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Petitjean II, Tran QD, Goutou A, Kabir Z, Wiche G, Leduc C, Koenderink GH. Reconstitution of cytolinker-mediated crosstalk between actin and vimentin. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151403. [PMID: 38503131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and motility are determined by the cytoskeleton, an interpenetrating network of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The biophysical properties of each filament type individually have been studied extensively by cell-free reconstitution. By contrast, the interactions between the three cytoskeletal networks are relatively unexplored. They are coupled via crosslinkers of the plakin family such as plectin. These are challenging proteins for reconstitution because of their giant size and multidomain structure. Here we engineer a recombinant actin-vimentin crosslinker protein called 'ACTIF' that provides a minimal model system for plectin, recapitulating its modular design with actin-binding and intermediate filament-binding domains separated by a coiled-coil linker for dimerisation. We show by fluorescence and electron microscopy that ACTIF has a high binding affinity for vimentin and actin and creates mixed actin-vimentin bundles. Rheology measurements show that ACTIF-mediated crosslinking strongly stiffens actin-vimentin composites. Finally, we demonstrate the modularity of this approach by creating an ACTIF variant with the intermediate filament binding domain of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli. Our protein engineering approach provides a new cell-free system for the biophysical characterization of intermediate filament-binding crosslinkers and for understanding the mechanical synergy between actin and vimentin in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Quang D Tran
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Angeliki Goutou
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Zima Kabir
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile Leduc
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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RANDHAWA AAYUSHI, DEB DUTTA SAYAN, GANGULY KEYA, V. PATIL TEJAL, LUTHFIKASARI RACHMI, LIM KITAEK. Understanding cell-extracellular matrix interactions for topology-guided tissue regeneration. BIOCELL 2023. [DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2023.026217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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3
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Ratajczyk S, Drexler C, Windoffer R, Leube RE, Fuchs P. A Ca 2+-Mediated Switch of Epiplakin from a Diffuse to Keratin-Bound State Affects Keratin Dynamics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193077. [PMID: 36231039 PMCID: PMC9563781 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins exert important structural but also cytoprotective functions. They have to be adaptable to support cellular homeostasis. Epiplakin (EPPK1) has been shown to decorate keratin filaments in epithelial cells and to play a protective role under stress, but the mechanism is still unclear. Using live-cell imaging of epithelial cells expressing fluorescently tagged EPPK1 and keratin, we report here an unexpected dynamic behavior of EPPK1 upon stress. EPPK1 was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm and not associated with keratin filaments in living cells under standard culture conditions. However, ER-, oxidative and UV-stress, as well as cell fixation, induced a rapid association of EPPK1 with keratin filaments. This re-localization of EPPK1 was reversible and dependent on the elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Moreover, keratin filament association of EPPK1 led to significantly reduced keratin dynamics. Thus, we propose that EPPK1 stabilizes the keratin network in stress conditions, which involve increased cytoplasmic Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ratajczyk
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, A Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinne Drexler
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, A Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E. Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-52855
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Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105594. [PMID: 35628404 PMCID: PMC9145010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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5
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Fuchs P, Drexler C, Ratajczyk S, Eckhart L. Comparative genomics reveals evolutionary loss of epiplakin in cetaceans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1112. [PMID: 35064199 PMCID: PMC8782857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of vertebrates to different environments was associated with changes in the molecular composition and regulation of epithelia. Whales and dolphins, together forming the clade cetaceans, have lost multiple epithelial keratins during or after their evolutionary transition from life on land to life in water. It is unknown whether the changes in keratins were accompanied by gain or loss of cytoskeletal adapter proteins of the plakin family. Here we investigated whether plakin proteins are conserved in cetaceans and other vertebrates. Comparative analysis of genome sequences showed conservation of dystonin, microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), plectin, desmoplakin, periplakin and envoplakin in cetaceans. By contrast, EPPK1 (epiplakin) was disrupted by inactivating mutations in all cetaceans investigated. Orthologs of EPPK1 are present in bony and cartilaginous fishes and tetrapods, indicating an evolutionary origin of EPPK1 in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomes). In many vertebrates, EPPK1 is flanked by an as-yet uncharacterized gene that encodes protein domains homologous to the carboxy-terminal segment of MACF1. We conclude that epiplakin, unlike other plakins, was lost in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fuchs
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Corinne Drexler
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonia Ratajczyk
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Mohammed F, Odintsova E, Chidgey M. Missense Mutations in Desmoplakin Plakin Repeat Domains Have Dramatic Effects on Domain Structure and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010529. [PMID: 35008956 PMCID: PMC8745463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plakin repeat domains (PRDs) are globular modules that mediate the interaction of plakin proteins with the intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton. These associations are vital for maintaining tissue integrity in cardiac muscle and epithelial tissues. PRDs are subject to mutations that give rise to cardiomyopathies such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, characterised by ventricular arrhythmias and associated with an increased risk of sudden heart failure, and skin blistering diseases. Herein, we have examined the functional and structural effects of 12 disease-linked missense mutations, identified from the human gene mutation database, on the PRDs of the desmosomal protein desmoplakin. Five mutations (G2056R and E2193K in PRD-A, G2338R and G2375R in PRD-B and G2647D in PRD-C) rendered their respective PRD proteins either fully or partially insoluble following expression in bacterial cells. Each of the residues affected are conserved across plakin family members, inferring a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of the PRD. In transfected HeLa cells, the mutation G2375R adversely affected the targeting of a desmoplakin C-terminal construct containing all three PRDs to vimentin IFs. The deletion of PRD-B and PRD-C from the construct compromised its targeting to vimentin. Bioinformatic and structural modelling approaches provided multiple mechanisms by which the disease-causing mutations could potentially destabilise PRD structure and compromise cytoskeletal linkages. Overall, our data highlight potential molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenic missense mutations and could pave the way for informing novel curative interventions targeting cardiomyopathies and skin blistering disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Elena Odintsova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Shi ML, Chen YF, Wu WQ, Lai Y, Jin Q, Qiu WL, Yu DL, Li YZ, Liao HF. Luteolin inhibits the proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of choroidal melanoma cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108643. [PMID: 34058231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal melanoma is a devastating disease that causes visual loss and a high mortality rate due to metastasis. Luteolin, a potential anticancer compound, is widely found in natural plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative, antiadhesive, antimigratory and anti-invasive effects of luteolin on choroidal melanoma cells in vitro and to explore its potential mechanism. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, Cell adhesion, migration, and invasion assays were performed to examine the inhibitory effects of luteolin on cell cell viability, proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion capacities, respectively. Considering the correlation between Matrix metalloenzymes and tumor metastasis, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to assess matrix metalloproteases MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. Western blotting was performed to detect p-PI3K P85, Akt, and p-Akt protein expression. The cytoskeletal proteins vimentin were observed with cell immunofluorescence staining. Luteolin can inhibit OCM-1 cell proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion and C918 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, Luteolin may have potential as a therapeutic medication for Choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Shi
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Province Blood Center, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Fen Chen
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Qi Wu
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yao Lai
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wan-Lu Qiu
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Lian Yu
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Li
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Fei Liao
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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8
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Mohammed F, Chidgey M. Desmosomal protein structure and function and the impact of disease-causing mutations. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107749. [PMID: 34033898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this graphical review we focus on the structural characteristics of desmosomal proteins, their interactions with each other and with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. The wealth of structural information that is now available allows predictions to be made about the pathogenic effect of disease-causing mutations. We have selected representative examples of missense mutations that are buried, semi-buried or surface exposed, and demonstrate how such variants could affect the structural fold of desmosomal proteins that are expressed in the heart. We explain how such alterations could compromise desmosomal adhesion, resulting in life threatening diseases including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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9
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Wesley T, Berzins S, Kannourakis G, Ahmed N. The attributes of plakins in cancer and disease: perspectives on ovarian cancer progression, chemoresistance and recurrence. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:55. [PMID: 34001250 PMCID: PMC8127266 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plakin family of cytoskeletal proteins play an important role in cancer progression yet are under-studied in cancer, especially ovarian cancer. These large cytoskeletal proteins have primary roles in the maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity but are also associated with scaffolds of intermediate filaments and hemidesmosomal adhesion complexes mediating signalling pathways that regulate cellular growth, migration, invasion and differentiation as well as stress response. Abnormalities of plakins, and the closely related spectraplakins, result in diseases of the skin, striated muscle and nervous tissue. Their prevalence in epithelial cells suggests that plakins may play a role in epithelial ovarian cancer progression and recurrence. In this review article, we explore the roles of plakins, particularly plectin, periplakin and envoplakin in disease-states and cancers with emphasis on ovarian cancer. We discuss the potential role the plakin family of proteins play in regulating cancer cell growth, survival, migration, invasion and drug resistance. We highlight potential relationships between plakins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) and discuss how interaction of these processes may affect ovarian cancer progression, chemoresistance and ultimately recurrence. We propose that molecular changes in the expression of plakins leads to the transition of benign ovarian tumours to carcinomas, as well as floating cellular aggregates (commonly known as spheroids) in the ascites microenvironment, which may contribute to the sustenance and progression of the disease. In this review, attempts have been made to understand the crucial changes in plakin expression in relation to progression and recurrence of ovarian cancer. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin Wesley
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat Technology Central Park, Suites 23-26, 106-110 Lydiard Street South, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart Berzins
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat Technology Central Park, Suites 23-26, 106-110 Lydiard Street South, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat Technology Central Park, Suites 23-26, 106-110 Lydiard Street South, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat Technology Central Park, Suites 23-26, 106-110 Lydiard Street South, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia. .,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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10
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Valderhaug VD, Heiney K, Ramstad OH, Bråthen G, Kuan WL, Nichele S, Sandvig A, Sandvig I. Early functional changes associated with alpha-synuclein proteinopathy in engineered human neural networks. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C1141-C1152. [PMID: 33950697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00413.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A patterned spread of proteinopathy represents a common characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), misfolded forms of α-synuclein proteins accumulate in hallmark pathological inclusions termed Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Such protein aggregates seem to affect selectively vulnerable neuronal populations in the substantia nigra and to propagate within interconnected neuronal networks. Research findings suggest that these proteinopathic inclusions are present at very early time points in disease development, even before clear behavioral symptoms of dysfunction arise. In this study, we investigate the early pathophysiology developing after induced formation of such PD-related α-synuclein inclusions in a physiologically relevant in vitro setup using engineered human neural networks. We monitor the neural network activity using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) for a period of 3 wk following proteinopathy induction to identify associated changes in network function, with a special emphasis on the measure of network criticality. Self-organized criticality represents the critical point between resilience against perturbation and adaptational flexibility, which appears to be a functional trait in self-organizing neural networks, both in vitro and in vivo. We show that although developing pathology at early onset is not clearly manifest in standard measurements of network function, it may be discerned by investigating differences in network criticality states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke D Valderhaug
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Heiney
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Huse Ramstad
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wei-Li Kuan
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Nichele
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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11
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CXCR4 Regulates Temporal Differentiation via PRC1 Complex in Organogenesis of Epithelial Glands. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020619. [PMID: 33435128 PMCID: PMC7826811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC-chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), a 7-transmembrane receptor family member, displays multifaceted roles, participating in immune cell migration, angiogenesis, and even adipocyte metabolism. However, the activity of such a ubiquitously expressed receptor in epithelial gland organogenesis has not yet been fully explored. To investigate the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and embryonic glandular organogenesis, we used an ex vivo culture system with live imaging and RNA sequencing to elucidate the transcriptome and protein-level signatures of AMD3100, a potent abrogating reagent of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis, imprinted on the developing organs. Immunostaining results showed that CXCR4 was highly expressed in embryonic submandibular gland, lung, and pancreas, especially at the periphery of end buds containing numerous embryonic stem/progenitor cells. Despite no significant increase in apoptosis, AMD3100-treated epithelial organs showed a retarded growth with significantly slower branching and expansion. Further analyses with submandibular glands revealed that such responses resulted from the AMD3100-induced precocious differentiation of embryonic epithelial cells, losing mitotic activity. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that inhibition of CXCR4 significantly down-regulated polycomb repressive complex (PRC) components, known as regulators of DNA methylation. Treatment with PRC inhibitor recapitulated the AMD3100-induced precocious differentiation. Our results indicate that the epigenetic modulation by the PRC-CXCR12/CXCR4 signaling axis is crucial for the spatiotemporal regulation of proliferation and differentiation of embryonic epithelial cells during embryonic glandular organogenesis.
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Eldirany SA, Lomakin IB, Ho M, Bunick CG. Recent insight into intermediate filament structure. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:132-143. [PMID: 33190098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are key players in multiple cellular processes throughout human tissues. Their biochemical and structural properties are important for understanding filament assembly mechanisms, for interactions between IFs and binding partners, and for developing pharmacological agents that target IFs. IF proteins share a conserved coiled-coil central-rod domain flanked by variable N-terminal 'head' and C-terminal 'tail' domains. There have been several recent advances in our understanding of IF structure from the study of keratins, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and lamin. These include discoveries of (i) a knob-pocket tetramer assembly mechanism in coil 1B; (ii) a lamin-specific coil 1B insert providing a one-half superhelix turn; (iii) helical, yet flexible, linkers within the rod domain; and (iv) the identification of coil 2B residues required for mature filament assembly. Furthermore, the head and tail domains of some IFs contain low-complexity aromatic-rich kinked segments, and structures of IFs with binding partners show electrostatic surfaces are a major contributor to complex formation. These new data advance the connection between IF structure, pathologic mutations, and clinical diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Eldirany
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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13
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Mohammed F, Trieber C, Overduin M, Chidgey M. Molecular mechanism of intermediate filament recognition by plakin proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118801. [PMID: 32712070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plakin family of cytolinkers interacts with intermediate filaments (IFs) through plakin repeat domain (PRD) and linker modules. Recent structure/function studies have established the molecular basis of envoplakin-PRD and periplakin-linker interactions with vimentin. Both plakin modules share a broad basic groove which recognizes acidic rod elements on IFs, a mechanism that is applicable to other plakin family members. This review postulates a universal IF engagement mechanism that illuminates the specific effects of pathogenic mutations associated with diseases including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and reveals how diverse plakin proteins offer tailored IF tethering to ensure stable, dynamic and regulated cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Catharine Trieber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Exploring the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic and proteomic effects of lactic acid bacteria on keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11572. [PMID: 32665600 PMCID: PMC7360600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The topical application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is recognized as a useful approach to improve skin health. This work aims to characterize by a multidisciplinary approach, the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogens and proteomic effects of six LAB lysates, belonging to the genus Lactobacillus. Our results demonstrated that the lysates of tested LAB stimulated the proliferation of keratinocytes, and that L. plantarum SGL 07 and L. salivarius SGL 19 accelerated the re-epithelization by inducing keratinocyte migration. The bacterial lysates also reduced the secretion of specific pro-inflammatory mediators from keratinocytes. Furthermore, viable L. salivarius SGL 19 and L. fermentum SGL 10 had anti-pathogenic effects against S. aureus and S. pyogenes, while L. brevis SGL 12 and L. paracasei SGL 04 inhibited S. aureus and S. pyogenes, respectively. The tested lactobacilli lysates also induced specific proteome modulation of the exposed keratinocytes, involving dysregulation of proteins (such as interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 and ATP-dependent RNA helicase) and pathways (such as cytokine, NF-kB, Hedgehog, and RUNX signaling) associated with their specific wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. This study indicates the different potential of selected lactobacilli, suggesting that they may be successfully used in the future together with conventional therapies to bring relief from skin disorders.
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15
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Odintsova E, Mohammed F, Trieber C, Rodriguez-Zamora P, Al-Jassar C, Huang TH, Fogl C, Knowles T, Sridhar P, Kumar J, Jeeves M, Chidgey M, Overduin M. Binding of the periplakin linker requires vimentin acidic residues D176 and E187. Commun Biol 2020; 3:83. [PMID: 32081916 PMCID: PMC7035337 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plakin proteins form connections that link the cell membrane to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Their interactions are mediated by a highly conserved linker domain through an unresolved mechanism. Here analysis of the human periplakin linker domain structure reveals a bi-lobed module transected by an electropositive groove. Key basic residues within the periplakin groove are vital for co-localization with vimentin in human cells and compromise direct binding which also requires acidic residues D176 and E187 in vimentin. We propose a model whereby basic periplakin linker domain residues recognize acidic vimentin side chains and form a complementary binding groove. The model is shared amongst diverse linker domains and can be used to investigate the effects of pathogenic mutations in the desmoplakin linker associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Linker modules either act solely or collaborate with adjacent plakin repeat domains to create strong and adaptable tethering within epithelia and cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Odintsova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catharine Trieber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Penelope Rodriguez-Zamora
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Caezar Al-Jassar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tzu-Han Huang
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claudia Fogl
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- The Binding Site, Birmingham, B15 1QT, UK
| | - Timothy Knowles
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pooja Sridhar
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mark Jeeves
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
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16
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King SA, Liu H, Wu X. Biomedical potential of mammalian spectraplakin proteins: Progress and prospect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1313-1322. [PMID: 31398993 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219864920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential element of a eukaryotic cell which informs both form and function and ultimately has physiological consequences for the organism. Equally as important as the major cytoskeletal networks are crosslinkers which coordinate and regulate their activities. One such category of crosslinker is the spectraplakins, a family of giant, evolutionarily conserved crosslinking proteins with the rare ability to interact with each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. In particular, a mammalian spectraplakin isotype called MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1), also known as ACF7 (actin crosslinking factor 7), has been of particular interest in the years since its discovery; MACF1 has come under such scrutiny due to the mounting list of biological phenomena in which it has been implicated. This review is an overview of the current knowledge on the structure and function of the known spectraplakin isotypes with an emphasis on MACF1, recent studies on MACF1, and finally, an analysis of the potential of MACF1 to advance medicine. Impact statement Spectraplakins are a highly conserved group of proteins which have the rare ability to bind to each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. The mammalian spectraplakin MACF1/ACF7 has proven to be instrumental in many cellular processes (e.g. signaling and cell migration) since its identification and, as such, has been the focus of various research studies. This review is a synthesis of scientific reports on the structure, confirmed functions, and implicated roles of MACF1/ACF7 as of 2019. Based on what has been revealed thus far in terms of MACF1/ACF7’s role in complex pathologies such as metastatic cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, it appears that MACF1/ACF7 and the continued study thereof hold great potential to both enhance the design of future therapies for various diseases and vastly expand scientific understanding of organismal physiology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A King
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Ling C, Liu Z, Song M, Zhang W, Wang S, Liu X, Ma S, Sun S, Fu L, Chu Q, Belmonte JCI, Wang Z, Qu J, Yuan Y, Liu GH. Modeling CADASIL vascular pathologies with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Protein Cell 2019; 10:249-271. [PMID: 30778920 PMCID: PMC6418078 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a rare hereditary cerebrovascular disease caused by a NOTCH3 mutation. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unidentified. Here, we generated non-integrative induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of a CADASIL patient harboring a heterozygous NOTCH3 mutation (c.3226C>T, p.R1076C). Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) differentiated from CADASIL-specific iPSCs showed gene expression changes associated with disease phenotypes, including activation of the NOTCH and NF-κB signaling pathway, cytoskeleton disorganization, and excessive cell proliferation. In comparison, these abnormalities were not observed in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) derived from the patient's iPSCs. Importantly, the abnormal upregulation of NF-κB target genes in CADASIL VSMCs was diminished by a NOTCH pathway inhibitor, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for CADASIL. Overall, using this iPSC-based disease model, our study identified clues for studying the pathogenic mechanisms of CADASIL and developing treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lina Fu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qun Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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18
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Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu M, Jin L, Wu M, Qian D, Li X, Zhen Q, Guo H, Gao J, Yang S, Zhang X. Noninvasive analysis of skin proteins in healthy Chinese subjects using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:424-433. [PMID: 30657212 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Ling Jin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mingshun Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Danfeng Qian
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xueying Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological TechnologyAnhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
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19
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Yu Y, Tang J, Su J, Cui J, Xie X, Chen F. Integrative Analysis of MicroRNAome, Transcriptome, and Proteome during the Limb Regeneration of Cynops orientalis. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1088-1098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, PR China
| | - Jie Tang
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, 88 Xingqing Road, Xi’an 710032, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Su
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, PR China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Xi’an 710069, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710069, PR China
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20
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Favre B, Begré N, Bouameur JE, Lingasamy P, Conover GM, Fontao L, Borradori L. Desmoplakin interacts with the coil 1 of different types of intermediate filament proteins and displays high affinity for assembled intermediate filaments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205038. [PMID: 30286183 PMCID: PMC6171917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of intermediate filaments (IFs) with the cell-cell adhesion complexes desmosomes is crucial for cytoskeletal organization and cell resilience in the epidermis and heart. The intracellular desmosomal protein desmoplakin anchors IFs to the cell adhesion complexes predominantly via its four last carboxy-terminal domains (C-terminus). However, it remains unclear why the C-terminus of desmoplakin interacts with different IF types or if there are different binding affinities for each type of IFs that may influence the stability of cell-specific adhesion complexes. By yeast three-hybrid and fluorescence binding assays, we found that the coiled-coil 1 of the conserved central rod domain of the heterodimeric cytokeratins (Ks) 5 and 14 (K5/K14) was required for their interaction with the C-terminus of desmoplakin, while their unique amino head- and C-tail domains were dispensable. Similar findings were obtained in vitro with K1/K10, and the type III IF proteins desmin and vimentin. Binding assays testing the C-terminus of desmoplakin with assembled K5/K14 and desmin IFs yielded an apparent affinity in the nM range. Our findings reveal that the same conserved domain of IF proteins binds to the C-terminus of desmoplakin, which may help explain the previously reported broad binding IF-specificity to desmoplakin. Our data suggest that desmoplakin high-affinity binding to diverse IF proteins ensures robust linkages of IF cytoskeleton and desmosomes that maintain the structural integrity of cellular adhesion complexes. In summary, our results give new insights into the molecular basis of the IF-desmosome association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Favre
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Begré
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prakash Lingasamy
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gloria M. Conover
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lionel Fontao
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Tang Y, He Y, Zhang P, Wang J, Fan C, Yang L, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Nie S, Liao Q, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Guo C. LncRNAs regulate the cytoskeleton and related Rho/ROCK signaling in cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:77. [PMID: 29618386 PMCID: PMC5885413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the key steps in cancer metastasis are the migration and invasion of tumor cells; these processes require rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments involved in the formation of cytoskeletal structures, such as stress fibers and pseudopodia, promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal regulation. The ras homolog family (Rho) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein serine/threonine kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. Moreover, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have essential roles in tumor migration and guide gene regulation during cancer progression. LncRNAs can regulate the cytoskeleton directly or may influence the cytoskeleton via Rho/ROCK signaling during tumor migration. In this review, we focus on the regulatory association between lncRNAs and the cytoskeleton and discuss the pathways and mechanisms involved in the regulation of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liting Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaolin Nie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Can Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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22
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Hu L, Huang Z, Wu Z, Ali A, Qian A. Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040974. [PMID: 29587367 PMCID: PMC5979291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly lethal disease that is characterized by aberrant cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion, which are closely related to the dynamic changes of cytoskeletons and cytoskeletal-adhesion. These will further result in cell invasion and metastasis. Plakins are a family of giant cytolinkers that connect cytoskeletal elements with each other and to junctional complexes. With various isoforms composed of different domain structures, mammalian plakins are broadly expressed in numerous tissues. They play critical roles in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and signaling transduction. As these cellular processes are key steps in cancer development, mammalian plakins have in recent years attracted more and more attention for their potential roles in cancer. Current evidence shows the importance of mammalian plakins in various human cancers and demonstrates mammalian plakins as potential biomarkers for cancer. Here, we introduce the basic characteristics of mammalian plakins, review the recent advances in understanding their biological functions, and highlight their roles in human cancers, based on studies performed by us and others. This will provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of mammalian plakins, new insights into the development of cancer, and novel targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zixiang Wu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Arshad Ali
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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23
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Highly diversified expansions shaped the evolution of membrane bound proteins in metazoans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12387. [PMID: 28959054 PMCID: PMC5620054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dramatic increase in membrane proteome complexity is arguably one of the most pivotal evolutionary events that underpins the origin of multicellular animals. However, the origin of a significant number of membrane families involved in metazoan development has not been clarified. In this study, we have manually curated the membrane proteomes of 22 metazoan and 2 unicellular holozoan species. We identify 123,014 membrane proteins in these 24 eukaryotic species and classify 86% of the dataset. We determine 604 functional clusters that are present from the last holozoan common ancestor (LHCA) through many metazoan species. Intriguingly, we show that more than 70% of the metazoan membrane protein families have a premetazoan origin. The data show that enzymes are more highly represented in the LHCA and expand less than threefold throughout metazoan species; in contrast to receptors that are relatively few in the LHCA but expand nearly eight fold within metazoans. Expansions related to cell adhesion, communication, immune defence, and developmental processes are shown in conjunction with emerging biological systems, such as neuronal development, cytoskeleton organization, and the adaptive immune response. This study defines the possible LHCA membrane proteome and describes the fundamental functional clusters that underlie metazoan diversity and innovation.
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24
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Sanghvi-Shah R, Weber GF. Intermediate Filaments at the Junction of Mechanotransduction, Migration, and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:81. [PMID: 28959689 PMCID: PMC5603733 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically induced signal transduction has an essential role in development. Cells actively transduce and respond to mechanical signals and their internal architecture must manage the associated forces while also being dynamically responsive. With unique assembly-disassembly dynamics and physical properties, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments play an important role in regulating cell shape and mechanical integrity. While this function has been recognized and appreciated for more than 30 years, continually emerging data also demonstrate important roles of intermediate filaments in cell signal transduction. In this review, with a particular focus on keratins and vimentin, the relationship between the physical state of intermediate filaments and their role in mechanotransduction signaling is illustrated through a survey of current literature. Association with adhesion receptors such as cadherins and integrins provides a critical interface through which intermediate filaments are exposed to forces from a cell's environment. As a consequence, these cytoskeletal networks are posttranslationally modified, remodeled and reorganized with direct impacts on local signal transduction events and cell migratory behaviors important to development. We propose that intermediate filaments provide an opportune platform for cells to both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Sanghvi-Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
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25
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McAnany CE, Mura C. Claws, Disorder, and Conformational Dynamics of the C-Terminal Region of Human Desmoplakin. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8654-67. [PMID: 27188911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that interact via elaborate adhesion complexes. Desmosomes are membrane-associated adhesion complexes that mechanically tether the cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IFs) between two adjacent cells, creating a network of tough connections in tissues such as skin and heart. Desmoplakin (DP) is the key desmosomal protein that binds IFs, and the DP·IF association poses a quandary: desmoplakin must stably and tightly bind IFs to maintain the structural integrity of the desmosome. Yet, newly synthesized DP must traffic along the cytoskeleton to the site of nascent desmosome assembly without "sticking" to the IF network, implying weak or transient DP···IF contacts. Recent work reveals that these contacts are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) in DP's C-terminal tail (DPCTT). Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have elucidated the structural basis of these PTM-induced effects. Our simulations, nearing 2 μs in aggregate, indicate that phosphorylation of S2849 induces an "arginine claw" in desmoplakin's C-terminal tail. If a key arginine, R2834, is methylated, the DPCTT preferentially samples conformations that are geometrically well-suited as substrates for processive phosphorylation by the cognate kinase GSK3. We suggest that DPCTT is a molecular switch that modulates, via its conformational dynamics, DP's overall efficacy as a substrate for GSK3. Finally, we show that the fluctuating DPCTT can contact other parts of DP, suggesting a competitive binding mechanism for the modulation of DP···IF interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McAnany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cameron Mura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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