl (MySQL) database schema and Perl Application Programming Interface (API), and the data generated are accessible through the Ensembl genome browser (http://www.ensembl.org). To date, the Ensembl predicted gene sets are available for the A. gambiae, C. briggsae, zebrafish, mouse, rat, and human genomes and have been heavily relied upon in the publication of the human, mouse, rat, and A. gambiae genome sequence analysis. Here we describe in detail the gene-building system and the algorithms involved. All code and data are freely available from http://www.ensembl.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Curwen
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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49
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Abstract
We have the human genome sequence. It is freely available, accurate and nearly complete. But is the genome ready for medicine? The new resource is already changing genetic research strategies to find information of medical value. Now we need high-quality annotation of all the functionally important sequences and the variations within them that contribute to health and disease. To achieve this, we need more genome sequences, systematic experimental analyses, and extensive information on human phenotypes. Flexible and user-friendly access to well-annotated genomes will create an environment for innovation, and the potential for unlimited use of sequencing in biomedical research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bentley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
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50
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Schmutz J, Wheeler J, Grimwood J, Dickson M, Yang J, Caoile C, Bajorek E, Black S, Chan YM, Denys M, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Haydu L, Lopez F, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salazar A, Tsai M, Myers RM. Quality assessment of the human genome sequence. Nature 2004; 429:365-8. [PMID: 15164052 DOI: 10.1038/nature02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As the final sequencing of the human genome has now been completed, we present the results of the largest examination of the quality of the finished DNA sequence. The completed study covers the major contributing sequencing centres and is based on a rigorous combination of laboratory experiments and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Schmutz
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 975 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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