1
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Cai T, Wang N, Meng P, Sun W, Cui Y. Up-regulated PIF1 predicts poor clinical outcomes and correlates with low immune infiltrates in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Genet 2023; 13:1058040. [PMID: 36685888 PMCID: PMC9847676 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1058040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Petite Integration Factor 1 (PIF1) is a multifunctional helicase and DNA processing enzyme that plays an important role in the process of several cancer types. However, the relationship between clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and PIF1 remains unclear. This study aims to explore the role of PIF1 in ccRCC tumorigenesis and prognosis. Methods: Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we retrieved and verified the expression of PIF1 in ccRCC tissues as well as normal tissues. To assess the protein expression of PIF1 by using the Human Protein Atlas and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC). We also performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to differentiate the effectiveness of PIF1 in ccRCC and adjacent normal tissues. To evaluate the value of PIF1 on clinical outcomes in ccRCC patients by using multivariate methods and Kaplan‒Meier survival curves. Protein‒protein interaction (PPI) networks were made with STRING. We determined the relationship between the expression of PIF1 and immune cell infiltration with single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Results: Compared with normal tissues, the expression of PIF1 was significantly elevated in ccRCC. The mRNA expression of PIF1 is correlated with high TNM stage and high pathologic stage. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that PIF1 was related to an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.928 to distinguish between ccRCC tissues and normal tissues. Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis showed that the overall survival (OS) of ccRCC patients with a high level of PIF1 was significantly shorter than that of those with a low level of PIF1. PIF1 may play an important role in the occurrence of tumors. Correlation analysis showed that PIF1-mediated carcinogenesis may participate in the process of tumor immune escape in ccRCC. Conclusion: PIF1 could be a reference biomarker to identify ccRCC patients with poor prognosis. PIF1 may play a distinct role in the microenvironment of ccRCC by regulating tumor infiltration of immune cells, which is a new therapeutic target to affect the growth of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated YantaiYuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Meng
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Weigui Sun
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Weigui Sun, ; Yuanshan Cui,
| | - Yuanshan Cui
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated YantaiYuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Weigui Sun, ; Yuanshan Cui,
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2
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Seviour T, Winnerdy FR, Wong LL, Shi X, Mugunthan S, Foo YH, Castaing R, Adav SS, Subramoni S, Kohli GS, Shewan HM, Stokes JR, Rice SA, Phan AT, Kjelleberg S. The biofilm matrix scaffold of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains G-quadruplex extracellular DNA structures. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:27. [PMID: 33741996 PMCID: PMC7979868 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA, or eDNA, is recognised as a critical biofilm component; however, it is not understood how it forms networked matrix structures. Here, we isolate eDNA from static-culture Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using ionic liquids to preserve its biophysical signatures of fluid viscoelasticity and the temperature dependency of DNA transitions. We describe a loss of eDNA network structure as resulting from a change in nucleic acid conformation, and propose that its ability to form viscoelastic structures is key to its role in building biofilm matrices. Solid-state analysis of isolated eDNA, as a proxy for eDNA structure in biofilms, reveals non-canonical Hoogsteen base pairs, triads or tetrads involving thymine or uracil, and guanine, suggesting that the eDNA forms G-quadruplex structures. These are less abundant in chromosomal DNA and disappear when eDNA undergoes conformation transition. We verify the occurrence of G-quadruplex structures in the extracellular matrix of intact static and flow-cell biofilms of P. aeruginosa, as displayed by the matrix to G-quadruplex-specific antibody binding, and validate the loss of G-quadruplex structures in vivo to occur coincident with the disappearance of eDNA fibres. Given their stability, understanding how extracellular G-quadruplex structures form will elucidate how P. aeruginosa eDNA builds viscoelastic networks, which are a foundational biofilm property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seviour
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,WATEC Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Fernaldo Richtia Winnerdy
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lan Li Wong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiangyan Shi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudarsan Mugunthan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Hwee Foo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Remi Castaing
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sunil S Adav
- Singapore Phenome Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujatha Subramoni
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gurjeet Singh Kohli
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heather M Shewan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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3
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G-quadruplex Structures Contribute to Differential Radiosensitivity of the Human Genome. iScience 2019; 21:288-307. [PMID: 31678912 PMCID: PMC6838516 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA, the fundamental unit of human cell, generally exists in Watson-Crick base-paired B-DNA form. Often, DNA folds into non-B forms, such as four-stranded G-quadruplexes. It is generally believed that ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA strand-breaks in a random manner. Here, we show that regions of DNA enriched in G-quadruplex structures are less sensitive to IR compared with B-DNA in vitro and inside cells. Planar G-quartet of G4-DNA is shielded from IR-induced free radicals, unlike single- and double-stranded DNA. Whole-genome sequence analysis and real-time PCR reveal that genomic regions abundant in G4-DNA are protected from radiation-induced breaks and can be modulated by G4 stabilizers. Thus, our results reveal that formation of G4 structures contribute toward differential radiosensitivity of the human genome. G4 DNA contributes to genome-wide radioprotection and is modulated by G4 resolvases Radiation causes minimal damage at the G4 structures at telomeres Formation of G4 DNA contributes toward differential radiosensitivity of human genome Planar quartet of G4 DNA is shielded from IR-induced free radicals and thus DNA breaks
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4
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Belotserkovskii BP, Tornaletti S, D'Souza AD, Hanawalt PC. R-loop generation during transcription: Formation, processing and cellular outcomes. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 71:69-81. [PMID: 30190235 PMCID: PMC6340742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
R-loops are structures consisting of an RNA-DNA duplex and an unpaired DNA strand. They can form during transcription upon nascent RNA "threadback" invasion into the DNA duplex to displace the non-template strand. Although R-loops occur naturally in all kingdoms of life and serve regulatory roles, they are often deleterious and can cause genomic instability. Of particular importance are the disastrous consequences when replication forks or transcription complexes collide with R-loops. The appropriate processing of R-loops is essential to avoid a number of human neurodegenerative and other clinical disorders. We provide a perspective on mechanistic aspects of R-loop formation and their resolution learned from studies in model systems. This should contribute to improved understanding of R-loop biological functions and enable their practical applications. We propose the novel employment of artificially-generated stable R-loops to selectively inactivate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris P Belotserkovskii
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, United States
| | - Silvia Tornaletti
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, United States
| | - Alicia D D'Souza
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, United States
| | - Philip C Hanawalt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, United States.
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5
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Lee T, Pelletier J. The biology of DHX9 and its potential as a therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42716-42739. [PMID: 27034008 PMCID: PMC5173168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DHX9 is member of the DExD/H-box family of helicases with a “DEIH” sequence at its eponymous DExH-box motif. Initially purified from human and bovine cells and identified as a homologue of the Drosophila Maleless (MLE) protein, it is an NTP-dependent helicase consisting of a conserved helicase core domain, two double-stranded RNA-binding domains at the N-terminus, and a nuclear transport domain and a single-stranded DNA-binding RGG-box at the C-terminus. With an ability to unwind DNA and RNA duplexes, as well as more complex nucleic acid structures, DHX9 appears to play a central role in many cellular processes. Its functions include regulation of DNA replication, transcription, translation, microRNA biogenesis, RNA processing and transport, and maintenance of genomic stability. Because of its central role in gene regulation and RNA metabolism, there are growing implications for DHX9 in human diseases and their treatment. This review will provide an overview of the structure, biochemistry, and biology of DHX9, its role in cancer and other human diseases, and the possibility of targeting DHX9 in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Blumenfeld B, Ben-Zimra M, Simon I. Perturbations in the Replication Program Contribute to Genomic Instability in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1138. [PMID: 28587102 PMCID: PMC5485962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and genomic instability are highly impacted by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication program. Inaccuracies in DNA replication lead to the increased acquisition of mutations and structural variations. These inaccuracies mainly stem from loss of DNA fidelity due to replication stress or due to aberrations in the temporal organization of the replication process. Here we review the mechanisms and impact of these major sources of error to the replication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britny Blumenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Micha Ben-Zimra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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7
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Das K, Srivastava M, Raghavan SC. GNG Motifs Can Replace a GGG Stretch during G-Quadruplex Formation in a Context Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158794. [PMID: 27414642 PMCID: PMC4945072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are one of the most commonly studied non-B DNA structures. Generally, these structures are formed using a minimum of 4, three guanine tracts, with connecting loops ranging from one to seven. Recent studies have reported deviation from this general convention. One such deviation is the involvement of bulges in the guanine tracts. In this study, guanines along with bulges, also referred to as GNG motifs have been extensively studied using recently reported HOX11 breakpoint fragile region I as a model template. By strategic mutagenesis approach we show that the contribution from continuous G-tracts may be dispensible during G-quadruplex formation when such motifs are flanked by GNGs. Importantly, the positioning and number of GNG/GNGNG can also influence the formation of G-quadruplexes. Further, we assessed three genomic regions from HIF1 alpha, VEGF and SHOX gene for G-quadruplex formation using GNG motifs. We show that HIF1 alpha sequence harbouring GNG motifs can fold into intramolecular G-quadruplex. In contrast, GNG motifs in mutant VEGF sequence could not participate in structure formation, suggesting that the usage of GNG is context dependent. Importantly, we show that when two continuous stretches of guanines are flanked by two independent GNG motifs in a naturally occurring sequence (SHOX), it can fold into an intramolecular G-quadruplex. Finally, we show the specific binding of G-quadruplex binding protein, Nucleolin and G-quadruplex antibody, BG4 to SHOX G-quadruplex. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the role of GNG motifs in G-quadruplex structure formation which may have both physiological and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohal Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sathees C. Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- * E-mail:
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8
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Gagou ME, Ganesh A, Phear G, Robinson D, Petermann E, Cox A, Meuth M. Human PIF1 helicase supports DNA replication and cell growth under oncogenic-stress. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11381-98. [PMID: 25359767 PMCID: PMC4294361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unwinding duplex DNA is a critical processing step during replication, repair and transcription. Pif1 are highly conserved non-processive 5′->3′ DNA helicases with well-established roles in maintenance of yeast genome stability. However, the function of the sole member of Pif1 family in humans remains unclear. Human PIF1 is essential for tumour cell viability, particularly during replication stress, but is dispensable in non-cancerous cells and Pif1 deficient mice. Here we report that suppression of PIF1 function slows replication fork rates and increases arrested forks during normal cycling conditions. Importantly, PIF1-dependent replication impediments impair S-phase progression and reduce proliferation rates of RAS oncogene-transformed fibroblasts, where replication fork slowing is exacerbated, but not parental, non-cancerous cells. Disrupted fork movement upon PIF1-depletion does not enhance double-stranded break formation or DNA damage responses but affects resumption of DNA synthesis after prolonged replication inhibitor exposure, accompanied by diminished new origin firing and mainly S-phase entry. Taken together, we characterised a functional role for human PIF1 in DNA replication that becomes important for cell growth under oncogenic stress. Given that oncogenes induce high levels of replication stress during the early stages of tumorigenesis, this function of PIF1 could become critical during cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gagou
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anil Ganesh
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Geraldine Phear
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren Robinson
- Light Microscopy Facility, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eva Petermann
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark Meuth
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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9
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Qin M, Chen Z, Luo Q, Wen Y, Zhang N, Jiang H, Yang H. Two-quartet G-quadruplexes formed by DNA sequences containing four contiguous GG runs. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3706-13. [PMID: 25689673 DOI: 10.1021/jp512914t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The DNA sequence containing four contiguous GG runs (G2NxG2NyG2NzG2, G2 sequence) has the potential to form a two-quartet G-quadruplex. However, the prevalence, structure, and function of G2 sequences have not been well-studied. Here, bioinformatics analysis reveals the abundance of G2 sequences in the human genome and their enrichment in promoter regions. The density of G2 sequences in the genome and promoters is much higher than that of the G3 sequence (G3NxG3NyG3NzG3). Experiments show that the conformations and thermal stabilities of the two-quartet G-quadruplexes of G2 sequences are highly sensitive to the length and composition of the loops. Among the two-quartet G-quadruplexes, the parallel G-quadruplex with a loop length of 1 and the antiparallel G-quadruplex with a loop length of 3 show high thermal stabilities. Additionally, the stable parallel G-quadruplexes are stacked into intermolecular higher-order structures. This work determines the prevalence of G2 sequences in the human genome and demonstrates that the G-quadruplex structures for certain loop lengths and compositions may be stable in vivo. Thus, more attention should be paid to the structure and function of the two-quartet G-quadruplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Qin
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Conte MI, Pescatore A, Paciolla M, Esposito E, Miano MG, Lioi MB, McAleer MA, Giardino G, Pignata C, Irvine AD, Scheuerle AE, Royer G, Hadj-Rabia S, Bodemer C, Bonnefont JP, Munnich A, Smahi A, Steffann J, Fusco F, Ursini MV. Insight intoIKBKG/NEMOLocus: Report of New Mutations and Complex Genomic Rearrangements Leading to Incontinentia Pigmenti Disease. Hum Mutat 2013; 35:165-77. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Mariateresa Paciolla
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Elio Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
| | | | | | - Maeve A. McAleer
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology; Our Lady's Children's Hospital; Crumlin, Dublin12 Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin; Crumlin, Dublin 12 Ireland
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples 80131 Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences; Federico II University; Naples 80131 Italy
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology; Our Lady's Children's Hospital; Crumlin, Dublin12 Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin; Crumlin, Dublin 12 Ireland
- School of Medicine; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Ghislaine Royer
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Asma Smahi
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Department of Genetics; INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
| | - Francesca Fusco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’; IGB-CNR; Naples Italy
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