1
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Shen Y, Chen W, Sun B. Research progress of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:242002. [PMID: 38467062 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing integration density of silicon-based circuits, traditional electrical interconnections have shown their technological limitations. In recent years, GeSn materials have attracted great interest due to their potential direct bandgap transition and compatibility with silicon-based technologies. GeSn materials, including GeSn films, GeSn alloys, and GeSn nanowires, are adjustable, scalable, and compatible with silicon. GeSn nanowires, as one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, including out-of-plane GeSn nanowires and in-plane GeSn nanowires, have different properties from those of bulk materials due to their distinctive structures. However, the synthesis and potential applications of out of plane GeSn nanowires are rarely compared to highlighting their current development status and research trends in relevant review papers. In this article, we present the preparation of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires using top-down (etching and lithography) and bottom-up (vapor-liquid-solid) growth mechanism in the vapor-phase method and supercritical fluid-liquid-solid, solution-liquid-solid, and solvent vapor growth mechanisms in the liquid-phase method) methods. Specifically, the research progress on typical out of plane GeSn nanowires are discussed, while some current development bottlenecks are also been identified. Finally, it is also provided a brief description of the applications of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires with various Sn contents and morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanghua Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Kim Y, Assali S, Joo HJ, Koelling S, Chen M, Luo L, Shi X, Burt D, Ikonic Z, Nam D, Moutanabbir O. Short-wave infrared cavity resonances in a single GeSn nanowire. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4393. [PMID: 37474549 PMCID: PMC10359335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanowires are promising platforms for realizing ultra-compact light sources for photonic integrated circuits. In contrast to impressive progress on light confinement and stimulated emission in III-V and II-VI semiconductor nanowires, there has been no experimental demonstration showing the potential to achieve strong cavity effects in a bottom-up grown single group-IV nanowire, which is a prerequisite for realizing silicon-compatible infrared nanolasers. Herein, we address this limitation and present an experimental observation of cavity-enhanced strong photoluminescence from a single Ge/GeSn core/shell nanowire. A sufficiently large Sn content ( ~ 10 at%) in the GeSn shell leads to a direct bandgap gain medium, allowing a strong reduction in material loss upon optical pumping. Efficient optical confinement in a single nanowire enables many round trips of emitted photons between two facets of a nanowire, achieving a narrow width of 3.3 nm. Our demonstration opens new possibilities for ultrasmall on-chip light sources towards realizing photonic-integrated circuits in the underexplored range of short-wave infrared (SWIR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Simone Assali
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Hyo-Jun Joo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Koelling
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Melvina Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lu Luo
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xuncheng Shi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Daniel Burt
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zoran Ikonic
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Donguk Nam
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Oussama Moutanabbir
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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3
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Nawwar MA, Abo Ghazala MS, Sharaf El-Deen LM, Anis B, El-Shaer A, Elseman AM, Rashad MM, Kashyout AEHB. Controlling barrier height and spectral responsivity of p-i-n based GeSn photodetectors via arsenic incorporation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9154-9167. [PMID: 36950705 PMCID: PMC10025945 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GeSn compounds have made many interesting contributions in photodetectors (PDs) over the last ten years, as they have a detection limit in the NIR and mid-IR region. Sn incorporation in Ge alters the cut off wavelength. In the present article, p-i-n structures based on GeSn junctions were fabricated to serve as PDs. Arsine (As) is incorporated to develop n-GeSn compounds via a metal induced crystallization (MIC) process followed by i-GeSn on p-Si wafers. The impact of As and Sn doping on the strain characteristics of GeSn has been studied with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The direct transitions and tuning of their band energies have been investigated using diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). The barrier height and spectral responsivity have been controlled with incorporation of As. Variation of As incorporation into GeSn Compounds shifted the Raman peak and hence affected the strain in the Ge network. UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the direct transition energies are lowered as the Ge-As bonding increases as illustrated in Raman spectroscopy investigations. PL and UV-vis spectroscopy of annealed heterostructures at 500 °C showed that there are many transition peaks from the UV to the NIR region as result of oxygen vacancies in the Ge network. The calculated diode parameters showed that As incorporation leads to an increase of the height barrier and thus dark current. Spectral response measurements show that the prepared heterojunctions have spectral responses in near UV and NIR regions that gives them opportunities in UV and NIR photodetection-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Nawwar
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University Shebin El-Koom Menoufia 32511 Egypt
| | - Magdy S Abo Ghazala
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University Shebin El-Koom Menoufia 32511 Egypt
| | - Lobna M Sharaf El-Deen
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University Shebin El-Koom Menoufia 32511 Egypt
| | - Badawi Anis
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza Egypt
| | - Abdelhamid El-Shaer
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University KafrelSheikh 33516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mourtada Elseman
- Electronic Materials Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria 21943 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Rashad
- Electronic Materials Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria 21943 Egypt
| | - Abd El-Hady B Kashyout
- Electronic & Magnetic Materials Department, Advanced Materials Institute, Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI) 11421 Helwan-Cairo Egypt
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4
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Lin G, An Y, Ding H, Zhao H, Wang J, Chen S, Li C, Hickey R, Kolodzey J, Zeng Y. Scalable fabrication of self-assembled GeSn vertical nanowires for nanophotonic applications. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:219-228. [PMID: 36776470 PMCID: PMC9889135 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, scalable fabrication of self-assembled GeSn vertical nanowires (NWs) based on rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and inductively coupled-plasma (ICP) dry etching was proposed. After thermal treatment of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GeSn, self-assembled Sn nanodots (NDs) were formed on surface and the spontaneous emission from GeSn direct band was enhanced by ∼5-fold. Employing the self-assembled Sn NDs as template, vertical GeSn NWs with a diameter of 25 ± 6 nm and a density of 2.8 × 109 cm-2 were obtained by Cl-based ICP dry etching technique. A prototype GeSn NW photodetector (PD) with rapid switching ability was demonstrated and the optoelectronic performance of Ge NW PD was systematically studied. The GeSn NW PD exhibited an ultralow dark current density of ∼33 nA/cm2 with a responsivity of 0.245 A/W and a high specific detectivity of 2.40 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W-1 at 1550 nm under -1 V at 77 K. The results prove that this method is prospective for low-cost and scalable fabrication of GeSn NWs, which are promising for near infrared or short wavelength infrared nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Lin
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying An
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haokun Ding
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songyan Chen
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ryan Hickey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - James Kolodzey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - Yuping Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE19716, USA
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5
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Raha S, Biswas S, Doherty J, Mondal PK, Holmes JD, Singha A. Lattice dynamics of Ge 1-xSn x alloy nanowires. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7211-7219. [PMID: 35510424 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00743f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alloying group IV semiconductors offers an effective way to engineer their electronic properties and lattice dynamics. The incorporation of Sn in Ge permits a transition from an indirect to a direct bandgap semiconductor. Here, by combining polarization, laser power-dependent and temperature-dependent micro-Raman spectroscopy we explore the full lattice dynamics of Ge1-xSnx (x = 0.01, 0.06 and 0.08) alloy nanowires. In the high Sn content samples (x ≥ 0.06), a low-frequency tail and a high-frequency shoulder are observed which are associated with the F2g optical phonon mode of Ge (Ge-Ge mode). The new modes are assigned to the stretching of Ge-Ge bonds due to Sn-induced lattice relaxation and compression, respectively. The symmetry of the observed Raman modes has been studied by polarization-dependent Raman scattering. Nonlinear fitting of the laser power-dependent intensity of the high-frequency Ge-Ge mode in the Ge1-xSnx alloy nanowires with x = 0.06 and 0.08 suggests the activation of a third-order stimulated Raman scattering process, due to the high intensity localized electric field surrounding the Sn clusters. Finally, from the temperature-dependent Raman study, we have estimated the isobaric Grüneisen parameters for all the observed modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyan Raha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry & Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Jessica Doherty
- School of Chemistry & Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | | | - Justin D Holmes
- School of Chemistry & Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Achintya Singha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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6
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Zeghouane M, Hijazi H, Bassani F, Lefevre G, Martinez E, Luciani T, Gentile P, Dubrovskii VG, Salem B. Enhancing the incorporation of Sn in vapor-liquid-solid GeSn nanowires by modulation of the droplet composition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:245605. [PMID: 35263731 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the influence of the liquid droplet composition on the Sn incorporation in GeSn nanowires (NWs) grown by the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism with different catalysts. The variation of the NW growth rate and morphology with the growth temperature is investigated and 400 °C is identified as the best temperature to grow the longest untapered NWs with a growth rate of 520 nm min-1. When GeSn NWs are grown with pure Au droplets, we observe a core-shell like structure with a low Sn concentration of less than 2% in the NW core regardless of the growth temperature. We then investigate the impact of adding different fractions of Ag, Al, Ga and Si to Au catalyst on the incorporation of Sn. A significant improvement of Sn incorporation up to 9% is obtained using 75:25 Au-Al catalyst, with a high degree of spatial homogeneity across the NW volume. Thermodynamic model based on the energy minimization at the solid-liquid interface is developed, showing a good correlation with the data. These results can be useful for obtaining technologically important GeSn material with a high Sn content and, more generally, for tuning the composition of VLS NWs in other material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zeghouane
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Hadi Hijazi
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Franck Bassani
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gauthier Lefevre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thierry Luciani
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Gentile
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-DEPHY, PHELIQS/SINAPS, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bassem Salem
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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7
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Garcia-Gil A, Biswas S, Roy A, Saladukh D, Raha S, Blon T, Conroy M, Nicolosi V, Singha A, Lacroix LM, Holmes JD. Growth and analysis of the tetragonal (ST12) germanium nanowires. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2030-2040. [PMID: 35076045 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
New semiconducting materials, such as state-of-the-art alloys, engineered composites and allotropes of well-established materials can demonstrate unique physical properties and generate wide possibilities for a vast range of applications. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the fabrication of a metastable allotrope of Ge, tetragonal germanium (ST12-Ge), in nanowire form. Nanowires were grown in a solvothermal-like single-pot method using supercritical toluene as a solvent, at moderate temperatures (290-330 °C) and a pressure of ∼48 bar. One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of ST12-Ge were achieved via a self-seeded vapour-liquid-solid (VLS)-like paradigm, with the aid of an in situ formed amorphous carbonaceous layer. The ST12 phase of Ge nanowires is governed by the formation of this carbonaceous structure on the surface of the nanowires and the creation of Ge-C bonds. The crystalline phase and structure of the ST12-Ge nanowires were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The nanowires produced displayed a high aspect ratio, with a very narrow mean diameter of 9.0 ± 1.4 nm, and lengths beyond 4 μm. The ST12-Ge nanowire allotrope was found to have a profound effect on the intensity of the light emission and the directness of the bandgap, as confirmed by a temperature-dependent photoluminescence study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Garcia-Gil
- School of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Ahin Roy
- School of Chemistry and CRANN & AMBER Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dzianis Saladukh
- Department of Photonics, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sreyan Raha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Thomas Blon
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, UK
- TEMUL, Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Valeria Nicolosi
- School of Chemistry and CRANN & AMBER Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Achintya Singha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Lise-Marie Lacroix
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215 INSA, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Justin D Holmes
- School of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T23 XE10, Ireland
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Garcia-Gil A, Biswas S, Holmes JD. A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2002. [PMID: 34443831 PMCID: PMC8398625 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ge nanowires are playing a big role in the development of new functional microelectronic modules, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistor devices, on-chip lasers and photodetectors. The widely used three-phase bottom-up growth method utilising a foreign catalyst metal or metalloid is by far the most popular for Ge nanowire growth. However, to fully utilise the potential of Ge nanowires, it is important to explore and understand alternative and functional growth paradigms such as self-seeded nanowire growth, where nanowire growth is usually directed by the in situ-formed catalysts of the growth material, i.e., Ge in this case. Additionally, it is important to understand how the self-seeded nanowires can benefit the device application of nanomaterials as the additional metal seeding can influence electron and phonon transport, and the electronic band structure in the nanomaterials. Here, we review recent advances in the growth and application of self-seeded Ge and Ge-based binary alloy (GeSn) nanowires. Different fabrication methods for growing self-seeded Ge nanowires are delineated and correlated with metal seeded growth. This review also highlights the requirement and advantage of self-seeded growth approach for Ge nanomaterials in the potential applications in energy storage and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Garcia-Gil
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
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9
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Serghiou G, Odling N, Reichmann HJ, Spektor K, Crichton WA, Garbarino G, Mezouar M, Pakhomova A. Unconventional Route to High-Pressure and -Temperature Synthesis of GeSn Solid Solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7920-7924. [PMID: 34008965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ge and Sn are unreactive at ambient conditions. Their significant promise for optoelectronic applications is thus largely confined to thin film investigations. We sought to remove barriers to reactivity here by accessing a unique pressure, 10 GPa, where the two elements can adopt the same crystal structure (tetragonal, I41/amd) and exhibit compatible atomic radii. The route to GeSn solid solution, however, even under these directed conditions, is different. Reaction upon heating at 10 GPa occurs between unlike crystal structures (Ge, Fd3m and Sn, I4/mmm), which also have highly incompatible atomic radii. They should not react, but they do. A reconstructive transformation of I4/mmm into the I41/amd solid solution then follows. The new tetragonal GeSn solid solution (I41/amd a = 5.280(1) Å, c = 2.915(1) Å, Z = 4 at 9.9 GPa and 298 K) also constitutes the structural and electronic bridge between 4-fold and newly prepared 8-fold coordinated alloy cubic symmetries. Furthermore, using this high-pressure route, bulk cubic diamond-structured GeSn alloys can now be obtained at ambient pressure. The findings here remove confining conventional criteria on routes to synthesis. This opens innovative avenues to advanced materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Kings Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, EH9 3FB, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences, The Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, U.K
| | | | - Kristina Spektor
- ESRF The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wilson A Crichton
- ESRF The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaston Garbarino
- ESRF The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Mezouar
- ESRF The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Serghiou G, Reichmann HJ, Odling N, Spektor K, Pakhomova A, Crichton WA, Konôpková Z. An Unexpected Cubic Symmetry in Group IV Alloys Prepared Using Pressure and Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9009-9014. [PMID: 33527580 PMCID: PMC8049010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cubic diamond (Fd3‾m) group IVA element Si has been the material driver of the electronics industry since its inception. We report synthesis of a new cubic (Im3‾m) group IVA material, a GeSn solid solution, upon heating Ge and Sn at pressures from 13 to 28 GPa using double‐sided diamond anvil laser‐heating and large volume press methods. Both methods were coupled with in situ angle dispersive X‐ray diffraction characterization. The new material substantially enriches the seminal group IVA alloy materials landscape by introducing an eightfold coordinated cubic symmetry, which markedly expands on the conventional tetrahedrally coordinated cubic one. This cubic solid solution is formed, despite Ge never adopting the Im3‾m symmetry, melting inhibiting subsequent Im3‾m formation and reactant Ge and Sn having unlike crystal structures and atomic radii at all these pressures. This is hence achieved without adherence to conventional formation criteria and routes to synthesis. This advance creates fertile avenues for new materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, Scotland, UK
| | - Kristina Spektor
- The European Synchrotron, ESRF, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilson A Crichton
- The European Synchrotron, ESRF, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Zuzana Konôpková
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
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11
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Serghiou G, Reichmann HJ, Odling N, Spektor K, Pakhomova A, Crichton WA, Konôpková Z. An Unexpected Cubic Symmetry in Group IV Alloys Prepared Using Pressure and Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- School of Engineering University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings Robert Stevenson Road Edinburgh EH9 3FB Scotland UK
| | | | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JW Scotland UK
| | - Kristina Spektor
- The European Synchrotron, ESRF 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Wilson A. Crichton
- The European Synchrotron, ESRF 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Zuzana Konôpková
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 22607 Hamburg Germany
- European XFEL GmbH Holzkoppel 4 22869 Schenefeld Germany
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12
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Biswas S, Doherty J, Galluccio E, Manning HG, Conroy M, Duffy R, Bangert U, Boland JJ, Holmes JD. Stretching the Equilibrium Limit of Sn in Ge 1-x Sn x Nanowires: Implications for Field Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1048-1056. [PMID: 34056558 PMCID: PMC8153542 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ge1-x Sn x nanowires incorporating a large amount of Sn would be useful for mobility enhancement in nanoelectronic devices, a definitive transition to a direct bandgap for application in optoelectronic devices and to increase the efficiency of the GeSn-based photonic devices. Here we report the catalytic bottom-up fabrication of Ge1-x Sn x nanowires with very high Sn incorporation (x > 0.3). These nanowires are grown in supercritical toluene under high pressure (21 MPa). The introduction of high pressure in the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) like growth regime resulted in a substantial increase of Sn incorporation in the nanowires, with a Sn content ranging between 10 and 35 atom %. The incorporation of Sn in the nanowires was found to be inversely related to nanowire diameter; a high Sn content of 35 atom % was achieved in very thin Ge1-x Sn x nanowires with diameters close to 20 nm. Sn was found to be homogeneously distributed throughout the body of the nanowires, without apparent clustering or segregation. The large inclusion of Sn in the nanowires could be attributed to the nanowire growth kinetics and small nanowire diameters, resulting in increased solubility of Sn in Ge at the metastable liquid-solid interface under high pressure. Electrical investigation of the Ge1-x Sn x (x = 0.10) nanowires synthesized by the supercritical fluid approach revealed their potential in nanoelectronics and sensor-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Biswas
- School
of Chemistry and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER)
Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Jessica Doherty
- School
of Chemistry and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER)
Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | | | - Hugh G. Manning
- School
of Chemistry and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michele Conroy
- TEMUL,
Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ray Duffy
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Ursel Bangert
- TEMUL,
Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - John J. Boland
- School
of Chemistry and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School
of Chemistry and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER)
Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
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13
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Shen B, Huang L, Shen J, Meng L, Kluender EJ, Wolverton C, Tian B, Mirkin CA. Synthesis of Metal-Capped Semiconductor Nanowires from Heterodimer Nanoparticle Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18324-18329. [PMID: 33078944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) capped with metal nanoparticles (NPs) show multifunctional and synergistic properties, which are important for applications in the fields of catalysis, photonics, and electronics. Conventional colloidal syntheses of this class of hybrid structures require complex sequential seeded growth, where each section requires its own set of growth conditions, and methods for preparing such wires are not universal. Here, we report a new and general method for synthesizing metal-semiconductor nanohybrids based on particle catalysts, prepared by scanning probe block copolymer lithography, and chemical vapor deposition. In this process, metallic heterodimer NPs were used as catalysts for NW growth to form semiconductor NWs capped with metallic particles (Au, Ag, Co, Ni). Interestingly, the growth processes for NWs on NPs are regioselective and controlled by the chemical composition of the metallic heterodimer used. Using a systematic experimental approach, paired with density functional theory calculations, we were able to postulate three different growth modes, one without precedent.
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14
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Hijazi H, Zeghouane M, Bassani F, Gentile P, Salem B, Dubrovskii VG. Impact of droplet composition on the nucleation rate and morphology of vapor-liquid-solid GeSn nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:405602. [PMID: 32503017 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab99f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the chemical potential which drives the vapor-liquid-solid growth of semiconductor nanowires is strongly affected by the liquid phase composition. Here, we investigate theoretically how the droplet composition influences the nucleation of Au-catalyzed GeSn nanowires on Ge(111) and Si(111) substrates. We compare the chemical potentials in an Au-Ge-Sn catalyst droplet before and after adding Ga and/or Si atoms. It is found that the presence of these atoms enhances the nucleation rate of nanowires on both substrates. Theoretical results are compared to experimental data on GeSn nanowires grown in a hot-wall reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. It is shown that the intentional addition of Ga in the de-wetting step improves the uniformity of the nanowire dimensions and yields higher density of nanowires over Ge(111) substrates. The nanowire growth on Si(111) substrate occurs only when Ga and/or Si are added to Au droplets. These results show that controlling the composition of the catalyst droplet is crucial for improving the quality of GeSn nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hijazi
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Raha S, Mitra S, Kumar Mondal P, Biswas S, D Holmes J, Singha A. Probing dipole and quadrupole resonance mode in non-plasmonic nanowire using Raman spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:425201. [PMID: 32541104 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9cf9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electric field enhancement in semiconductor nanostructures offers a possibility to find an alternative to the metallic particles which is well known for tuning the light-matter interaction due to its strong polarizability and size-dependent surface plasmon resonance energy. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique to monitor the electric field as its scattering depends on the electromagnetic eigenmode of the particle. Here, we observe enhanced polarized Raman scattering from germanium nanowires of different diameters. The incident electromagnetic radiation creates a distribution of the internal electric field inside the naowires which can be enhanced by manipulating the nanowire diameter, the incident electric field and its polarization. Our estimation of the enhancement factor, including its dependence on nanowire diameter, agrees well with the Mie theory for an infinite cylinder. Furthermore, depending on diameter of nanowire and wavelength of incident radiation, polarized Raman study shows dipolar (antenna effect) and quadrupolar resonances, which has never been observed in germanium nanowire. We attempt to understand this polarized Raman behavior using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation, which suggests that the pattern observed is due to photon confinement within the nanowires. Thus, the light scattering direction can be toggled by tuning the polarization of incident excitation and diameter of non plasmonic nanowire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyan Raha
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra road, Kolkata 700009, India
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16
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Yang Y, Wang X, Wang C, Song Y, Zhang M, Xue Z, Wang S, Zhu Z, Liu G, Li P, Dong L, Mei Y, Chu PK, Hu W, Wang J, Di Z. Ferroelectric Enhanced Performance of a GeSn/Ge Dual-Nanowire Photodetector. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3872-3879. [PMID: 32293186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
GeSn offers a reduced bandgap than Ge and has been utilized in Si-based infrared photodetectors with an extended cutoff wavelength. However, the traditional GeSn/Ge heterostructure usually consists of defects like misfit dislocations due to the lattice mismatch issue. The defects with the large feature size of a photodetector fabricated on bulk GeSn/Ge heterostructures induce a considerable dark current. Here, we demonstrate a flexible GeSn/Ge dual-nanowire (NW) structure, in which the strain relaxation is achieved by the elastic deformation without introducing defects, and the feature dimension is naturally at the nanoscale. A photodetector with a low dark current can be built on a GeSn/Ge dual-NW, which exhibits an extended detection wavelength beyond 2 μm and enhanced responsivity compared to the Ge NW. Moreover, the dark current can be further suppressed by the depletion effect from the ferroelectric polymer side gate. Our work suggests the flexible GeSn/Ge dual-NW may open an avenue for Si-compatible optoelectronic circuits operating in the short-wavelength infrared range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yuxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhongying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhongyunshen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Guanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Panlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Linxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and System of Ministry of Education, College of Electronic and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jianlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Zengfeng Di
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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17
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Maliakkal CB, Mårtensson EK, Tornberg MU, Jacobsson D, Persson AR, Johansson J, Wallenberg LR, Dick KA. Independent Control of Nucleation and Layer Growth in Nanowires. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3868-3875. [PMID: 32049491 PMCID: PMC7307954 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Control of the crystallization process is central to developing nanomaterials with atomic precision to meet the demands of electronic and quantum technology applications. Semiconductor nanowires grown by the vapor-liquid-solid process are a promising material system in which the ability to form components with structure and composition not achievable in bulk is well-established. Here, we use in situ TEM imaging of Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth to understand the processes by which the growth dynamics are connected to the experimental parameters. We find that two sequential steps in the crystallization process-nucleation and layer growth-can occur on similar time scales and can be controlled independently using different growth parameters. Importantly, the layer growth process contributes significantly to the growth time for all conditions and will play a major role in determining material properties such as compositional uniformity, dopant density, and impurity incorporation. The results are understood through theoretical simulations correlating the growth dynamics, liquid droplet, and experimental parameters. The key insights discussed here are not restricted to Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth but can be extended to most compound nanowire growths in which the different growth species has very different solubility in the catalyst particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina B. Maliakkal
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik K. Mårtensson
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ulf Tornberg
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jacobsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel R. Persson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Reine Wallenberg
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimberly A. Dick
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Doherty J, McNulty D, Biswas S, Moore K, Conroy M, Bangert U, O'Dwyer C, Holmes JD. Germanium tin alloy nanowires as anode materials for high performance Li-ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:165402. [PMID: 31891917 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The combination of two active Li-ion materials (Ge and Sn) can result in improved conduction paths and higher capacity retention. Here we report for the first time, the implementation of Ge1-x Sn x alloy nanowires as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Ge1-x Sn x alloy nanowires have been successfully grown via vapor-liquid-solid technique directly on stainless steel current collectors. Ge1-x Sn x (x = 0.048) nanowires were predominantly seeded from the Au0.80Ag0.20 catalysts with negligible amount of growth was also directly catalyzed from stainless steel substrate. The electrochemical performance of the the Ge1-x Sn x nanowires as an anode material for Li-ion batteries was investigated via galvanostatic cycling and detailed analysis of differential capacity plots (DCPs). The nanowire electrodes demonstrated an exceptional capacity retention of 93.4% from the 2nd to the 100th charge at a C/5 rate, while maintaining a specific capacity value of ∼921 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles. Voltage profiles and DCPs revealed that the Ge1-x Sn x nanowires behave as an alloying mode anode material, as reduction/oxidation peaks for both Ge and Sn were observed, however it is clear that the reversible lithiation of Ge is responsible for the majority of the charge stored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Doherty
- School of Chemistry & AMBER Centre, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
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19
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Assali S, Bergamaschini R, Scalise E, Verheijen MA, Albani M, Dijkstra A, Li A, Koelling S, Bakkers EPAM, Montalenti F, Miglio L. Kinetic Control of Morphology and Composition in Ge/GeSn Core/Shell Nanowires. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2445-2455. [PMID: 31972083 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Sn-rich group-IV semiconductors at the nanoscale can enrich the understanding of the fundamental properties of metastable GeSn alloys. Here, we demonstrate the effect of the growth conditions on the morphology and composition of Ge/GeSn core/shell nanowires by correlating the experimental observations with a theoretical interpretation based on a multiscale approach. We show that the cross-sectional morphology of Ge/GeSn core/shell nanowires changes from hexagonal to dodecagonal upon increasing the supply of the Sn precursor. This transformation strongly influences the Sn distribution as a higher Sn content is measured under the {112} growth front. Ab initio DFT calculations provide an atomic-scale explanation by showing that Sn incorporation is favored at the {112} surfaces, where the Ge bonds are tensile-strained. A phase-field continuum model was developed to reproduce the morphological transformation and the Sn distribution within the wire, shedding light on the complex growth mechanism and unveiling the relation between segregation and faceting. The tunability of the photoluminescence emission with the change in composition and morphology of the GeSn shell highlights the potential of the core/shell nanowire system for optoelectronic devices operating at mid-infrared wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Assali
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Department of Engineering Physics , École Polytechnique de Montréal , C. P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville , Montréal , Québec H3C 3A7 , Canada
| | - Roberto Bergamaschini
- L-NESS and Department of Materials Science , University of Milano Bicocca , 20125 , Milano , Italy
| | - Emilio Scalise
- L-NESS and Department of Materials Science , University of Milano Bicocca , 20125 , Milano , Italy
| | - Marcel A Verheijen
- Eurofins Materials Science BV , High Tech Campus 11 , 5656AE Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Marco Albani
- L-NESS and Department of Materials Science , University of Milano Bicocca , 20125 , Milano , Italy
| | - Alain Dijkstra
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Beijing University of Technology , Pingleyuan 100 , Beijing 100124 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sebastian Koelling
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Montalenti
- L-NESS and Department of Materials Science , University of Milano Bicocca , 20125 , Milano , Italy
| | - Leo Miglio
- L-NESS and Department of Materials Science , University of Milano Bicocca , 20125 , Milano , Italy
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20
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Wang Y, Meng AC, McIntyre PC, Cai W. Phase-field investigation of the stages in radial growth of core-shell Ge/Ge 1-xSn x nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21974-21980. [PMID: 31709446 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell Ge/Ge1-xSnx nanowires are considered promising silicon-compatible nanomaterials with the potential to achieve a direct band-gap for optoelectronic applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the formation of this heterostructure in the radial direction by the phase field method coupled with elasticity. Our model simulated the shell growth of the wire, capturing the evolution of both the sidewall morphology and the strain distribution. We predicted the minimum chemical potential driving forces required for initiating the Ge1-xSnx shell growth at given tin concentrations. In addition, we studied the dependences of the shell growth rate on the chemical potential, the tin concentration, the sidewall interface kinetics and the mass transport rate respectively. From these analyses, we identified three sequential stages of the growth: the Stage 1 growth at an accelerated rate, the Stage 2 growth at a constant rate, and finally the Stage 3 growth at a reduced rate scaling with . This research improves our current understanding on the growth mechanisms of heterogeneous core-shell nanowires, and provides useful guidelines for optimizing nanowire synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Eales TD, Marko IP, Schulz S, O'Halloran E, Ghetmiri S, Du W, Zhou Y, Yu SQ, Margetis J, Tolle J, O'Reilly EP, Sweeney SJ. Ge 1-xSn x alloys: Consequences of band mixing effects for the evolution of the band gap Γ-character with Sn concentration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14077. [PMID: 31575881 PMCID: PMC6773784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we study the nature of the band gap in GeSn alloys for use in silicon-based lasers. Special attention is paid to Sn-induced band mixing effects. We demonstrate from both experiment and ab-initio theory that the (direct) Γ-character of the GeSn band gap changes continuously with alloy composition and has significant Γ-character even at low (6%) Sn concentrations. The evolution of the Γ-character is due to Sn-induced conduction band mixing effects, in contrast to the sharp indirect-to-direct band gap transition obtained in conventional alloys such as Al1−xGaxAs. Understanding the band mixing effects is critical not only from a fundamental and basic properties viewpoint but also for designing photonic devices with enhanced capabilities utilizing GeSn and related material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Eales
- Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Igor P Marko
- Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Edmond O'Halloran
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Seyed Ghetmiri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, 18766, USA
| | - Yiyin Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Shui-Qing Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Joe Margetis
- ASM, 3440 East University Drive, Phoenix, Arizona, 85034, USA
| | - John Tolle
- ASM, 3440 East University Drive, Phoenix, Arizona, 85034, USA
| | - Eoin P O'Reilly
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland.,Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Sweeney
- Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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22
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Meija R, Livshits AI, Kosmaca J, Jasulaneca L, Andzane J, Biswas S, Holmes JD, Erts D. Resonance assisted jump-in voltage reduction for electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based gateless NEM switches. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385203. [PMID: 31216518 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based electromechanical switches have shown promise for versatile novel applications, such as low power devices. However, their widespread use is restricted due to poor reliability resulting from high jump-in voltages. This article reports a new method for lowering the jump-in voltage by inducing mechanical oscillations in the active element during the switching ON process, reducing the jump-in voltage by more than three times. Ge0.91Sn0.09 alloy and Bi2Se3 nanowire-based nanoelectromechanical switches were constructed in situ to demonstrate the operation principles and advantages of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meija
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Latvia
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23
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Sun YL, Matsumura R, Jevasuwan W, Fukata N. Au-Sn Catalyzed Growth of Ge 1-xSn x Nanowires: Growth Direction, Crystallinity, and Sn Incorporation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6270-6277. [PMID: 31448621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ge1-xSnx nanowires (NWs) have been a focus of research attention for their potential in realizing next-generation Si-compatible electronic and optoelectronic devices. To control the growth of NWs and increase their Sn content, the growth mechanism needs to be understood. The use of Au-Sn alloy catalysts instead of Au catalysts allows an easier understanding of Ge1-xSnx NW growth, and the effects of Sn at different concentrations in catalysts on growth direction, Sn incorporation, and crystallinity of Ge1-xSnx NWs can be clarified. High Sn content in Au-Sn alloy catalysts favors ⟨110⟩-oriented NW growth and high Sn incorporation in NWs. The higher Sn content in Au-Sn alloy catalysts also improves the crystallinity of NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lie Sun
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Wipakorn Jevasuwan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Naoki Fukata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba 305-8573 , Japan
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24
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires have attracted extensive interest as one of the best-defined classes of nanoscale building blocks for the bottom-up assembly of functional electronic and optoelectronic devices over the past two decades. The article provides a comprehensive review of the continuing efforts in exploring semiconductor nanowires for the assembly of functional nanoscale electronics and macroelectronics. Specifically, we start with a brief overview of the synthetic control of various semiconductor nanowires and nanowire heterostructures with precisely controlled physical dimension, chemical composition, heterostructure interface, and electronic properties to define the material foundation for nanowire electronics. We then summarize a series of assembly strategies developed for creating well-ordered nanowire arrays with controlled spatial position, orientation, and density, which are essential for constructing increasingly complex electronic devices and circuits from synthetic semiconductor nanowires. Next, we review the fundamental electronic properties and various single nanowire transistor concepts. Combining the designable electronic properties and controllable assembly approaches, we then discuss a series of nanoscale devices and integrated circuits assembled from nanowire building blocks, as well as a unique design of solution-processable nanowire thin-film transistors for high-performance large-area flexible electronics. Last, we conclude with a brief perspective on the standing challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zhaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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25
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Kosmaca J, Meija R, Antsov M, Kunakova G, Sondors R, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Doherty J, Biswas S, Holmes JD, Erts D. Investigating the mechanical properties of GeSn nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13612-13619. [PMID: 31290891 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Germanium tin (GeSn) has been proposed as a promising material for electronic and optical applications due to the formation of a direct band-gap at a Sn content >7 at%. Furthermore, the ability to manipulate the properties of GeSn at the nanoscale will further permit the realisation of advanced mechanical devices. Here we report for the first time the mechanical properties of GeSn nanowires (7.1-9.7 at% Sn) and assess their suitability as nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches. Electron microscopy analysis showed the nanowires to be single crystalline, with surfaces covered by a thin native amorphous oxide layer. Mechanical resonance and bending tests at different boundary conditions were used to obtain size-dependent Young's moduli and to relate the mechanical characteristics of the alloy nanowires to geometry and Sn incorporation. The mechanical properties of the GeSn nanowires make them highly promising for applications in next generation NEM devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kosmaca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Raimonds Meija
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Mikk Antsov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Gunta Kunakova
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Raitis Sondors
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str. 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str. 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jessica Doherty
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin D Holmes
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia. and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
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26
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Seifner MS, Dijkstra A, Bernardi J, Steiger-Thirsfeld A, Sistani M, Lugstein A, Haverkort JEM, Barth S. Epitaxial Ge 0.81Sn 0.19 Nanowires for Nanoscale Mid-Infrared Emitters. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8047-8054. [PMID: 31282653 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented Ge0.81Sn0.19 nanowires have been synthesized by a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition growth technique. The nanostructures form by a self-seeded vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. In this process, liquid metallic Sn seeds enable the anisotropic crystal growth and act as a sole source of Sn for the formation of the metastable Ge1-xSnx semiconductor material. The strain relaxation for a lattice mismatch of ε = 2.94% between the Ge (111) substrate and the constant Ge0.81Sn0.19 composition of nanowires is confined to a transition zone of <100 nm. In contrast, Ge1-xSnx structures with diameters in the micrometer range show a 5-fold longer compositional gradient very similar to epitaxial thin-film growth. Effects of the Sn growth promoters' dimensions on the morphological and compositional evolution of Ge1-xSnx are described. The temperature- and laser power-dependent photoluminescence analyses verify the formation of a direct band gap material with emission in the mid-infrared region and values expected for unstrained Ge0.81Sn0.19 (e.g., band gap of 0.3 eV at room temperature). These materials hold promise in applications such as thermal imaging and photodetection as well as building blocks for group IV-based mid- to near-IR photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Seifner
- Institute of Materials Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Alain Dijkstra
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- University Service Center for TEM (USTEM) , TU Wien , Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10 , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Andreas Steiger-Thirsfeld
- University Service Center for TEM (USTEM) , TU Wien , Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10 , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Masiar Sistani
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU Wien , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , 1040 Vienna , Austria
| | - Jos E M Haverkort
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Materials Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02 , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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27
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Tallapally V, Nakagawara TA, Demchenko DO, Özgür Ü, Arachchige IU. Ge 1-xSn x alloy quantum dots with composition-tunable energy gaps and near-infrared photoluminescence. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20296-20305. [PMID: 30374504 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, less-toxic, and abundantly-produced Ge1-xSnx alloys are an interesting class of narrow energy-gap semiconductors that received noteworthy interest in optical technologies. Incorporation of α-Sn into Ge results in an indirect-to-direct bandgap crossover significantly improving light absorption and emission relative to indirect-gap Ge. However, the narrow energy-gaps reported for bulk Ge1-xSnx alloys have become a major impediment for their widespread application in optoelectronics. Herein, we report the first colloidal synthesis of Ge1-xSnx alloy quantum dots (QDs) with a narrow size dispersity (3.3 ± 0.5-5.9 ± 0.8 nm), a wide range of Sn compositions (0-20.6%), and composition-tunable energy-gaps and near-infrared (IR) photoluminescence (PL). The structural analysis of the alloy QDs indicates linear expansion of the cubic Ge lattice with increasing Sn, suggesting the formation of strain-free nanoalloys. The successful incorporation of α-Sn into crystalline Ge has been confirmed by electron microscopy, which suggests the homogeneous solid solution behavior of QDs. The quantum confinement effects have resulted in energy gaps that are significantly blue-shifted from bulk Ge for the Ge1-xSnx alloy QDs with composition-tunable absorption onsets (1.72-0.84 eV for x = 1.5-20.6%) and PL peaks (1.62-1.31 eV for x = 1.5-5.6%). Time-resolved PL (TRPL) spectroscopy revealed microsecond and nanosecond timescale decays at 15 K and 295 K, respectively, owing to the radiative recombination of dark and bright excitons as well as the interplay of surface traps and core electronic states. Realization of low-to-non-toxic and silicon-compatible Ge1-xSnx QDs with composition-tunable near-IR PL allows the unprecedented expansion of direct-gap Group IV semiconductors to a wide range of biomedical and advanced technological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesham Tallapally
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA.
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28
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Sistani M, Seifner MS, Bartmann MG, Smoliner J, Lugstein A, Barth S. Electrical characterization and examination of temperature-induced degradation of metastable Ge 0.81Sn 0.19 nanowires. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19443-19449. [PMID: 30311606 PMCID: PMC6202951 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metastable germanium-tin alloys are promising materials for optoelectronics and optics. Here we present the first electrical characterization of highly crystalline Ge0.81Sn0.19 nanowires grown in a solution-based process. The investigated Ge0.81Sn0.19 nanowires reveal ohmic behavior with resistivity of the nanowire material in the range of ∼1 × 10-4Ω m. The temperature-dependent resistivity measurements demonstrate the semiconducting behavior. Moreover, failure of devices upon heating to moderate temperatures initiating material degradation has been investigated to illustrate that characterization and device operation of these highly metastable materials have to be carefully conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sistani
- TU Wien
, Institute of Solid State Electronics
,
Floragasse 7
, 1040 Vienna
, Austria
| | - M. S. Seifner
- TU Wien
, Institute of Materials Chemistry
,
Getreidemarkt 9
, 1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - M. G. Bartmann
- TU Wien
, Institute of Solid State Electronics
,
Floragasse 7
, 1040 Vienna
, Austria
| | - J. Smoliner
- TU Wien
, Institute of Solid State Electronics
,
Floragasse 7
, 1040 Vienna
, Austria
| | - A. Lugstein
- TU Wien
, Institute of Solid State Electronics
,
Floragasse 7
, 1040 Vienna
, Austria
| | - S. Barth
- TU Wien
, Institute of Materials Chemistry
,
Getreidemarkt 9
, 1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
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29
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Wu X, Tian Z, Cong H, Wang Y, Edy R, Huang G, Di Z, Xue C, Mei Y. Infrared tubular microcavity based on rolled-up GeSn/Ge nanomembranes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:42LT02. [PMID: 30052202 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad66e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Germanium-Tin (GeSn) alloys have attracted great amounts of attention as these group IV semiconductors present direct band-gap behavior with high Sn content and are compatible with current complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. In this work, three dimensional tubular GeSn/Ge micro-resonators with a diameter of around 7.3 μm were demonstrated by rolling up GeSn nanomembranes (NM) grown on a Ge-on-insulator wafer via molecular beam epitaxy. The microstructural properties of the resonators were carefully investigated and the strain distributions of the rolled-up GeSn/Ge microcavities along the radial direction were studied by utilizing micro-Raman spectroscopy with different excitation laser wavelengths. The values of the strains calculated from Raman shifts agree well with the theoretical prediction. Coupled with fiber tapers, as-fabricated devices present a high quality factor of up to 800 in the transmission spectral measurements. The micro-resonators fabricated via rolled-up nanotechnology and GeSn/Ge NMs in this work may have great potential in photonic micro- and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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30
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Al-Saigh R, Baira M, Salem B, Ilahi B. Design of Strain-Engineered GeSn/GeSiSn Quantum Dots for Mid-IR Direct Bandgap Emission on Si Substrate. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:172. [PMID: 29882031 PMCID: PMC5991110 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strain-engineered self-assembled GeSn/GeSiSn quantum dots in Ge matrix have been numerically investigated aiming to study their potentiality towards direct bandgap emission in the mid-IR range. The use of GeSiSn alloy as surrounding media for GeSn quantum dots (QD) allows adjusting the strain around the QD through the variation of Si and/or Sn composition. Accordingly, the lattice mismatch between the GeSn quantum dots and the GeSiSn surrounding layer has been tuned between - 2.3 and - 4.5% through the variation of the Sn barrier composition for different dome-shaped QD sizes. The obtained results show that the emission wavelength, fulfilling the specific QD directness criteria, can be successively tuned over a broad mid-IR range from 3 up to7 μm opening new perspectives for group IV laser sources fully integrated in Si photonic systems for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Al-Saigh
- King Saud University Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Baira
- University of Monastir Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Micro-Optoelectronic and Nanostructures, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Salem
- Univ. de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bouraoui Ilahi
- King Saud University Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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31
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Albani M, Assali S, Verheijen MA, Koelling S, Bergamaschini R, Pezzoli F, Bakkers EPAM, Miglio L. Critical strain for Sn incorporation into spontaneously graded Ge/GeSn core/shell nanowires. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7250-7256. [PMID: 29632946 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We address the role of non-uniform composition, as measured by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, in the elastic properties of core/shell nanowires for the Ge/GeSn system. In particular, by finite element method simulations and transmission electron diffraction measurements, we estimate the residual misfit strain when a radial gradient in Sn and a Ge segregation at the nanowire facet edges are present. An elastic stiffening of the structure with respect to the uniform one is concluded, particularly for the axial strain component. More importantly, refined predictions linking the strain and the Sn percentage at the nanowire facets enable us to quantitatively determine the maximum compressive strain value allowing for additional Sn incorporation into a GeSn alloy. The progressive incorporation with increasing shell thickness, under constant growth conditions, is specifically induced by the nanowire configuration, where a larger elastic relaxation of the misfit strain takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Albani
- L-NESS and Dept. of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20125, Italy.
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32
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Maksimova KY, Kozlov AA, Shvets PV, Koneva UY, Yurkevich OV, Lebedev OI, Vyvenko OF, Mikhailovskii VY, Goikhman AY. Copper-Stabilized Si/Au Nanowhiskers for Advanced Nanoelectronic Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1684-1688. [PMID: 31458488 PMCID: PMC6641483 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report here the growth and functional properties of silicon-based nanowhisker (NW) diodes produced by the vapor-liquid-solid process using a pulsed laser deposition technique. For the first time, we demonstrate that this method could be employed to control the size and shape of silicon NWs by using a two-component catalyst material (Au/Cu ≈ 60:1). During the NW growth, copper is distributed on the outer surface of the NW, whereas gold sticks as a droplet to its top. The length of NWs is defined by the total amount of copper in the catalyst alloy droplet. The measurements of the electrical transport properties revealed that in contact with the substrate, individual NWs demonstrate typical I-V diode characteristics. Our approach can become an important new tool in the design of novel electronic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Yu Maksimova
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly A. Kozlov
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Petr V. Shvets
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Ulyana Yu Koneva
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana V. Yurkevich
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg I. Lebedev
- Laboratoire
CRISMAT, UMR 6508 CNRS/ENSICAEN/UCBN, 6 bd. du Maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen Cedex 4, France
| | - Oleg F. Vyvenko
- Saint
Petersburg State University, Ul’anovskaya 3, Old Petergof, Saint
Petersburg 198504, Russian
Federation
| | - Vladimir Yu Mikhailovskii
- Saint
Petersburg State University, Ul’anovskaya 3, Old Petergof, Saint
Petersburg 198504, Russian
Federation
| | - Aleksandr Yu Goikhman
- REC
“Functional Nanomaterials”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Gaidara Street 6, Kaliningrad 236001, Russian Federation
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33
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Yu H, Ren X, Huang Y, Luo H, Yang L, Dai B, Zhu J, Han J. The controllable growth of superhydrophobic SiC nanowires by tailoring the cooling rate. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we report the controlled growth of SiC nanowires on a silicon substrate by tailoring the cooling rate of a catalyst-assisted method. The SiC nanowire film obtained at the fast cooling rate exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle up to 150° without any surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Zhuhai
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Zhuhai
- P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Zhuhai
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Zhuhai
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
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34
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Assali S, Dijkstra A, Li A, Koelling S, Verheijen MA, Gagliano L, von den Driesch N, Buca D, Koenraad PM, Haverkort JEM, Bakkers EPAM. Growth and Optical Properties of Direct Band Gap Ge/Ge 0.87Sn 0.13 Core/Shell Nanowire Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1538-1544. [PMID: 28165747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Group IV semiconductor optoelectronic devices are now possible by using strain-free direct band gap GeSn alloys grown on a Ge/Si virtual substrate with Sn contents above 9%. Here, we demonstrate the growth of Ge/GeSn core/shell nanowire arrays with Sn incorporation up to 13% and without the formation of Sn clusters. The nanowire geometry promotes strain relaxation in the Ge0.87Sn0.13 shell and limits the formation of structural defects. This results in room-temperature photoluminescence centered at 0.465 eV and enhanced absorption above 98%. Therefore, direct band gap GeSn grown in a nanowire geometry holds promise as a low-cost and high-efficiency material for photodetectors operating in the short-wave infrared and thermal imaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Assali
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Dijkstra
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Pingleyuan 100, Beijing 100024, P. R. China
| | - S Koelling
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M A Verheijen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Philips Innovation Laboratories Eindhoven , High Tech Campus 11, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Gagliano
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N von den Driesch
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies , Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - D Buca
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies , Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - P M Koenraad
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J E M Haverkort
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E P A M Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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35
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Meng AC, Fenrich CS, Braun MR, McVittie JP, Marshall AF, Harris JS, McIntyre PC. Core-Shell Germanium/Germanium-Tin Nanowires Exhibiting Room-Temperature Direct- and Indirect-Gap Photoluminescence. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7521-7529. [PMID: 27802056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Germanium-tin alloy nanowires hold promise as silicon-compatible optoelectronic elements with the potential to achieve a direct band gap transition required for efficient light emission. In contrast to Ge1-xSnx epitaxial thin films, free-standing nanowires deposited on misfitting germanium or silicon substrates can avoid compressive, elastic strains that inhibit formation of a direct gap. We demonstrate strong room temperature photoluminescence, consistent with band edge emission from both Ge core nanowires, elastically strained in tension, and the almost unstrained Ge1-xSnx shells grown around them. Low-temperature chemical vapor deposition of these core-shell structures was achieved using standard precursors, resulting in Sn incorporation that significantly exceeds the bulk solubility limit in germanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Colleen S Fenrich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael R Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James P McVittie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ann F Marshall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James S Harris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul C McIntyre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, §Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, and ∥Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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