1
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Yang S, Lin Z, Wang X, Huang J, Yang R, Chen Z, Jia Y, Zeng Z, Cao Z, Zhu H, Hu Y, Li E, Chen H, Wang T, Deng S, Gui X. Stretchable, Transparent, and Ultra-Broadband Terahertz Shielding Thin Films Based on Wrinkled MXene Architectures. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:165. [PMID: 38564038 PMCID: PMC10987438 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for terahertz (THz) technology in security inspection, medical imaging, and flexible electronics, there is a significant need for stretchable and transparent THz electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Existing EMI shielding materials, like opaque metals and carbon-based films, face challenges in achieving both high transparency and high shielding efficiency (SE). Here, a wrinkled structure strategy was proposed to construct ultra-thin, stretchable, and transparent terahertz shielding MXene films, which possesses both isotropous wrinkles (height about 50 nm) and periodic wrinkles (height about 500 nm). Compared to flat film, the wrinkled MXene film (8 nm) demonstrates a remarkable 36.5% increase in SE within the THz band. The wrinkled MXene film exhibits an EMI SE of 21.1 dB at the thickness of 100 nm, and an average EMI SE/t of 700 dB μm-1 over the 0.1-10 THz. Theoretical calculations suggest that the wrinkled structure enhances the film's conductivity and surface plasmon resonances, resulting in an improved THz wave absorption. Additionally, the wrinkled structure enhances the MXene films' stretchability and stability. After bending and stretching (at 30% strain) cycles, the average THz transmittance of the wrinkled film is only 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The outstanding performances of the wrinkled MXene film make it a promising THz electromagnetic shielding materials for future smart windows and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jia
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yougen Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Enen Li
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianwu Wang
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China.
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuchun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Fang S, Guo W, Huang Y, Shi M, Tian X, Quan B, Xu X, Yi J, Jiang N, Gu C. Angular dependent terahertz emission from the interplay between nanocrystal diamond film and plasmonic metasurface. iScience 2024; 27:108939. [PMID: 38323012 PMCID: PMC10844821 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Composite structures integrated with metasurfaces and nonlinear films have emerged as alternative candidates to enhance nonlinear response. The cooperative interaction between the two components is complicated. Herein, a split-ring resonator (SRR)-type metasurface was fabricated on a free-standing nanocrystal diamond (NCD) film utilizing electron beam lithography, electron beam evaporation, and a lift-off process. The terahertz (THz) radiation from the SRR-NCD under normal incidence originates from the high-order magnetic resonance of SRR because the NCD film cannot produce detectable THz radiation at this incident angle. As increasing the incident angle, the contribution of the THz radiation from the NCD film gradually increases until reaching 40° incident angle limitation. The results indicate that this angular-dependent THz radiation is induced by the interplay between the NCD film and SRR. This study offers a new approach to investigate nonlinear processes in composite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Fang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Wenpeng Guo
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Mingjian Shi
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xuezeng Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baogang Quan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Material Laboratory, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinlong Xu
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jian Yi
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Pettine J, Padmanabhan P, Shi T, Gingras L, McClintock L, Chang CC, Kwock KWC, Yuan L, Huang Y, Nogan J, Baldwin JK, Adel P, Holzwarth R, Azad AK, Ronning F, Taylor AJ, Prasankumar RP, Lin SZ, Chen HT. Light-driven nanoscale vectorial currents. Nature 2024; 626:984-989. [PMID: 38326619 PMCID: PMC10901733 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlled charge flows are fundamental to many areas of science and technology, serving as carriers of energy and information, as probes of material properties and dynamics1 and as a means of revealing2,3 or even inducing4,5 broken symmetries. Emerging methods for light-based current control5-16 offer particularly promising routes beyond the speed and adaptability limitations of conventional voltage-driven systems. However, optical generation and manipulation of currents at nanometre spatial scales remains a basic challenge and a crucial step towards scalable optoelectronic systems for microelectronics and information science. Here we introduce vectorial optoelectronic metasurfaces in which ultrafast light pulses induce local directional charge flows around symmetry-broken plasmonic nanostructures, with tunable responses and arbitrary patterning down to subdiffractive nanometre scales. Local symmetries and vectorial currents are revealed by polarization-dependent and wavelength-sensitive electrical readout and terahertz (THz) emission, whereas spatially tailored global currents are demonstrated in the direct generation of elusive broadband THz vector beams17. We show that, in graphene, a detailed interplay between electrodynamic, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic degrees of freedom gives rise to rapidly evolving nanoscale driving forces and charge flows under the extremely spatially and temporally localized excitation. These results set the stage for versatile patterning and optical control over nanoscale currents in materials diagnostics, THz spectroscopies, nanomagnetism and ultrafast information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Prashant Padmanabhan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Teng Shi
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Luke McClintock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Chang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Long Yuan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jon K Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Filip Ronning
- Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rohit P Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Shi-Zeng Lin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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4
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Jana K, Mi Y, Møller SH, Ko DH, Gholam-Mirzaei S, Abdollahpour D, Sederberg S, Corkum PB. Quantum control of flying doughnut terahertz pulses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1803. [PMID: 38198544 PMCID: PMC10780876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the multiple properties of light diversifies light-matter interaction and light-driven applications. Here, using quantum control, we introduce an approach that enables the amplitude, sign, and even configuration of the generated light fields to be manipulated in an all-optical manner. Following this approach, we demonstrate the generation of "flying doughnut" terahertz (THz) pulses. We show that the single-cycle THz pulse radiated from the dynamic ring current has an electric field structure that is azimuthally polarized and that the space- and time-resolved magnetic field has a strong, isolated longitudinal component. We apply the flying doughnut pulse for a spectroscopic measurement of the water vapor in ambient air. Pulses such as these will serve as unique probes for spectroscopy, imaging, telecommunications, and magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Jana
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yonghao Mi
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Søren H. Møller
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dong Hyuk Ko
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shima Gholam-Mirzaei
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daryoush Abdollahpour
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Shawn Sederberg
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul B. Corkum
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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5
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Elias E, Sideris S, McDonnell C, Ellenbogen T. Generating Angular-Varying Time Delays of THz Pulses via Direct Space-to-Time Mapping of Metasurface Structures. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 1:1783-1790. [PMID: 38037652 PMCID: PMC10683364 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.3c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the generation of double terahertz (THz) pulses with tailored angular-dependent time delays from a nonlinear metasurface excited by a near-infrared femtosecond pulse. The tailored temporal properties of the generated pulses emerge from a direct mapping of the nonlinear spatial response of the metasurface to the emitted THz temporal profile. We utilize the Pancharatnam-Berry phase to implement symmetric and antisymmetric metasurface configurations and show that the emitted patterns present spatiotemporal "X-shaped" profiles after collimation by a parabolic mirror, with angular-dependent pulse delays corresponding to the intended design. In addition, we show that the addition of polarization multiplexing presents the opportunity to achieve a full range of elliptical THz polarizations. Double pulse generation and spatiotemporal shaping of THz waves in general show potential for THz spectroscopy and molecular dynamics applications, particularly in pump-probe experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elazar Elias
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Symeon Sideris
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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6
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Sideris S, Zixian H, McDonnell C, Li G, Ellenbogen T. Holographic THz Beam Generation by Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurface Emitters. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2972-2979. [PMID: 37602295 PMCID: PMC10436349 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of terahertz (THz) technology hinges on the progress made in the development of efficient sources capable of generating and shaping the THz emission. However, the currently available THz sources provide limited control over the generated field. Here, we use near-field interactions in nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry phase plasmonic metasurfaces to achieve deep subwavelength, precise, and continuous control over the local amplitude of the emitted field. We show that this new ability can be used for holographic THz beam generation. Specifically, we demonstrate the generation of precisely shaped Hermite-Gauss, Top-Hat, and triangular beams. We show that using this method, higher-order modes are completely suppressed, indicating optimal nonlinear diffraction efficiency. In addition, we demonstrate the application of the generated structured beams for obtaining enhanced imaging resolution and contrast. These demonstrations hold immense potential to address challenges associated with a broad range of new applications employing THz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon Sideris
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Hu Zixian
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Guixin Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute
for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
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7
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Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang C, Yang Y, Sun HB. Efficient second- and higher-order harmonic generation from LiNbO 3 metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12926-12932. [PMID: 37465934 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a material that has drawn great interest in nonlinear optics because of its large nonlinear susceptibility and wide transparency window. However, for complex nonlinear processes such as high-harmonic generation (HHG), which involves frequency conversion over a wide frequency range, it can be extremely challenging for a bulk LiNbO3 crystal to fulfill the phase-matching conditions. LiNbO3 metasurfaces with resonantly enhanced nonlinear light-matter interaction at the nanoscale may circumvent such an issue. Here, we experimentally demonstrate efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) and HHG from a LiNbO3 metasurface enhanced by guided-mode resonance. We observe a high normalized SHG efficiency of 5.1 × 10-5 cm2 GW-1. Moreover, with the alleviated above-gap absorption of the material, we demonstrate HHG up to the 7th order with the shortest generated wavelength of 226 nm. This work may provide a pathway towards compact coherent white-light sources with frequency spanning into the deep ultraviolet region for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhaoxi Chen
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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8
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Pettine J, Padmanabhan P, Sirica N, Prasankumar RP, Taylor AJ, Chen HT. Ultrafast terahertz emission from emerging symmetry-broken materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:133. [PMID: 37258515 PMCID: PMC10232484 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical spectroscopies are powerful tools for investigating both static material properties and light-induced dynamics. Terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy has emerged in the past several decades as a versatile method for directly tracking the ultrafast evolution of physical properties, quasiparticle distributions, and order parameters within bulk materials and nanoscale interfaces. Ultrafast optically-induced THz radiation is often analyzed mechanistically in terms of relative contributions from nonlinear polarization, magnetization, and various transient free charge currents. While this offers material-specific insights, more fundamental symmetry considerations enable the generalization of measured nonlinear tensors to much broader classes of systems. We thus frame the present discussion in terms of underlying broken symmetries, which enable THz emission by defining a system directionality in space and/or time, as well as more detailed point group symmetries that determine the nonlinear response tensors. Within this framework, we survey a selection of recent studies that utilize THz emission spectroscopy to uncover basic properties and complex behaviors of emerging materials, including strongly correlated, magnetic, multiferroic, and topological systems. We then turn to low-dimensional systems to explore the role of designer nanoscale structuring and corresponding symmetries that enable or enhance THz emission. This serves as a promising route for probing nanoscale physics and ultrafast light-matter interactions, as well as facilitating advances in integrated THz systems. Furthermore, the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic material symmetries, in addition to hybrid structuring, may stimulate the discovery of exotic properties and phenomena beyond existing material paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Prashant Padmanabhan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nicholas Sirica
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Rohit P Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Deep Science Fund, Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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9
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Minerbi E, Sideris S, Ellenbogen T. Enhancing THz emission from nonlinear metasurfaces by a Bragg perfect absorber. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2853-2856. [PMID: 37262227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.489887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces were demonstrated recently as ultracompact tetrahertz (THz) sources, emitting relatively strong single-cycle THz pulses after femtosecond laser illumination. There has been great progress in their ability to generate controlled THz wavepackets; however, their overall emission strength has not yet been optimized. Here we numerically show that by designing a Bragg assisted perfect absorber we can improve the coupling of the pumping laser to the nonlinear metasurface. This results in over an order of magnitude enhancement of the THz signal. Moreover, we show that this method can be combined with other independent optimization schemes to further enhance the radiated THz, reaching over two orders of magnitude emission enhancement compared with previously studied plasmonic metasurfaces.
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10
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Zhou S, Liu L, Deng Q, Liao S, Xue Q, Chan M. Intercoupling of Cascaded Metasurfaces for Broadband Spectral Scalability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2013. [PMID: 36903131 PMCID: PMC10003925 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurfaces have been intensively used as ultra-compact and easy-to-integrate platforms for versatile wave manipulations from optical to terahertz (THz) and millimeter wave (MMW) ranges. In this paper, the less investigated effects of the interlayer coupling of multiple metasurfaces cascaded in parallel are intensively exploited and leveraged for scalable broadband spectral regulations. The hybridized resonant modes of cascaded metasurfaces with interlayer couplings are well interpreted and simply modeled by the transmission line lumped equivalent circuits, which are used in return to guide the design of the tunable spectral response. In particular, the interlayer gaps and other parameters of double or triple metasurfaces are deliberately leveraged to tune the inter-couplings for as-required spectral properties, i.e., the bandwidth scaling and central frequency shift. As a proof of concept, the scalable broadband transmissive spectra are demonstrated in the millimeter wave (MMW) range by cascading multilayers of metasurfaces sandwiched together in parallel with low-loss dielectrics (Rogers 3003). Finally, both the numerical and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our cascaded model of multiple metasurfaces for broadband spectral tuning from a narrow band centered at 50 GHz to a broadened range of 40~55 GHz with ideal side steepness, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- ACCESS—AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qinling Deng
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaowei Liao
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Quan Xue
- School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mansun Chan
- ACCESS—AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Wang S, Qin W, Zhang S, Lou Y, Liu C, Wu T, He Q, Tian C, Zhou L, Wu Y, Tao Z. Nanoengineered Spintronic-Metasurface Terahertz Emitters Enable Beam Steering and Full Polarization Control. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10111-10119. [PMID: 36512804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for emerging applications at the terahertz frequencies motivates the development of novel and multifunctional devices for the generation and manipulation of terahertz waves. In this work, we report the realization of multifunctional spintronic-metasurface emitters, which allow simultaneous beam-steering and full polarization control over a broadband terahertz beam. This is achieved through engineering individual meta-atoms with nanoscale magnetic heterostructures and, thus, implementing microscopical control over the laser-induced spin and charge dynamics. By arranging the spintronic meta-atoms in the metagrating geometry, the generated terahertz beam can be flexibly steered in space between different orders of diffraction. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simultaneous control over the terahertz polarization states at different emission angles and show that the two control capabilities are mutually independent of each other. The nanoengineered multifunctional terahertz emitter demonstrated in this work can provide a solution to the challenge associated with a growing variety of applications of terahertz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Wentao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yuchen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Changqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Chuanshan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yizheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Zhensheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
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12
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Sideris S, Minerbi E, McDonnell C, Ellenbogen T. THz Radiation Efficiency Enhancement from Metal-ITO Nonlinear Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3981-3986. [PMID: 36573163 PMCID: PMC9782780 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Strong single-cycle THz emission has been demonstrated from nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces, when excited by femtosecond laser pulses. In order to invoke a higher nonlinear response, such metasurfaces have been coupled to thin indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films, which exhibit an epsilon-near zero (ENZ) behavior in the excitation wavelength range and enhance the nonlinear conversion. However, the THz conductivity of the ITO film also reduces the radiation efficiency of the meta-atoms constituting the metasurface. To overcome this, we etch the ITO layer around the plasmonic meta-atoms, which allows harnessing of the enhanced localized fields due to the ENZ behavior of the remaining ITO film, while improving the THz radiation efficiency. We report an increase of more than 1 order of magnitude in the emitted THz spectral power density, while the energy conversion efficiency approaches 10-6. This simple yet very effective fabrication scheme provides important progress toward increasing the range of applications of nonlinear plasmonic metasurface THz emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symeon Sideris
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Eviatar Minerbi
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics &
Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel Aviv6779801, Israel
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13
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Jung H, Hale LL, Gennaro SD, Briscoe J, Iyer PP, Doiron CF, Harris CT, Luk TS, Addamane SJ, Reno JL, Brener I, Mitrofanov O. Terahertz Pulse Generation with Binary Phase Control in Nonlinear InAs Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9077-9083. [PMID: 36367359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of terahertz (THz) pulse generation has revolutionized broadband coherent spectroscopy and imaging at THz frequencies. However, THz pulses typically lack spatial structure, whereas structured beams are becoming essential for advanced spectroscopy applications. Nonlinear optical metasurfaces with nanoscale THz emitters can provide a solution by defining the beam structure at the generation stage. We develop a nonlinear InAs metasurface consisting of nanoscale optical resonators for simultaneous generation and structuring of THz beams. We find that THz pulse generation in the resonators is governed by optical rectification. It is more efficient than in ZnTe crystals, and it allows us to control the pulse polarity and amplitude, offering a platform for realizing binary-phase THz metasurfaces. To illustrate this capability, we demonstrate an InAs metalens, which simultaneously generates and focuses THz pulses. The control of spatiotemporal structure using nanoscale emitters opens doors for THz beam engineering and advanced spectroscopy and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Jung
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Lucy L Hale
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Sylvain D Gennaro
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Jayson Briscoe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Prasad P Iyer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Chloe F Doiron
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C Thomas Harris
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Ting Shan Luk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J Addamane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - John L Reno
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Igal Brener
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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14
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Bensiradj NEH, Yousfi H, Bensiradj T, Ouamerali O. Theoretical investigation of the spectroscopic properties of diatomic systems: ZnTe, ZnTe +, and ZnTe -. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour el Houda Bensiradj
- Faculté de chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Computationnelle et Photonique, Algiers, Algeria
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Houssyen Yousfi
- Faculté de chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Computationnelle et Photonique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Taha Bensiradj
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Science, Team VNets, RIIMA Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ourida Ouamerali
- Faculté de chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Computationnelle et Photonique, Algiers, Algeria
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15
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Minerbi E, Sideris S, Khurgin JB, Ellenbogen T. The Role of Epsilon Near Zero and Hot Electrons in Enhanced Dynamic THz Emission from Nonlinear Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6194-6199. [PMID: 35899937 PMCID: PMC9373027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically and experimentally the nonlinear THz emission from plasmonic metasurfaces and show that a thin indium-tin oxide (ITO) film significantly affects the nonlinear dynamics of the system. Specifically, the presence of the ITO film leads to 2 orders of magnitude stronger THz emission compared to a metasurface on glass. It also shows a different power law, signifying different dominant emission mechanisms. In addition, we find that the hot-electron dynamics in the system strongly modify the coupling between the plasmonic metasurface and the free electrons in the ITO at the picosecond time scale. This results in striking dynamic THz emission phenomena that were not observed to date. Specifically, we show that the generated THz pulse can be shortened in time and thus broadened in frequency with twice the bandwidth compared to previous studies and to an uncoupled system. Our findings open the door to design efficient and dynamic metasurface THz emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eviatar Minerbi
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics &
Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Symeon Sideris
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Jacob B. Khurgin
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
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16
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Hale LL, Jung H, Gennaro SD, Briscoe J, Harris CT, Luk TS, Addamane SJ, Reno JL, Brener I, Mitrofanov O. Terahertz Pulse Generation from GaAs Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1136-1142. [PMID: 35571261 PMCID: PMC9097576 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast optical excitation of select materials gives rise to the generation of broadband terahertz (THz) pulses. This effect has enabled the field of THz time-domain spectroscopy and led to the discovery of many physical mechanisms behind THz generation. However, only a few materials possess the required properties to generate THz radiation efficiently. Optical metasurfaces can relax stringent material requirements by shifting the focus onto the engineering of local electromagnetic fields to boost THz generation. Here we demonstrate the generation of THz pulses in a 160 nm thick nanostructured GaAs metasurface. Despite the drastically reduced volume, the metasurface emits THz radiation with efficiency comparable to that of a thick GaAs crystal. We reveal that along with classical second-order volume nonlinearity, an additional mechanism contributes strongly to THz generation in the metasurface, which we attribute to surface nonlinearity. Our results lay the foundation for engineering of semiconductor metasurfaces for efficient and versatile THz radiation emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L. Hale
- Electronic
and Electrical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Hyunseung Jung
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Sylvain D. Gennaro
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Jayson Briscoe
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C. Thomas Harris
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Ting Shan Luk
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J. Addamane
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - John L. Reno
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Igal Brener
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- Electronic
and Electrical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
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17
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McDonnell C, Deng J, Sideris S, Li G, Ellenbogen T. Terahertz Metagrating Emitters with Beam Steering and Full Linear Polarization Control. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2603-2610. [PMID: 35293750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the realization of broadband THz plasmonic metagrating emitters for simultaneous beam steering and all-optical linear polarization control. Two types of metagratings are designed and experimentally demonstrated. First, the plasmonic meta-atoms are arranged in a metagrating with a binary phase modulation which results in the nonlinear generation of THz waves to the ±1 diffraction orders, with complete suppression of the zeroth order. Complete tunability of the diffracted THz linear polarization direction is demonstrated through simple rotation of the pump polarization. Then, the concept of lateral phase shift is introduced into the design of the metagratings using interlaced phase gradients. By controlling the spatial shift of the submetagrating, we are able to continuously control the linear polarization states of the generated THz waves. This method results in a higher nonlinear diffraction efficiency relative to binary phase modulation. These functional THz metagratings show exciting promise to meet the challenges associated with the current diverse array of applications utilizing THz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac McDonnell
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, 6779801 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Junhong Deng
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Symeon Sideris
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, 6779801 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Guixin Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, 6779801 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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18
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Leon UA, Rocco D, Carletti L, Peccianti M, Maci S, Della Valle G, De Angelis C. THz-photonics transceivers by all-dielectric phonon-polariton nonlinear nanoantennas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4590. [PMID: 35301395 PMCID: PMC8931019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The THz spectrum (spanning from 0.3 to 30 THz) offers the potential of a plethora of applications, ranging from the imaging through non transparent media to wireless-over-fiber communications and THz-photonics. The latter framework would greatly benefit from the development of optical-to-THz wavelength converters. Exploiting Difference Frequency Generation in a nonlinear all dielectric nanoantenna, we propose a compact solution to this problem. By means of a near-infrared pump beam (at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\omega _1$$\end{document}ω1), the information signal in the optical domain (at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\omega _2$$\end{document}ω2) is converted to the THz band (at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\omega _3=\omega _2-\omega _1$$\end{document}ω3=ω2-ω1). The approach is completely transparent with respect to the modulation format, and can be easily integrated in a metasurface platform for simultaneous frequency and spatial moulding of THz beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Arregui Leon
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy. .,National Institute of Optics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Peccianti
- Emergent Photonics Lab (EPic), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Stefano Maci
- Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Della Valle
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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19
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Chen H, Qin Z, Hu T, Chen Z, Zhan P, Wang Z. Dielectric loading method for doubly resonant enhancement of third-harmonic generation from complementary split-ring resonators. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:225204. [PMID: 35180712 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac56bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical response could be greatly enhanced when metasurfaces support plasmonic resonances at both fundamental and harmonic wavelengths. However, it is still challenging to fulfill the doubly resonant condition. Here, we propose a dielectric-loading method, which simply coats a conformal thin dielectric layer onto the plasmonic metasurfaces, to introduce an additional degree of freedom and make the doubly resonant condition easily fulfilled. We demonstrate that by simultaneously tuning the thickness of the coated dielectric layer and the geometrical parameters of the gold complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), the doubly resonant enhancement of third harmonic generation (THG) could be achieved for any given fundamental wavelengths. We also experimentally verify this concept and show that the THG intensity in the dielectric-loaded CSRRs under the doubly resonant condition could be further increased about 3 times as compared with the case of the conventional CSRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofu Qin
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Taozheng Hu
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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20
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Jana K, Okocha E, Møller SH, Mi Y, Sederberg S, Corkum PB. Reconfigurable terahertz metasurfaces coherently controlled by wavelength-scale-structured light. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:787-795. [PMID: 35880004 PMCID: PMC8997698 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structuring light-matter interaction at a deeply subwavelength scale is fundamental to optical metamaterials and metasurfaces. Conventionally, the operation of a metasurface is determined by the collective electric polarization response of its lithographically defined structures. The inseparability of electric polarization and current density provides the opportunity to construct metasurfaces from current elements instead of nanostructures. Here, we realize metasurfaces using structured light rather than structured materials. Using coherent control, we transfer structure from light to transient currents in a semiconductor, which act as a source for terahertz radiation. A spatial light modulator is used to control the spatial structure of the currents and the resulting terahertz radiation with a resolution of 5.6 ± 0.8 μm , or approximately λ / 54 at a frequency of 1 THz. The independence of the currents from any predefined structures and the maturity of spatial light modulator technology enable this metasurface to be reconfigured with unprecedented flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Jana
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Okocha
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Søren H. Møller
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yonghao Mi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shawn Sederberg
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul B. Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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21
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Cheng L, Li H, Lin G, Yan J, Zhang L, Yang C, Tong W, Ren Z, Zhu W, Cong X, Gao J, Tan P, Luo X, sun Y, Zhu W, Sheng Z. Phonon-Related Monochromatic THz Radiation and its Magneto-Modulation in 2D Ferromagnetic Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103229. [PMID: 34716689 PMCID: PMC8728850 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Searching multiple types of terahertz (THz) irradiation source is crucial for the THz technology. In addition to the conventional fermionic cases, bosonic quasi-/particles also promise energy-efficient THz wave emission. Here, by utilizing a 2D ferromagnetic Cr2 Ge2 Te6 crystal, first a phonon-related magneto-tunable monochromatic THz irradiation source is demonstrated. With a low-photonic-energy broadband THz pump, a strong THz irradiation with frequency ≈0.9 THz and bandwidth ≈0.25 THz can be generated and its conversion efficiency could even reach 2.1% at 160 K. Moreover, it is intriguing to find that such monochromatic THz irradiation can be efficiently modulated by external magnetic field below 160 K. According to both experimental and theoretical analyses, the emergent THz irradiation is identified as the emission from the phonon-polariton and its temperature and magnetic field dependent behaviors confirm the large spin-lattice coupling in this 2D ferromagnetic crystal. These observations provide a new route for the creation of tunable monochromatic THz source which may have great practical interests in future applications in photonic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
| | - Huiping Li
- ICQDHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscaleand Key Laboratory of Strongly‐Coupled Quantum Matter PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 96, JinZhai Road, Baohe DistrictHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Gaoting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Jian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Wei Tong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
| | - Zhuang Ren
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
| | - Wang Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
| | - Xin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. A35, QingHua East Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100083China
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Pingheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. A35, QingHua East Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100083China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
| | - Yuping sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHFIPSChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350HefeiAnhui230031China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNo. 22 Hankou Road, Gulou DistrictNanjingJiangsu210093China
| | - Wenguang Zhu
- ICQDHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscaleand Key Laboratory of Strongly‐Coupled Quantum Matter PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaNo. 96, JinZhai Road, Baohe DistrictHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, AnhuiChinese Academy of SciencesShushanhu Road 350Hefei230031China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNo. 22 Hankou Road, Gulou DistrictNanjingJiangsu210093China
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22
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Tong M, Hu Y, He W, Yu XL, Hu S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Ultraefficient Terahertz Emission Mediated by Shift-Current Photovoltaic Effect in Layered Gallium Telluride. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17565-17572. [PMID: 34664931 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Generating terahertz waves using thin-layered materials holds great potential for the realization of integrated terahertz devices. However, previous studies have been limited by restricted radiation intensity and finite efficiency. Exploiting materials with higher efficiency for terahertz emission has attracted increasing interest worldwide. Herein, with visible-light excitation, a thin-layered GaTe film is demonstrated to be a promising emitter of terahertz radiation induced by the shift-current photovoltaic effect. Through theoretical calculations, a transient charge-transfer process resulting from the asymmetric structure of GaTe is shown to be the origin of an ultrafast shift current. Furthermore, it was found that the amplitude of the resulting terahertz signals can be manipulated by both the fluence of the pump laser and the orientation of the sample. Such high emission efficiency from the shift current indicates that the layered material (GaTe) is an excellent candidate for photovoltaics and terahertz emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
| | - Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
| | - Xiang-Long Yu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, PR China
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23
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Lu Y, Feng X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Fang M, Sha WEI, Huang Z, Xu Q, Niu L, Chen X, Ouyang C, Yang Y, Zhang X, Plum E, Zhang S, Han J, Zhang W. Integrated Terahertz Generator-Manipulators Using Epsilon-near-Zero-Hybrid Nonlinear Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7699-7707. [PMID: 34498876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In terahertz (THz) technologies, generation and manipulation of THz waves are two key processes usually implemented by different device modules. Integrating THz generation and manipulation into a single compact device will advance the applications of THz technologies in various fields. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid nonlinear plasmonic metasurface incorporating an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) indium tin oxide (ITO) layer to seamlessly combine efficient generation and manipulation of THz waves across a wide frequency band. The coupling between the plasmonic resonance of the metasurface and the ENZ mode of the ITO thin film enhances the THz conversion efficiency by more than 4 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, such a hybrid device is capable of shaping the polarization and wavefront of the emitted THz beam via the engineered nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phases of the plasmonic meta-atoms. The presented hybrid nonlinear metasurface opens a new avenue toward miniaturized integrated THz devices and systems with advanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi Feng
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Wei E I Sha
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xieyu Chen
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunmei Ouyang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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24
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Hale LL, Harris CT, Luk TS, Addamane SJ, Reno JL, Brener I, Mitrofanov O. Highly efficient terahertz photoconductive metasurface detectors operating at microwatt-level gate powers. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3159-3162. [PMID: 34197405 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their wide use in terahertz (THz) research and technology, the application spectra of photoconductive antenna (PCA) THz detectors are severely limited due to the relatively high optical gating power requirement. This originates from poor conversion efficiency of optical gate beam photons to photocurrent in materials with sub-picosecond carrier lifetimes. Here we show that using an ultra-thin (160 nm), perfectly absorbing low-temperature grown GaAs metasurface as the photoconductive channel drastically improves the efficiency of THz PCA detectors. This is achieved through perfect absorption of the gate beam in a significantly reduced photoconductive volume, enabled by the metasurface. This Letter demonstrates that sensitive THz PCA detection is possible using optical gate powers as low as 5 µW-three orders of magnitude lower than gating powers used for conventional PCA detectors. We show that significantly higher optical gate powers are not necessary for optimal operation, as they do not improve the sensitivity to the THz field. This class of efficient PCA THz detectors opens doors for THz applications with low gate power requirements.
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25
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Liu Y, Bai Z, Xu Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Li H, Sun T, Kong R, Pandey C, Kraft M, Song Q, Zhao W, Nie T, Wen L. Generation of tailored terahertz waves from monolithic integrated metamaterials onto spintronic terahertz emitters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:105201. [PMID: 33217749 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcc98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently emerging spintronic terahertz (THz) emitters, featuring many appreciable merits such as low-cost, high efficiency, ultrabroadband, and ease of integration, offer multifaceted capabilities not only in understanding the fundamental ultrafast magnetism physics but also for exploring multifarious practical applications. Integration of various flexible and tunable functions at the source such as polarization manipulation, amplitude tailoring, phase modulation, and radiation beam steering with the spintronic THz emitters and their derivatives can yield more compact and elegant devices. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic metamaterial integrated onto a W/CoFeB/Pt THz nanoemitter for a purpose-designed functionality of the electromagnetically induced transparency analog. Through elaborate engineering the asymmetry degree and geometric parameters of the metamaterial structure, we successfully verified the feasibility of monolithic modulations for the radiated THz waves. The integrated device was eventually compared with a set of stand-alone metamaterial positioning scenarios, and the negligible frequency difference between two of the positioning schemes further manifests almost an ideal realization of the proposed monolithic integrated metamaterial device with a spintronic THz emitter. We believe that such adaptable and scalable devices may make valuable contributions to the designable spintronic THz devices with pre-shaping THz waves and enable chip-scale spintronic THz optics, sensing, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshan Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Bai
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Helin Li
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - RuRu Kong
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chandan Pandey
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Kraft
- ESAT-MICAS, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qinglin Song
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Zhao
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiao Nie
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianggong Wen
- School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute, Qingdao Research Institute, Beihang University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230013, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang Y, Li K, Zhao H. Intense terahertz radiation: generation and application. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:4-36. [PMID: 36637780 PMCID: PMC9743905 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Strong terahertz (THz) radiation provides a powerful tool to manipulate and control complex condensed matter systems. This review provides an overview of progress in the generation, detection, and applications of intense THz radiation. The tabletop intense THz sources based on Ti:sapphire laser are reviewed, including photoconductive antennas (PCAs), optical rectification sources, plasma-based THz sources, and some novel techniques for THz generations, such as topological insulators, spintronic materials, and metasurfaces. The coherent THz detection methods are summarized, and their limitations for intense THz detection are analyzed. Applications of intense THz radiation are introduced, including applications in spectroscopy detection, nonlinear effects, and switching of coherent magnons. The review is concluded with a short perspective on the generation and applications of intense THz radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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27
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Luo L, Cheng D, Song B, Wang LL, Vaswani C, Lozano PM, Gu G, Huang C, Kim RHJ, Liu Z, Park JM, Yao Y, Ho K, Perakis IE, Li Q, Wang J. A light-induced phononic symmetry switch and giant dissipationless topological photocurrent in ZrTe 5. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:329-334. [PMID: 33462464 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissipationless currents from topologically protected states are promising for disorder-tolerant electronics and quantum computation. Here, we photogenerate giant anisotropic terahertz nonlinear currents with vanishing scattering, driven by laser-induced coherent phonons of broken inversion symmetry in a centrosymmetric Dirac material ZrTe5. Our work suggests that this phononic terahertz symmetry switching leads to formation of Weyl points, whose chirality manifests in a transverse, helicity-dependent current, orthogonal to the dynamical inversion symmetry breaking axis, via circular photogalvanic effect. The temperature-dependent topological photocurrent exhibits several distinct features: Berry curvature dominance, particle-hole reversal near conical points and chirality protection that is responsible for an exceptional ballistic transport length of ~10 μm. These results, together with first-principles modelling, indicate two pairs of Weyl points dynamically created by B1u phonons of broken inversion symmetry. Such phononic terahertz control breaks ground for coherent manipulation of Weyl nodes and robust quantum transport without application of static electric or magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Boqun Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chirag Vaswani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P M Lozano
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - G Gu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Chuankun Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard H J Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joong-Mok Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yongxin Yao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kaiming Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ilias E Perakis
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures hold promise for the realization of ultra-thin sub-wavelength devices, reducing power operating thresholds and enabling nonlinear optical functionality in metasurfaces. However, this promise is substantially undercut by absorption introduced by resistive losses, causing the metasurface community to turn away from plasmonics in favour of alternative material platforms (e.g., dielectrics) that provide weaker field enhancement, but more tolerable losses. Here, we report a plasmonic metasurface with a quality-factor (Q-factor) of 2340 in the telecommunication C band by exploiting surface lattice resonances (SLRs), exceeding the record by an order of magnitude. Additionally, we show that SLRs retain many of the same benefits as localized plasmonic resonances, such as field enhancement and strong confinement of light along the metal surface. Our results demonstrate that SLRs provide an exciting and unexplored method to tailor incident light fields, and could pave the way to flexible wavelength-scale devices for any optical resonating application.
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29
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Stolt T, Kim J, Héron S, Vesala A, Yang Y, Mun J, Kim M, Huttunen MJ, Czaplicki R, Kauranen M, Rho J, Genevet P. Backward Phase-Matched Second-Harmonic Generation from Stacked Metasurfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:033901. [PMID: 33543948 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.033901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate phase-matched second-harmonic generation (SHG) from three-dimensional metamaterials consisting of stacked metasurfaces. To achieve phase matching, we utilize a novel mechanism based on phase engineering of the metasurfaces at the interacting wavelengths, facilitating phase-matched SHG in the unconventional backward direction. Stacking up to five metasurfaces,we obtain a phase-matched SHG signal, which scales superlinearly with the number of layers. Our results motivate further investigations to achieve higher conversion efficiencies also with more complex wave fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stolt
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Héron
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Anna Vesala
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikko J Huttunen
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Robert Czaplicki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Martti Kauranen
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
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30
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Jia W, Liu M, Lu Y, Feng X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Ni Y, Hu F, Gong M, Xu X, Huang Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, Han J. Broadband terahertz wave generation from an epsilon-near-zero material. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:11. [PMID: 33414366 PMCID: PMC7790823 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Broadband light sources emitting in the terahertz spectral range are highly desired for applications such as noninvasive imaging and spectroscopy. Conventionally, THz pulses are generated by optical rectification in bulk nonlinear crystals with millimetre thickness, with the bandwidth limited by the phase-matching condition. Here we demonstrate broadband THz emission via surface optical rectification from a simple, commercially available 19 nm-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film. We show an enhancement of the generated THz signal when the pump laser is tuned around the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) region of ITO due to the pump laser field enhancement associated with the ENZ effect. The bandwidth of the THz signal generated from the ITO film can be over 3 THz, unrestricted by the phase-matching condition. This work offers a new possibility for broadband THz generation in a subwavelength thin film made of an ENZ material, with emerging physics not found in existing nonlinear crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongchang Lu
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yibo Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Futai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinlong Xu
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for THz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Functional THz emitters based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase nonlinear metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:30. [PMID: 33397951 PMCID: PMC7782718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the science and technology of THz waves show promise for a wide variety of important applications in material inspection, imaging, and biomedical science amongst others. However, this promise is impeded by the lack of sufficiently functional THz emitters. Here, we introduce broadband THz emitters based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase nonlinear metasurfaces, which exhibit unique optical functionalities. Using these new emitters, we experimentally demonstrate tunable linear polarization of broadband single cycle THz pulses, the splitting of spin states and THz frequencies in the spatial domain, and the generation of few-cycle pulses with temporal polarization dispersion. Finally, we apply the ability of spin control of THz waves to demonstrate circular dichroism spectroscopy of amino acids. Altogether, we achieve nanoscale and all-optical control over the phase and polarization states of the emitted THz waves. The enormous application potential of THz waves demands for precise control of THz pulse generation. Here, the authors present a nonlinear metasurface that enables tunable linear polarized few cycle THz pulses.
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32
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Tal M, Keren-Zur S, Ellenbogen T. Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurface Terahertz Emitters for Compact Terahertz Spectroscopy Systems. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:3286-3290. [PMID: 33363248 PMCID: PMC7754514 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces provide new and promising means to produce broadband terahertz (THz) radiation, due to their compact size and functionalities beyond those achievable with conventional THz emitters. However, they were driven to date only by amplified laser systems, which are expensive and have a large footprint, thus limiting the range of their potential applications. Here we study for the first time the possibility to drive metasurface emitters by low-energy near-infrared femtosecond pulses. We observe broadband THz emission from 40 nm thick metasurfaces and achieve near-infrared to THz conversion efficiencies as high as those of 2500-fold thicker ZnTe crystals. We characterize the THz emission properties and use the metasurface emitter to perform a spectroscopic measurement of α-lactose monohydrate. These results show that nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces are suitable for integration as emitters in existing compact THz spectroscopy and imaging systems, enhancing their functionalities, and opening the door for a variety of new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tal
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Shay Keren-Zur
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light−Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv
University, Tel-Aviv 6779801, Israel
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33
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Kim HS, Ha NY, Park JY, Lee S, Kim DS, Ahn YH. Phonon-Polaritons in Lead Halide Perovskite Film Hybridized with THz Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6690-6696. [PMID: 32786930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated a phonon-polariton in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, generated in a crystallized lead halide perovskite film coated on metamaterials. When the metamaterial resonance was in tune with the phonon resonance of the perovskite film, Rabi splitting occurred due to the strong coupling between the resonances. The Rabi splitting energy was about 1.1 meV, which is larger than the metamaterial and phonon resonance line widths; the interaction potential estimation confirmed that the strong coupling regime was reached successfully. We were able to tune the polaritonic branches by varying the metamaterial resonance, thereby obtaining the dispersion curve with a clear anticrossing behavior. Additionally, we performed in situ THz spectroscopy as we annealed the perovskite film and studied the Rabi splitting as a function of the films' crystallization coverage. The Rabi splitting versus crystallization volume fraction exhibited a unique power-law scaling, depending on the crystal growth dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Na Young Ha
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Soonil Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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34
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Fan RH, Xiong B, Peng RW, Wang M. Constructing Metastructures with Broadband Electromagnetic Functionality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904646. [PMID: 31692147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic metastructures stand for the artificial structures with a characteristic size smaller than the wavelength, which may efficiently manipulate the states of light. However, their applications are often restricted by the bandwidth of the electromagnetic response of the metastructures. It is therefore essential to reassert the principles in constructing broadband electromagnetic metastructures. Herein, after summarizing the conventional approaches for achieving broadband electromagnetic functionality, some recent developments in realizing broadband electromagnetic response by dispersion compensation, nonresonant effects, and several trade-off approaches are reviewed, followed by some perspectives for the future development of broadband metamaterials. It is anticipated that broadband metastructures will have even more substantial applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hao Fan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ru-Wen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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35
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Tong J, Suo F, Tobing LYM, Yao N, Zhang D, Huang Z, Zhang DH. High Order Magnetic and Electric Resonant Modes of Split Ring Resonator Metasurface Arrays for Strong Enhancement of Mid-Infrared Photodetection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8835-8844. [PMID: 31933365 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integration of photonic nanostructures with optoelectrical semiconductors offers great potential of developing high sensitivity and multifunctional photodetectors enabled by enhanced light-matter interactions. Split ring resonator (SRR) array which resonates at different resonant modes, including fundamental magnetic mode (m0), high order magnetic mode (m1), and electric (e) mode has been investigated because of the high potential for different applications. In this work, we study photodetection enhancement of these resonant modes of U-shape SRR arrays in the mid-infrared (2-5 μm) range and report, for the first time, the strong enhancement of photodetection by superimposition of m1 and e modes in an integrated photodetector consisting of a U-shape SRR array and an InAsSb-based heterojunction photodiode. We observe that the m1 mode in the SRR array shows the strongest enhancement of photocurrent, sequentially followed by the e and m0 modes. Using superimposed m1 and e modes, about an order of enhancement in room temperature detectivity (to about 2.0 × 1010 Jones) is achieved under zero-power-supply without sacrificing the response speed. In addition, polarization-resolved photoresponse between m1 and e modes and tunable enhancement of photoresponse are also demonstrated. The remarkable enhancement makes mid-infrared photodetection possible to operate at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Tong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Fei Suo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Landobasa Y M Tobing
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Niangjuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yu Tian Road , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Jungong Road , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yu Tian Road , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Dao Hua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
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36
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Jeong J, Kim D, Seo M, Kim DS. Strongly Localized ohmic Absorption of Terahertz Radiation in Nanoslot Antennas. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:9062-9068. [PMID: 31710500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ohmic absorption of light is an indication of a light-matter interaction within metals, where many interesting phenomena and application potentials can be found. To realize the ohmic absorption of light at long wavelengths, where metals are highly reflective, one can use a metamaterial absorber design to concentrate the electromagnetic field within a thin metal film. This concept has enabled thinning of perfect absorbers from a quarter-wave thickness to several tens of nanometers, greatly improving the utility and efficiency of light-metal interactions. Further improvements on the performance are expected if the absorption can be additionally focused laterally, which is a possibility not yet explored. In this study, we report that nanoslot antennas can be a unique ohmic absorber of the low-frequency radiations, where it can incorporate 70% of incident light to ohmic absorption, focused laterally onto 1% of the unit cell area. The inductive field that drives both field enhancement and ohmic absorption is localized within a skin depth distance from the slots with amplitude being as large as 30% of the incident field. Mode-matching calculations and terahertz spectroscopy measurements confirm the inductive and localized nature of the absorption. The strong confinement of the inductive field and of the resulting ohmic absorption is expected to open a new venue in nanocalorimetry, optical nonlinearities of metals, and bolometer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoon Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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37
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Beer A, Hershkovitz D, Fleischer S. Iris-assisted terahertz field-induced second-harmonic generation in air. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5190-5193. [PMID: 31674964 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz field-induced second-harmonic generation (TFISH) is a technique for optical detection of broadband THz fields. We show that by placing an iris at the interaction volume of the THz and optical fields, the TFISH signal increases by several tenfold in atmospheric air. The iris-assisted TFISH amplification is characterized at varying air pressures and probe intensities and provides an elegant platform for studying nonlinear phase matching in the gas phase.
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38
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Minerbi E, Keren-Zur S, Ellenbogen T. Nonlinear Metasurface Fresnel Zone Plates for Terahertz Generation and Manipulation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6072-6077. [PMID: 31356744 PMCID: PMC6746046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a nanoengineered nonlinear metasurface based optical element that acts as an emitting Fresnel zone plate of terahertz (THz) waves. We show that the nonlinear zone plate generates broadband THz radiation and focuses each generated frequency on a different focal point along the optical axis. Therefore, a narrow beam waist and spectral selectivity of both the bandwidth and central frequency are achieved. Furthermore, we measure and analyze the temporal structure of the focused THz electric field and show that it comprises of few cycles with an axially varying carrier frequency in agreement with the calculated dispersion of the zone plate. This demonstration of controlled emission and focusing of THz waves opens the door for the development of a wide variety of additional holographic metasurface-based THz emitters and can lead to the development of efficient, active, integrated, and ultracompact optical devices for the THz spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eviatar Minerbi
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Center for Light-Matter
Interaction, and Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of
Physics & Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- E-mail:
| | - Shay Keren-Zur
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Center for Light-Matter
Interaction, and Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of
Physics & Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Center for Light-Matter
Interaction, and Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of
Physics & Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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39
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Ultrathin and Electrically Tunable Metamaterial with Nearly Perfect Absorption in Mid-Infrared. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metamaterials integrated with graphene exhibit tremendous freedom in tailoring their optical properties, particularly in the infrared region, and are desired for a wide range of applications, such as thermal imaging, cloaking, and biosensing. In this article, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate an ultrathin (total thickness < λ 0 / 15 ) and electrically tunable mid-infrared perfect absorber based on metal–insulator–metal (MIM) structured metamaterials. The Q-values of the absorber can be tuned through two rather independent parameters, with geometrical structures of metamaterials tuning radiation loss (Qr) of the system and the material loss (tanδ) to further change mainly the intrinsic loss (Qa). This concise mapping of the structural and material properties to resonant mode loss channels enables a two-stage optimization for real applications: geometrical design before fabrication and then electrical tuning as a post-fabrication and fine adjustment knob. As an example, our device demonstrates an electrical and on-site tuning of ~5 dB change in absorption near the perfect absorption region. Our work provides a general guideline for designing and realizing tunable infrared devices and may expand the applications of perfect absorbers for mid-infrared sensors, absorbers, and detectors in extreme spatial-limited circumstances.
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40
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Keren-Zur S, Ellenbogen T. Direct space to time terahertz pulse shaping with nonlinear metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20837-20847. [PMID: 31510172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for the generation of THz pulses with tailored temporal shape from nonlinear metasurfaces. The method is based on single-cycle THz emission by the metasurface inclusions. We show that the spatial amplitude and phase structure of the nonlinear response is mapped to the temporal shape of pulses emitted at certain angles. We specifically show a method for reconstruction of desired pulses, generation of few-cycles pulses with tailored carrier-envelope and all-optical control over the pulse shape by the pump pulse characteristics.
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41
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Sideris S, Ellenbogen T. Terahertz generation in parallel plate waveguides activated by nonlinear metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3590-3593. [PMID: 31305579 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present an extended Maxwell-Hydrodynamic model of free electron dynamics on metal-dielectric interfaces that allows us to study numerically the THz emission from nonlinear metasurfaces. This model is applied on a metasurface consisting of split ring resonators, which has been previously studied and shown to produce broadband terahertz (THz) radiation. Investigations of the emitted THz radiation as function of the duration of the excitation laser reveal a tuning mechanism in terms of both spectral peak position and intensity. We also use the model to propose a new metasurface-activated waveguide platform that efficiently generates THz waveguide modes. Tunability mechanisms of the generated THz are shown. Due to its unique characteristics, we believe that this new platform might play a major role in forthcoming THz applications.
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42
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Generation of spatiotemporally tailored terahertz wavepackets by nonlinear metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1778. [PMID: 30992447 PMCID: PMC6467996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed an ever-growing number of emerging applications that utilize terahertz (THz) waves, ranging from advanced biomedical imaging, through novel security applications, fast wireless communications, and new abilities to study and control matter in all of its phases. The development and deployment of these emerging technologies is however held back, due to a substantial lack of simple methods for efficient generation, detection and manipulation of THz waves. Recently it was shown that uniform nonlinear metasurfaces can efficiently generate broadband single-cycle THz pulses. Here we show that judicious engineering of the single-emitters that comprise the metasurface, enables to obtain unprecedented control of the spatiotemporal properties of the emitted THz wavepackets. We specifically demonstrate generation of propagating spatiotemporal quadrupole and few-cycles THz pulses with engineered angular dispersion. Our results place nonlinear metasurfaces as a new promising tool for generating application-tailored THz fields with controlled spatial and temporal characteristics. While the terahertz range has become increasingly important for a wide range of applications, efficient sources with bespoke output characteristics are still lacking. Here, Keren-Zur et al. show that engineering of a metasurface’s individual elements allows control of the spatiotemporal properties of the emitted terahertz radiation.
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43
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Nan J, Li M, Zhang L, Yuan S, He B, Zeng H. Terahertz and Photoelectron Emission from Nanoporous Gold Films on Semiconductors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030419. [PMID: 30871029 PMCID: PMC6474000 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient terahertz and photoelectron emission were observed from nano-porous gold (NPG) films deposited on an intrinsic gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor substrate stimulated by femtosecond laser with pulse width of 60 fs. Time-domain THz emission and reflection spectroscopy confirmed that the free charges accelerated by irradiated femtosecond laser pulses transferred from the NPG films into the GaAs substrates. Accordingly, charges accumulation was reduced in the NPG films, resulting in a stronger emission of THz pulse than that from NPG films deposited on SiO2 substrate. Charges injected into the GaAs substrate enforced an observable decrease of the THz refractive index proportional to the intensity of incident light. In comparison, for NPG deposited on glass substrates, laser induced free charges were accumulated in the NPG films, and femtosecond laser pulses irradiating on the NPG films made no changes of the THz refractive index of the glass substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Nan
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Boqu He
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Heping Zeng
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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44
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Takano K, Asai M, Kato K, Komiyama H, Yamaguchi A, Iyoda T, Tadokoro Y, Nakajima M, Bakunov MI. Terahertz emission from gold nanorods irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses of different wavelengths. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3280. [PMID: 30824828 PMCID: PMC6397179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron photoemission and ponderomotive acceleration by surface enhanced optical fields is considered as a plausible mechanism of terahertz radiation from metallic nanostructures under ultrafast laser excitation. To verify this mechanism, we studied experimentally terahertz emission from an array of gold nanorods illuminated by intense (~10-100 GW/cm2) femtosecond pulses of different central wavelengths (600, 720, 800, and 1500 nm). We found for the first time that the order of the dependence of the terahertz fluence on the laser intensity is, unexpectedly, almost the same (~4.5-4.8) for 720, 800, and 1500 nm and somewhat higher (~6.6) for 600 nm. The results are explained by tunneling currents driven by plasmonically enhanced laser field. In particular, the pump-intensity dependence of the terahertz fluence is more consistent with terahertz emission from the sub-cycle bursts of the tunneling current rather than with the ponderomotive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan.
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Motoki Asai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosaku Kato
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideaki Komiyama
- JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Material Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-Cho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akihisa Yamaguchi
- JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Material Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-Cho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Iyoda
- JST-ERATO Iyoda Supra-Integrated Material Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-Cho, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tadokoro
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michael I Bakunov
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
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Fang M, Shen NH, Sha WEI, Huang Z, Koschny T, Soukoulis CM. Nonlinearity in the Dark: Broadband Terahertz Generation with Extremely High Efficiency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:027401. [PMID: 30720328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.027401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces offer new opportunities in developing high performance terahertz emitters and detectors beyond the limitations of conventional nonlinear materials. However, simple meta-atoms for second-order nonlinear applications encounter fundamental trade-offs in the necessary symmetry breaking and local-field enhancement due to radiation damping that is inherent to the operating resonant mode and cannot be controlled separately. Here we present a novel concept that eliminates this restriction obstructing the improvement of terahertz generation efficiency in nonlinear metasurfaces based on metallic nanoresonators. This is achieved by combining a resonant dark-state metasurface, which locally drives nonlinear nanoresonators in the near field, with a specific spatial symmetry that enables destructive interference of the radiating linear moments of the nanoresonators, and perfect absorption via simultaneous electric and magnetic critical coupling of the pump radiation to the dark mode. Our proposal allows eliminating linear radiation damping, while maintaining constructive interference and effective radiation of the nonlinear components. We numerically demonstrate a giant second-order nonlinear susceptibility ∼10^{-11} m/V, a one order improvement compared with the previously reported split-ring-resonator metasurface, and correspondingly, a 2 orders of magnitude enhanced terahertz energy extraction should be expected with our configuration under the same conditions. Our study offers a paradigm of high efficiency tunable nonlinear metadevices and paves the way to revolutionary terahertz technologies and optoelectronic nanocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Nian-Hai Shen
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Wei E I Sha
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Thomas Koschny
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Costas M Soukoulis
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Lasers (IESL), FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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46
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Blechman Y, Almeida E, Sain B, Prior Y. Optimizing the Nonlinear Optical Response of Plasmonic Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:261-268. [PMID: 30540907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the nonlinear optical response of nanoscale metamaterials opens new exciting applications such as frequency conversion or flat metal optical elements. To utilize the already well-developed fabrication methods, a systematic design methodology for obtaining high nonlinearities is required. In this paper we consider an optimization-based approach, combining a multiparameter genetic algorithm with three-dimensional finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. We investigate two choices of the optimization function: one which looks for plasmonic resonance enhancements at the frequencies of the process using linear FDTD, and another one, based on nonlinear FDTD, which directly computes the predicted nonlinear response. We optimize a four-wave-mixing process with specific predefined input frequencies in an array of rectangular nanocavities milled in a thin free-standing gold film. Both approaches yield a significant enhancement of the nonlinear signal. Although the direct calculation gives rise to the maximum possible signal, the linear optimization provides the expected triply resonant configuration with almost the same enhancement, while being much easier to implement in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Blechman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Euclides Almeida
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Basudeb Sain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Yehiam Prior
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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47
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Yang X, Luo L, Mootz M, Patz A, Bud'ko SL, Canfield PC, Perakis IE, Wang J. Nonequilibrium Pair Breaking in Ba(Fe_{1-x}Co_{x})_{2}As_{2} Superconductors: Evidence for Formation of a Photoinduced Excitonic State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:267001. [PMID: 30636131 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.267001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast terahertz (THz) pump-probe spectroscopy reveals an unusual out-of-equilibrium Cooper pair nonlinear dynamics and a nonequilibrium state driven by femtosecond (fs) photoexcitation of superconductivity (SC) in iron pnictides. Following fast SC quench via hot-phonon scattering, a second, abnormally slow (many hundreds of picoseconds), SC quench regime is observed prior to any recovery. Importantly, a nonlinear pump fluence dependence is identified for this remarkably long prebottleneck dynamics that are sensitive to both doping and temperature. Using quantum kinetic modeling we argue that the buildup of excitonic interpocket correlation between electron-hole (e-h) quasiparticles (QP) quenches SC after fs photoexcitation leading to a long-lived, many-QP excitonic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - L Luo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - M Mootz
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1170, USA
| | - A Patz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - S L Bud'ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - P C Canfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - I E Perakis
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1170, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Ames Laboratory-U.S. DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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48
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Wang C, Li X, Huang Y, Xu W, Zhou R, Wang R, Xie L, Ying Y. Metallic mesh devices-based terahertz parallel-plate resonators: characteristics and applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24992-25002. [PMID: 30469607 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The capability to design, fabricate, and optimize metamaterials based on various structures and material platforms has been crucial for the rapid development of modern terahertz (THz) technology. While the detailed structures of artificial unit cells within a metamaterial is certainly worth investigating, there has been increasing demand to integrate novel metamaterials with a traditional functional photonic device to form a hybrid device, whose performance is so significantly improved as to be promising for real-world applications. In this study, we proposed, for the first time, a THz parallel-plate resonator based on metallic mesh devices (MMDs) for chemical sensing applications. We studied the influences of various structural parameters through simulations, fabricated MMD-based resonator devices, and fully characterized the device performance through THz spectroscopy experiments. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrated that our device can detect a doxycycline hydrochloride aqueous solution whose concentrations is as low as 1 mg L-1 through resonance frequency shifts, evidencing the device sensitivity capable of delicate chemical sensing tasks. Our work presents a practical and low cost architecture for chemical sensing using THz radiation, which opens new avenues for numerous useful THz devices based on metamaterials.
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49
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Fang M, Niu K, Huang Z, Sha WEI, Wu X, Koschny T, Soukoulis CM. Investigation of broadband terahertz generation from metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14241-14250. [PMID: 29877464 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear metamaterials have been shown to provide nonlinear properties with high nonlinear conversion efficiency and in a myriad of light manipulation. Here we study terahertz generation from nonlinear metasurface consisting of single layer nanoscale split-ring resonator array. The terahertz generation due to optical rectification by the second-order nonlinearity of the split-ring resonator is investigated by a time-domain implementation of the hydrodynamic model for electron dynamics in metal. The results show that the nonlinear metasurface enables us to generate broadband terahertz radiation and free from quasi-phase-matching conditions. The proposed scheme provides a new concept of broadband THz source and designing nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials.
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50
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Xu W, Xie L, Ying Y. Mechanisms and applications of terahertz metamaterial sensing: a review. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13864-13878. [PMID: 28895970 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03824k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technology has attracted great worldwide interest and novel high-intensity THz sources and plasmonics are two of the most active fields of recent research. Being situated between infrared light and microwave radiation, the absorption of THz rays in molecular and biomolecular systems is dominated by the excitation of intramolecular and intermolecular vibrations. This indicates that THz technology is an effective tool for sensing applications. However, the low sensitivity of free-space THz detection limits the sensing applications, which gives a great opportunity to metamaterials. Metamaterials are periodic artificial electromagnetic media structured with a size scale smaller than the wavelength of external stimuli. They present localized electric field enhancement and large values of quality factor (Q factor) and show high sensitivity to minor environment changes. In the present work, the mechanism of THz metamaterial sensing and dry sample and microfluidic sensing applications based on metamaterials are introduced. Moreover, new directions of THz metamaterial sensing advancement and introduction of two-dimensional materials and nanoparticles for future THz applications are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendao Xu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
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