1
|
Sala S, Caillier A, Oakes PW. Principles and regulation of mechanosensing. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261338. [PMID: 39297391 PMCID: PMC11423818 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has highlighted that mechanical signaling is a crucial component in regulating biological processes. Although many processes and proteins are termed 'mechanosensitive', the underlying mechanisms involved in mechanosensing can vary greatly. Recent studies have also identified mechanosensing behaviors that can be regulated independently of applied force. This important finding has major implications for our understanding of downstream mechanotransduction, the process by which mechanical signals are converted into biochemical signals, as it offers another layer of biochemical regulatory control for these crucial signaling pathways. In this Review, we discuss the different molecular and cellular mechanisms of mechanosensing, how these processes are regulated and their effects on downstream mechanotransduction. Together, these discussions provide an important perspective on how cells and tissues control the ways in which they sense and interpret mechanical signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sala
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alexia Caillier
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pimm ML, Haarer BK, Nobles AD, Haney LM, Marcin AG, Alcaide Eligio M, Henty-Ridilla JL. Coordination of actin plus-end dynamics by IQGAP1, formin, and capping protein. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305065. [PMID: 38787349 PMCID: PMC11117073 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell processes require precise regulation of actin polymerization that is mediated by plus-end regulatory proteins. Detailed mechanisms that explain plus-end dynamics involve regulators with opposing roles, including factors that enhance assembly, e.g., the formin mDia1, and others that stop growth (capping protein, CP). We explore IQGAP1's roles in regulating actin filament plus-ends and the consequences of perturbing its activity in cells. We confirm that IQGAP1 pauses elongation and interacts with plus ends through two residues (C756 and C781). We directly visualize the dynamic interplay between IQGAP1 and mDia1, revealing that IQGAP1 displaces the formin to influence actin assembly. Using four-color TIRF, we show that IQGAP1's displacement activity extends to formin-CP "decision complexes," promoting end-binding protein turnover at plus-ends. Loss of IQGAP1 or its plus-end activities disrupts morphology and migration, emphasizing its essential role. These results reveal a new role for IQGAP1 in promoting protein turnover on filament ends and provide new insights into how plus-end actin assembly is regulated in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Brian K. Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexander D. Nobles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Laura M. Haney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra G. Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marcela Alcaide Eligio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carl AG, Reynolds MJ, Gurel PS, Phua DY, Sun X, Mei L, Hamilton K, Takagi Y, Noble AJ, Sellers JR, Alushin GM. Myosin forces elicit an F-actin structural landscape that mediates mechanosensitive protein recognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.15.608188. [PMID: 39185238 PMCID: PMC11343212 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.15.608188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Cells mechanically interface with their surroundings through cytoskeleton-linked adhesions, allowing them to sense physical cues that instruct development and drive diseases such as cancer. Contractile forces generated by myosin motor proteins mediate these mechanical signal transduction processes through unclear protein structural mechanisms. Here, we show that myosin forces elicit structural changes in actin filaments (F-actin) that modulate binding by the mechanosensitive adhesion protein α-catenin. Using correlative cryo-fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we identify F-actin featuring domains of nanoscale oscillating curvature at cytoskeleton-adhesion interfaces enriched in zyxin, a marker of actin-myosin generated traction forces. We next introduce a reconstitution system for visualizing F-actin in the presence of myosin forces with cryo-electron microscopy, which reveals morphologically similar superhelical F-actin spirals. In simulations, transient forces mimicking tugging and release of filaments by motors produce spirals, supporting a mechanistic link to myosin's ATPase mechanochemical cycle. Three-dimensional reconstruction of spirals uncovers extensive asymmetric remodeling of F-actin's helical lattice. This is recognized by α-catenin, which cooperatively binds along individual strands, preferentially engaging interfaces featuring extended inter-subunit distances while simultaneously suppressing rotational deviations to regularize the lattice. Collectively, we find that myosin forces can deform F-actin, generating a conformational landscape that is detected and reciprocally modulated by a mechanosensitive protein, providing a direct structural glimpse at active force transduction through the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayala G. Carl
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J. Reynolds
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pinar S. Gurel
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donovan Y.Z. Phua
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Hamilton
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex J. Noble
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory M. Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sakamoto R, Murrell MP. Composite branched and linear F-actin maximize myosin-induced membrane shape changes in a biomimetic cell model. Commun Biol 2024; 7:840. [PMID: 38987288 PMCID: PMC11236970 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The architecture of the actin cortex determines the generation and transmission of stresses, during key events from cell division to migration. However, its impact on myosin-induced cell shape changes remains unclear. Here, we reconstitute a minimal model of the actomyosin cortex with branched or linear F-actin architecture within giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs, liposomes). Upon light activation of myosin, neither the branched nor linear F-actin architecture alone induces significant liposome shape changes. The branched F-actin network forms an integrated, membrane-bound "no-slip boundary" -like cortex that attenuates actomyosin contractility. By contrast, the linear F-actin network forms an unintegrated "slip boundary" -like cortex, where actin asters form without inducing membrane deformations. Notably, liposomes undergo significant deformations at an optimized balance of branched and linear F-actin networks. Our findings highlight the pivotal roles of branched F-actin in force transmission and linear F-actin in force generation to yield membrane shape changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tong CS, Su M, Sun H, Chua XL, Xiong D, Guo S, Raj R, Ong NWP, Lee AG, Miao Y, Wu M. Collective dynamics of actin and microtubule and its crosstalk mediated by FHDC1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1261117. [PMID: 38567385 PMCID: PMC10985548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1261117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The coordination between actin and microtubule network is crucial, yet this remains a challenging problem to dissect and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we used travelling waves in the cell cortex to characterize the collective dynamics of cytoskeletal networks. Our findings show that Cdc42 and F-BAR-dependent actin waves in mast cells are mainly driven by formin-mediated actin polymerization, with the microtubule-binding formin FH2 domain-containing protein 1 (FHDC1) as an early regulator. Knocking down FHDC1 inhibits actin wave formation, and this inhibition require FHDC1's interaction with both microtubule and actin. The phase of microtubule depolymerization coincides with the nucleation of actin waves and microtubule stabilization inhibit actin waves, leading us to propose that microtubule shrinking and the concurrent release of FHDC1 locally regulate actin nucleation. Lastly, we show that FHDC1 is crucial for multiple cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Our data provided molecular insights into the nucleation mechanisms of actin waves and uncover an antagonistic interplay between microtubule and actin polymerization in their collective dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee San Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maohan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang Le Chua
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravin Raj
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Wen Pei Ong
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann Gie Lee
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghasemi F, Cao L, Mladenov M, Guichard B, Way M, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Regeneration of actin filament branches from the same Arp2/3 complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7681. [PMID: 38277459 PMCID: PMC10816697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Branched actin filaments are found in many key cellular structures. Branches are nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex activated by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) proteins and bound to the side of preexisting "mother" filaments. Over time, branches dissociate from their mother filament, leading to network reorganization and turnover, but this mechanism is less understood. Here, using microfluidics and purified proteins, we examined the dissociation of individual branches under controlled biochemical and mechanical conditions. We observe that the Arp2/3 complex remains bound to the mother filament after most debranching events, even when accelerated by force. Strikingly, this surviving Arp2/3 complex readily nucleates a new actin filament branch, without being activated anew by an NPF: It simply needs to exchange its nucleotide and bind an actin monomer. The protein glia maturation factor (GMF), which accelerates debranching, prevents branch renucleation. Our results suggest that actin filament renucleation can provide a self-repair mechanism, helping branched networks to sustain mechanical stress in cells over extended periods of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foad Ghasemi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - LuYan Cao
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Bérengère Guichard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Michael Way
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh Y, Hocky GM. Improved Prediction of Molecular Response to Pulling by Combining Force Tempering with Replica Exchange Methods. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:706-715. [PMID: 38230998 PMCID: PMC10823473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Small mechanical forces play important functional roles in many crucial cellular processes, including in the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton and in the regulation of osmotic pressure through membrane-bound proteins. Molecular simulations offer the promise of being able to design the behavior of proteins that sense and respond to these forces. However, it is difficult to predict and identify the effect of the relevant piconewton (pN) scale forces due to their small magnitude. Previously, we introduced the Infinite Switch Simulated Tempering in Force (FISST) method, which allows one to estimate the effect of a range of applied forces from a single molecular dynamics simulation, and also demonstrated that FISST additionally accelerates sampling of a molecule's conformational landscape. For some problems, we find that this acceleration is not sufficient to capture all relevant conformational fluctuations, and hence, here we demonstrate that FISST can be combined with either temperature replica exchange or solute tempering approaches to produce a hybrid method that enables more robust prediction of the effect of small forces on molecular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Glen M. Hocky
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Simons
Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sekine S, Tarama M, Wada H, Sami MM, Shibata T, Hayashi S. Emergence of periodic circumferential actin cables from the anisotropic fusion of actin nanoclusters during tubulogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:464. [PMID: 38267421 PMCID: PMC10808230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The periodic circumferential cytoskeleton supports various tubular tissues. Radial expansion of the tube lumen causes anisotropic tensile stress, which can be exploited as a geometric cue. However, the molecular machinery linking anisotropy to robust circumferential patterning is poorly understood. Here, we aim to reveal the emergent process of circumferential actin cable formation in a Drosophila tracheal tube. During luminal expansion, sporadic actin nanoclusters emerge and exhibit circumferentially biased motion and fusion. RNAi screening reveals the formin family protein, DAAM, as an essential component responding to tissue anisotropy, and non-muscle myosin II as a component required for nanocluster fusion. An agent-based model simulation suggests that crosslinkers play a crucial role in nanocluster formation and cluster-to-cable transition occurs in response to mechanical anisotropy. Altogether, we propose that an actin nanocluster is an organizational unit that responds to stress in the cortical membrane and builds a higher-order cable structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sekine
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mitsusuke Tarama
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Housei Wada
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mustafa M Sami
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sabo J, Dujava Zdimalova M, Slater PG, Dostal V, Herynek S, Libusova L, Lowery LA, Braun M, Lansky Z. CKAP5 enables formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. Curr Biol 2024; 34:260-272.e7. [PMID: 38086388 PMCID: PMC10841699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal rearrangements and crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments are vital for living organisms. Recently, an abundantly present microtubule polymerase, CKAP5 (XMAP215 homolog), has been reported to play a role in mediating crosstalk between microtubules and actin filaments in the neuronal growth cones. However, the molecular mechanism of this process is unknown. Here, we demonstrate, in a reconstituted system, that CKAP5 enables the formation of persistent actin bundles templated by dynamically instable microtubules. We explain the templating by the difference in CKAP5 binding to microtubules and actin filaments. Binding to the microtubule lattice with higher affinity, CKAP5 enables the formation of actin bundles exclusively on the microtubule lattice, at CKAP5 concentrations insufficient to support any actin bundling in the absence of microtubules. Strikingly, when the microtubules depolymerize, actin bundles prevail at the positions predetermined by the microtubules. We propose that the local abundance of available CKAP5-binding sites in actin bundles allows the retention of CKAP5, resulting in persisting actin bundles. In line with our observations, we found that reducing CKAP5 levels in vivo results in a decrease in actin-microtubule co-localization in growth cones and specifically decreases actin intensity at microtubule plus ends. This readily suggests a mechanism explaining how exploratory microtubules set the positions of actin bundles, for example, in cytoskeleton-rich neuronal growth cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sabo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Dujava Zdimalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Paula G Slater
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Los Leones, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago 7510602, Chile
| | - Vojtech Dostal
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Herynek
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Libusova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Prague West, Prague 25250, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Zhu H, Zhao G, Miao Y, Zhao L, Feng J, Zhang H, Miao R, Sun L, Gao B, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Guo H, Xu F, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Lin M. Programmable and Reversible Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion Reveals Hysteresis in Actin Kinetics that Alters Subsequent Mechanotransduction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302421. [PMID: 37849221 PMCID: PMC10724447 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically evolving adhesions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) transmit time-varying signals that control cytoskeletal dynamics and cell fate. Dynamic cell adhesion and ECM stiffness regulate cellular mechanosensing cooperatively, but it has not previously been possible to characterize their individual effects because of challenges with controlling these factors independently. Therefore, a DNA-driven molecular system is developed wherein the integrin-binding ligand RGD can be reversibly presented and removed to achieve cyclic cell attachment/detachment on substrates of defined stiffness. Using this culture system, it is discovered that cyclic adhesion accelerates F-actin kinetics and nuclear mechanosensing in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), with the result that hysteresis can completely change how hMSCs transduce ECM stiffness. Results are dramatically different from well-known results for mechanotransduction on static substrates, but are consistent with a mathematical model of F-actin fragments retaining structure following loss of integrin ligation and participating in subsequent repolymerization. These findings suggest that cyclic integrin-mediated adhesion alters the mechanosensing of ECM stiffness by hMSCs through transient, hysteretic memory that is stored in F-actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Lingzhu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Jinteng Feng
- Department of Medical OncologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710061P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Run Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of EndocrinologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi'an710038P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi'an710038P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710061P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University710054Xi'anP. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Xijing 986 Hospital DepartmentFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710054P. R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical OncologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710061P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Levin JT, Pan A, Barrett MT, Alushin GM. A platform for dissecting force sensitivity and multivalency in actin networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553463. [PMID: 37645911 PMCID: PMC10462062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The physical structure and dynamics of cells are supported by micron-scale actin networks with diverse geometries, protein compositions, and mechanical properties. These networks are composed of actin filaments and numerous actin binding proteins (ABPs), many of which engage multiple filaments simultaneously to crosslink them into specific functional architectures. Mechanical force has been shown to modulate the interactions between several ABPs and individual actin filaments, but it is unclear how this phenomenon contributes to the emergent force-responsive functional dynamics of actin networks. Here, we engineer filament linker complexes and combine them with photo-micropatterning of myosin motor proteins to produce an in vitro reconstitution platform for examining how force impacts the behavior of ABPs within multi-filament assemblies. Our system enables the monitoring of dozens of actin networks with varying architectures simultaneously using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, facilitating detailed dissection of the interplay between force-modulated ABP binding and network geometry. We apply our system to study a dimeric form of the critical cell-cell adhesion protein α-catenin, a model force-sensitive ABP. We find that myosin forces increase α-catenin's engagement of small filament bundles embedded within networks. This activity is absent in a force-sensing deficient mutant, whose binding scales linearly with bundle size in both the presence and absence of force. These data are consistent with filaments in smaller bundles bearing greater per-filament loads that enhance α-catenin binding, a mechanism that could equalize α-catenin's distribution across actin-myosin networks of varying sizes in cells to regularize their stability and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Levin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael T. Barrett
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory M. Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghose A, Pullarkat P. The role of mechanics in axonal stability and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:22-34. [PMID: 35786351 PMCID: PMC7615100 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of neuronal cell biology has been devoted to growth cone guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity, plasticity, etc. The axonal shaft too has received much attention, mainly for its astounding ability to transmit action potentials and the transport of material over long distances. For these functions, the axonal cytoskeleton and membrane have been often assumed to play static structural roles. Recent experiments have changed this view by revealing an ultrastructure much richer in features than previously perceived and one that seems to be maintained at a dynamic steady state. The role of mechanics in this is only beginning to be broadly appreciated and appears to involve passive and active modes of coupling different biopolymer filaments, filament turnover dynamics and membrane biophysics. Axons, being unique cellular processes in terms of high aspect ratios and often extreme lengths, also exhibit unique passive mechanical properties that might have evolved to stabilize them under mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize the experiments that have exposed some of these features. It is our view that axonal mechanics deserves much more attention not only due to its significance in the development and maintenance of the nervous system but also due to the susceptibility of axons to injury and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Pramod Pullarkat
- Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560 080, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kurma K, Alix-Panabières C. Mechanobiology and survival strategies of circulating tumor cells: a process towards the invasive and metastatic phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1188499. [PMID: 37215087 PMCID: PMC10196185 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1188499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression is the deadliest feature of cancer. Cancer cell growth, invasion, intravasation, circulation, arrest/adhesion and extravasation require specific mechanical properties to allow cell survival and the completion of the metastatic cascade. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) come into contact with the capillary bed during extravasation/intravasation at the beginning of the metastatic cascade. However, CTC mechanobiology and survival strategies in the bloodstream, and specifically in the microcirculation, are not well known. A fraction of CTCs can extravasate and colonize distant areas despite the biomechanical constriction forces that are exerted by the microcirculation and that strongly decrease tumor cell survival. Furthermore, accumulating evidence shows that several CTC adaptations, via molecular factors and interactions with blood components (e.g., immune cells and platelets inside capillaries), may promote metastasis formation. To better understand CTC journey in the microcirculation as part of the metastatic cascade, we reviewed how CTC mechanobiology and interaction with other cell types in the bloodstream help them to survive the harsh conditions in the circulatory system and to metastasize in distant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Kurma
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (E LBS), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (E LBS), Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antoku S, Schwartz TU, Gundersen GG. FHODs: Nuclear tethered formins for nuclear mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1160219. [PMID: 37215084 PMCID: PMC10192571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1160219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss FHOD formins with a focus on recent studies that reveal a new role for them as critical links for nuclear mechanotransduction. The FHOD family in vertebrates comprises two structurally related proteins, FHOD1 and FHOD3. Their similar biochemical properties suggest overlapping and redundant functions. FHOD1 is widely expressed, FHOD3 less so, with highest expression in skeletal (FHOD1) and cardiac (FHOD3) muscle where specific splice isoforms are expressed. Unlike other formins, FHODs have strong F-actin bundling activity and relatively weak actin polymerization activity. These activities are regulated by phosphorylation by ROCK and Src kinases; bundling is additionally regulated by ERK1/2 kinases. FHODs are unique among formins in their association with the nuclear envelope through direct, high affinity binding to the outer nuclear membrane proteins nesprin-1G and nesprin-2G. Recent crystallographic structures reveal an interaction between a conserved motif in one of the spectrin repeats (SRs) of nesprin-1G/2G and a site adjacent to the regulatory domain in the amino terminus of FHODs. Nesprins are components of the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex that spans both nuclear membranes and mediates bidirectional transmission of mechanical forces between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. FHODs interact near the actin-binding calponin homology (CH) domains of nesprin-1G/2G enabling a branched connection to actin filaments that presumably strengthens the interaction. At the cellular level, the tethering of FHODs to the outer nuclear membrane mechanically couples perinuclear actin arrays to the nucleus to move and position it in fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and potentially other cells. FHODs also function in adhesion maturation during cell migration and in the generation of sarcomeres, activities distant from the nucleus but that are still influenced by it. Human genetic studies have identified multiple FHOD3 variants linked to dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, with many mutations mapping to "hot spots" in FHOD3 domains. We discuss how FHOD1/3's role in reinforcing the LINC complex and connecting to perinuclear actin contributes to functions of mechanically active tissues such as striated muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Antoku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas U. Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao L, Ghasemi F, Way M, Jégou A, Romet‐Lemonne G. Regulation of branched versus linear Arp2/3-generated actin filaments. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113008. [PMID: 36939020 PMCID: PMC10152144 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Arp2/3 complex by VCA-motif-bearing actin nucleation-promoting factors results in the formation of "daughter" actin filaments branching off the sides of pre-existing "mother" filaments. Alternatively, when stimulated by SPIN90, Arp2/3 directly nucleates "linear" actin filaments. Uncovering the similarities and differences between these two mechanisms is fundamental to understanding how actin cytoskeleton dynamics are regulated. Here, analysis of individual filaments reveals that, unexpectedly, the VCA motifs of WASP, N-WASP, and WASH destabilize existing branches, as well as SPIN90-Arp2/3 at linear filament ends. Furthermore, branch stabilizer cortactin and destabilizer GMF each have a similar impact on SPIN90-activated Arp2/3. However, unlike branch junctions, SPIN90-Arp2/3 at the ends of linear filaments is not destabilized by piconewton forces and does not become less stable with time. It thus appears that linear and branched Arp2/3-generated filaments respond similarly to the regulatory proteins we have tested, albeit with some differences, but significantly differ in their responses to aging and mechanical stress. These kinetic differences likely reflect the small conformational differences recently reported between Arp2/3 in branch junctions and linear filaments and suggest that their turnover in cells may be differently regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Cao
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Foad Ghasemi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Michael Way
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gan NS, Oziębło D, Skarżyński H, Ołdak M. Monogenic Causes of Low-Frequency Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss. Audiol Neurootol 2023; 28:327-337. [PMID: 37121227 DOI: 10.1159/000529464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-frequency non-syndromic hearing loss (LFNSHL) is a rare form of hearing loss (HL). It is defined as HL at low frequencies (≤2,000 Hz) resulting in a characteristic ascending audiogram. LFNSHL is usually diagnosed postlingually and is progressive, leading to HL affecting other frequencies as well. Sometimes it occurs with tinnitus. Around half of the diagnosed prelingual HL cases have a genetic cause and it is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. Postlingual HL caused by genetic changes generally has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and its incidence remains unknown. SUMMARY To date, only a handful of genes have been found as causing LFNSHL: well-established WFS1 and, reported in some cases, DIAPH1, MYO7A, TNC, and CCDC50 (respectively, responsible for DFNA6/14/38, DFNA1, DFNA11, DFNA56, and DFNA44). In this review, we set out audiological phenotypes, causative genetic changes, and molecular mechanisms leading to the development of LFNSHL. KEY MESSAGES LFNSHL is most commonly caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene, but it is also important to consider changes in other HL genes, which may result in similar audiological phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sara Gan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Oziębło
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarżyński
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Surgery Clinic, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nunes Vicente F, Chen T, Rossier O, Giannone G. Novel imaging methods and force probes for molecular mechanobiology of cytoskeleton and adhesion. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:204-220. [PMID: 36055943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals is known as mechanotransduction. From cells to tissues, mechanotransduction regulates migration, proliferation, and differentiation in processes such as immune responses, development, and cancer progression. Mechanosensitive structures such as integrin adhesions, the actin cortex, ion channels, caveolae, and the nucleus sense and transmit forces. In vitro approaches showed that mechanosensing is based on force-dependent protein deformations and reorganizations. However, the mechanisms in cells remained unclear since cell imaging techniques lacked molecular resolution. Thanks to recent developments in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and molecular force sensors, it is possible to obtain molecular insight of mechanosensing in live cells. We discuss how understanding of molecular mechanotransduction was revolutionized by these innovative approaches, focusing on integrin adhesions, actin structures, and the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Nunes Vicente
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianchi Chen
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rossier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beedle AEM, Garcia-Manyes S. The role of single protein elasticity in mechanobiology. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2023; 8:10-24. [PMID: 37469679 PMCID: PMC7614781 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to biochemical signals and genetic considerations, mechanical forces are rapidly emerging as a master regulator of human physiology. Yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate force-induced functionalities across a wide range of scales, encompassing the cell, tissue or organ levels, are comparatively not so well understood. With the advent, development and refining of single molecule nanomechanical techniques, enabling to exquisitely probe the conformational dynamics of individual proteins under the effect of a calibrated force, we have begun to acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the rich plethora of physicochemical principles that regulate the elasticity of single proteins. Here we review the major advances underpinning our current understanding of how the elasticity of single proteins regulates mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. We discuss the present limitations and future challenges of such a prolific and burgeoning field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy EM Beedle
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maufront J, Guichard B, Cao LY, Cicco AD, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Bertin A. Direct observation of the conformational states of formin mDia1 at actin filament barbed ends and along the filament. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 34:ar2. [PMID: 36383775 PMCID: PMC9816646 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine regulation of actin polymerization is essential to control cell motility and architecture and to perform essential cellular functions. Formins are key regulators of actin filament assembly, known to processively elongate filament barbed ends and increase their polymerization rate. Different models have been extrapolated to describe the molecular mechanism governing the processive motion of formin FH2 domains at polymerizing barbed ends. Using negative stain electron microscopy, we directly identified for the first time two conformations of the mDia1 formin FH2 domains in interaction with the barbed ends of actin filaments. These conformations agree with the speculated open and closed conformations of the "stair-stepping" model. We observed the FH2 dimers to be in the open conformation for 79% of the data, interacting with the two terminal actin subunits of the barbed end while they interact with three actin subunits in the closed conformation. In addition, we identified and characterized the structure of single FH2 dimers encircling the core of actin filaments, and reveal their ability to spontaneously depart from barbed ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Maufront
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie,75005 Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Guichard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Lu-Yan Cao
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie,75005 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France,*Address correspondence to: Aurélie Bertin (); Guillaume Romet-Lemonne (); Antoine Jégou ()
| | - Guillaume Romet-Lemonne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France,*Address correspondence to: Aurélie Bertin (); Guillaume Romet-Lemonne (); Antoine Jégou ()
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie,75005 Paris, France,*Address correspondence to: Aurélie Bertin (); Guillaume Romet-Lemonne (); Antoine Jégou ()
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A current overview of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC functions in vascular biology and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Lappalainen P, Kotila T, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Biochemical and mechanical regulation of actin dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:836-852. [PMID: 35918536 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of actin filaments against membranes produces force for numerous cellular processes, such as migration, morphogenesis, endocytosis, phagocytosis and organelle dynamics. Consequently, aberrant actin cytoskeleton dynamics are linked to various diseases, including cancer, as well as immunological and neurological disorders. Understanding how actin filaments generate forces in cells, how force production is regulated by the interplay between actin-binding proteins and how the actin-regulatory machinery responds to mechanical load are at the heart of many cellular, developmental and pathological processes. During the past few years, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling actin filament assembly and disassembly has evolved substantially. It has also become evident that the activities of key actin-binding proteins are not regulated solely by biochemical signalling pathways, as mechanical regulation is critical for these proteins. Indeed, the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are directly tuned by mechanical load. Here we discuss the general mechanisms by which key actin regulators, often in synergy with each other, control actin filament assembly, disassembly, and monomer recycling. By using an updated view of actin dynamics as a framework, we discuss how the mechanics and geometry of actin networks control actin-binding proteins, and how this translates into force production in endocytosis and mesenchymal cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shao X, Liu Z, Mao S, Han L. Unraveling the Mechanobiology Underlying Traumatic Brain Injury with Advanced Technologies and Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200760. [PMID: 35841392 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide health and socioeconomic problem, associated with prolonged and complex neurological aftermaths, including a variety of functional deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. Research on the long-term effects has highlighted that TBI shall be regarded as a chronic health condition. The initiation and exacerbation of TBI involve a series of mechanical stimulations and perturbations, accompanied by mechanotransduction events within the brain tissues. Mechanobiology thus offers a unique perspective and likely promising approach to unravel the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms leading to neural cells dysfunction after TBI, which may contribute to the discovery of novel targets for future clinical treatment. This article investigates TBI and the subsequent brain dysfunction from a lens of neuromechanobiology. Following an introduction, the mechanobiological insights are examined into the molecular pathology of TBI, and then an overview is given of the latest research technologies to explore neuromechanobiology, with particular focus on microfluidics and biomaterials. Challenges and prospects in the current field are also discussed. Through this article, it is hoped that extensive technical innovation in biomedical devices and materials can be encouraged to advance the field of neuromechanobiology, paving potential ways for the research and rehabilitation of neurotrauma and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.,Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhongqian Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shijie Mao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thompson SB, Waldman MM, Jacobelli J. Polymerization power: effectors of actin polymerization as regulators of T lymphocyte migration through complex environments. FEBS J 2022; 289:6154-6171. [PMID: 34273243 PMCID: PMC8761786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During their life span, T cells are tasked with patrolling the body for potential pathogens. To do so, T cells migrate through numerous distinct anatomical sites and tissue environments with different biophysical characteristics. To migrate through these different environments, T cells use various motility strategies that rely on actin network remodeling to generate shape changes and mechanical forces. In this review, we initially discuss the migratory journey of T cells and then cover the actin polymerization effectors at play in T cells, and finally, we focus on the function of these effectors of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in mediating T-cell migration through diverse tissue environments. Specifically, we will discuss the current state of the field pertaining to our understanding of the roles in T-cell migration played by members of the three main families of actin polymerization machinery: the Arp2/3 complex; formin proteins; and Ena/VASP proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Monique M. Waldman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun X, Alushin GM. Cellular force-sensing through actin filaments. FEBS J 2022; 290:2576-2589. [PMID: 35778931 PMCID: PMC9945651 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton orchestrates cell mechanics and facilitates the physical integration of cells into tissues, while tissue-scale forces and extracellular rigidity in turn govern cell behaviour. Here, we discuss recent evidence that actin filaments (F-actin), the core building blocks of the actin cytoskeleton, also serve as molecular force sensors. We delineate two classes of proteins, which interpret forces applied to F-actin through enhanced binding interactions: 'mechanically tuned' canonical actin-binding proteins, whose constitutive F-actin affinity is increased by force, and 'mechanically switched' proteins, which bind F-actin only in the presence of force. We speculate mechanically tuned and mechanically switched actin-binding proteins are biophysically suitable for coordinating cytoskeletal force-feedback and mechanical signalling processes, respectively. Finally, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating force-activated actin binding, which likely occurs both through the structural remodelling of F-actin itself and geometric rearrangements of higher-order actin networks. Understanding the interplay of these mechanisms will enable the dissection of force-activated actin binding's specific biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University. New York, NY, USA.,Correspondence: ;
| | - Gregory M. Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University. New York, NY, USA.,Correspondence: ;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Costache V, Prigent Garcia S, Plancke CN, Li J, Begnaud S, Suman SK, Reymann AC, Kim T, Robin FB. Rapid assembly of a polar network architecture drives efficient actomyosin contractility. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110868. [PMID: 35649363 PMCID: PMC9210446 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin network architecture and dynamics play a central role in cell contractility and tissue morphogenesis. RhoA-driven pulsed contractions are a generic mode of actomyosin contractility, but the mechanisms underlying how their specific architecture emerges and how this architecture supports the contractile function of the network remain unclear. Here we show that, during pulsed contractions, the actin network is assembled by two subpopulations of formins: a functionally inactive population (recruited) and formins actively participating in actin filament elongation (elongating). We then show that elongating formins assemble a polar actin network, with barbed ends pointing out of the pulse. Numerical simulations demonstrate that this geometry favors rapid network contraction. Our results show that formins convert a local RhoA activity gradient into a polar network architecture, causing efficient network contractility, underlying the key function of kinetic controls in the assembly and mechanics of cortical network architectures. RhoA-driven actomyosin contractility plays a key role in driving cell and tissue contractility during morphogenesis. Tracking individual formins, Costache et al. show that the network assembled downstream of RhoA displays a polar architecture, barbed ends pointing outward, a feature that supports efficient contractility and force transmission during pulsed contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Costache
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Serena Prigent Garcia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Camille N Plancke
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon Begnaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Reymann
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - François B Robin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu W, Liu X, Liu X. Modeling the dynamic growth and branching of actin filaments. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3649-3659. [PMID: 35438124 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00283c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of the cytoskeleton, actin filaments play a key role in a variety of cellular physiological activities. To better understand the function of actin filaments, which are a special kind of polymer chain, researchers have started to focus on the Brownian dynamics of polymers. Currently, to study the dynamics of polymers, classical explicit bead-spring models and finite-element methods (FEMs) have both been broadly used. However, compared to bead-spring models, FEMs can address the mechanical properties of actin filaments and actin networks with more detail and better accuracy. However, current FEMs do not consider the dynamic assembly of actin into an actin filament network. Here, we extend the traditional FEM and present a new framework of the FEM based on the co-rotational grid method, which allows us to simulate the dynamic growth and branching of actin filaments. Several examples are studied. The proposed numerical model is capable of capturing the dynamic assembly of actin filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xu
- Department of Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Luoyu Road 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- Department of Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Luoyu Road 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Application of piconewton forces to individual filopodia reveals mechanosensory role of L-type Ca 2+ channels. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121477. [PMID: 35395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to be mechanosensitive, force-dependent activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be linked to filopodia's mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types using optical tweezers. Results show that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Several known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx, while L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key player in the discovered phenomenon. As previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.
Collapse
|
28
|
Echarri A. A Multisensory Network Drives Nuclear Mechanoadaptation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030404. [PMID: 35327596 PMCID: PMC8945967 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have adapted to mechanical forces early in evolution and have developed multiple mechanisms ensuring sensing of, and adaptation to, the diversity of forces operating outside and within organisms. The nucleus must necessarily adapt to all types of mechanical signals, as its functions are essential for virtually all cell processes, many of which are tuned by mechanical cues. To sense forces, the nucleus is physically connected with the cytoskeleton, which senses and transmits forces generated outside and inside the cell. The nuclear LINC complex bridges the cytoskeleton and the nuclear lamina to transmit mechanical information up to the chromatin. This system creates a force-sensing macromolecular complex that, however, is not sufficient to regulate all nuclear mechanoadaptation processes. Within the nucleus, additional mechanosensitive structures, including the nuclear envelope and the nuclear pore complex, function to regulate nuclear mechanoadaptation. Similarly, extra nuclear mechanosensitive systems based on plasma membrane dynamics, mechanotransduce information to the nucleus. Thus, the nucleus has the intrinsic structural components needed to receive and interpret mechanical inputs, but also rely on extra nuclear mechano-sensors that activate nuclear regulators in response to force. Thus, a network of mechanosensitive cell structures ensures that the nucleus has a tunable response to mechanical cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Echarri
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Areas of Cell & Developmental Biology, Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The precise assembly and disassembly of actin filaments is required for several cellular processes, and their regulation has been scrutinized for decades. Twenty years ago, a handful of studies marked the advent of a new type of experiment to study actin dynamics: using optical microscopy to look at individual events, taking place on individual filaments in real time. Here, we summarize the main characteristics of this approach and how it has changed our ability to understand actin assembly dynamics. We also highlight some of its caveats and reflect on what we have learned over the past 20 years, leading us to propose a set of guidelines, which we hope will contribute to a better exploitation of this powerful tool.
Collapse
|
30
|
Valencia FR, Sandoval E, Du J, Iu E, Liu J, Plotnikov SV. Force-dependent activation of actin elongation factor mDia1 protects the cytoskeleton from mechanical damage and promotes stress fiber repair. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3288-3302.e5. [PMID: 34822787 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity of cell mechanics underlies a wide range of cell and tissue behaviors allowing cells to migrate through narrow spaces, resist shear forces, and safeguard against mechanical damage. Such plasticity depends on spatiotemporal regulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, but mechanisms of adaptive change in cell mechanics remain elusive. Here, we report a mechanism of mechanically activated actin polymerization at focal adhesions (FAs), specifically requiring the actin elongation factor mDia1. By combining live-cell imaging with mathematical modeling, we show that actin polymerization at FAs exhibits pulsatile dynamics where spikes of mDia1 activity are triggered by contractile forces. The suppression of mDia1-mediated actin polymerization increases tension on stress fibers (SFs) leading to an increased frequency of spontaneous SF damage and decreased efficiency of zyxin-mediated SF repair. We conclude that tension-controlled actin polymerization acts as a safety valve dampening excessive tension on the actin cytoskeleton and safeguarding SFs against mechanical damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R Valencia
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Eduardo Sandoval
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joy Du
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ernest Iu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sergey V Plotnikov
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mehidi A, Kage F, Karatas Z, Cercy M, Schaks M, Polesskaya A, Sainlos M, Gautreau AM, Rossier O, Rottner K, Giannone G. Forces generated by lamellipodial actin filament elongation regulate the WAVE complex during cell migration. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1148-1162. [PMID: 34737443 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments generate mechanical forces that drive membrane movements during trafficking, endocytosis and cell migration. Reciprocally, adaptations of actin networks to forces regulate their assembly and architecture. Yet, a demonstration of forces acting on actin regulators at actin assembly sites in cells is missing. Here we show that local forces arising from actin filament elongation mechanically control WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) dynamics and function, that is, Arp2/3 complex activation in the lamellipodium. Single-protein tracking revealed WRC lateral movements along the lamellipodium tip, driven by elongation of actin filaments and correlating with WRC turnover. The use of optical tweezers to mechanically manipulate functional WRC showed that piconewton forces, as generated by single-filament elongation, dissociated WRC from the lamellipodium tip. WRC activation correlated with its trapping, dwell time and the binding strength at the lamellipodium tip. WRC crosslinking, hindering its mechanical dissociation, increased WRC dwell time and Arp2/3-dependent membrane protrusion. Thus, forces generated by individual actin filaments on their regulators can mechanically tune their turnover and hence activity during cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mehidi
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zeynep Karatas
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maureen Cercy
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Polesskaya
- CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Olivier Rossier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shi X, Tang D, Xing Y, Zhao S, Fan C, Zhong J, Cui Y, Shi K, Jiu Y. Actin nucleator formins regulate the tension-buffering function of caveolin-1. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:876-888. [PMID: 34718633 PMCID: PMC8800513 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the mechanosensitive actin cytoskeleton and caveolae contribute to active processes such as cell migration, morphogenesis, and vesicular trafficking. Although distinct actin components are well studied, how they contribute to cytoplasmic caveolae, especially in the context of mechano-stress, has remained elusive. Here, we identify two actin-associated mobility stereotypes of caveolin-1 (CAV-1)-marked intracellular vesicles, which are characterized as ‘dwelling’ and ‘go and dwelling’. In order to exploit the reason for their distinct dynamics, elongated actin-associated formin functions are perturbed. We find drastically decreased density, increased clustering, and compromised motility of cytoplasmic CAV-1 vesicles resulting from lacking actin nucleator formins by both chemical treatment and RNA silencing of formin genes. Furthermore, hypo-osmosis-stimulated diminishing of CAV-1 is dramatically intensified upon blocking formins. The clustering of CAV-1 vesicles when cells are cultured on soft substrate is also aggravated under formin inhibition condition. Together, we reveal that actin-associated formins are essential for maintaining the dynamic organization of cytoplasmic CAV-1 and importantly its sensitivity upon mechanical challenge. We conclude that tension-controlled actin formins act as a safety valve dampening excessive tension on CAV-1 and safeguarding CAV-1 against mechanical damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Shi
- The Joint Program in Infection and Immunity, a. Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 and b. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Daijiao Tang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yifan Xing
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- The Joint Program in Infection and Immunity, a. Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 and b. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Changyuan Fan
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jin Zhong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- The Joint Program in Infection and Immunity, a. Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 and b. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Kun Shi
- The Joint Program in Infection and Immunity, a. Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 and b. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Joint Program in Infection and Immunity, a. Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 and b. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China.,Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Grintsevich EE, Ahmed G, Ginosyan AA, Wu H, Rich SK, Reisler E, Terman JR. Profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote disassembly and remodeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5542. [PMID: 34545088 PMCID: PMC8452626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular events require the spatiotemporal interplay between actin assembly and actin disassembly. Yet, how different factors promote the integration of these two opposing processes is unclear. In particular, cellular monomeric (G)-actin is complexed with profilin, which inhibits spontaneous actin nucleation but fuels actin filament (F-actin) assembly by elongation-promoting factors (formins, Ena/VASP). In contrast, site-specific F-actin oxidation by Mical promotes F-actin disassembly and release of polymerization-impaired Mical-oxidized (Mox)-G-actin. Here we find that these two opposing processes connect with one another to orchestrate actin/cellular remodeling. Specifically, we find that profilin binds Mox-G-actin, yet these complexes do not fuel elongation factors’-mediated F-actin assembly, but instead inhibit polymerization and promote further Mox-F-actin disassembly. Using Drosophila as a model system, we show that similar profilin–Mical connections occur in vivo – where they underlie F-actin/cellular remodeling that accompanies Semaphorin–Plexin cellular/axon repulsion. Thus, profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote F-actin disassembly, while concomitantly facilitating cellular remodeling and plasticity. Actin-based structures in cells and tissues are built and maintained through a poorly understood balance between assembly and disassembly. Here, our findings provide insights into how factors known to promote these opposing effects dynamically integrate to shape cells and tissue systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach (CSULB), Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anush A Ginosyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heng Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shannon K Rich
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nishimura Y, Shi S, Li Q, Bershadsky AD, Viasnoff V. Crosstalk between myosin II and formin functions in the regulation of force generation and actomyosin dynamics in stress fibers. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203736. [PMID: 34455135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
REF52 fibroblasts have a well-developed contractile machinery, the most prominent elements of which are actomyosin stress fibers with highly ordered organization of actin and myosin IIA filaments. The relationship between contractile activity and turnover dynamics of stress fibers is not sufficiently understood. Here, we simultaneously measured the forces exerted by stress fibers (using traction force microscopy or micropillar array sensors) and the dynamics of actin and myosin (using photoconversion-based monitoring of actin incorporation and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of myosin II light chain). Our data revealed new features of the crosstalk between myosin II-driven contractility and stress fiber dynamics. During normal stress fiber turnover, actin incorporated all along the stress fibers and not only at focal adhesions. Incorporation of actin into stress fibers/focal adhesions, as well as actin and myosin II filaments flow along stress fibers, strongly depends on myosin II activity. Myosin II-dependent generation of traction forces does not depend on incorporation of actin into stress fibers per se, but still requires formin activity. This previously overlooked function of formins in maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton connectivity could be the main mechanism of formin involvement in traction force generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Nishimura
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Division of Developmental Physiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shidong Shi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, POB 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; CNRS UMI 3639, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National university of Singapore, S3 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Weißenbruch K, Grewe J, Hippler M, Fladung M, Tremmel M, Stricker K, Schwarz US, Bastmeyer M. Distinct roles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms for establishing tension and elasticity during cell morphodynamics. eLife 2021; 10:71888. [PMID: 34374341 PMCID: PMC8391736 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is an integral part of essential cellular processes, including adhesion and migration. Mammalian cells express up to three isoforms termed NM IIA, B, and C. We used U2OS cells to create CRISPR/Cas9-based knockouts of all three isoforms and analyzed the phenotypes on homogenously coated surfaces, in collagen gels, and on micropatterned substrates. In contrast to homogenously coated surfaces, a structured environment supports a cellular phenotype with invaginated actin arcs even in the absence of NM IIA-induced contractility. A quantitative shape analysis of cells on micropatterns combined with a scale-bridging mathematical model reveals that NM IIA is essential to build up cellular tension during initial stages of force generation, while NM IIB is necessary to elastically stabilize NM IIA-generated tension. A dynamic cell stretch/release experiment in a three-dimensional scaffold confirms these conclusions and in addition reveals a novel role for NM IIC, namely the ability to establish tensional homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Weißenbruch
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Justin Grewe
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Hippler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Magdalena Fladung
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Tremmel
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathrin Stricker
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sebastian Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jo MH, Kim BC, Sung K, Panettieri RA, An SS, Liu J, Ha T. Molecular Nanomechanical Mapping of Histamine-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction and Shortening. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11585-11596. [PMID: 34197709 PMCID: PMC10144385 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical response to external stimuli is a conserved feature of many cell types. For example, neurotransmitters (e.g., histamine) trigger calcium signals that induce actomyosin-regulated contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM); the resulting cell shortening causes airway narrowing, the excess of which can cause asthma. Despite intensive studies, however, it remains unclear how physical forces are propagated through focal adhesion (FA)-the major force-transmission machinery of the cell-during ASM shortening. We provide a nanomechanical platform to directly image single molecule forces during ASM cell shortening by repurposing DNA tension sensors. Surprisingly, cell shortening and FA disassembly that immediately precedes it occurred long after histamine-evoked increases in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). Our mathematical model that fully integrates cell edge protrusion and retraction with contractile forces acting on FA predicted that (1) stabilization of FA impedes cell shortening and (2) the disruption of FAs is preceded by their strengthening through actomyosin-activated molecular tension. We confirmed these predictions via real-time imaging and molecular force measurements. Together, our work highlights a key role of FA dynamics in regulating ASM contraction induced by an allergen with potential therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hyun Jo
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Division of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Keewon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Steven S. An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20205, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Inman A, Smutny M. Feeling the force: Multiscale force sensing and transduction at the cell-cell interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:53-65. [PMID: 34238674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A universal principle of all living cells is the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli which is essential for many biological processes. Recent efforts have identified critical mechanosensitive molecules and response pathways involved in mechanotransduction during development and tissue homeostasis. Tissue-wide force transmission and local force sensing need to be spatiotemporally coordinated to precisely regulate essential processes during development such as tissue morphogenesis, patterning, cell migration and organogenesis. Understanding how cells identify and interpret extrinsic forces and integrate a specific response on cell and tissue level remains a major challenge. In this review we consider important cellular and physical factors in control of cell-cell mechanotransduction and discuss their significance for cell and developmental processes. We further highlight mechanosensitive macromolecules that are known to respond to external forces and present examples of how force responses can be integrated into cell and developmental programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus Inman
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Michael Smutny
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
ALS-linked PFN1 variants exhibit loss and gain of functions in the context of formin-induced actin polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024605118. [PMID: 34074767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024605118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin-1 (PFN1) plays important roles in modulating actin dynamics through binding both monomeric actin and proteins enriched with polyproline motifs. Mutations in PFN1 have been linked to the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether ALS-linked mutations affect PFN1 function has remained unclear. To address this question, we employed an unbiased proteomics analysis in mammalian cells to identify proteins that differentially interact with mutant and wild-type (WT) PFN1. These studies uncovered differential binding between two ALS-linked PFN1 variants, G118V and M114T, and select formin proteins. Furthermore, both variants augmented formin-mediated actin assembly relative to PFN1 WT. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed mutation-induced changes in the internal dynamic couplings within an alpha helix of PFN1 that directly contacts both actin and polyproline, as well as structural fluctuations within the actin- and polyproline-binding regions of PFN1. These data indicate that ALS-PFN1 variants have the potential for heightened flexibility in the context of the ternary actin-PFN1-polyproline complex during actin assembly. Conversely, PFN1 C71G was more severely destabilized than the other PFN1 variants, resulting in reduced protein expression in both transfected and ALS patient lymphoblast cell lines. Moreover, this variant exhibited loss-of-function phenotypes in the context of actin assembly. Perturbations in actin dynamics and assembly can therefore result from ALS-linked mutations in PFN1. However, ALS-PFN1 variants may dysregulate actin polymerization through different mechanisms that depend upon the solubility and stability of the mutant protein.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zaatri A, Perry JA, Maddox AS. Septins and a formin have distinct functions in anaphase chiral cortical rotation in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1283-1292. [PMID: 34010018 PMCID: PMC8351551 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cells and tissues exhibit chirality that stems from the chirality of proteins and polymers. In the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, actomyosin contractility drives chiral rotation of the entire cortex circumferentially around the division plane during anaphase. How contractility is translated to cell-scale chirality, and what dictates handedness, are unknown. Septins are candidate contributors to cell-scale chirality because they anchor and cross-link the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We report that septins are required for anaphase cortical rotation. In contrast, the formin CYK-1, which we found to be enriched in the posterior in early anaphase, is not required for cortical rotation but contributes to its chirality. Simultaneous loss of septin and CYK-1 function led to abnormal and often reversed cortical rotation. Our results suggest that anaphase contractility leads to chiral rotation by releasing torsional stress generated during formin-based polymerization, which is polarized along the cell anterior–posterior axis and which accumulates due to actomyosin network connectivity. Our findings shed light on the molecular and physical bases for cellular chirality in the C. elegans zygote. We also identify conditions in which chiral rotation fails but animals are developmentally viable, opening avenues for future work on the relationship between early embryonic cellular chirality and animal body plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adhham Zaatri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jenna A Perry
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
CYK-1/Formin activation in cortical RhoA signaling centers promotes organismal left-right symmetry breaking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021814118. [PMID: 33972425 PMCID: PMC8157923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021814118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper left-right symmetry breaking is essential for animal development, and in many cases, this process is actomyosin-dependent. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos active torque generation in the actomyosin layer promotes left-right symmetry breaking by driving chiral counterrotating cortical flows. While both Formins and Myosins have been implicated in left-right symmetry breaking and both can rotate actin filaments in vitro, it remains unclear whether active torques in the actomyosin cortex are generated by Formins, Myosins, or both. We combined the strength of C. elegans genetics with quantitative imaging and thin film, chiral active fluid theory to show that, while Non-Muscle Myosin II activity drives cortical actomyosin flows, it is permissive for chiral counterrotation and dispensable for chiral symmetry breaking of cortical flows. Instead, we find that CYK-1/Formin activation in RhoA foci is instructive for chiral counterrotation and promotes in-plane, active torque generation in the actomyosin cortex. Notably, we observe that artificially generated large active RhoA patches undergo rotations with consistent handedness in a CYK-1/Formin-dependent manner. Altogether, we conclude that CYK-1/Formin-dependent active torque generation facilitates chiral symmetry breaking of actomyosin flows and drives organismal left-right symmetry breaking in the nematode worm.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bibeau JP, Gray S, De La Cruz EM. Clusters of a Few Bound Cofilins Sever Actin Filaments. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166833. [PMID: 33524412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin is an essential actin filament severing protein that accelerates the assembly dynamics and turnover of actin networks by increasing the number of filament ends where subunits add and dissociate. It binds filament subunits stoichiometrically and cooperatively, forming clusters of contiguously-bound cofilin at sub-saturating occupancies. Filaments partially occupied with cofilin sever at boundaries between bare and cofilin-decorated segments. Imaging studies concluded that bound clusters must reach a critical size (Cc) of 13-100 cofilins to sever filaments. In contrast, structural and modeling studies suggest that a few or even a single cofilin can sever filaments, possibly with different severing rate constants. How clusters grow through the cooperative incorporation of additional cofilin molecules, specifically if they elongate asymmetrically or uniformly from both ends and if they are modulated by filament shape and external force, also lacks consensus. Here, using hydrodynamic flow to visualize individual actin filaments with TIRF microscopy, we found that neither flow-induced filament bending, tension, nor surface attachment conditions substantially affected the kinetics of cofilin binding to actin filaments. Clusters of bound cofilin preferentially extended toward filament pointed ends and displayed severing competency at small sizes (Cc < 3), with no detectable severing dependence on cluster size. These data support models in which small clusters of cofilin introduce local, but asymmetric, structural changes in actin filaments that promote filament severing with a rate constant that depends weakly on the size of the cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Shawn Gray
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Haastert PJM. Unified control of amoeboid pseudopod extension in multiple organisms by branched F-actin in the front and parallel F-actin/myosin in the cortex. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243442. [PMID: 33296414 PMCID: PMC7725310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trajectory of moving eukaryotic cells depends on the kinetics and direction of extending pseudopods. The direction of pseudopods has been well studied to unravel mechanisms for chemotaxis, wound healing and inflammation. However, the kinetics of pseudopod extension-when and why do pseudopods start and stop- is equally important, but is largely unknown. Here the START and STOP of about 4000 pseudopods was determined in four different species, at four conditions and in nine mutants (fast amoeboids Dictyostelium and neutrophils, slow mesenchymal stem cells, and fungus B.d. chytrid with pseudopod and a flagellum). The START of a first pseudopod is a random event with a probability that is species-specific (23%/s for neutrophils). In all species and conditions, the START of a second pseudopod is strongly inhibited by the extending first pseudopod, which depends on parallel filamentous actin/myosin in the cell cortex. Pseudopods extend at a constant rate by polymerization of branched F-actin at the pseudopod tip, which requires the Scar complex. The STOP of pseudopod extension is induced by multiple inhibitory processes that evolve during pseudopod extension and mainly depend on the increasing size of the pseudopod. Surprisingly, no differences in pseudopod kinetics are detectable between polarized, unpolarized or chemotactic cells, and also not between different species except for small differences in numerical values. This suggests that the analysis has uncovered the fundament of cell movement with distinct roles for stimulatory branched F-actin in the protrusion and inhibitory parallel F-actin in the contractile cortex.
Collapse
|
43
|
The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealing during Drosophila dorsal closure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239357. [PMID: 33186390 PMCID: PMC7665897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Inversely, Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppke's previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
Collapse
|
44
|
Mechanically tuning actin filaments to modulate the action of actin-binding proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:72-80. [PMID: 33160108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In cells, the actin cytoskeleton is regulated by an interplay between mechanics and biochemistry. A key mechanism, which has emerged based on converging indications from structural, cellular, and biophysical data, depicts the actin filament as a mechanically tunable substrate: mechanical stress applied to an actin filament induces conformational changes, which modify the binding and the regulatory action of actin-binding proteins. For a long time, however, direct evidence of this mechanotransductive mechanism was very scarce. This situation is changing rapidly, and recent in vitro single-filament studies using different techniques have revealed that several actin-binding proteins are able to sense tension, curvature, and/or torsion, applied to actin filaments. Here, we discuss these recent advances and their possible implications.
Collapse
|
45
|
Díaz-Díaz C, Baonza G, Martín-Belmonte F. The vertebrate epithelial apical junctional complex: Dynamic interplay between Rho GTPase activity and cell polarization processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
46
|
Mei L, Espinosa de Los Reyes S, Reynolds MJ, Leicher R, Liu S, Alushin GM. Molecular mechanism for direct actin force-sensing by α-catenin. eLife 2020; 9:62514. [PMID: 32969337 PMCID: PMC7588232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton mediates mechanical coupling between cells and their tissue microenvironments. The architecture and composition of actin networks are modulated by force; however, it is unclear how interactions between actin filaments (F-actin) and associated proteins are mechanically regulated. Here we employ both optical trapping and biochemical reconstitution with myosin motor proteins to show single piconewton forces applied solely to F-actin enhance binding by the human version of the essential cell-cell adhesion protein αE-catenin but not its homolog vinculin. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of both proteins bound to F-actin reveal unique rearrangements that facilitate their flexible C-termini refolding to engage distinct interfaces. Truncating α-catenin’s C-terminus eliminates force-activated F-actin binding, and addition of this motif to vinculin confers force-activated binding, demonstrating that α-catenin’s C-terminus is a modular detector of F-actin tension. Our studies establish that piconewton force on F-actin can enhance partner binding, which we propose mechanically regulates cellular adhesion through α-catenin. All of the cells in our bodies rely on cues from their surrounding environment to alter their behavior. As well sending each other chemical signals, such as hormones, cells can also detect pressure and physical forces applied by the cells around them. These physical interactions are coordinated by a network of proteins called the cytoskeleton, which provide the internal scaffold that maintains a cell’s shape. However, it is not well understood how forces transmitted through the cytoskeleton are converted into mechanical signals that control cell behavior. The cytoskeleton is primarily made up protein filaments called actin, which are frequently under tension from external and internal forces that push and pull on the cell. Many proteins bind directly to actin, including adhesion proteins that allow the cell to ‘stick’ to its surroundings. One possibility is that when actin filaments feel tension, they convert this into a mechanical signal by altering how they bind to other proteins. To test this theory, Mei et al. isolated and studied an adhesion protein called α-catenin which is known to interact with actin. This revealed that when tiny forces – similar to the amount cells experience in the body – were applied to actin filaments, this caused α-catenin and actin to bind together more strongly. However, applying the same level of physical force did not alter how well actin bound to a similar adhesion protein called vinculin. Further experiments showed that this was due to differences in a small, flexible region found on both proteins. Manipulating this region revealed that it helps α-catenin attach to actin when a force is present, and was thus named a ‘force detector’. Proteins that bind to actin are essential in all animals, making it likely that force detectors are a common mechanism. Scientists can now use this discovery to identify and manipulate force detectors in other proteins across different cells and animals. This may help to develop drugs that target the mechanical signaling process, although this will require further understanding of how force detectors work at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Reynolds
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Rachel Leicher
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu M, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Le S, Yan J. Modulating mechanical stability of heterodimerization between engineered orthogonal helical domains. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4476. [PMID: 32900995 PMCID: PMC7479118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically stable specific heterodimerization between small protein domains have a wide scope of applications, from using as a molecular anchorage in single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of protein mechanics, to serving as force-bearing protein linker for modulation of mechanotransduction of cells, and potentially acting as a molecular crosslinker for functional materials. Here, we explore the possibility to develop heterodimerization system with a range of mechanical stability from a set of recently engineered helix-heterotetramers whose mechanical properties have yet to be characterized. We demonstrate this possibility using two randomly chosen helix-heterotetramers, showing that their mechanical properties can be modulated by changing the stretching geometry and the number of interacting helices. These helix-heterotetramers and their derivatives are sufficiently stable over physiological temperature range. Using it as mechanically stable anchorage, we demonstrate the applications in single-molecule manipulation studies of the temperature dependent unfolding and refolding of a titin immunoglobulin domain and α-actinin spectrin repeats. Mechanically stable specific heterodimerization formed with reversible bonds are used as a molecular anchorage in single-molecule force spectroscopy studies with unique mechanical properties. Here authors develop a variety of heterodimerization molecular systems with a range of mechanical stability from a set of recently engineered helix-heterotetramers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Zibo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bhosle VK, Mukherjee T, Huang YW, Patel S, Pang BWF, Liu GY, Glogauer M, Wu JY, Philpott DJ, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. SLIT2/ROBO1-signaling inhibits macropinocytosis by opposing cortical cytoskeletal remodeling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4112. [PMID: 32807784 PMCID: PMC7431850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is essential for myeloid cells to survey their environment and for growth of RAS-transformed cancer cells. Several growth factors and inflammatory stimuli are known to induce macropinocytosis, but its endogenous inhibitors have remained elusive. Stimulation of Roundabout receptors by Slit ligands inhibits directional migration of many cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells. We report that SLIT2 inhibits macropinocytosis in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytoskeletal changes in macrophages. In mice, SLIT2 attenuates the uptake of muramyl dipeptide, thereby preventing NOD2-dependent activation of NF-κB and consequent secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL1. Conversely, blocking the action of endogenous SLIT2 enhances CXCL1 secretion. SLIT2 also inhibits macropinocytosis in RAS-transformed cancer cells, thereby decreasing their survival in nutrient-deficient conditions which resemble tumor microenvironment. Our results identify SLIT2 as a physiological inhibitor of macropinocytosis and challenge the conventional notion that signals that enhance macropinocytosis negatively regulate cell migration, and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yi-Wei Huang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bo Wen Frank Pang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- BenchSci, Suite 201, 559 College Street, Toronto, ON, M6G 1A9, Canada
| | - Guang-Ying Liu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 101 Elm Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L3, Canada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jane Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 290 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5C 1N8, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li YY, Jiang GT, Chen LJ, Jiang YH, Jiao JD. Formin mDia1 contributes to migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells exposed to TGF-β1. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3861-3870. [PMID: 31692057 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells may undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to stimuli, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, leading to myofibroblast activation and renal fibrosis. The formin mDia1 is required for nucleation and polymerization of actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The present study sought to explore the role of mDia1 in EMT of tubular epithelial cells. A rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was established. The expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, and mDia1 in the kidneys was examined at day 7 after surgery. The effect of mDia1 on EMT was explored in NRK-52E cells by exposing them to TGF-β1. Increased expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, and mDia1 was found in obstructive kidneys of UUO model rats. Exposing rat tubular epithelial cells to TGF-β1 promoted collagen I and collagen III expression but had no effect on mDia1 expression. Silencing mDia1 expression impeded epithelial cell migration as well as reduced TGF-β1, collagen, and Profilin1 expression, whereas mDia1 overexpression exerted an opposite effect. Furthermore, mDia1 regulated the expression of vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, and E-cadherin and focal adhesion-kinase (FAK)/Src activation through Profilin1. Inhibition of the mDia1 activator RhoA by fasudil reversed EMT, and FAK/Src activation induced by mDia1. In conclusion, mDia1 regulated tubular epithelial cell migration, collagen expression, and EMT in NRK-52E cells exposed to TGF-β1. Thus, suppression of mDia1 activation might be a strategy to counteract renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Nephrology, The 962 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guo-Tao Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li-Jie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan-Hong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Dong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
The integrity of cochlear hair cells is established and maintained through the localization of Dia1 at apical junctional complexes and stereocilia. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:536. [PMID: 32678080 PMCID: PMC7366933 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dia1, which belongs to the diaphanous-related formin family, influences a variety of cellular processes through straight actin elongation activity. Recently, novel DIA1 mutants such as p.R1213X (p.R1204X) and p.A265S, have been reported to cause an autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss (DFNA1). Additionally, active DIA1 mutants induce progressive hearing loss in a gain-of-function manner. However, the subcellular localization and pathological function of DIA1(R1213X/R1204X) remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated the localization of endogenous Dia1 and the constitutively active DIA1 mutant in the cochlea, using transgenic mice expressing FLAG-tagged DIA1(R1204X) (DIA1-TG). Endogenous Dia1 and the DIA1 mutant were regionally expressed at the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion from early life; alongside cochlear maturation, they became localized at the apical junctional complexes (AJCs) between hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs). To investigate HC vulnerability in the DIA1-TG mice, we exposed 4-week-old mice to moderate noise, which induced temporary threshold shifts with cochlear synaptopathy and ultrastructural changes in stereocilia 4 weeks post noise exposure. Furthermore, we established a knock-in (KI) mouse line expressing AcGFP-tagged DIA1(R1213X) (DIA1-KI) and confirmed mutant localization at AJCs and the tips of stereocilia in HCs. In MDCKAcGFP-DIA1(R1213X) cells with stable expression of AcGFP-DIA1(R1213X), AcGFP-DIA1(R1213X) revealed marked localization at microvilli on the apical surface of cells and decreased localization at cell-cell junctions. The DIA1-TG mice demonstrated hazy and ruffled circumferential actin belts at AJCs and abnormal stereocilia accompanied with HC loss at 5 months of age. In conclusion, Dia1 plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of AJCs and stereocilia, ensuring cochlear and HC integrity. Subclinical/latent vulnerability of HCs may be the cause of progressive hearing loss in DFNA1 patients, thus suggesting new therapeutic targets for preventing HC degeneration and progressive hearing loss associated with DFNA1.
Collapse
|