Molecularly imprinted polymers: shaping enzyme inhibitors

Electron Lock Manipulates the Catalytic Selectivity of Nanozyme

Nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking functions, termed nanozymes, offer attractive opportunities for biocatalysis and biomedicine. However, manipulating nanozyme selectivity poses an insurmountable hurdle. Here, we propose the concept of an energy-governed electron lock that controls electron transfer between nanozyme and substrates to achieve selectivity manipulation of enzyme-like catalysis. An electron lock can be constructed and opened, via modulating the nanozyme's electron energy to match the energy barrier of enzymatic reactions. An iron-doped carbon dot (FeCD) nanozyme with easy-to-regulate electron energy is selected as a proof of concept. Through regulating the conduction band which dominates electron energy, activatable oxidase and selective peroxidase (POD) with substrate affinity 123-fold higher than that of natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is achieved. Furthermore, while maintaining selectivity, FeCDs exhibit catalytic kinetics comparable to that of HRP upon transforming photons into electrons. Superior selectivity, efficient catalysis, and undetectable biotoxicity energize FeCDs as potent targeted drugs on antibiotic-resistant bacterial abscesses. An electron lock provides a robust strategy to manipulate selectivity toward advanced nanozymes.

A human VEGF magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for drug-free anti-angiogenesis and photothermal therapy of tumors

A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer was developed with an epitope peptide of human VEGF as a template via an epitope blotting technique. As a drug-free agent, the nanoparticles can significantly suppress the proliferation of tumor cells by integrating anti-angiogenesis and photothermotherapy. This work provides a successful example of the design of multimodal antineoplastic drugs.

How Molecularly Imprinted Polymers can be Used for Diagnostic and Treatment of Tropical Diseases?

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used in nanomedicine in the last few years. However, their use for diagnostic and treatment of tropical diseases is limited. Through this review, we aim to illustrate how MIPs were used to detect tropical disease and we show that they are not exploited enough in treatment. We finally show how MIPs could be used in the future in the treatment of tropical disease.

Modulation of Acetylcholinesterase Activity Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles

Modulation of enzyme activity allows for control over many biological pathways and while strategies for the pharmaceutical design of inhibitors are well established; methods for promoting activation, that is an...

Antibodies targeting enzyme inhibition as potential tools for research and drug development

Antibodies have transformed biomedical research and are now being used for different experimental applications. Generally, the interaction of enzymes with their specific antibodies can lead to a reduction in their enzymatic activity. The effect of the antibody is dependent on its narrow i.e. the regions of the enzyme to which it is directed. The mechanism of this inhibition is rarely a direct combination of the antibodies with the catalytic site, but is rather due to steric hindrance, barring the substrate access to the active site. In several systems, however, the interaction with the antibody induces conformational changes on the enzyme that can either inhibit or enhance its catalytic activity. The extent of enzyme inhibition or enhancement is, therefore, a reflection of the nature and distribution of the various antigenic determinants on the enzyme molecule. Currently, the mode of action of many enzymes has been elucidated at the molecular level. We here review the molecular mechanisms and recent trends by which antibodies inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes and provide examples of how specific antibodies can be useful for the neutralization of biologically active molecules.

Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Artificial Antibodies with Multivalent Polymeric Recognition Phases for Rapid Detection and Inactivation of Pathogens

Antibodies are recognition molecules that can bind to diverse targets ranging from pathogens to small analytes with high binding affinity and specificity, making them widely employed for sensing and therapy. However, antibodies have limitations of low stability, long production time, short shelf life, and high cost. Here, we report a facile approach for the design of luminescent artificial antibodies with nonbiological polymeric recognition phases for the sensitive detection, rapid identification, and effective inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets with a neutral dextran phase at the interfaces selectively recognized S. aureus, whereas the nanosheets bearing a carboxymethylated dextran phase selectively recognized E. coli O157:H7 with high binding affinity. The bacterial binding sites recognized by the artificial antibodies were thoroughly identified by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, revealing the significance of their multivalent interactions with the bacterial membrane components for selective recognition. The luminescent WS₂ artificial antibodies could rapidly detect the bacteria at a single copy from human serum without any purification and amplification. Moreover, the MoSe₂ artificial antibodies selectively killed the pathogenic bacteria in the wounds of infected mice under light irradiation, leading to effective wound healing. This work demonstrates the potential of TMD artificial antibodies as an alternative to antibodies for sensing and therapy.

Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years

The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.

Multivalent Nanosheet Antibody Mimics for Selective Microbial Recognition and Inactivation

Antibodies are widely used as recognition elements in sensing and therapy, but they suffer from poor stability, long discovery time, and high cost. Herein, a facile approach to create antibody mimics with flexible recognition phases and luminescent rigid scaffolds for the selective recognition, detection, and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria is reported. Tripeptides with a nitriloacetate-Cu group are spontaneously assembled on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets via coordination bonding, providing a diversity of TMD-tripeptide assembly (TPA) antibody mimics. TMD-TPA antibody mimics can selectively recognize various pathogenic bacteria with nanomolar affinities. The bacterial binding sites for TMD-TPA are identified by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the dynamic and multivalent interactions of artificial antibodies play a crucial role for their recognition selectivity and affinity. The artificial antibodies allow the rapid and selective detection of pathogenic bacteria at single copy in human serum and urine, and their effective inactivation for therapy of infected mice. This work demonstrates the potential of TMD-TPA antibody mimics as an alternative to natural antibodies for sensing and therapy.

Synthesis, parameters, properties and applications of responsive molecularly imprinted microgels: a review

Responsive molecularly imprinted microgels (MIGs) have gained a lot of interest due to their responsive specificity and selectivity for target compounds. Study on MIGs is rapidly increasing due to their quick responsive behavior in various stimuli like pH and temperature. MIGs show unique property of morphology control on in-situ synthesis of nanoparticles in response of variation in reactant concentration. Literature related to synthesis, parameters, characterization, applications and prospects of MIGs are critically reviewed here. Range of templates, monomers, initiators and crosslinkers are summarized for designing of desired MIGs. This review article describes effect of variation in reactants combination and composition on morphology, imprinting factor and percentage yield of MIGs. Hydrolysis of similar templates using MIGs is also described. Relation between percentage hydrolysis and hydrolysis time of targets at different temperatures and template:monomer ratio is also analyzed. Possible imprinting modes of ionic/non-ionic templates and its series are also generalized on the basis of previous literature. MIGs are investigated as efficient anchoring vehicles for adsorption, catalysis, bio-sensing, drug delivery, inhibition and detection.

Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors with tailor-made recognition sites for target molecules. Their high affinity and selectivity, excellent stability, easy preparation, and low cost make them promising substitutes to biological receptors in many applications where molecular recognition is important. In particular, spherical MIP nanoparticles (or nanoMIPs) with diameters typically below 200 nm have drawn great attention because of their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, easy removal of templates, rapid binding kinetics, good dispersion and handling ability, undemanding functionalization and surface modification, and their high compatibility with various nanodevices and in vivo biomedical applications. Recent years have witnessed significant progress made in the preparation of advanced functional nanoMIPs, which has eventually led to the rapid expansion of the MIP applications from the traditional separation and catalysis fields to the burgeoning biomedical areas. Here, a comprehensive overview of key recent advances made in the preparation of nanoMIPs and their important biomedical applications (including immunoassays, drug delivery, bioimaging, and biomimetic nanomedicine) is presented. The pros and cons of each synthetic strategy for nanoMIPs and their biomedical applications are discussed and the present challenges and future perspectives of the biomedical applications of nanoMIPs are also highlighted.

Strategies for Molecular Imprinting and the Evolution of MIP Nanoparticles as Plastic Antibodies-Synthesis and Applications

Materials that can mimic the molecular recognition-based functions found in biology are a significant goal for science and technology. Molecular imprinting is a technology that addresses this challenge by providing polymeric materials with antibody-like recognition characteristics. Recently, significant progress has been achieved in solving many of the practical problems traditionally associated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), such as difficulties with imprinting of proteins, poor compatibility with aqueous environments, template leakage, and the presence of heterogeneous populations of binding sites in the polymers that contribute to high levels of non-specific binding. This success is closely related to the technology-driven shift in MIP research from traditional bulk polymer formats into the nanomaterial domain. The aim of this article is to throw light on recent developments in this field and to present a critical discussion of the current state of molecular imprinting and its potential in real world applications.

Well-defined biological sample-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres by combining RAFT polymerization and thiol–epoxy coupling chemistry

A versatile approach to obtaining well-defined biological sample-compatible MIP microspheres by combining RAFT polymerization and thiol–epoxy coupling chemistry is described.

Exploring the peptide retention mechanism in molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been used as useful sorbents in solid-phase extraction for a wide range of molecules and sample matrices. Their unique selectivity can be fine-tuned in the imprinting process and is crucial for the extraction of macromolecules from complex matrices such as serum. A relevant example of this is the application of MIPs to peptides in diagnostic assays. In this article the selectivity of MIPs, previously implemented in a quantitative mass-spectrometric assay for the biomarker pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, is investigated. Partial least squares regression was used to generate models for the evaluation and prediction of the retention mechanism of MIPs. A hypothesis on interactions of MIPs with the target peptide was verified by ad hoc experiments considering the relevant peptide physicochemical properties highlighted from the multivariate analysis. Novel insights into and knowledge of the driving forces responsible for the MIP selectivity have been obtained and can be directly used for further optimization of MIP imprinting strategies. Graphical Abstract Applied analytical strategy: the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) of digested Bovin Serum Albumin (BSA), using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP), is followed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for the identification of the retained peptides. The further application of multivariate analysis allows setting up a Partial Least Square (PLS) model, which describes the peptide retention into the MIP and gives additional knowledge to be used in the optimization of the MIP and the whole SPE method.

Preparation of Photoirradiation Molecular Imprinting Polymer for Selective Separation of Branched Cyclodextrins

In the present study, photoirradiation molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with azobenzene was used as a functional monomer for the selective separation of the branched cyclodextrins. The functional monomer 4-methacryloyloxy azobenzene (MAA) and the molecular template 6-O-α-d-maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin (G2-β-CD) were implemented for the molecular imprinting. The core-shell structure of photoirradiation MIP was visualized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), we identified that G2-β-CD was imprinted into the polymer and removed from the MIP. The binding association constant (K_a) and the maximum number of the binding site (N_max) were 1.72 × 10⁴ M^-1 and 7.93 μmol·g^-1 MIP, respectively. With alternate irradiation at 365 and 440 nm light, the prepared MIP reversibly released and rebound to the G2-β-CD, which resulted in the nearly zero amount of G2-β-CD in the solution. The HPLC results indicated that the purity of G2-β-CD could reach 90.8% after going through MIP. The main finding of our study was that the photoirradiation of MIP was an easy and effective method for the selective separation of the branched cyclodextrins.

Spontaneous and specific binding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to overoxidized polypyrrole-coated microspheres

Specific identification of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli was achieved using microspheres coated with overoxidized polypyrrole.

Direct and Highly Selective Drug Optosensing in Real, Undiluted Biological Samples with Quantum-Dot-Labeled Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microparticles

Quantum-dot (QD)-labeled hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microparticles were prepared for direct and highly selective optosensing of an antibiotic drug (i.e., tetracycline (Tc)) in pure bovine/goat milks and bovine/porcine serums. "Living" CdTe QD-SiO2 composite microparticles with alkyl bromide groups on their surfaces were first obtained via the one-pot sol-gel reaction, and they were subsequently grafted with a Tc-imprinted polymer layer and poly(glyceryl monomethacrylate) brushes via the successive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerizations. The resulting MIP microparticles with QD labeling and hydrophilic polymer brushes could function properly in biological samples and showed obvious template-binding-induced fluorescence quenching, which make them a useful fluorescent chemosensor with limits of detection down to 0.14 μM in complex biological media. Moreover, a facile and effective approach was developed based on a newly derived equation to eliminate the false positives of the fluorescent chemosensor and provide it with wider linear detection concentration ranges in comparison with those obtained using the generally adopted Stern-Volmer equation. Furthermore, the fluorescent MIP chemosensor was also successfully applied for directly, sensitively, selectively, and accurately quantifying Tc in biological media, and the average recoveries were in the range of 95%∼105% even when several other drugs and the fluorescently interfering chlortetracycline were present in the samples.

Thermoresponsive Epitope Surface-Imprinted Nanoparticles for Specific Capture and Release of Target Protein from Human Plasma

Among various artificial antibodies, epitope imprinted polymer has been paid increasingly attention. To modulate the "adsorption and release" behavior by environment stimuli, N-isopropylacrylamide, was adopted to fabricate the thermoresponsive epitope imprinted sites. The prepared imprinted materials could adsorb 46.6 mg/g of target protein with the imprinting factor of 4.0. The template utilization efficiency could reach as high as 8.21%. More importantly, in the real sample, the materials could controllably capture the target protein from the human plasma at 45 °C and release it at 4 °C, which demonstrated the "on-demand" application potentials of such materials in the biomolecule recognition field.

Hydrophilic Hollow Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microparticles with Photo- and Thermoresponsive Template Binding and Release Properties in Aqueous Media

A facile, general, and efficient approach to prepare hydrophilic hollow molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microparticles with photo- and thermoresponsive template binding and release behaviors in aqueous media is described, which includes the preparation of uniform "living" silica submicrospheres bearing surface atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)-initiating groups (i.e., alkyl halide groups) via a one-pot sol-gel method, their subsequent grafting of azobenzene (azo)-containing MIP shell and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PNIPAAm-b-PHEMA) brushes via successive surface-initiated ATRP, and final removal of the silica core. The successful synthesis of such hydrophilic hollow MIP microparticles was confirmed with SEM, FT-IR, water dispersion stability, and static contact angle studies. They proved to show apparently higher template binding capacities than the corresponding solid ones and obvious photo- and thermoresponsive template binding properties in aqueous solutions. Moreover, their pronounced light- and temperature-controlled template release in aqueous media was also demonstrated. In particular, the introduction of PNIPAAm-b-PHEMA brushes onto hollow MIP microparticles imparted them with high surface hydrophilicity both below and above the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAAm, which paves the way for their applications in such areas as controlled drug/chemical delivery and smart bioanalysis.

Programmable Downregulation of Enzyme Activity Using a Fever and NIR-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Nanocomposite

A fever and NIR-responsive molecularly imprinted nanocomposite is designed for programmable downregulation of enzyme activity. The target enzyme can be captured specifically and its activity can be downregulated only when body temperature increases abnormally. Upon NIR irradiation, the temperature of the destination region can increase accordingly inducing a further decrease in the enzyme activity.

Generation of novel hybrid aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles

A strategy to exploit aptamers as recognition elements of molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (AptaMIP NPs) is presented, via modification of the chemical structure of the DNA. It is demonstrated that the introduction of this modified "aptamer monomer" results in an increase of the affinity of the produced MIP NPs, without altering their physical properties such as size, shape, or dispersibility.

Improving molecularly imprinted nanogels by pH modulation

Non-specific binding between template molecule and the imprinted gel is significantly reduced by pH modulation.

Preparation of protein imprinted polymer beads by Pickering emulsion polymerization

We present a new method for preparation of protein-specific polymer beads based on surface molecular imprinting in Pickering emulsion. In the first step, adult human hemoglobin (Hb) was adsorbed on silica nanoparticles. The protein-coated silica particles were then used to stabilize an oil-in-water emulsion (Pickering emulsion) composed of cross-linking monomer in the oil phase. After free radical polymerization of the oil phase, the protein-silica particles were removed to leave Hb-imprinted sites on the polymer surface. The protein-imprinted polymer microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and their selectivity was investigated by protein binding analysis. The new synthetic method based on Pickering emulsion polymerization produced easily accessible Hb binding sites on the surface of spherical polymer particles, which are useful for protein separation, purification and analysis.

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011

Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.

Influence of surface-imprinted nanoparticles on trypsin activity

Here, the modulation of enzyme activity is presented by protein-imprinted nanoparticles produced using a solid-phase approach. Using trypsin as target, binding of the nanoparticles to the enzyme results in its inhibition or in stabilization, depending on the orientation of the immobilized enzyme used during imprinting.

Bacteria-instructed synthesis of polymers for self-selective microbial binding and labelling

The detection and inactivation of pathogenic strains of bacteria continues to be an important therapeutic goal. Hence, there is a need for materials that can bind selectively to specific microorganisms for diagnostic or anti-infective applications, but that can be formed from simple and inexpensive building blocks. Here, we exploit bacterial redox systems to induce a copper-mediated radical polymerization of synthetic monomers at cell surfaces, generating polymers in situ that bind strongly to the microorganisms that produced them. This 'bacteria-instructed synthesis' can be carried out with a variety of microbial strains, and we show that the polymers produced are self-selective binding agents for the 'instructing' cell types. We further expand on the bacterial redox chemistries to 'click' fluorescent reporters onto polymers directly at the surfaces of a range of clinical isolate strains, allowing rapid, facile and simultaneous binding and visualization of pathogens.

Preparation of protein imprinted materials by hierarchical imprinting techniques and application in selective depletion of albumin from human serum

Hierarchical imprinting was developed to prepare the protein imprinted materials, as the artificial antibody, for the selective depletion of HSA from the human serum proteome. Porcine serum albumin (PSA) was employed as the dummy template for the fabrication of the recognition sites. To demonstrate the advantages of the hierarchical imprinting, molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by hierarchical imprinting technique (h-MIPs) were compared with those obtained by bulk imprinting (b-MIPs), in terms of the binding capacity, adsorption kinetics, selectivity and synthesis reproducibility. The binding capacity of h-MIPs could reach 12 mg g⁻¹. And saturation binding could be reached in less than 20 min for the h-MIPs. In the protein mixture, h-MIPs exhibit excellent selectivity for PSA, with imprinting factors as about 3.6, much higher than those for non-template proteins. For the proteomic application, the identified protein group number in serum treated by h-MIPs was increased to 422, which is 21% higher than that obtained from the original serum, meanwhile the identified protein group number for the Albumin Removal kit was only 376. The results demonstrate that protein imprinted polymers prepared by hierarchical imprinting technique, might become the artificial antibodies for the selective depletion of high abundance proteins in proteome study.

Removal of acutely hazardous pharmaceuticals from water using multi-template imprinted polymer adsorbent

Molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbent has been prepared to remove a group of recalcitrant and acutely hazardous (p-type) chemicals from water and wastewaters. The polymer adsorbent exhibited twofold higher adsorption capacity than the commercially used polystyrene divinylbenzene resin (XAD) and powdered activated carbon adsorbents. Higher adsorption capacity of the polymer adsorbent was explained on the basis of high specific surface area formed during molecular imprinting process. Freundlich isotherms drawn showed that the adsorption of p-type chemicals onto polymer adsorbent was kinetically faster than the other reference adsorbents. Matrix effect on adsorption of p-type chemicals was minimal, and also polymer adsorbent was amenable to regeneration by washing with water/methanol (3:1, v/v) solution. The polymer adsorbent was unaltered in its adsorption capacity up to 10 cycles of adsorption and desorption, which will be more desirable in cost reduction of treatment compared with single-time-use activated carbon.

Synthesis, characterization and application of uranyl ion imprinted polymers of aniline and 8-hydroxy quinoline functionalized aniline

Imprinted homopolymer of uranyl ion with aniline (IPAN) and imprinted copolymer with aniline and 8-hydroxyquinoline functionalized aniline (IFPAN) were synthesized. These polymers upon leaching, (IPAN_L and IFPAN_L), give materials suitable for rebinding of uranyl ion selectively from aqueous samples.

Epitope imprinted polyethersulfone beads by self-assembly for target protein capture from the plasma proteome

Self-assembly techniques were applied to fabricate epitope imprinted polyethersulfone beads for target protein capture from the plasma proteome.

Supramolecular catalysis. Part 2: artificial enzyme mimics

The design of artificial catalysts able to compete with the catalytic proficiency of enzymes is an intense subject of research. Non-covalent interactions are thought to be involved in several properties of enzymatic catalysis, notably (i) the confinement of the substrates and the active site within a catalytic pocket, (ii) the creation of a hydrophobic pocket in water, (iii) self-replication properties and (iv) allosteric properties. The origins of the enhanced rates and high catalytic selectivities associated with these properties are still a matter of debate. Stabilisation of the transition state and favourable conformations of the active site and the product(s) are probably part of the answer. We present here artificial catalysts and biomacromolecule hybrid catalysts which constitute good models towards the development of truly competitive artificial enzymes.

Efficient Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Enzyme Inhibition Potency by the Controlled Surface Imprinting Approach

A facile, general, and highly efficient approach to prepare uniform core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles with enzyme inhibition potency is described for the first time, which involves the combined use of molecular imprinting and controlled/"living" radical polymerization (CRP) techniques as well as surface-anchoring strategy. The thickness of the enzyme-imprinted surface layers of the core-shell MIP microspheres had a significant influence on their binding properties, and only those with their thickness comparable with the diameters of the targeted enzymes could afford enzyme-MIPs with optimal specific bindings. The as-prepared enzyme-MIPs were found to have homogeneous binding sites and high template binding capacities, affinity, and selectivity, and they proved to show much higher enzyme inhibition potency than the small inhibitor by 3 orders of magnitude (i.e., the enzyme inhibition constant of every binding site of the MIP microspheres was about one-thousandth of that of the small inhibitor), mainly due to the formation of strong long-range secondary interactions between enzymes and imprinted pockets. In addition, the general applicability of our strategy was confirmed.