1
|
A Comprehensive Review on Amplification of Laser Pulses via Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Plasmas. PLASMA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-intensity lasers has grown ever since the invention of lasers in 1960, owing to their applications in the fields of inertial confinement fusion, plasma-based relativistic particle accelerators, complex X-ray and gamma-ray sources, and laboratory astrophysics. To create such high-intensity lasers, free-running lasers were either Q-switched or mode-locked to increase the peak power to the gigawatt range. Later, chirped pulse amplification was developed, allowing the generation of peak power up to 1012 W. However, the next generation of high-intensity lasers might not be able to be driven by the solid-state technology alone as they are already operating close to their damage thresholds. In this scenario, concepts of amplification based on plasmas has the potential to revolutionize the laser industry, as plasma is already a broken-down medium, and hence does not pose any problems related to the damage thresholds. On the other hand, there are many other aspects that need to be addressed before developing technologies based on plasma-based amplification, and they are being investigated via theoretical and numerical methods and supported by several experiments. In this report, we review the prospects of employing plasma as the medium of amplification by utilising stimulated scattering techniques, such as the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) techniques, to modulate high-power laser pulses, which would possibly be the key to the next generation of high-power lasers. The 1980s saw the commencement of research in this field, and possibilities of obtaining high peak powers were verified theoretically with the help of numerical calculations and simulations. The extent of amplification by these stimulated scattering schemes are limited by a number of instabilities such as forward Raman scattering (FRS), filamentation, etc., and here, magnetised plasma played an important role in counteracting these parasitic effects. The current research combines all these factors to experimentally realise a large-scale plasma-based amplifier, which can impact the high-energy laser industry in the near future.
Collapse
|
2
|
Edwards MR, Shi Y, Mikhailova JM, Fisch NJ. Laser Amplification in Strongly Magnetized Plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:025001. [PMID: 31386488 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider backscattering of laser pulses in strongly magnetized plasma mediated by kinetic magnetohydrodynamic waves. Magnetized low-frequency (MLF) scattering, which can occur when the external magnetic field is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the laser propagation direction, provides an instability growth rate higher than Raman scattering and a frequency downshift comparable to Brillouin scattering. In addition to the high growth rate, which allows smaller plasmas, and the 0.1%-2% frequency downshift, which permits a wide range of pump sources, MLF scattering is an ideal candidate for amplification because the process supports an exceptionally large bandwidth, which particle-in-cell simulations show produces ultrashort durations. Under some conditions, MLF scattering also becomes the dominant spontaneous backscatter instability, with implications for magnetized laser-confinement experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
John RA, Liu F, Chien NA, Kulkarni MR, Zhu C, Fu Q, Basu A, Liu Z, Mathews N. Synergistic Gating of Electro-Iono-Photoactive 2D Chalcogenide Neuristors: Coexistence of Hebbian and Homeostatic Synaptic Metaplasticity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800220. [PMID: 29726076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emulation of brain-like signal processing with thin-film devices can lay the foundation for building artificially intelligent learning circuitry in future. Encompassing higher functionalities into single artificial neural elements will allow the development of robust neuromorphic circuitry emulating biological adaptation mechanisms with drastically lesser neural elements, mitigating strict process challenges and high circuit density requirements necessary to match the computational complexity of the human brain. Here, 2D transition metal di-chalcogenide (MoS2 ) neuristors are designed to mimic intracellular ion endocytosis-exocytosis dynamics/neurotransmitter-release in chemical synapses using three approaches: (i) electronic-mode: a defect modulation approach where the traps at the semiconductor-dielectric interface are perturbed; (ii) ionotronic-mode: where electronic responses are modulated via ionic gating; and (iii) photoactive-mode: harnessing persistent photoconductivity or trap-assisted slow recombination mechanisms. Exploiting a novel multigated architecture incorporating electrical and optical biases, this incarnation not only addresses different charge-trapping probabilities to finely modulate the synaptic weights, but also amalgamates neuromodulation schemes to achieve "plasticity of plasticity-metaplasticity" via dynamic control of Hebbian spike-time dependent plasticity and homeostatic regulation. Coexistence of such multiple forms of synaptic plasticity increases the efficacy of memory storage and processing capacity of artificial neuristors, enabling design of highly efficient novel neural architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Abraham John
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Fucai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Nguyen Anh Chien
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Mohit R Kulkarni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Chao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Qundong Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Arindam Basu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Nripan Mathews
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Edwards MR, Mikhailova JM, Fisch NJ. X-ray amplification by stimulated Brillouin scattering. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:023209. [PMID: 28950593 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.023209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based parametric amplification using stimulated Brillouin scattering offers a route to coherent x-ray pulses orders of magnitude more intense than those of the brightest available sources. Brillouin amplification permits amplification of shorter wavelengths with lower pump intensities than Raman amplification, which Landau and collisional damping limit in the x-ray regime. Analytic predictions, numerical solutions of the three-wave-coupling equations, and particle-in-cell simulations suggest that Brillouin amplification in solid-density plasmas will allow compression of current x-ray free-electron laser pulses to subfemtosecond durations and unprecedented intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Julia M Mikhailova
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Depierreux S, Neuville C, Baccou C, Tassin V, Casanova M, Masson-Laborde PE, Borisenko N, Orekhov A, Colaitis A, Debayle A, Duchateau G, Heron A, Huller S, Loiseau P, Nicolaï P, Pesme D, Riconda C, Tran G, Bahr R, Katz J, Stoeckl C, Seka W, Tikhonchuk V, Labaune C. Experimental Investigation of the Collective Raman Scattering of Multiple Laser Beams in Inhomogeneous Plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:235002. [PMID: 27982626 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have been performed evidencing significant stimulated Raman sidescattering (SRS) at large angles from the density gradient. This was achieved in long scale-length high-temperature plasmas in which two beams couple to the same scattered electromagnetic wave further demonstrating for the first time this multiple-beam collective SRS interaction. The collective nature of the coupling and the amplification at large angles from the density gradient increase the global SRS losses and produce light scattered in novel directions out of the planes of incidence of the beams. These findings obtained in plasmas conditions relevant of inertial confinement fusion experiments similarly apply to the more complex geometry of these experiments where anomalously large levels of SRS were measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Baccou
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - V Tassin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | | | - N Borisenko
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A Orekhov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - A Colaitis
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Debayle
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - G Duchateau
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Heron
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - S Huller
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - P Loiseau
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - P Nicolaï
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - D Pesme
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - C Riconda
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - G Tran
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - R Bahr
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - V Tikhonchuk
- University of Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, F-33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - C Labaune
- LULI, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barth I, Toroker Z, Balakin AA, Fisch NJ. Beyond nonlinear saturation of backward Raman amplifiers. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:063210. [PMID: 27415380 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.063210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Backward Raman amplification is limited by relativistic nonlinear dephasing resulting in saturation of the leading spike of the amplified pulse. Pump detuning is employed to mitigate the relativistic phase mismatch and to overcome the associated saturation. The amplified pulse can then be reshaped into a monospike pulse with little precursory power ahead of it, with the maximum intensity increasing by a factor of two. This detuning can be employed advantageously both in regimes where the group velocity dispersion is unimportant and where the dispersion is important but small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Barth
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Zeev Toroker
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexey A Balakin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhnii Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malkin VM, Toroker Z, Fisch NJ. Exceeding the leading spike intensity and fluence limits in backward Raman amplifiers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:063110. [PMID: 25615208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The leading amplified spike in backward Raman amplifiers can reach nearly relativistic intensities before the saturation by the relativistic electron nonlinearity. The saturation sets an upper limit to the largest achievable leading spike intensity. It is shown here that this limit can be substantially exceeded by the initially subdominant spikes, which surprisingly outgrow the leading spike after its nonlinear saturation. Furthermore, an initially negligible group velocity dispersion of the amplified pulse in strongly undercritical plasma appears to be capable of delaying the longitudinal filamentation instability in the nonlinear saturation regime. This enables further amplification of the pulse to even larger output fluences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Malkin
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Z Toroker
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - N J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|