1
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Morel C, Lemerle E, Tsai FC, Obadia T, Srivastava N, Marechal M, Salles A, Albert M, Stefani C, Benito Y, Vandenesch F, Lamaze C, Vassilopoulos S, Piel M, Bassereau P, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Leduc C, Lemichez E. Caveolin-1 protects endothelial cells from extensive expansion of transcellular tunnel by stiffening the plasma membrane. eLife 2024; 12:RP92078. [PMID: 38517935 PMCID: PMC10959525 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Large transcellular pores elicited by bacterial mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (mART) exotoxins inhibiting the small RhoA GTPase compromise the endothelial barrier. Recent advances in biophysical modeling point toward membrane tension and bending rigidity as the minimal set of mechanical parameters determining the nucleation and maximal size of transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels induced by bacterial RhoA-targeting mART exotoxins. We report that cellular depletion of caveolin-1, the membrane-embedded building block of caveolae, and depletion of cavin-1, the master regulator of caveolae invaginations, increase the number of TEMs per cell. The enhanced occurrence of TEM nucleation events correlates with a reduction in cell height due to the increase in cell spreading and decrease in cell volume, which, together with the disruption of RhoA-driven F-actin meshwork, favor membrane apposition for TEM nucleation. Strikingly, caveolin-1 specifically controls the opening speed of TEMs, leading to their dramatic 5.4-fold larger widening. Consistent with the increase in TEM density and width in siCAV1 cells, we record a higher lethality in CAV1 KO mice subjected to a catalytically active mART exotoxin targeting RhoA during staphylococcal bloodstream infection. Combined theoretical modeling with independent biophysical measurements of plasma membrane bending rigidity points toward a specific contribution of caveolin-1 to membrane stiffening in addition to the role of cavin-1/caveolin-1-dependent caveolae in the control of membrane tension homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Morel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Inserm U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Département de MicrobiologieParisFrance
| | - Eline Lemerle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR974, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en MyologieParisFrance
| | - Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer LaboratoryParisFrance
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HubParisFrance
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, G5 Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and AnalyticsParisFrance
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Maud Marechal
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Inserm U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Département de MicrobiologieParisFrance
| | - Audrey Salles
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Photonic Bio-Imaging, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (UTechS-PBI, C2RT)ParisFrance
| | - Marvin Albert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis HubParisFrance
| | - Caroline Stefani
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Department of ImmunologySeattleUnited States
| | - Yvonne Benito
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civiles de LyonLyonFrance
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, FranceLyonFrance
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling LaboratoryParisFrance
| | - Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR974, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en MyologieParisFrance
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer LaboratoryParisFrance
| | | | - Cecile Leduc
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592ParisFrance
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Inserm U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Département de MicrobiologieParisFrance
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2
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Teixeira-Nunes M, Retailleau P, Comisso M, Deruelle V, Mechold U, Renault L. Bacterial Nucleotidyl Cyclases Activated by Calmodulin or Actin in Host Cells: Enzyme Specificities and Cytotoxicity Mechanisms Identified to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126743. [PMID: 35743184 PMCID: PMC9223806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens manipulate host cell cAMP signaling pathways to promote their survival and proliferation. Bacterial Exoenzyme Y (ExoY) toxins belong to a family of invasive, structurally-related bacterial nucleotidyl cyclases (NC). Inactive in bacteria, they use proteins that are uniquely and abundantly present in eukaryotic cells to become potent, unregulated NC enzymes in host cells. Other well-known members of the family include Bacillus anthracis Edema Factor (EF) and Bordetella pertussis CyaA. Once bound to their eukaryotic protein cofactor, they can catalyze supra-physiological levels of various cyclic nucleotide monophosphates in infected cells. Originally identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ExoY-related NC toxins appear now to be more widely distributed among various γ- and β-proteobacteria. ExoY-like toxins represent atypical, poorly characterized members within the NC toxin family. While the NC catalytic domains of EF and CyaA toxins use both calmodulin as cofactor, their counterparts in ExoY-like members from pathogens of the genus Pseudomonas or Vibrio use actin as a potent cofactor, in either its monomeric or polymerized form. This is an original subversion of actin for cytoskeleton-targeting toxins. Here, we review recent advances on the different members of the NC toxin family to highlight their common and distinct functional characteristics at the molecular, cytotoxic and enzymatic levels, and important aspects that need further characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Teixeira-Nunes
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.T.-N.); (M.C.)
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS-UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Martine Comisso
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.T.-N.); (M.C.)
| | - Vincent Deruelle
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.D.); (U.M.)
| | - Undine Mechold
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.D.); (U.M.)
| | - Louis Renault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.T.-N.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Wu Y, Yu X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tang J, Gong S, Jiang S, Xia Y, Li F, Yu B, Zhang Y, Kou J. Ruscogenin alleviates LPS-triggered pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction through targeting NMMHC IIA to modulate TLR4 signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1198-1212. [PMID: 35530141 PMCID: PMC9069402 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of clinical pulmonary edema and contributes to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Here we reported that ruscogenin (RUS), an effective steroidal sapogenin of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, attenuated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption through mediating non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC IIA)‒Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) interactions. By in vivo and in vitro experiments, we observed that RUS administration significantly ameliorated LPS-triggered pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction and ALI. Moreover, we identified that RUS directly targeted NMMHC IIA on its N-terminal and head domain by serial affinity chromatography, molecular docking, biolayer interferometry, and microscale thermophoresis analyses. Downregulation of endothelial NMMHC IIA expression in vivo and in vitro abolished the protective effect of RUS. It was also observed that NMMHC IIA was dissociated from TLR4 and then activating TLR4 downstream Src/vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) signaling in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells after LPS treatment, which could be restored by RUS. Collectively, these findings provide pharmacological evidence showing that RUS attenuates LPS-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting TLR4/Src/VE-cadherin pathway through targeting NMMHC IIA and mediating NMMHC IIA‒TLR4 interactions.
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A biophysical perspective of the regulatory mechanisms of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:199-208. [PMID: 35340609 PMCID: PMC8921360 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many signal transductions resulting from ligand-receptor interactions occur at the cell surface. These signaling pathways play essential roles in cell polarization, membrane morphogenesis, and the modulation of membrane tension at the cell surface. However, due to the large number of membrane-binding proteins, including actin-membrane linkers, and transmembrane proteins present at the cell surface, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation at the cell surface are yet unclear. Here, we describe the molecular functions of one of the key players at the cell surface, ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins from a biophysical point of view. We focus our discussion on biophysical properties of ERM proteins revealed by using biophysical tools in live cells and in vitro reconstitution systems. We first describe the structural properties of ERM proteins and then discuss the interactions of ERM proteins with PI(4,5)P2 and the actin cytoskeleton. These properties of ERM proteins revealed by using biophysical approaches have led to a better understanding of their physiological functions in cells and tissues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-021-00928-0.
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5
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Tsai MC, Fleuriot L, Janel S, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Morel C, Mettouchi A, Debayle D, Dallongeville S, Olivo-Marin JC, Antonny B, Lafont F, Lemichez E, Barelli H. DHA-phospholipids control membrane fusion and transcellular tunnel dynamics. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273659. [PMID: 34878112 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic studies and animal knockout models point to the critical role of polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, DHA)-containing phospholipids (PLs) in physiology. Here, we investigated the impact of DHA-PLs on the dynamics of transendothelial cell macroapertures (TEMs) triggered by RhoA inhibition-associated cell spreading. Lipidomic analyses show that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) subjected to DHA-diet undergo a 6-fold enrichment in DHA-PLs at plasma membrane (PM) at the expense of monounsaturated OA-PLs. Consequently, DHA-PLs enrichment at the PM induces a reduction of cell thickness and shifts cellular membranes towards a permissive mode of membrane fusion for transcellular tunnel initiation. We provide evidence that a global homeostatic control of membrane tension and cell cortex rigidity minimizes overall changes of TEM area through a decrease of TEM size and lifetime. Conversely, low DHA-PL levels at the PM leads to the opening of unstable and wider TEMs. Together, this provides evidence that variations of DHA-PLs levels in membranes affect cell biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Tsai
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, 06560, Valbonne, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucile Fleuriot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Sébastien Janel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Camille Morel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Debayle
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | | | | | - Bruno Antonny
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Barelli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, 06560, Valbonne, France
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6
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Chen Q, Fan K, Chen X, Xie X, Huang L, Song G, Qi W. Ezrin regulates synovial angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis through YAP and Akt signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9378-9389. [PMID: 34459110 PMCID: PMC8500952 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanisms of Ezrin in synovial vessels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synovial tissues were obtained from people with osteoarthritis people and patients with RA patients. We also used an antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) mice model by using Freund's adjuvant injections. Ezrin expression was analysed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining in synovial vessels of patients with RA and AIA mice. We investigated the role of Ezrin on vascular endothelial cells and its regulatory mechanism in vivo and in vitro by adenoviral transfection technology. Our results suggest a role for the Ezrin protein in proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells in RA. We also demonstrate that Ezrin plays an important role in vascular endothelial cell migration and tube formation through regulation of the Hippo-yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) pathway. YAP, as a key protein, can further regulate the activity of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in vascular endothelial cells. In AIA mice experiments, we observed that the inhibition of Ezrin or of its downstream YAP pathway can affect synovial angiogenesis and may lead to progression of RA. In conclusion, Ezrin plays an important role in angiogenesis in the RA synovium by regulating YAP nuclear translocation and interacting with the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Chen
- Department of Special ClinicsStomatological HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Special ClinicsStomatological HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of DermatologyNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- Department of Joint and OrthopedicsZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Joint and OrthopedicsZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Guangbao Song
- Department of Special ClinicsStomatological HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weizhong Qi
- Department of Joint and OrthopedicsZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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7
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Kato T, Ghadban L, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Tension modulation of actomyosin ring assembly and RhoGTPases activity: Perspectives from the Xenopus oocyte wound healing model. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:349-360. [PMID: 34541818 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cells are remarkably resilient structures; they are able to recover from injuries to their plasma membrane (PM) and cytoskeleton that would normally constitute existential threats. This capacity is exemplified by Xenopus laevis oocytes which can recover from very large PM defects through exocytotic and endocytic events and can repair damaged cortical cytoskeleton structures through the formation of a contractile actomyosin ring (AMR). Formation of the AMR involves the localized Ca2+ -dependent activation of RhoA and Cdc42, and the pre-patterning of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). However, this model fails to account for observations that suggest a link between cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular tension, and AMR formation. It also does not explain why the formation of an AMR is not involved in the cytoskeletal repair program of adherent cells. We show here evidence for the support of tension as an essential regulatory signal for the formation of AMR. Indeed, oocytes in which global tension has been experimentally reduced were unable to form a functional AMR following injury, showing severely diminished RhoA activity at the wound site. These new insights place the cytoskeleton at the center of events involving changes in cell shape such as cytokinesis which also involves the formation and closure of an AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Logine Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Pipathsouk A, Brunetti RM, Town JP, Graziano BR, Breuer A, Pellett PA, Marchuk K, Tran NHT, Krummel MF, Stamou D, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex associates with sites of saddle membrane curvature. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202003086. [PMID: 34096975 PMCID: PMC8185649 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How local interactions of actin regulators yield large-scale organization of cell shape and movement is not well understood. Here we investigate how the WAVE complex organizes sheet-like lamellipodia. Using super-resolution microscopy, we find that the WAVE complex forms actin-independent 230-nm-wide rings that localize to regions of saddle membrane curvature. This pattern of enrichment could explain several emergent cell behaviors, such as expanding and self-straightening lamellipodia and the ability of endothelial cells to recognize and seal transcellular holes. The WAVE complex recruits IRSp53 to sites of saddle curvature but does not depend on IRSp53 for its own localization. Although the WAVE complex stimulates actin nucleation via the Arp2/3 complex, sheet-like protrusions are still observed in ARP2-null, but not WAVE complex-null, cells. Therefore, the WAVE complex has additional roles in cell morphogenesis beyond Arp2/3 complex activation. Our work defines organizing principles of the WAVE complex lamellipodial template and suggests how feedback between cell shape and actin regulators instructs cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pipathsouk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian R. Graziano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ngoc-Han T. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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9
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Lemichez E, Popoff MR, Satchell KJF. Cellular microbiology: Bacterial toxin interference drives understanding of eukaryotic cell function. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13178. [PMID: 32185903 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intimate interactions between the armament of pathogens and their host dictate tissue and host susceptibility to infection also forging specific pathophysiological outcomes. Studying these interactions at the molecular level has provided an invaluable source of knowledge on cellular processes, as ambitioned by the Cellular Microbiology discipline when it emerged in early 90s. Bacterial toxins act on key cell regulators or membranes to produce major diseases and therefore constitute a remarkable toolbox for dissecting basic biological processes. Here, we review selected examples of recent studies on bacterial toxins illustrating how fruitful the discipline of cellular microbiology is in shaping our understanding of eukaryote processes. This ever-renewing discipline unveils new virulence factor biochemical activities shared by eukaryotic enzymes and hidden rules of cell proteome homeostasis, a particularly promising field to interrogate the impact of proteostasis breaching in late onset human diseases. It is integrating new concepts from the physics of soft matter to capture biomechanical determinants forging cells and tissues architecture. The success of this discipline is also grounded by the development of therapeutic tools and new strategies to treat both infectious and noncommunicable human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Lemichez
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, CNRS ERL6002, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Bergert M, Lembo S, Sharma S, Russo L, Milovanović D, Gretarsson KH, Börmel M, Neveu PA, Hackett JA, Petsalaki E, Diz-Muñoz A. Cell Surface Mechanics Gate Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:209-216.e4. [PMID: 33207217 PMCID: PMC7875094 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation typically occurs with concomitant shape transitions to enable specialized functions. To adopt a different shape, cells need to change the mechanical properties of their surface. However, whether cell surface mechanics control the process of differentiation has been relatively unexplored. Here we show that membrane mechanics gate exit from naive pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. By measuring membrane tension during early differentiation, we find that naive stem cells release their plasma membrane from the underlying actin cortex when transitioning to a primed state. By mechanically tethering the plasma membrane to the cortex by enhancing Ezrin activity or expressing a synthetic signaling-inert linker, we demonstrate that preventing this detachment forces stem cells to retain their naive pluripotent identity. We thus identify a decrease in membrane-to-cortex attachment as a new cell-intrinsic mechanism that is essential for stem cells to exit pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bergert
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Lembo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sumana Sharma
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Luigi Russo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danica Milovanović
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristjan H Gretarsson
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Mandy Börmel
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre A Neveu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Lehtimäki JI, Rajakylä EK, Tojkander S, Lappalainen P. Generation of stress fibers through myosin-driven reorganization of the actin cortex. eLife 2021; 10:60710. [PMID: 33506761 PMCID: PMC7877910 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin bundles, stress fibers, govern key cellular processes including migration, adhesion, and mechanosensing. Stress fibers are thus critical for developmental morphogenesis. The most prominent actomyosin bundles, ventral stress fibers, are generated through coalescence of pre-existing stress fiber precursors. However, whether stress fibers can assemble through other mechanisms has remained elusive. We report that stress fibers can also form without requirement of pre-existing actomyosin bundles. These structures, which we named cortical stress fibers, are embedded in the cell cortex and assemble preferentially underneath the nucleus. In this process, non-muscle myosin II pulses orchestrate the reorganization of cortical actin meshwork into regular bundles, which promote reinforcement of nascent focal adhesions, and subsequent stabilization of the cortical stress fibers. These results identify a new mechanism by which stress fibers can be generated de novo from the actin cortex and establish role for stochastic myosin pulses in the assembly of functional actomyosin bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko I Lehtimäki
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Boucher E, Goldin-Blais L, Basiren Q, Mandato CA. Actin dynamics and myosin contractility during plasma membrane repair and restoration: Does one ring really heal them all? CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 84:17-41. [PMID: 31610862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to survive daily insults, cells have evolved various mechanisms that detect, stabilize and repair damages done to their plasma membrane and cytoskeletal structures. Damage to the PM endangers wounded cells by exposing them to uncontrolled exchanges with the extracellular milieu. The processes and molecular machinery enabling PM repair are therefore at the center of the bulk of the investigations into single-cell repair program. Wounds are repaired by dynamically remodeling the composition and shape of the injured area through exocytosis-mediated release of intracellular membrane components to the wounded area, endocytosis-mediated removal of the injured area, or the shedding of the injury. The wound healing program of Xenopus oocytes and early Drosophila embryos is by contrast, mostly characterized by the rapid formation of a large membrane patch over the wound that eventually fuse with the plasma membrane which restores plasma membrane continuity and lead to the shedding of patch material into the extracellular space. Formation and contraction of actomyosin ring restores normal plasma membrane composition and organizes cytoskeletal repairs. The extend of the contributions of the cytoskeleton to the wound healing program of somatic cells have comparatively received little attention. This review offers a survey of the current knowledge on how actin dynamics, myosin-based contraction and other cytoskeletal structures affects PM and cortical cytoskeleton repair of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Goldin-Blais
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Quentin Basiren
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Mandal K, Raz-Ben Aroush D, Graber ZT, Wu B, Park CY, Fredberg JJ, Guo W, Baumgart T, Janmey PA. Soft Hyaluronic Gels Promote Cell Spreading, Stress Fibers, Focal Adhesion, and Membrane Tension by Phosphoinositide Signaling, Not Traction Force. ACS NANO 2019; 13:203-214. [PMID: 30500159 PMCID: PMC6511072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to both physical and chemical aspects of their substrate. Whether intracellular signals initiated by physical stimuli are fundamentally different from those elicited by chemical stimuli is an open question. Here, we show that the requirement for a stiff substrate (and, therefore, high cellular tension) for cells to produce large focal adhesions and stress fibers is obviated when a soft substrate contains both hyaluronic acid (HA) and an integrin ligand (collagen I). HA is a major extracellular matrix component that is often up-regulated during wound healing and tumor growth. HA, together with collagen I, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell (Huh7) spreading on very soft substrates (300 Pa), resulting in morphology and motility similar to what these cells develop only on stiff substrates (>30 kPa) formed by polyacrylamide that contains collagen but not HA. The effect of HA requires turnover of polyphosphoinositides and leads to the activation of Akt. The inhibition of polyphosphoinositide turnover causes Huh7 cells and fibroblasts to decrease spreading and detach, whereas cells on stiffer substrates show almost no response. Traction force microscopy shows that the cell maintains a low strain energy and net contractile moment on HA substrates compared to stiff polyacrylamide substrates. Membrane tension measured by tether pulling is similar on soft HA and stiff polyacrylamide substrates. These results suggest that simultaneous signaling stimulated by HA and an integrin ligand can generate phosphoinositide-mediated signals to the cytoskeleton that reproduce those generated by high cellular tension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dikla Raz-Ben Aroush
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology , University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7FY , United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Chan Young Park
- School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jeffery J Fredberg
- School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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14
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Dekraker C, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2051-2066. [PMID: 30312008 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring-like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long-established Ca2+ -dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+ -independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single-cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051-2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Dekraker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Tsai FC, Bertin A, Bousquet H, Manzi J, Senju Y, Tsai MC, Picas L, Miserey-Lenkei S, Lappalainen P, Lemichez E, Coudrier E, Bassereau P. Ezrin enrichment on curved membranes requires a specific conformation or interaction with a curvature-sensitive partner. eLife 2018; 7:37262. [PMID: 30234483 PMCID: PMC6167055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One challenge in cell biology is to decipher the biophysical mechanisms governing protein enrichment on curved membranes and the resulting membrane deformation. The ERM protein ezrin is abundant and associated with cellular membranes that are flat, positively or negatively curved. Using in vitro and cell biology approaches, we assess mechanisms of ezrin’s enrichment on curved membranes. We evidence that wild-type ezrin (ezrinWT) and its phosphomimetic mutant T567D (ezrinTD) do not deform membranes but self-assemble anti-parallelly, zipping adjacent membranes. EzrinTD’s specific conformation reduces intermolecular interactions, allows binding to actin filaments, which reduces membrane tethering, and promotes ezrin binding to positively-curved membranes. While neither ezrinTD nor ezrinWT senses negative curvature alone, we demonstrate that interacting with curvature-sensing I-BAR-domain proteins facilitates ezrin enrichment in negatively-curved membrane protrusions. Overall, our work demonstrates that ezrin can tether membranes, or be targeted to curved membranes, depending on conformations and interactions with actin and curvature-sensing binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Tsai
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Bousquet
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - John Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yosuke Senju
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meng-Chen Tsai
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Picas
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Coudrier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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16
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Theoretical Analysis of Stress Distribution and Cell Polarization Surrounding a Model Wound. Biophys J 2018; 115:398-410. [PMID: 30021114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of experimental evidence shows that the local elastic field acting on cells governs their spatial organization and polarity in a tissue. Interestingly, experiments on wound healing reveal a universal formation of thick actomyosin bundles around the margins of epithelial gaps. Although the forces involved in this process have been measured, the mechanisms governing cellular alignment and contractile ring formation are still not fully understood. To theoretically investigate this process, we have carried out a self-consistent calculation of the elastic field that is actively generated around a circular gap in a contractile cell monolayer that is adhered to an elastic substrate, taking into account the responsiveness of actomyosin activity to the locally generated stress. We model actomyosin contractility by a radial distribution of point force dipoles that may alter in magnitude and orientation in response to the local elastic stress. In addition, the model takes into account the forces exerted by leader cells on the margins of the cell monolayer. Our model suggests that the presence of a hole in the center of a contractile cell monolayer creates a mechanical tendency for actomyosin forces to polarize tangentially around the hole margin. In addition, it predicts that this tendency optimizes with substrate rigidity, thickness, and strength of cell adhesion to the substrate. Our calculations support the view that the universal formation of a peripheral contractile ring is a consequence of actomyosin contractility in the bulk and its inherent responsiveness to the local stress.
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17
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Ng WP, Webster KD, Stefani C, Schmid EM, Lemichez E, Bassereau P, Fletcher DA. Force-induced transcellular tunnel formation in endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:mbc.E17-01-0080. [PMID: 28794268 PMCID: PMC5620373 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium serves as a protective semipermeable barrier in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes and pathogens can pass directly through the endothelium by opening holes in endothelial cells, known as transcellular tunnels, which are formed by contact and self-fusion of the apical and basal plasma membranes. Here we test the hypothesis that the actin cytoskeleton is the primary barrier to transcellular tunnel formation using a combination of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of live cells. We find that localized mechanical forces are sufficient to induce the formation of transcellular tunnels in HUVECs. When HUVECs are exposed to the bacterial toxin EDIN, which can induce spontaneous transcellular tunnels, less mechanical work is required to form tunnels due to the reduced cytoskeletal stiffness and thickness of these cells, similar to the effects of a ROCK inhibitor. We also observe actin enrichment in response to mechanical indentation that is reduced in cells exposed to the bacterial toxin. Our study shows that the actin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells provides both passive and active resistance against transcellular tunnel formation, serving as a mechanical barrier that can be overcome by mechanical force as well as disruption of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Pin Ng
- UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kevin D Webster
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Caroline Stefani
- INSERM, U1065, Université de Nice-Sophie-Antipolis, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Nice 06204, France
| | - Eva M Schmid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U1065, Université de Nice-Sophie-Antipolis, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Nice 06204, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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