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Li J, Yang C, Qinhua A, Lan Q, Yun L, Xia Y. On-Demand Design of Metasurfaces through Multineural Network Fusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49673-49686. [PMID: 39231373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a multineural network fusion freestyle metasurface on-demand design method is proposed. The on-demand design method involves rapidly generating corresponding metasurface patterns based on the user-defined spectrum. The generated patterns are then input into a simulator to predict their corresponding S-parameter spectrogram, which is subsequently analyzed against the real S-parameter spectrogram to verify whether the generated metasurface patterns meet the desired requirements. The methodology is based on three neural network models: a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network model with a U-net architecture (U-WGAN) for inverse structural design, a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) model for compression, and an LSTM + Attention model for forward S-parameter spectrum prediction validation. The U-WGAN is utilized for on-demand reverse structural design, aiming to rapidly discover high-fidelity metasurface patterns that meet specific electromagnetic spectrum responses. The VAE, as a probabilistic generation model, serves as a bridge, mapping input data to latent space and transforming it into latent variable data, providing crucial input for a forward S-parameter spectrum prediction model. The LSTM + Attention network, acting as a forward S-parameter spectrum prediction model, can accurately and efficiently predict the S-parameter spectrum corresponding to the latent variable data and compare it with the real spectrum. In addition, the digits "0" and "1" are used in the design to represent vacuum and metallic materials, respectively, and a 10 × 10 cell array of freestyle metasurface patterns is constructed. The significance of the research method proposed in this paper lies in the following: (1) The freestyle metasurface design significantly expands the possibility of metamaterial design, enabling the creation of diverse metasurface structures that are difficult to achieve with traditional methods. (2) The on-demand design approach can generate high-fidelity metasurface patterns that meet the expected electromagnetic characteristics and responses. (3) The fusion of multiple neural networks demonstrates high flexibility, allowing for the adjustment of network structures and training methods based on specific design requirements and data characteristics, thus better accommodating different design problems and optimization objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chengfu Yang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Engineering Research Center of Computer Vision and Intelligent Control Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - A Qinhua
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qiusong Lan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lijun Yun
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Engineering Research Center of Computer Vision and Intelligent Control Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuelong Xia
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Department of Education of Yunnan Province, Engineering Research Center of Computer Vision and Intelligent Control Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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2
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Liu C, Ma C, Lai Y, Fang NX. Ultra-broadband illusion acoustics for space and time camouflages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8046. [PMID: 39277584 PMCID: PMC11401955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Invisibility cloaks that can suppress wave scattering by objects have attracted a tremendous amount of interest in the past two decades. In comparison to prior methods that were severely limited by narrow bandwidths, here we present a practical strategy to suppress sound scattering across an ultra-broad spectrum by leveraging illusion metamaterials. Consisting of a collection of subwavelength tunnels with precisely crafted internal structures, this illusion metamaterial has the ability to guide acoustic waves around the obstacles and accurately recreate the incoming wavefront on the exit surface. Remarkably, two ultra-broadband illusionary effects are produced, disappearing space and time shift. Sound scatterings are removed at all frequencies below a limit determined by the tunnel width, as confirmed by full-wave simulations and acoustic experiments. Our strategy represents a universal approach to solve the key bottleneck of bandwidth limitation in the field of cloaking in transmission, and establishes a metamaterial platform that enables the long-desired ultra-broadband sound manipulation such as acoustic camouflage and reverberation control, opening up exciting new possibilities in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chu Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yun Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Teng H, Chen N, Hu H, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q. Steering and cloaking of hyperbolic polaritons at deep-subwavelength scales. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4463. [PMID: 38796473 PMCID: PMC11127984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polaritons are well-established carriers of light, electrical signals, and even heat at the nanoscale in the setting of on-chip devices. However, the goal of achieving practical polaritonic manipulation over small distances deeply below the light diffraction limit remains elusive. Here, we implement nanoscale polaritonic in-plane steering and cloaking in a low-loss atomically layered van der Waals (vdW) insulator, α-MoO3, comprising building blocks of customizable stacked and assembled structures. Each block contributes specific characteristics that allow us to steer polaritons along the desired trajectories. Our results introduce a natural materials-based approach for the comprehensive manipulation of nanoscale optical fields, advancing research in the vdW polaritonics domain and on-chip nanophotonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
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4
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Gbur G. Visions of invisibility in optics: retrospective. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2024; 41:435-443. [PMID: 38437434 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.513961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Invisibility was long thought to be exclusively the domain of science fiction and fantasy authors, but in recent years it has been the subject of extensive theoretical and experimental research. In this retrospective we look back on the evolution of invisibility in science, from the earliest hints of invisible objects in the late 19th century up to the modern concepts of cloaking, and some of the connections between them.
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Courtial J, Bělín J, Soboňa M, Locher M, Tyc T. Shifty invisibility cloaks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11-25. [PMID: 38175042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We recently presented what we believe are new cloaking strategies [Bělín et al., Opt. Express27, 37327 (2019)10.1364/OE.27.037327], abstracted from the properties of an ideal-lens cloak that exists in theory only. Key to the cloaking strategies is that objects on the cloak's inside are imaged to its outside. In the simplest case, interior objects appear simply shifted, forming a "shifty cloak". Here we connect our work to several previous investigations of shifty cloaks and other shifty devices, designed using standard transformation optics, thereby bringing our cloaking strategies closer to experimental realization. We investigate to the best of our knowledge novel combinations of shifty cloaks, specifically Janus devices and optical wormholes. Finally, we demonstrate an experimental realization of a paraxial shifty cloak.
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Zhong J, Hu C, Wang K, Ji J, Zhuang T, Zou H, Lu J, Heo H, Liang B, Jing Y, Cheng JC. Local-Nonlinearity-Enabled Deep Subdiffraction Control of Acoustic Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:234001. [PMID: 38134795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.234001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction sets a natural limit for the spatial resolution of acoustic wave fields, hindering the generation and recording of object details and manipulation of sound at subwavelength scales. We propose to overcome this physical limit by utilizing nonlinear acoustics. Our findings indicate that, contrary to the commonly utilized cumulative nonlinear effect, it is in fact the local nonlinear effect that is crucial in achieving subdiffraction control of acoustic waves. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a deep subwavelength spatial resolution up to λ/38 in the far field at a distance 4.4 times the Rayleigh distance. This Letter represents a new avenue towards deep subdiffraction control of sound, and may have far-reaching impacts on various applications such as acoustic holograms, imaging, communication, and sound zone control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Chengbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- NJU-Horizon Intelligent Audio Lab, Horizon Robotics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Haishan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- NJU-Horizon Intelligent Audio Lab, Horizon Robotics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hyeonu Heo
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yun Jing
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jian-Chun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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7
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Eskandari H. Strictly conformal transformation optics for directivity enhancement and unidirectional cloaking of a cylindrical wire antenna. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16278. [PMID: 36175589 PMCID: PMC9522858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using conformal transformation optics, a cylindrical shell made of an isotropic refractive index material is designed to improve the directivity of a wire antenna while making it unidirectionally invisible. If the incident wave comes from a specific direction, it is guided around the wire. Furthermore, when an electrical current is used to excite the wire, the dielectric shell transforms the radiated wave into two lateral beams, improving directivity. The refractive index of the dielectric shell is calculated using the transformation optics recipe after establishing a closed-form conformal mapping between an annulus and a circle with a slit. The refractive index is then modified and discretized using a hexagonal lattice. Ray-tracing and full-wave simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics are used to validate the functionality of the proposed shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eskandari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948944, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Liu Y, Ding H, Li J, Lou X, Yang M, Zheng Y. Light-driven single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay. ELIGHT 2022; 2:13. [PMID: 35965781 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between cell surface receptors and extracellular ligands is highly related to many physiological processes in living systems. Many techniques have been developed to measure the ligand-receptor binding kinetics at the single-cell level. However, few techniques can measure the physiologically relevant shear binding affinity over a single cell in the clinical environment. Here, we develop a new optical technique, termed single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay (scRAFA), that mimics in vivo cell adhesion to achieve label-free determination of both homogeneous and heterogeneous binding kinetics of targeted cells at the subcellular level. Moreover, the scRAFA is also applicable to analyze the binding affinities on a single cell in native human biofluids. With its superior performance and general applicability, scRAFA is expected to find applications in study of the spatial organization of cell surface receptors and diagnosis of infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43593-022-00020-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Hongru Ding
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Xin Lou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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9
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Bělín J, Ferenczi G, Courtial J. Skew-lens image rotator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:25958-25973. [PMID: 36236795 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We construct combinations of three skew ideal lenses whose mapping between object and image space corresponds to a rotation of the object space around a common intersection line of all included lenses. The angle of image rotation Δθ can be set arbitrarily within a range (0, 2π) by tuning the parameters of the lenses. The resulting skew-lens image rotator could form the basis of novel applications, e.g. simulating curved spaces.
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10
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Ming Y, Intaravanne Y, Ahmed H, Kenney M, Lu YQ, Chen X. Creating Composite Vortex Beams with a Single Geometric Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109714. [PMID: 35285566 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Composite vortex beams (CVBs) have attracted considerable interest recently due to the unique optical properties and potential applications. However, these beams are mainly generated using spatial light modulators, which suffer from large volume, high cost, and limited resolution. Benefiting from the ultrathin nature and unprecedented capability in light manipulation, optical metasurfaces provide a compact platform to perform this task. A metasurface approach to creating these CVBs is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The design is based on the superposition of multiple circularly polarized vortex beams with different topological charges, which is realized based on a geometric metasurface consisting of metallic nanorods with spatially variant orientations. The effects of the initial phases, amplitude coefficients, incident polarization state, and propagation distance on the generated CVBs, which are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction, are experimentally analyzed. This work has opened a new avenue for engineering CVBs with a minimal footprint, which has promising applications ranging from multiple optical traps to quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ming
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuttana Intaravanne
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Hammad Ahmed
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Mitchell Kenney
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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11
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Becker TS, van Manen DJ, Haag T, Bärlocher C, Li X, Börsing N, Curtis A, Serra-Garcia M, Robertsson JOA. Broadband acoustic invisibility and illusions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi9627. [PMID: 34516765 PMCID: PMC8442923 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rendering objects invisible to impinging acoustic waves (cloaking) and creating acoustic illusions (holography) has been attempted using active and passive approaches. While most passive methods are inflexible and applicable only to narrow frequency bands, active approaches attempt to respond dynamically, interfering with broadband incident or scattered wavefields by emitting secondary waves. Without prior knowledge of the primary wavefield, the signals for the secondary sources need to be estimated and adapted in real time. This has thus far impeded active cloaking and holography for broadband wavefields. We present experimental results of active acoustic cloaking and holography without prior knowledge of the wavefield so that objects remain invisible and illusions intact even for broadband moving sources. This opens previously inaccessible research directions and facilitates practical applications including architectural acoustics, education, and stealth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Haag
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Xun Li
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nele Börsing
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Curtis
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Grant Institute of Geoscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
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Chen S, Sun F, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen Z. Full-view imaging on dynamic closed surface by curved-to-flat conversion lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28167-28177. [PMID: 34614954 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional full-view imaging systems, which often need complicated image processing algorithms to reconstruct full-view images captured by motional/multiple cameras from different views, cannot have good real-time imaging capability. We design curved-to-flat conversion lens (CFCL) based on optic-null medium, which can directly project/image optical patterns from closed object surface onto image plane (e.g., the focal plane of microscopy), and shows good real-time full-view imaging performance. To realize the CFCL, the reduced optic-null medium is designed by subwavelength metal channels filled with homogeneous isotropic dielectrics. Numerical simulation results verify the function of the designed CFCL, which can image various dynamic optical patterns from the closed object surface to the finite-view image plane. The designed CFCL may have many applications in real-timely observing dynamic closed surfaces in full view, e.g., living tissue/cell and soft material's surface.
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13
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Zhao D, Dong Z, Huang K. High-efficiency holographic metacoder for optical masquerade. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1462-1465. [PMID: 33720212 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical masquerades are a low-cost camouflage strategy that avoids the hidden objects to be recognized despite being detected. Here, we demonstrate an optical holography-based masquerade that could encode the camouflaged object ("bomb") into another uncorrelated phase object ("dog") by using transmissive dielectric metasurfaces with the total efficiency as high as 78% at visible wavelengths. The phase modulation in the encoded "dog" is realized by changing the inplane orientation of nanostructures. Illuminated by the circularly polarized light, the experimental hologram fabricated by using electron-beam lithography exhibits only the "dog" pattern when observing the surface of sample. To recover the hidden "bomb," one can observe the holographic image reconstructed at the Fresnel region, which works at the broadband spectrum from 540 nm to 680 nm. Such a technique might find potential applications in information security and military affairs.
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14
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Park SJ, Lim JH, Lee YH, Kim I, Cho J, Rim S, Choi M. Birefringent whispering gallery cavities designed by linear transformation optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9242-9251. [PMID: 33820356 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that whispering gallery cavities designed by conformal transformation optics can support high-Q resonant modes with emission directionality. Intrinsically, these cavities have gradient index profiles implementing conformal mappings in physical space. In this paper, using the linear coordinate transformation, we propose another design scheme of whispering gallery cavities with (piecewise-) homogeneous, anisotropic index profile. We numerically show that so-designed cavities are also able to support high-Q whispering gallery modes with directional far-field emission patterns. We verify such characteristics by using a phase space representation (called the Poincaré Husimi function) of the intracavity wave function.
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15
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Kamat K, Guo R, Reutzel-Edens SM, Price SL, Peters B. Diabat method for polymorph free energies: Extension to molecular crystals. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244105. [PMID: 33380078 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice-switch Monte Carlo and the related diabat methods have emerged as efficient and accurate ways to compute free energy differences between polymorphs. In this work, we introduce a one-to-one mapping from the reference positions and displacements in one molecular crystal to the positions and displacements in another. Two features of the mapping facilitate lattice-switch Monte Carlo and related diabat methods for computing polymorph free energy differences. First, the mapping is unitary so that its Jacobian does not complicate the free energy calculations. Second, the mapping is easily implemented for molecular crystals of arbitrary complexity. We demonstrate the mapping by computing free energy differences between polymorphs of benzene and carbamazepine. Free energy calculations for thermodynamic cycles, each involving three independently computed polymorph free energy differences, all return to the starting free energy with a high degree of precision. The calculations thus provide a force field independent validation of the method and allow us to estimate the precision of the individual free energy differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Kamat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Reutzel-Edens
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Fei H, Chen Z, Yang Y, Tu X, Chen J, Sun F. Asymmetric universal invisible gateway. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:35363-35375. [PMID: 33182984 DOI: 10.1364/oe.408826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous invisible gateways are mainly based on super-scattering effect, which can only work for the perfect electric conductor (PEC) wall, while no further exploration is conducted for the walls made of other materials (i.e., the actual wall is not PEC). In this study, we design an asymmetric universal invisible gateway by transformation optics, which is versatile for applying arbitrary materials as wall materials. In addition, its unique asymmetric structure leads to the difference of the detection results when the relative position of the detection source and the invisible gateway changes: one side can only see a complete wall (no gateway) and the other side can detect the gateway in the middle of the wall. This research advances a new step for the specific application of invisible gateway.
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17
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Xu S, Dong FY, Guo WR, Han DD, Qian C, Gao F, Su WM, Chen H, Sun HB. Cross-wavelength invisibility integrated with various invisibility tactics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/39/eabb3755. [PMID: 32967829 PMCID: PMC7531887 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a superior self-protection strategy, invisibility has been a topic of long-standing interest in both academia and industry, because of its potential for intriguing applications that have only appeared thus far in science fiction. However, due to the strong dispersion of passive materials, achieving cross-wavelength invisibility remains an open challenge. Inspired by the natural ecological relationship between transparent midwater oceanic animals and the cross-wavelength detection strategy of their predators, we propose a cross-wavelength invisibility concept that integrates various invisibility tactics, where a Boolean metamaterial design procedure is presented to balance divergent material requirements over cross-scale wavelengths. As proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate longwave cloaking and shortwave transparency simultaneously through a nanoimprinting technique. Our work extends the concept of stealth techniques from individual invisibility tactics targeting a single-wavelength spectrum to an integrated invisibility tactic targeting a cross-wavelength applications and may pave the way for development of cross-wavelength integrated metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fu-Yan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wen-Rui Guo
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wen-Ming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Huang K, Zhao D, Tjiptoharsono F, Chen Y, Wong CPY, Tang X, Yang JKW, Dong Z. Bio-inspired Photonic Masquerade with Perturbative Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7529-7537. [PMID: 32479067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Camouflage is critical for many living organisms to survive in the natural world and has stimulated applications, such as optical cloaking and military affairs. However, most applications adopt crypsis-type camouflage that prevents the organisms from being detected by matching the environment, which is challenging to realize the large angle-of-view and broadband operation at optical frequencies. Here, as inspired by nature's system of masquerade, we demonstrate an optical masquerade, being detected but not recognized, with perturbative metasurfaces that could camouflage an object into another unrelated one under the oblique (±69°) illumination of visible light with an ∼160 nm bandwidth. Predicted by the perturbation theory, the dielectric metastructures encircling a pistol-shaped object have a thin layer of nanodisk array, which can suppress the electromagnetic resonances of nanomodes for mimicking the transmitted intensity and phase of the camouflaged object. We also exhibit that optical masquerade is an invasive, environment-independent, object-unlimited, and material-extendable camouflage, which might benefit optical security, anticounterfeiting, and encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Febiana Tjiptoharsono
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yunjie Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Calvin Pei Yu Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaosong Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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19
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Abstract
An invisibility cloak should completely hide an object from an observer, ideally across the visible spectrum and for all angles of incidence and polarizations of light, in three dimensions. However, until now, all such devices have been limited to either small bandwidths or have disregarded the phase of the impinging wave or worked only along specific directions. Here, we show that these seemingly fundamental restrictions can be lifted by using cloaks made of fast-light media, termed tachyonic cloaks, where the wave group velocity is larger than the speed of light in vacuum. On the basis of exact analytic calculations and full-wave causal simulations, we demonstrate three-dimensional cloaking that cannot be detected even interferometrically across the entire visible regime. Our results open the road for ultrabroadband invisibility of large objects, with direct implications for stealth and information technology, non-disturbing sensors, near-field scanning optical microscopy imaging, and superluminal propagation. Three-dimensional invisibility cloaks are either limited in bandwidth or disregard the phase of the impinging wave or work only in specific directions. Here, the authors report that these restrictions can be lifted by using cloaks made of fast-light media where the wave group velocity is larger than the speed of light in vacuum.
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20
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Zheng B, Yang Y, Shao Z, Yan Q, Shen NH, Shen L, Wang H, Li E, Soukoulis CM, Chen H. Experimental Realization of an Extreme-Parameter Omnidirectional Cloak. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:8282641. [PMID: 31549087 PMCID: PMC6750086 DOI: 10.34133/2019/8282641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An ideal transformation-based omnidirectional cloak always relies on metamaterials with extreme parameters, which were previously thought to be too difficult to realize. For such a reason, in previous experimental proposals of invisibility cloaks, the extreme parameters requirements are usually abandoned, leading to inherent scattering. Here, we report on the first experimental demonstration of an omnidirectional cloak that satisfies the extreme parameters requirement, which can hide objects in a homogenous background. Instead of using resonant metamaterials that usually involve unavoidable absorptive loss, the extreme parameters are achieved using a nonresonant metamaterial comprising arrays of subwavelength metallic channels manufactured with 3D metal printing technology. A high level transmission of electromagnetic wave propagating through the present omnidirectional cloak, as well as significant reduction of scattering field, is demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. Our work may also inspire experimental realizations of the other full-parameter omnidirectional optical devices such as concentrator, rotators, and optical illusion apparatuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihao Yang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zheping Shao
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qinghui Yan
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nian-Hai Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lian Shen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huaping Wang
- Institute of Marine Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Erping Li
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Costas M Soukoulis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Mantle Cloaks Based on the Frequency Selective Metasurfaces Designed by Bayesian Optimization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14033. [PMID: 30232342 PMCID: PMC6145948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a full optimization procedure for designing mantle cloaks enclosing arbitrary objects, using sub-wavelength conformal frequency selective surface (FSS). Rely on the scattering cancellation principle of mantle cloak characterized by an average surface reactance, a personal computer can achieve this design procedure. By combing a Bayesian optimization (BO) with an electromagnetic solver, we can automatically find the optimal parameters of a conformal mantle cloak which can nearly cancel the scattering from the enclosed objects. It is shown that the results obtained by our method coincide with those from a rigorous analytical model and the numerical results by full parametric scanning. The proposed methodology opens up a new route for realizing ultra-wideband illusion scattering of electromagnetic wave, which is important for stealth and microwave applications.
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22
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Chu H, Li Q, Liu B, Luo J, Sun S, Hang ZH, Zhou L, Lai Y. A hybrid invisibility cloak based on integration of transparent metasurfaces and zero-index materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:50. [PMID: 30839599 PMCID: PMC6107001 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The invisibility cloak, a long-standing fantastic dream for humans, has become more tangible with the development of metamaterials. Recently, metasurface-based invisibility cloaks have been proposed and realized with significantly reduced thickness and complexity of the cloaking shell. However, the previous scheme is based on reflection-type metasurfaces and is thus limited to reflection geometry. In this work, by integrating the wavefront tailoring functionality of transparent metasurfaces and the wave tunneling functionality of zero-index materials, we have realized a unique type of hybrid invisibility cloak that functions in transmission geometry. The principle is general and applicable to arbitrary shapes. For experimental demonstration, we constructed a rhombic double-layer cloaking shell composed of a highly transparent metasurface and a double-zero medium consisting of dielectric photonic crystals with Dirac cone dispersions. The cloaking effect is verified by both full-wave simulations and microwave experimental results. The principle also reveals exciting possibilities for realizing skin-thick ultrathin cloaking shells in transmission geometry, which can eliminate the need for spatially varying extreme parameters. Our work paves a path for novel optical and electromagnetic devices based on the integration of metasurfaces and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Chu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Hong Hang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Lai
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 210093 Nanjing, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
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23
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Han T, Liu Y, Liu L, Qin J, Li Y, Bao J, Ni D, Qiu CW. Light-programmable manipulation of DC field in Laplacian Meta-devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12208. [PMID: 30111878 PMCID: PMC6093913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive progresses have been achieved in the field of metamaterial to mimic the illusion or camouflage effects in nature. These include invisible cloaks and many other cloak-based illusion meta-devices. However, to date many experiments only present single, static or discretized functionalities. The dynamical control of multiple kinds of illusion signals can only be achieved by embedding complex active sources directly connected to external stimuli, leading to limited on/off switching effect in a contact fashion. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a distinct scheme to incorporate multi-functions into one passive Laplacian DC meta-device, assisted by light illumination. It is shown that light-programmable cloaking, full illusion, and partial illusion can be achieved on the same device without physical contact of the heating pads or electric bias, at the cost of only four kinds of natural bulk materials with homogeneous parameters throughout. A DC network is fabricated to demonstrate the proof of concept, with measurement results in good agreement with the numerical simulations. The proposed scheme may open a new avenue to the non-contact multiphysical control of multi-illusion functions for Laplacian fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yuexia Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jin Qin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 119620, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiayu Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dongyuan Ni
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 119620, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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24
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Enhancing Efficiency of Electromagnetic Simulation in Time Domain with Transformation Optics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With sub-wavelength scaled structures in a large system, the conventional finite-difference time-domain method can consume much computational resources since it includes both the spatial and temporal dimension in the scheme. In order to reduce the computational cost, we combine the novel methodology “transformation optics” in the simulation to map a physical coordinate with designated non-uniform grids to a uniform numerical coordinate. For a demonstration, the transmission spectrum through a sub-wavelength metallic aperture with one-dimensional and two-dimensional coordinate transformation is simulated, and compared with uniform-grid cases. We show that the proposed method is accurate, and the computational cost can be reduced remarkably to at most 5.31%, in comparison with the simulation of the finest uniform grids demonstrated. We are confident that it should be helpful to the simulation study in sub-wavelength optics due to its verified accuracy and efficiency.
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25
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Kim SW, An BW, Cho E, Hyun BG, Moon YJ, Kim SK, Park JU. A Full-Visible-Spectrum Invisibility Cloak for Mesoscopic Metal Wires. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3865-3872. [PMID: 29767987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structured metals can sustain a very large scattering cross-section that is induced by localized surface plasmons, which often has an adverse effect on their use as transparent electrodes in displays, touch screens, and smart windows due to an issue of low clarity. Here, we report a broadband optical cloaking strategy for the network of mesoscopic metal wires with submicrometer to micrometer diameters, which is exploited for manufacturing and application of high-clarity metal-wires-based transparent electrodes. We prepare electrospun Ag wires with 300-1800 nm in diameter and perform a facile surface oxidation process to form Ag/Ag2O core/shell heterogeneous structures. The absorptive Ag2O shell, together with the coating of a dielectric cover, leads to the cancellation of electric multipole moments in Ag wires, thereby drastically suppressing plasmon-mediated scattering over the full visible spectrum and rendering Ag wires to be invisible. Simultaneously with the effect of invisibility, the transmittance of Ag/Ag2O wires is significantly improved compared to bare Ag wires, despite the formation of an absorptive Ag2O shell. As an application example, we demonstrate that these invisible Ag wires serve as a high-clarity, high-transmittance, and high-speed defroster for automotive windshields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Applied Physics , Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gwan Hyun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jong Moon
- Department of Applied Physics , Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Applied Physics , Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Zheng B, Zhu R, Jing L, Yang Y, Shen L, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Liu X, Li E, Chen H. 3D Visible-Light Invisibility Cloak. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800056. [PMID: 29938186 PMCID: PMC6010732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concept of an invisibility cloak is a fixture of science fiction, fantasy, and the collective imagination. However, a real device that can hide an object from sight in visible light from absolutely any viewpoint would be extremely challenging to build. The main obstacle to creating such a cloak is the coupling of the electromagnetic components of light, which would necessitate the use of complex materials with specific permittivity and permeability tensors. Previous cloaking solutions have involved circumventing this obstacle by functioning either in static (or quasistatic) fields where these electromagnetic components are uncoupled or in diffusive light scattering media where complex materials are not required. In this paper, concealing a large-scale spherical object from human sight from three orthogonal directions is reported. This result is achieved by developing a 3D homogeneous polyhedral transformation and a spatially invariant refractive index discretization that considerably reduce the coupling of the electromagnetic components of visible light. This approach allows for a major simplification in the design of 3D invisibility cloaks, which can now be created at a large scale using homogeneous and isotropic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Liqiao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Yihao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Institute of Marine Electronics EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zuojia Wang
- School of Information Science and EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Xianmin Zhang
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Erping Li
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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27
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Wang C, Yang Y, Liu Q, Liang D, Zheng B, Chen H, Xu Z, Wang H. Multi-frequency metasurface carpet cloaks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14123-14131. [PMID: 29877455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide an alternative way to design three-dimensional arbitrary-shaped carpet cloaks with ultrathin thicknesses. Nevertheless, the previous metasurface carpet cloaks work only at a single frequency. To overcome this challenge, we here propose a macroscopic metasurface carpet cloak. The cloak is designed with a metasurface of a few layers that exhibit a special spatial distribution of the conductance and inductance in the unit cell; therefore, it can fully control the reflection phases at several independent frequencies simultaneously. Because of this, the present metasurface cloak can work at dual frequencies based on multi-resonance principle. The proposed design methodology will be very useful in future broadband macroscopic cloaks design with low profiles, light weights, and easy access.
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28
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Long distance invisibility system to hide dynamic objects with high selectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10231. [PMID: 28860649 PMCID: PMC5579039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of invisibility technology, invisibility devices have now become more practical, with properties such as working at visible wavelengths, using natural materials, and hiding macroscopic objects. Recently, the cloaking of dynamic objects was experimentally realized using ray-optics. Here, based on a phase retrieval algorithm and phase conjugation technology, we design and fabricate a system to hide dynamic objects that changes at speeds faster than 8 seconds per frame. Different from shell cloaks and carpet-like cloaks, which conceal the entire region covered by the cloak, our system works when the object is at a distance and hides only the selected part of an object when the entire object is within the working area of the system. We experimentally demonstrate the concealment of a millimeter-scale object at different wavelengths. We believe that our work may provide a new approach to hiding objects in real life and may also be applicable in biological imaging and atmospheric imaging.
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29
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Cohen M, Salomon A. Secondary Electron Cloaking with Broadband Plasmonic Resonant Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3912-3916. [PMID: 28745891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most powerful tools for nanoscale inspection and imaging. It is broadly used for biomedicine, materials science, and nanotechnology, enabling spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit. In SEM, a high-energy electron beam illuminates a specimen, and the emitted secondary electrons are routed to a positively biased, synchronized detector for image creation. Here, for the first time, we experimentally demonstrate a cloaking of metallic objects from a secondary electron image. We make a metallic disc with a diameter of 300 nm almost invisible to a secondary electron detector with <5 nm spatial resolution. The secondary electron cloaking is based on broadband optical radiation absorption in the near field. Our secondary electron images are in good agreement with full-wave numerical solution of Maxwell's equations at optical frequencies, confirming the concept of secondary electron cloaking based on broadband optical radiation absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshik Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Adi Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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30
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Abstract
The ability to control electromagnetic fields, heat currents, electric currents, and other physical phenomena by coordinate transformation methods has resulted in novel functionalities, such as cloaking, field rotations, and concentration effects. Transformation optics, as the underlying mathematical tool, has proven to be a versatile approach to achieve such unusual outcomes relying on materials with highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous properties. Most applications and designs thus far have been limited to functionalities within a single physical domain. Here we present transformation optics applied to thermoelectric phenomena, where thermal and electric flows are coupled via the Seebeck coefficient. Using laminates, we describe a thermoelectric cloak capable of hiding objects from thermoelectric flow. Our calculations show that such a cloak does not depend on the particular boundary conditions and can also operate in different single domain regimes. These proof-of-principle results constitute a significant step forward towards finding unexplored ways to control and manipulate coupled transport.
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31
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Wei M, Yang Q, Zhang X, Li Y, Gu J, Han J, Zhang W. Ultrathin metasurface-based carpet cloak for terahertz wave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15635-15642. [PMID: 28789078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin metasurfaces with local phase compensation deliver new schemes to cloaking devices. Here, a large-scale carpet cloak consisting of an ultrathin metasurface is demonstrated numerically and experimentally in the terahertz regime. The proposed carpet cloak is designed based on discontinuous-phase metallic resonators fabricated on a polyimide substrate, offering a wide range of reflection phase variations and an excellent wavefront manipulation along the edges of the bump. The invisibility is verified when the cloak is placed on a reflecting triangular surface (bump). The multi-step discrete phase design method would greatly simplify the design process and is probable to achieve large-dimension cloaks, for applications in radar and antenna systems as a thin, lightweight, and easy-to-fabricate solution for radio and terahertz frequencies.
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32
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Abstract
Chiral anomaly materials (CAM, e.g., axion insulator, topological insulator and some of Weyl semimetal) are new states of quantum matter. Anomalous Hall effect can occur in CAM, the anomalous Hall effect is closely related to the topological magneto-electric effect, i.e., when an electric field is applied to CAM, not only the electric field is induced, but also the magnetic field, vice versa. According to those properties, we design an electric cloak with quantized CAM and conductor, and a magnetic cloak with quantized CAM and superconductor. Simulation and calculation results show that the electric cloak can cloak applied electric field and induce magnetic field, and the magnetic cloak can cloak applied magnetic field and induce electric field. When applied electric field is generated by a point charge, the monopole can be obtained.
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33
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Alwakil A, Zerrad M, Bellieud M, Amra C. Inverse heat mimicking of given objects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43288. [PMID: 28252031 PMCID: PMC5333104 DOI: 10.1038/srep43288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We address a general inverse mimicking problem in heat conduction. The objects to cloak and mimic are chosen beforehand; these objects identify a specific set of space transformations. The shapes that can be mimicked are derived from the conductivity matrices. Numerical calculation confirms all of the analytical predictions. The technique provides key advantages for applications and can be extended to the field of waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alwakil
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claude Amra
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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34
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Remote cooling by a novel thermal lens with anisotropic positive thermal conductivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40949. [PMID: 28098221 PMCID: PMC5241885 DOI: 10.1038/srep40949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermal lens that can achieve a remote cooling effect is designed by transformation thermodynamics. The effective distance between the separate hot source and cold source is shortened by our shelled thermal lens without any negative thermal conductivity. Numerical simulations verify the performance of our thermal lens. Based on the effective medium theory, we also propose a practical way to realize our lens using two-layered isotropic thermal media that are both found in nature. The proposed thermal lens will have potential applications in remote temperature control and in creating other thermal illusions.
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35
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Banerjee D, Ji C, Iizuka H. Invisibility cloak with image projection capability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38965. [PMID: 27958334 PMCID: PMC5154194 DOI: 10.1038/srep38965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of invisibility cloaks have been led by rigorous theories and such cloak structures, in general, require extreme material parameters. Consequently, it is challenging to realize them, particularly in the full visible region. Due to the insensitivity of human eyes to the polarization and phase of light, cloaking a large object in the full visible region has been recently realized by a simplified theory. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a device concept where a large object can be concealed in a cloak structure and at the same time any images can be projected through it by utilizing a distinctively different approach; the cloaking via one polarization and the image projection via the other orthogonal polarization. Our device structure consists of commercially available optical components such as polarizers and mirrors, and therefore, provides a significant further step towards practical application scenarios such as transparent devices and see-through displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Banerjee
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Chengang Ji
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hideo Iizuka
- Toyota Central Research &Development Labs., Nagakute, Aichi 480 1192, Japan
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36
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Perinchery SM, Shinde A, Matham MV. Imaging behind opaque obstacle: a potential method for guided in vitro needle placement. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:5308-5324. [PMID: 28018744 PMCID: PMC5175571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.005308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple real time optical imaging concept using an axicon lens to image the object kept behind opaque obstacles in free space. The proposed concept underlines the importance and advantages of using an axicon lens compared to a conventional lens to image behind the obstacle. The potential of this imaging concept is demonstrated by imaging the insertion of surgical needle in biological specimen in real time, without blocking the field of view. It is envisaged that this proposed concepts and methodology can make a telling impact in a wide variety of areas especially for diagnostics, therapeutics and microscopy applications.
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37
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Kan W, Liang B, Li R, Jiang X, Zou XY, Yin LL, Cheng J. Three-dimensional broadband acoustic illusion cloak for sound-hard boundaries of curved geometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36936. [PMID: 27833141 PMCID: PMC5105145 DOI: 10.1038/srep36936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic illusion cloaks that create illusion effects by changing the scattered wave have many potential applications in a variety of scenarios. However, the experimental realization of generating three-dimensional (3D) acoustic illusions under detection of broadband signals still remains challenging despite the paramount importance for practical applications. Here we report the design and experimental demonstration of a 3D broadband cloak that can effectively manipulate the scattered field to generate the desired illusion effect near curved boundaries. The designed cloak simply comprises positive-index anisotropic materials, with parameters completely independent of either the cloaked object or the boundary. With the ability of manipulating the scattered field in 3D space and flexibility of applying to arbitrary geometries, our method may take a major step toward the real world application of acoustic cloaks and offer the possibilities of building advanced acoustic devices with versatile functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Kan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.,School of Sciences, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.,Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ye Zou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Yin
- Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jianchun Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, MOE, Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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38
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Lee CK, Moon S, Lee S, Yoo D, Hong JY, Lee B. Compact three-dimensional head-mounted display system with Savart plate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:19531-19544. [PMID: 27557230 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.019531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose three-dimensional (3D) head-mounted display (HMD) providing multi-focal and wearable functions by using polarization-dependent optical path switching in Savart plate. The multi-focal function is implemented as micro display with high pixel density of 1666 pixels per inches is optically duplicated in longitudinal direction according to the polarization state. The combination of micro display, fast switching polarization rotator and Savart plate retains small form factor suitable for wearable function. The optical aberrations of duplicated panels are investigated by ray tracing according to both wavelength and polarization state. Astigmatism and lateral chromatic aberration of extraordinary wave are compensated by modification of the Savart plate and sub-pixel shifting method, respectively. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a prototype of the HMD module for monocular eye is implemented. The module has the compact size of 40 mm by 90 mm by 40 mm and the weight of 131 g with wearable function. The micro display and polarization rotator are synchronized in real-time as 30 Hz and two focal planes are formed at 640 and 900 mm away from eye box, respectively. In experiments, the prototype also provides augmented reality function by combining the optically duplicated panels with a beam splitter. The multi-focal function of the optically duplicated panels without astigmatism and color dispersion compensation is verified. When light field optimization for two additive layers is performed, perspective images are observed, and the integration of real world scene and high quality 3D images is confirmed.
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39
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Yang Y, Jing L, Zheng B, Hao R, Yin W, Li E, Soukoulis CM, Chen H. Full-Polarization 3D Metasurface Cloak with Preserved Amplitude and Phase. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6866-71. [PMID: 27218885 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A full-polarization arbitrary-shaped 3D metasurface cloak with preserved amplitude and phase in microwave frequencies is experimentally demonstrated. By taking the unique feature of metasurfaces, it is shown that the cloak can completely restore the polarization, amplitude, and phase of light for full polarization as if light was incident on a flat mirror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, The Electromagnetics Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Liqiao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, The Electromagnetics Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, The Electromagnetics Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ran Hao
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Yin
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Erping Li
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Costas M Soukoulis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, The Electromagnetics Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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40
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Zhu R, Zheng B, Ma C, Xu J, Fang N, Chen H. A broadband polygonal cloak for acoustic wave designed with linear coordinate transformation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:95. [PMID: 27475135 DOI: 10.1121/1.4954762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous acoustic cloaks designed with transformation acoustics always involve inhomogeneous material. In this paper, a design of acoustic polygonal cloak is proposed using linear polygonal transformation method. The designed acoustic polygonal cloak has homogeneous and anisotropic parameters, which is much easier to realize in practice. Furthermore, a possible acoustic metamaterial structure to realize the cloak is proposed. Simulation results on the real structure show that the metamaterial acoustic cloak is effective to reduce the scattering of the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhu
- The Innovative Institute of Electromagnetic Information and Electronic Integration, Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- The Innovative Institute of Electromagnetic Information and Electronic Integration, Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chu Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Nicholas Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- The Innovative Institute of Electromagnetic Information and Electronic Integration, Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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41
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Feng Z, Wu BH, Zhao YX, Gao J, Qiao LF, Yang AL, Lin XF, Jin XM. Invisibility Cloak Printed on a Photonic Chip. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28527. [PMID: 27329510 PMCID: PMC4916488 DOI: 10.1038/srep28527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invisibility cloak capable of hiding an object can be achieved by properly manipulating electromagnetic field. Such a remarkable ability has been shown in transformation and ray optics. Alternatively, it may be realistic to create a spatial cloak by means of confining electromagnetic field in three-dimensional arrayed waveguides and introducing appropriate collective curvature surrounding an object. We realize the artificial structure in borosilicate by femtosecond laser direct writing, where we prototype up to 5,000 waveguides to conceal millimeter-scale volume. We characterize the performance of the cloak by normalized cross correlation, tomography analysis and continuous three-dimensional viewing angle scan. Our results show invisibility cloak can be achieved in waveguide optics. Furthermore, directly printed invisibility cloak on a photonic chip may enable controllable study and novel applications in classical and quantum integrated photonics, such as invisualising a coupling or swapping operation with on-chip circuits of their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Xi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lu-Feng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ai-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xian-Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Institute of Natural Sciences &Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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42
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Tyc T, Oxburgh S, Cowie EN, Chaplain GJ, Macauley G, White CD, Courtial J. Omnidirectional transformation-optics cloak made from lenses and glenses. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:1032-1040. [PMID: 27409429 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a design for an omnidirectional transformation-optics (TO) cloak comprising thin lenses and glenses (generalized thin lenses) [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A33, 962 (2016)1084-7529JOAOD610.1364/JOSAA.33.000962]. It should be possible to realize such devices in pixelated form. Our design is a piecewise nonaffine generalization of piecewise affine pixelated-TO devices [Proc. SPIE9193, 91931E (2014)PSISDG0277-786X10.1117/12.2061404; J. Opt18, 044009 (2016)]. It is intended to be a step in the direction of TO devices made entirely from lenses, which should be readily realizable on large length scales and for a broad range of wavelengths.
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43
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Yi N, Sun S, Gao Y, Wang K, Gu Z, Sun S, Song Q, Xiao S. Large-Scale and Defect-Free Silicon Metamaterials with Magnetic Response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25760. [PMID: 27194105 PMCID: PMC4872140 DOI: 10.1038/srep25760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All-dielectric metamaterials offer a potential low-loss alternative to plasmonic metamaterials at optical frequencies. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a silicon based large-scale magnetic metamaterial, which is fabricated with standard photolithography and conventional reactive ion etching process. The periodically arrayed silicon sub-wavelength structures possess electric and magnetic responses with low loss in mid-infrared wavelength range. We investigate the electric and magnetic resonances dependencies on the structural parameters and demonstrate the possibility of obtaining strong dielectric-based magnetic resonance through a broad band range. The optical responses are quite uniform over a large area about 2 × 2 cm2. The scalability of this design and compatibility fabrication method with highly developed semiconductor devices process could lead to new avenues of manipulating light for low-loss, large-area and real integrated photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Yi
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shang Sun
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yisheng Gao
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaiyang Wang
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gu
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siwu Sun
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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44
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Omnidirectional optical attractor in structured gap-surface plasmon waveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23514. [PMID: 27001451 PMCID: PMC4802319 DOI: 10.1038/srep23514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An optical attractor based on a simple and easy to fabricate structured metal-dielectric-metal (SMDM) waveguide is proposed. The structured waveguide has a variable thickness in the vicinity of an embedded microsphere and allow for adiabatic nano-focusing of gap-surface plasmon polaritons (GSPPs). We show that the proposed system acts as an omnidirectional absorber across a broad spectral range. The geometrical optics approximation is used to provide a description of the ray trajectories in the system and identify the singularity of the deflection angle at the photon sphere. The analytical theory is validated by full-wave numerical simulations demonstrating adiabatic, deep sub-wavelength focusing of GSPPs and high local field enhancement. The proposed structured waveguide is an ideal candidate for the demonstration of reflection free omnidirectional absorption of GSPP in the optical and infrared frequency ranges.
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45
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Three-dimensional magnetic cloak working from d.c. to 250 kHz. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8931. [PMID: 26596641 PMCID: PMC4696515 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invisible cloaking is one of the major outcomes of the metamaterial research, but the practical potential, in particular for high frequencies (for example, microwave to visible light), is fatally challenged by the complex material properties they usually demand. On the other hand, it will be advantageous and also technologically instrumental to design cloaking devices for applications at low frequencies where electromagnetic components are favourably uncoupled. In this work, we vastly develop the bilayer approach to create a three-dimensional magnetic cloak able to work in both static and dynamic fields. Under the quasi-static approximation, we demonstrate a perfect magnetic cloaking device with a large frequency band from 0 to 250 kHz. The practical potential of our device is experimentally verified by using a commercial metal detector, which may lead us to having a real cloaking application where the dynamic magnetic field can be manipulated in desired ways. The development of invisibility cloaks which function at low frequencies are of practical importance, especially for magnetic fields involved in modern technologies. Here, Zhu et al. develop the bilayer approach to create a three-dimensional magnetic cloak able to work in both static and dynamic fields.
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46
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Lan C, Yang Y, Geng Z, Li B, Zhou J. Electrostatic Field Invisibility Cloak. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16416. [PMID: 26552343 PMCID: PMC4639767 DOI: 10.1038/srep16416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The invisibility cloak has been drawing much attention due to its new concept for manipulating many physical fields, from oscillating wave fields (electromagnetic, acoustic and elastic) to static magnetic fields, dc electric fields, and diffusive fields. Here, an electrostatic field invisibility cloak has been theoretically investigated and experimentally demonstrated to perfectly hide two dimensional objects without disturbing their external electrostatic fields. The desired cloaking effect has been achieved via both cancelling technology and transformation optics (TO). This study demonstrates a novel way for manipulating electrostatic fields, which shows promise for a wide range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Advanced Materials Institute, Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaoxin Geng
- School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Li
- Advanced Materials Institute, Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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47
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Ni X, Wong ZJ, Mrejen M, Wang Y, Zhang X. An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light. Science 2015; 349:1310-4. [PMID: 26383946 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial-based optical cloaks have thus far used volumetric distribution of the material properties to gradually bend light and thereby obscure the cloaked region. Hence, they are bulky and hard to scale up and, more critically, typical carpet cloaks introduce unnecessary phase shifts in the reflected light, making the cloaks detectable. Here, we demonstrate experimentally an ultrathin invisibility skin cloak wrapped over an object. This skin cloak conceals a three-dimensional arbitrarily shaped object by complete restoration of the phase of the reflected light at 730-nanometer wavelength. The skin cloak comprises a metasurface with distributed phase shifts rerouting light and rendering the object invisible. In contrast to bulky cloaks with volumetric index variation, our device is only 80 nanometer (about one-ninth of the wavelength) thick and potentially scalable for hiding macroscopic objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ni
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zi Jing Wong
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Mrejen
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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48
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Lan C, Li B, Zhou J. Simultaneously concentrated electric and thermal fields using fan-shaped structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24475-24483. [PMID: 26406652 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on transformation optics and metamaterial due to their fascinating properties and wide range of promising applications. Concentrator, one of the most well-known applications of transformation optics and metamaterial, is now limited only to a single physical domain. Here we propose and give the experimental demonstration of a bifunctional concentrator that can concentrate both electric and thermal fields to a given region simultaneously while keeping the external fields undistorted. Fan-shaped structure composed of alternating wedges made of two kinds of natural materials is proposed to achieve this goal. Numerical simulation and experimental results show good agreement, indicating the soundness and feasibility of our scheme.
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49
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Wang M, Zhao C, Miao X, Zhao Y, Rufo J, Liu YJ, Huang TJ, Zheng Y. Plasmofluidics: Merging Light and Fluids at the Micro-/Nanoscale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4423-44. [PMID: 26140612 PMCID: PMC4856436 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmofluidics is the synergistic integration of plasmonics and micro/nanofluidics in devices and applications in order to enhance performance. There has been significant progress in the emerging field of plasmofluidics in recent years. By utilizing the capability of plasmonics to manipulate light at the nanoscale, combined with the unique optical properties of fluids and precise manipulation via micro/nanofluidics, plasmofluidic technologies enable innovations in lab-on-a-chip systems, reconfigurable photonic devices, optical sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy. In this review article, the most recent advances in plasmofluidics are examined and categorized into plasmon-enhanced functionalities in microfluidics and microfluidics-enhanced plasmonic devices. The former focuses on plasmonic manipulations of fluids, bubbles, particles, biological cells, and molecules at the micro/nanoscale. The latter includes technological advances that apply microfluidic principles to enable reconfigurable plasmonic devices and performance-enhanced plasmonic sensors. The article is concluded with perspectives on the upcoming challenges, opportunities, and possible future directions of the emerging field of plasmofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Physics Electro-Optics, Graduate Program University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Miao
- Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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50
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Xiang X, Yang C, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Cao Z, Zhao H, Zhang P, Xuan L. Experimental realization of hyperbolic dispersion metamaterial for the whole visible spectrum based on liquid crystalline phase soft template. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:21343-21351. [PMID: 26367982 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.021343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated a metamaterial composed of hexagonal arrays of silver nanowires that exhibits hyperbolic dispersion and negative refraction in the entire visual wavelength range. The nanowires with extremely small size of 10 nm diameter and 15 nm center-to-center distance were fabricated using the reverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phase template containing AgNO(3) solution. Through the experiments of angle dependent reflectance for s-polarization and p-polarization, the dielectric constants were measured in several wavelengths. Calculations and experiments both show hyperbolic dispersion relations from 370 nm to 750 nm which indicates the presence of all-angle negative refraction. For all the experimental wavelengths, the permittivities of the material are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.
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