1
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Govindaraj RG, Thangapandian S, Schauperl M, Denny RA, Diller DJ. Recent applications of computational methods to allosteric drug discovery. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1070328. [PMID: 36710877 PMCID: PMC9877542 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1070328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in exploiting allosteric sites for the development of new therapeutics has grown considerably over the last two decades. The chief driving force behind the interest in allostery for drug discovery stems from the fact that in comparison to orthosteric sites, allosteric sites are less conserved across a protein family, thereby offering greater opportunity for selectivity and ultimately tolerability. While there is significant overlap between structure-based drug design for orthosteric and allosteric sites, allosteric sites offer additional challenges mostly involving the need to better understand protein flexibility and its relationship to protein function. Here we examine the extent to which structure-based drug design is impacting allosteric drug design by highlighting several targets across a variety of target classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Gandhi Govindaraj
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Rajiv Gandhi Govindaraj,
| | | | - Michael Schauperl
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - David J. Diller
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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3
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Peng SZ, Chen XH, Chen SJ, Zhang J, Wang CY, Liu WR, Zhang D, Su Y, Zhang XK. Phase separation of Nur77 mediates celastrol-induced mitophagy by promoting the liquidity of p62/SQSTM1 condensates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5989. [PMID: 34645818 PMCID: PMC8514450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation promotes the formation of membraneless condensates that mediate diverse cellular functions, including autophagy of misfolded proteins. However, how phase separation participates in autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy) remains obscure. We previously discovered that nuclear receptor Nur77 (also called TR3, NGFI-B, or NR4A1) translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria to mediate celastrol-induced mitophagy through interaction with p62/SQSTM1. Here, we show that the ubiquitinated mitochondrial Nur77 forms membraneless condensates capable of sequestrating damaged mitochondria by interacting with the UBA domain of p62/SQSTM1. However, tethering clustered mitochondria to the autophagy machinery requires an additional interaction mediated by the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Nur77 and the N-terminal PB1 domain of p62/SQSTM1, which confers Nur77-p62/SQSTM1 condensates with the magnitude and liquidity. Our results demonstrate how composite multivalent interaction between Nur77 and p62/SQSTM1 coordinates to sequester damaged mitochondria and to connect targeted cargo mitochondria for autophagy, providing mechanistic insight into mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Zhou Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chuan-Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wei-Rong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- NucMito Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Xiamen, 361101, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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4
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Li H, Li X, Yang B, Su J, Cai S, Huang J, Hu T, Chen L, Xu Y, Li Y. The retinoid X receptor α modulator K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16956. [PMID: 34417523 PMCID: PMC8379249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a most common and highly prevalent joint disease, is closely associated with dysregulated expression and modification of RXRα. However, the role of RXRα in the pathophysiology of OA remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether RXRα modulator, such as K-80003 can treat OA. Experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in the knee joint of rats. Articular cartilage degeneration was assessed using Safranin-O and fast green staining. Synovial inflammation was measured using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expressions of MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ERα in joints were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blot, RT-PCR and co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were used to assess the effects of K-80003 on RXRα-ERα interaction. Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) modulator K-80003 prevented the degeneration of articular cartilage, reduced synovial inflammation, and alleviated osteoarthritic pain in rats. Furthermore, K-80003 markedly inhibited IL-1β-induced p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation, and down-regulate the expression of HIF-2α, proteinases (MMP9, MMP13, ADAMTS-4) and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNFα) in primary chondrocytes. Additionally, knockdown of ERα with siRNA blocked these effects of K-80003 in chondrocytes. In conclusion, RXRα modulators K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in OA, suggesting that targeting RXRα-ERα interaction by RXRα modulators might be a novel therapeutic approach for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- The Department of Science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory On Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Junnan Su
- The Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaofang Cai
- The Department of Science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinmei Huang
- The Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianfu Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Community Health Service Center of Qiaoying Street, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Community Health Service Center of Qiaoying Street, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research On the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian, 361005, China.
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5
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Shao M, Lu L, Wang Q, Ma L, Tian X, Li C, Li C, Guo D, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang Y. The multi-faceted role of retinoid X receptor in cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111264. [PMID: 33761589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of ligand-dependent transcription factors whose effects on a diversity of cellular processes, including cellular proliferation, the immune response, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Knock out of RXRα causes a hypoplasia of the myocardium which is lethal during fetal life. In addition, the heart maintains a well-orchestrated balances in utilizing fatty acids (FAs) and other substrates to meet the high energy requirements. As the master transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, RXRs become particularly important for the energy needs of the heart. Accumulating evidence suggested that RXRs may exert direct beneficial effects in the heart both through heterodimerization with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and homodimerization, thus standing as suitable targets for treating in cardiovascular diseases. Although compounds that target RXRs are promising drugs, their use is limited by toxicity. A better understanding of the structural biology of RXRs in cardiovascular disease should enable the rational design of more selective nuclear receptor modulators to overcome these problems. Here, this review summarizes a brief overview of RXRs structure and versatility of RXR action in the control of cardiovascular diseases. And we also discussed the therapeutic potential of RXR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Shao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linghui Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue Tian
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Changxiang Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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6
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Wang K, Chen Y, Gao S, Wang M, Ge M, Yang Q, Liao M, Xu L, Chen J, Zeng Z, Chen H, Zhang XK, Lin T, Zhou H. Norlichexanthone purified from plant endophyte prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis by targeting ER α to inhibit RANKL signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:442-455. [PMID: 33643823 PMCID: PMC7893202 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different types of drugs are available for postmenopausal osteoporosis, the limitations of the current therapies including drug resistances and adverse effects require identification of novel anti-osteoporosis agents. Here, we defined that norlichexanthone (NOR), a natural product, is a ligand of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and revealed its therapeutic potential for postmenopausal osteoporosis. We used mammalian-one hybrid assay to screen for ERα modulators from crude extracts of several plant endophytes. As a result, NOR purified from the extract of endophyte ARL-13 was identified as a selective ERα modulator. NOR directly bound to ERα with an affinity in nanomolar range, revealing that it is a natural ligand of ERα. NOR induced osteoblast formation in MC3T3-E1 precursor cells. Conversely, NOR inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation in both RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse primary monocytes. Mechanistically, NOR inhibited RANKL-induced association of ERα and TRAF6 to prevent ERα-mediated TRAF6 activation via Lys63-linked ubiquitination. Importantly, NOR exhibited potent anti-osteoporosis efficacy in an ovariectomized mouse model. Comparing to estrogen, NOR was of much less capability in stimulating endometrial hyperplasia and promoting mammalian cancer cell proliferation. Taken together, our study identified NOR as a natural and high affinity ligand of ERα with substantial anti-osteoporosis but less estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Maosi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengmeng Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingkai Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiao-kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ting Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 592 2881105; fax: +86 592 2881105.
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 592 2881105; fax: +86 592 2881105.
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7
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Xie G, Zhou Y, Tu X, Ye X, Xu L, Xiao Z, Wang Q, Wang X, Du M, Chen Z, Chi X, Zhang X, Xia J, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Li Z, Xie C, Sheng L, Zeng Z, Zhou H, Yin Z, Su Y, Xu Y, Zhang XK. Centrosomal Localization of RXRα Promotes PLK1 Activation and Mitotic Progression and Constitutes a Tumor Vulnerability. Dev Cell 2020; 55:707-722.e9. [PMID: 33321102 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), a nuclear receptor of transcription factor, controls various physiological and pathological pathways including cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here, we report that RXRα is phosphorylated at its N-terminal A/B domain by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at the onset of mitosis, triggering its translocation to the centrosome, where phosphorylated-RXRα (p-RXRα) interacts with polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) through its N-terminal A/B domain by a unique mechanism. The interaction promotes PLK1 activation, centrosome maturation, and mitotic progression. Levels of p-RXRα are abnormally elevated in cancer cell lines, during carcinogenesis in animals, and in clinical tumor tissues. An RXRα ligand XS060, which specifically inhibits p-RXRα/PLK1 interaction but not RXRα heterodimerization, promotes mitotic arrest and catastrophe in a tumor-specific manner. These findings unravel a transcription-independent action of RXRα at the centrosome during mitosis and identify p-RXRα as a tumor-specific vulnerability for developing mitotic drugs with improved therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; NucMito Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361101, Fujian, China
| | - Xuhuang Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Qiqiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxuan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; NucMito Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361101, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ji Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yunxia Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zongxi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Chengrong Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Luoyan Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; NucMito Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361101, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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8
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Huang F, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Rosiglitazone binds to RXRα to induce RXRα tetramerization and NB4 cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:160-166. [PMID: 32828280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a ligand of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, it exerts biological activities and therapeutic effects through both PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study, we defined that rosiglitazone was also a ligand of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and displayed RXRα-dependent activities. We found that rosiglitazone directly bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RXRα and induced RXRα/LBD tetramerization. Rosiglitazone inhibited the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of RXRα homodimers and heterodimers likely through inhibiting RXRα homo- and hetero-dimerization. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, rosiglitazone inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell differentiation, resulting from inhibiting RXRα/PML-RARα complex formation and down-regulating PML-RARα. Together, our study identified RXRα as a novel target of rosiglitazone and RXRα mediating the anti-APL activity of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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9
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Yamada S, Kawasaki M, Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Takamura Y, Takioku M, Nishioka H, Takeuchi Y, Makishima M, Motoyama T, Ito S, Tokiwa H, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Competitive Binding Assay with an Umbelliferone-Based Fluorescent Rexinoid for Retinoid X Receptor Ligand Screening. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8809-8818. [PMID: 31483660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXRs), "rexinoids", are attracting interest as candidates for therapy of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, current screening methods for rexinoids are slow and require special apparatus or facilities. Here, we created 7-hydroxy-2-oxo-6-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (10, CU-6PMN) as a new fluorescent RXR agonist and developed a screening system of rexinoids using 10. Compound 10 was designed based on the fact that umbelliferone emits strong fluorescence in a hydrophilic environment, but the fluorescence intensity decreases in hydrophobic environments such as the interior of proteins. The developed assay using 10 enabled screening of rexinoids to be performed easily within a few hours by monitoring changes of fluorescence intensity with widely available fluorescence microplate readers, without the need for processes such as filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan.,Research Fellowship Division , Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472 , Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan.,AIBIOS Co. Ltd. , Tri-Seven Roppongi 8F 7-7-7 Roppongi , Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032 Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Maho Takioku
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishioka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Tomoharu Motoyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | | | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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10
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Xie CL, Chen R, Yang S, Xia JM, Zhang GY, Chen CH, Zhang Y, Yang XW. Nesteretal A, A Novel Class of Cage-Like Polyketide from Marine-Derived Actinomycete Nesterenkonia halobia. Org Lett 2019; 21:8174-8177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiangan Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Renzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sihan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jin-Mei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Gai-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chao-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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11
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Oncogenic potential of truncated RXRα during colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis by promoting IL-6-STAT3 signaling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 30931933 PMCID: PMC6443775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) is a potent regulator of inflammatory responses; however, its therapeutic potential for inflammatory cancer remains to be explored. We previously discovered that RXRα is abnormally cleaved in tumor cells and tissues, producing a truncated RXRα (tRXRα). Here, we show that transgenic expression of tRXRα in mice accelerates the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). The tumorigenic effect of tRXRα is primarily dependent on its expression in myeloid cells, which results in interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction and STAT3 activation. Mechanistic studies reveal an extensive interaction between tRXRα and TRAF6 in the cytoplasm of macrophages, leading to TRAF6 ubiquitination and subsequent activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. K-80003, a tRXRα modulator derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac, suppresses the growth of tRXRα-mediated colorectal tumor by inhibiting the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 signaling cascade. These results provide new insight into tRXRα action and identify a promising tRXRα ligand for treating CAC.
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12
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Steroids from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium granulatum MCCC 3A00475 Induced Apoptosis via Retinoid X Receptor ( RXR)-α Pathway. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030178. [PMID: 30893778 PMCID: PMC6472029 DOI: 10.3390/md17030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new ergostanes, penicisteroids D−H (1−5), were isolated from the liquid culture of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium granulatum MCCC 3A00475, along with 27 known compounds. The structures of the new steroids were established mainly on the basis of extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as HRESIMS data. Moreover, the absolute configurations of 1 were confirmed unambiguously by the single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds 2 and 4–7 showed moderate antiproliferative effects selectively against 12 different cancer cell lines with IC50 values of around 5 μM. Compounds 2 and 6, potent RXRα binders with Kd values of 13.8 and 12.9 μM, respectively, could induce apoptosis by a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)-α-dependent mechanism by regulating RXRα transcriptional expression and promoting the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Moreover, they could inhibit proliferation by cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.
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13
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Yan Z, Chong S, Lin H, Yang Q, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zeng Z, Su Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tetrazole-containing RXRα ligands as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:562-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Chong S, Lin H, Yan Z, Huang F, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Su Y. Discovery of atorvastatin as a tetramer stabilizer of nuclear receptor RXRα through structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:413-419. [PMID: 30665035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), a central member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and a key regulator of many signal transduction pathways, has been an attractive drug target. We previously discovered that an N-terminally truncated form of RXRα can be induced by specific ligands to form homotetramers, which, as a result of conformational selection, forms the basis for inhibiting the nongenomic activation of RXRα. Here, we report the identification and characterization of atorvastatin as a new RXRα tetramer stabilizer by using structure-based virtual screening and demonstrate that virtual library screening can be used to aid in identifying RXRα ligands that can induce its tetramerization. In this study, docking was applied to screen the FDA-approved small molecule drugs in the DrugBank 4.0 collection. Two compounds were selected and purchased for testing. We showed that the selected atorvastatin could bind to RXRα to promote RXRα-LBD tetramerization. We also showed that atorvastatin possessed RXRα-dependent apoptotic effects. In addition, we used a chemical approach to aid in the studies of the binding mode of atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Shuyi Chong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Huiyun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Fujian 361002, China; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ying Su
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Miyashita Y, Numoto N, Arulmozhiraja S, Nakano S, Matsuo N, Shimizu K, Shibahara O, Fujihara M, Kakuta H, Ito S, Ikura T, Ito N, Tokiwa H. Dual conformation of the ligand induces the partial agonistic activity of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). FEBS Lett 2018; 593:242-250. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Miyashita
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Sundaram Arulmozhiraja
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Osamu Shibahara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Smart Molecules; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
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16
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Chen L, Wu L, Zhu L, Zhao Y. Overview of the structure-based non-genomic effects of the nuclear receptor RXRα. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:36. [PMID: 30093910 PMCID: PMC6080560 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor RXRα (retinoid X receptor-α) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of multiple genes. Its non-genomic function is largely related to its structure, polymeric forms and modification. Previous research revealed that some non-genomic activity of RXRα occurs via formation of heterodimers with Nur77. RXRα-Nur77 heterodimers translocate from the nucleus to the mitochondria in response to certain apoptotic stimuli and this activity correlates with cell apoptosis. More recent studies revealed a significant role for truncated RXRα (tRXRα), which interacts with the p85α subunit of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to enhanced activation of AKT and promoting cell growth in vitro and in animals. We recently reported on a series of NSAID sulindac analogs that can bind to tRXRα through a unique binding mechanism. We also identified one analog, K-80003, which can inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing tRXRα to form a tetramer, thus disrupting p85α-tRXRα interaction. This review analyzes the non-genomic effects of RXRα in normal and tumor cells, and discusses the functional differences based on RXRα protein structure (structure source: the RCSB Protein Data Bank).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Linyan Zhu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Yiyi Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
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