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Cai X, Wang Y, Cao Y, Yang W, Xia T, Li W. Flexural-Mode Piezoelectric Resonators: Structure, Performance, and Emerging Applications in Physical Sensing Technology, Micropower Systems, and Biomedicine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3625. [PMID: 38894417 PMCID: PMC11175270 DOI: 10.3390/s24113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric material-based devices have garnered considerable attention from scientists and engineers due to their unique physical characteristics, resulting in numerous intriguing and practical applications. Among these, flexural-mode piezoelectric resonators (FMPRs) are progressively gaining prominence due to their compact, precise, and efficient performance in diverse applications. FMPRs, resonators that utilize one- or two-dimensional piezoelectric materials as their resonant structure, vibrate in a flexural mode. The resonant properties of the resonator directly influence its performance, making in-depth research into the resonant characteristics of FMPRs practically significant for optimizing their design and enhancing their performance. With the swift advancement of micro-nano electronic technology, the application range of FMPRs continues to broaden. These resonators, representing a domain of piezoelectric material application in micro-nanoelectromechanical systems, have found extensive use in the field of physical sensing and are starting to be used in micropower systems and biomedicine. This paper reviews the structure, working principle, resonance characteristics, applications, and future prospects of FMPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Cai
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yiqin Wang
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Wenyu Yang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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2
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Miller AB, Rodriguez FH, Langenbucher A, Lin L, Bray C, Duquette S, Zhang Y, Goulet D, Lane AA, Weinstock DM, Hemann MT, Manalis SR. Leukemia circulation kinetics revealed through blood exchange method. Commun Biol 2024; 7:483. [PMID: 38643279 PMCID: PMC11032325 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukemias and their bone marrow microenvironments undergo dynamic changes over the course of disease. However, little is known about the circulation kinetics of leukemia cells, nor the impact of specific factors on the clearance of circulating leukemia cells (CLCs) from the blood. To gain a basic understanding of CLC dynamics over the course of disease progression and therapeutic response, we apply a blood exchange method to mouse models of acute leukemia. We find that CLCs circulate in the blood for 1-2 orders of magnitude longer than solid tumor circulating tumor cells. We further observe that: (i) leukemia presence in the marrow can limit the clearance of CLCs in a model of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and (ii) CLCs in a model of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can clear faster than their untreated counterparts. Our approach can also directly quantify the impact of microenvironmental factors on CLC clearance properties. For example, data from two leukemia models suggest that E-selectin, a vascular adhesion molecule, alters CLC clearance. Our research highlights that clearance rates of CLCs can vary in response to tumor and treatment status and provides a strategy for identifying basic processes and factors that govern the kinetics of circulating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Miller
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Felicia H Rodriguez
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam Langenbucher
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Computation and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina Bray
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Duquette
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan Goulet
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Scott R Manalis
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Kaisar T, Yousuf SMEH, Lee J, Qamar A, Rais-Zadeh M, Mandal S, Feng PXL. Five Low-Noise Stable Oscillators Referenced to the Same Multimode AlN/Si MEMS Resonator. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2023; 70:1213-1228. [PMID: 37669212 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3312159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental demonstration of five self-sustaining feedback oscillators referenced to a single multimode resonator, using piezoelectric aluminum nitride on silicon (AlN/Si) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Integrated piezoelectric transduction enables efficient readout of five resonance modes of the same AlN/Si MEMS resonator, at 10, 30, 65, 95, and 233 MHz with quality ( Q ) factors of 18 600, 4350, 4230, 2630, and 2138, respectively, at room temperature. Five stable self-sustaining oscillators are built, each referenced to one of these high- Q modes, and their mode-dependent phase noise and frequency stability (Allan deviation) are measured and analyzed. The 10, 30, 65, 95, and 233 MHz oscillators exhibit low phase noise of -116, -100, -105, -106, and -92 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset frequency, respectively. The 65 MHz oscillator yields the Allan deviation of 4×10-9 and 2×10-7 at 1 and 1000 s averaging time, respectively. The 10 MHz oscillator's low phase noise holds strong promise for clock and timing applications. The five oscillators' overall promising performance suggests suitability for multimode resonant sensing and real-time frequency tracking. This work also elucidates mode dependency in oscillator noise and stability, one of the key attributes of mode-engineerable resonators.
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Dynamical response and noise limit of a parametrically pumped microcantilever sensor in a Phase-Locked Loop. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2157. [PMID: 36750591 PMCID: PMC9905076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the response of a digitally controlled and parametrically pumped microcantilever used for sensing in a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). We develop an analytical model for its dynamical response and obtain an explicit dependence on the rheological parameters of the surrounding viscous medium. Linearization of this model allows to find improved responsivity to density variations in the case of parametric suppression. Experiments with a commercial microcantilever validate the model, but also reveal an increase of frequency noise in the PLL associated with the parametric gain and phase, which, in most cases, restricts the attainable limit of detection. The noise in open-loop is studied by measuring the random fluctuations of the noise-driven deflection of the microcantilever, and a model for the power spectral density of amplitude, phase and frequency noises is discussed and used to explain the frequency fluctuations in the closed-loop PLL. This work concludes that parametric pumping in a PLL does not improve the sensing performance in applications requiring detecting frequency shifts.
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Kimmerling RJ, Stevens MM, Olcum S, Minnah A, Vacha M, LaBella R, Ferri M, Wasserman SC, Fujii J, Shaheen Z, Sundaresan S, Ribadeneyra D, Jayabalan DS, Agte S, Aleman A, Criscitiello JA, Niesvizky R, Luskin MR, Parekh S, Rosenbaum CA, Tamrazi A, Reid CA. A pipeline for malignancy and therapy agnostic assessment of cancer drug response using cell mass measurements. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1295. [PMID: 36435843 PMCID: PMC9701192 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional precision medicine offers a promising complement to genomics-based cancer therapy guidance by testing drug efficacy directly on a patient's tumor cells. Here, we describe a workflow that utilizes single-cell mass measurements with inline brightfield imaging and machine-learning based image classification to broaden the clinical utility of such functional testing for cancer. Using these image-curated mass measurements, we characterize mass response signals for 60 different drugs with various mechanisms of action across twelve different cell types, demonstrating an improved ability to detect response for several slow acting drugs as compared with standard cell viability assays. Furthermore, we use this workflow to assess drug responses for various primary tumor specimen formats including blood, bone marrow, fine needle aspirates (FNA), and malignant fluids, all with reports generated within two days and with results consistent with patient clinical responses. The combination of high-resolution measurement, broad drug and malignancy applicability, and rapid return of results offered by this workflow suggests that it is well-suited to performing clinically relevant functional assessment of cancer drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juanita Fujii
- Department of Clinical Research, Dignity Health, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Zayna Shaheen
- Department of Clinical Research, Dignity Health, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Srividya Sundaresan
- Department of Clinical Research, Dignity Health, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarita Agte
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Aleman
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Marlise R Luskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anobel Tamrazi
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Redwood City, CA, USA
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Asano M, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto H. Free-access optomechanical liquid probes using a twin-microbottle resonator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2502. [PMID: 36322654 PMCID: PMC9629741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics provides high-performance sensor technology, and the scheme is also applicable to liquid samples for biological and rheological applications. However, previously reported methods using fluidic capillary channels and liquid droplets are based on fixed-by-design structures and therefore do not allow an active free access to the samples. Here, we demonstrate an alternate technique using a probe-based architecture with a twin-microbottle resonator. The probe consists of two microbottle optomechanical resonators, where one bottle (for detection) is immersed in liquid and the other bottle (for readout) is placed in air, which retains excellent detection performance through the high optical Q (~107) of the readout bottle. The scheme allows the detection of thermomechanical motion of the detection bottle as well as optomechanical drive and frequency tracking with a phase-locked loop. This technique could lead to in situ metrology at the target location in arbitrary media and could be extended to ultrasensitive biochips and rheometers.
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7
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Ko J, Khan F, Nam Y, Lee BJ, Lee J. Nanomechanical Sensing Using Heater-Integrated Fluidic Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7768-7775. [PMID: 35980246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanochannel resonators have been used to measure cells, suspended nanoparticles, or liquids, primarily at or near room temperature while their high temperature operation can offer promising applications such as calorimetric measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. To date, global electrothermal or local photothermal heating mechanisms have been attempted for channel resonators, but both approaches are intrinsically limited by a narrow temperature modulation range, slow heating/cooling, less quantitative heating, or time-consuming optical alignment. Here, we introduce heater-integrated fluidic resonators (HFRs) that enable fast, quantitative, alignment-free, and wide-range temperature modulation and simultaneously offer resistive thermometry and resonant densitometry. HFRs with or without a dispensing nozzle are fabricated, thoroughly characterized, and used for high throughput thermophysical properties measurements, microchannel boiling studies, and atomized spray dispensing. The HFR, without a doubt, opens a new avenue for nanoscale thermal analysis and processing and further encourages the integration of additional functions into channel resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Faheem Khan
- Life Analytical Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6B 2N2, Canada
| | - Youngsuk Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Bong Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jungchul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Center for Extreme Thermal Physics and Manufacturing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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8
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Daryani MM, Manzaneque T, Wei J, Ghatkesar MK. Measuring nanoparticles in liquid with attogram resolution using a microfabricated glass suspended microchannel resonator. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:92. [PMID: 36051745 PMCID: PMC9424202 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles has been growing in various industrial fields, and concerns about their effects on health and the environment have been increasing. Hence, characterization techniques for nanoparticles are essential. Here, we present a silicon dioxide microfabricated suspended microchannel resonator (SMR) to measure the mass and concentration of nanoparticles in a liquid as they flow. We measured the mass detection limits of the device using laser Doppler vibrometry. This limit reached a minimum of 377 ag that correspond to a 34 nm diameter gold nanoparticle or a 243 nm diameter polystyrene particle, when sampled every 30 ms. We compared the fundamental limits of the measured data with an ideal noiseless measurement of the SMR. Finally, we measured the buoyant mass of gold nanoparticles in real-time as they flowed through the SMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mollaie Daryani
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tomás Manzaneque
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Murali Krishna Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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Lewis CL, Senecal AG, Wiederoder MS, Lewis BM. Differentiating Live Versus Dead Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria With and Without Oxidative Stress Using Buoyant Mass Measurements. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ko J, Jeong J, Son S, Lee J. Cellular and biomolecular detection based on suspended microchannel resonators. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:367-382. [PMID: 34616583 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs) have been developed to measure the buoyant mass of single micro-/nanoparticles and cells suspended in a liquid. They have significantly improved the mass resolution with the aid of vacuum packaging and also increased measurement throughput by fast resonance frequency tracking while target objects travel through the microchannel without stopping or even slowing down. Since their invention, various biological applications have been enabled, including simultaneous measurements of cell growth and cell cycle progression, and measurements of disease associated physicochemical change, to name a few. Extension and advancement towards other promising applications with SMRs are continuously ongoing by adding multiple functionalities or incorporating other complementary analytical metrologies. In this paper, we will thoroughly review the development history, basic and advanced operations, and key applications of SMRs to introduce them to researchers working in biological and biomedical sciences who mostly rely on classical and conventional methodologies. We will also provide future perspectives and projections for SMR technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daehak-ro 291, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewoo Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daehak-ro 291, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sukbom Son
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daehak-ro 291, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jungchul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daehak-ro 291, Daejeon, South Korea
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Stockslager MA, Malinowski S, Touat M, Yoon JC, Geduldig J, Mirza M, Kim AS, Wen PY, Chow KH, Ligon KL, Manalis SR. Functional drug susceptibility testing using single-cell mass predicts treatment outcome in patient-derived cancer neurosphere models. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109788. [PMID: 34610309 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional precision medicine aims to match individual cancer patients to optimal treatment through ex vivo drug susceptibility testing on patient-derived cells. However, few functional diagnostic assays have been validated against patient outcomes at scale because of limitations of such assays. Here, we describe a high-throughput assay that detects subtle changes in the mass of individual drug-treated cancer cells as a surrogate biomarker for patient treatment response. To validate this approach, we determined ex vivo response to temozolomide in a retrospective cohort of 69 glioblastoma patient-derived neurosphere models with matched patient survival and genomics. Temozolomide-induced changes in cell mass distributions predict patient overall survival similarly to O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and may aid in predictions in gliomas with mismatch-repair variants of unknown significance, where MGMT is not predictive. Our findings suggest cell mass is a promising functional biomarker for cancers and drugs that lack genomic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Stockslager
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Malinowski
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Touat
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer C Yoon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jack Geduldig
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahnoor Mirza
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annette S Kim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kin-Hoe Chow
- Center for Patient-Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Patient-Derived Models, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Rotational dynamics often challenge physical intuition while enabling unique realizations, from the rotor of a gyroscope that maintains its orientation regardless of the outer gimbals, to a tennis racket that rotates around its handle when tossed face-up in the air. In the context of inertial sensing, which can measure mass with atomic precision, rotational dynamics are normally considered a complication hindering measurement interpretation. Here, we exploit the rotational dynamics of a microfluidic device to develop a modality in inertial sensing. Combining theory with experiments, we show that this modality measures the volume of a rigid particle while normally being insensitive to its density. Paradoxically, particle density only emerges when fluid viscosity becomes dominant over inertia. We explain this paradox via a viscosity-driven, hydrodynamic coupling between the fluid and the particle that activates the rotational inertia of the particle, converting it into a ‘viscous flywheel’. This modality now enables the simultaneous measurement of particle volume and mass in fluid, using a single, high-throughput measurement. Balances for nanoparticles such as resonating fluid-filled cantilevers usually probe only mass through changes in oscillation frequency. Katsikis and Collis et al. tap information from previously ignored rotational motion to simultaneously measure particle mass and volume.
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13
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Collis JF, Olcum S, Chakraborty D, Manalis SR, Sader JE. Measurement of Navier Slip on Individual Nanoparticles in Liquid. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4959-4965. [PMID: 34110825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Navier slip condition describes the motion of a liquid relative to a neighboring solid surface, with its characteristic Navier slip length being a constitutive property of the solid-liquid interface. Measurement of this slip length is complicated by its small magnitude, expected to be in the nanometer range based on molecular simulations. Here, we report an experimental technique that interrogates the Navier slip length on individual nanoparticles immersed in liquid with subnanometer precision. Proof-of-principle experiments on individual, citrate-stabilized, gold nanoparticles in water give a constant slip length of 2.7 ± 0.6 nm (95% C.I.), independent of particle size. Achieving this feature of size independence is central to any measurement of this constitutive property, which is facilitated through the use of individual particles of varying radii. This demonstration motivates studies that can now validate the wealth of existing molecular simulation data on slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse F Collis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debadi Chakraborty
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John E Sader
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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14
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Shi JX, Lei XW, Natsuki T. Review on Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Nano-Mass and Nano-Force Sensors by Theoretical Analysis of Vibration Behavior. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051907. [PMID: 33803252 PMCID: PMC7967185 DOI: 10.3390/s21051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene sheets (GSs), and carbyne, are an important new class of technological materials, and have been proposed as nano-mechanical sensors because of their extremely superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. The present work reviews the recent studies of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-force and nano-mass sensors using mechanical analysis of vibration behavior. The mechanism of the two kinds of frequency-based nano sensors is firstly introduced with mathematical models and expressions. Afterward, the modeling perspective of carbon nanomaterials using continuum mechanical approaches as well as the determination of their material properties matching with their continuum models are concluded. Moreover, we summarize the representative works of CNTs/GSs/carbyne-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors and overview the technology for future challenges. It is hoped that the present review can provide an insight into the application of carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mechanical sensors. Showing remarkable results, carbon nanomaterials-based nano-mass and nano-force sensors perform with a much higher sensitivity than using other traditional materials as resonators, such as silicon and ZnO. Thus, more intensive investigations of carbon nanomaterials-based nano sensors are preferred and expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Shi
- Department of Production Systems Engineering and Sciences, Komatsu University, Nu 1-3 Shicyomachi, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-8511, Japan;
| | - Xiao-Wen Lei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Toshiaki Natsuki
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi 386-8567, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
- Correspondence:
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15
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Performance of Quad Mass Gyroscope in the Angular Rate Mode. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030266. [PMID: 33806651 PMCID: PMC7998781 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the characterization and analysis of a silicon micromachined Quad Mass Gyroscope (QMG) in the rate mode of operation are presented. We report on trade-offs between full-scale, linearity, and noise characteristics of QMGs with different Q-factors. Allan Deviation (ADEV) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis methods were used to evaluate the performance results. The devices in this study were instrumented for the rate mode of operation, with the Open-Loop (OL) and Force-to-Rebalance (FRB) configurations of the sense mode. For each method of instrumentation, we presented constraints on selection of control parameters with respect to the Q-factor of the devices. For the high Q-factor device of over 2 million, and uncompensated frequency asymmetry of 60 mHz, we demonstrated bias instability of 0.095∘/hr and Angle Random Walk (ARW) of 0.0107∘/hr in the OL mode of operation and bias instability of 0.065∘/hr and ARW of 0.0058∘/hr in the FRB mode of operation. We concluded that in a realistic MEMS gyroscope with imperfections (nearly matched, but non-zero frequency asymmetry), a higher Q-factor would increase the frequency stability of the drive axis resulting in an improved noise performance, but has challenges in implementation of digital control loops.
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16
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Yubero ML, García-López S, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Hydrodynamic assisted multiparametric particle spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3535. [PMID: 33574415 PMCID: PMC7878870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-time analysis of single analytes in flow is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology. In this work, we theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate hydrodynamic focusing with hollow nanomechanical resonators by using an interferometric system which allows the optical probing of flowing particles and tracking of the fundamental mechanical mode of the resonator. We have characterized the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles, which will determine their velocity depending on their diameter. By using the parameters simultaneously acquired: frequency shift, velocity and reflectivity, we can unambiguously classify flowing particles in real-time, allowing the measurement of the mass density: 1.35 ± 0.07 g·mL-1 for PMMA and 1.7 ± 0.2 g·mL-1 for silica particles, which perfectly agrees with the nominal values. Once we have tested our technique, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells are characterized (1.11 ± 0.08 g·mL-1) with high throughput (300 cells/minute) observing a dependency with their size, opening the door for individual cell cycle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina L Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Kartanas T, Levin A, Toprakcioglu Z, Scheidt T, Hakala TA, Charmet J, Knowles TPJ. Label-Free Protein Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography with Gravimetric Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2848-2853. [PMID: 33507064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of proteins in a label-free manner under native solution conditions is an increasingly important objective in analytical bioscience platform development. Common approaches to detect native proteins in solution often require specific labels to enhance sensitivity. Dry mass sensing approaches, by contrast, using mechanical resonators, can operate in a label-free manner and offer attractive sensitivity. However, such approaches typically suffer from a lack of analyte selectivity as the interface between standard protein separation techniques and micro-resonator platforms is often constrained by qualitative mechanical sensor performance in the liquid phase. Here, we describe a strategy that overcomes this limitation by coupling liquid chromatography with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) platform by using a microfluidic spray dryer. We explore a strategy which allows first to separate a protein mixture in a physiological buffer solution using size exclusion chromatography, permitting specific protein fractions to be selected, desalted, and subsequently spray-dried onto the QCM for absolute mass analysis. By establishing a continuous flow interface between the chromatography column and the spray device via a flow splitter, simultaneous protein mass detection and sample fractionation is achieved, with sensitivity down to a 100 μg/mL limit of detection. This approach for quantitative label-free protein mixture analysis offers the potential for detection of protein species under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kartanas
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tom Scheidt
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tuuli A Hakala
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K
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18
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Microcantilever: Dynamical Response for Mass Sensing and Fluid Characterization. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010115. [PMID: 33375431 PMCID: PMC7795892 DOI: 10.3390/s21010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A microcantilever is a suspended micro-scale beam structure supported at one end which can bend and/or vibrate when subjected to a load. Microcantilevers are one of the most fundamental miniaturized devices used in microelectromechanical systems and are ubiquitous in sensing, imaging, time reference, and biological/biomedical applications. They are typically built using micro and nanofabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and can involve microelectronics-related materials, polymeric materials, and biological materials. This work presents a comprehensive review of the rich dynamical response of a microcantilever and how it has been used for measuring the mass and rheological properties of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids in real time, in ever-decreasing space and time scales, and with unprecedented resolution.
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19
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Particle Detection and Characterization for Biopharmaceutical Applications: Current Principles of Established and Alternative Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111112. [PMID: 33228023 PMCID: PMC7699340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and characterization of particles in the visible and subvisible size range is critical in many fields of industrial research. Commercial particle analysis systems have proliferated over the last decade. Despite that growth, most systems continue to be based on well-established principles, and only a handful of new approaches have emerged. Identifying the right particle-analysis approach remains a challenge in research and development. The choice depends on each individual application, the sample, and the information the operator needs to obtain. In biopharmaceutical applications, particle analysis decisions must take product safety, product quality, and regulatory requirements into account. Biopharmaceutical process samples and formulations are dynamic, polydisperse, and very susceptible to chemical and physical degradation: improperly handled product can degrade, becoming inactive or in specific cases immunogenic. This article reviews current methods for detecting, analyzing, and characterizing particles in the biopharmaceutical context. The first part of our article represents an overview about current particle detection and characterization principles, which are in part the base of the emerging techniques. It is very important to understand the measuring principle, in order to be adequately able to judge the outcome of the used assay. Typical principles used in all application fields, including particle–light interactions, the Coulter principle, suspended microchannel resonators, sedimentation processes, and further separation principles, are summarized to illustrate their potentials and limitations considering the investigated samples. In the second part, we describe potential technical approaches for biopharmaceutical particle analysis as some promising techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), micro flow imaging (MFI), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), flow cytometry, and the space- and time-resolved extinction profile (STEP®) technology.
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20
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Pooser RC, Savino N, Batson E, Beckey JL, Garcia J, Lawrie BJ. Truncated Nonlinear Interferometry for Quantum-Enhanced Atomic Force Microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:230504. [PMID: 32603167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.230504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear interferometers that replace beam splitters in Mach-Zehnder interferometers with nonlinear amplifiers for quantum-enhanced phase measurements have drawn increasing interest in recent years, but practical quantum sensors based on nonlinear interferometry remain an outstanding challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first practical application of nonlinear interferometry by measuring the displacement of an atomic force microscope microcantilever with quantum noise reduction of up to 3 dB below the standard quantum limit, corresponding to a quantum-enhanced measurement of beam displacement of 1.7 fm/sqrt[Hz]. Further, we minimize photon backaction noise while taking advantage of quantum noise reduction by transducing the cantilever displacement signal with a weak squeezed state while using dual homodyne detection with a higher power local oscillator. This approach may enable quantum-enhanced broadband, high-speed scanning probe microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Pooser
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - N Savino
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - E Batson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J L Beckey
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- JILA, University of Colorado/NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J Garcia
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - B J Lawrie
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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21
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Zhang P, Bachman H, Ozcelik A, Huang TJ. Acoustic Microfluidics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:17-43. [PMID: 32531185 PMCID: PMC7415005 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-090919-102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic microfluidic devices are powerful tools that use sound waves to manipulate micro- or nanoscale objects or fluids in analytical chemistry and biomedicine. Their simple device designs, biocompatible and contactless operation, and label-free nature are all characteristics that make acoustic microfluidic devices ideal platforms for fundamental research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Herein, we summarize the physical principles underlying acoustic microfluidics and review their applications, with particular emphasis on the manipulation of macromolecules, cells, particles, model organisms, and fluidic flows. We also present future goals of this technology in analytical chemistry and biomedical research, as well as challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09010, Turkey;
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
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22
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Gagino M, Katsikis G, Olcum S, Virot L, Cochet M, Thuaire A, Manalis SR, Agache V. Suspended Nanochannel Resonator Arrays with Piezoresistive Sensors for High-Throughput Weighing of Nanoparticles in Solution. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1230-1238. [PMID: 32233476 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the use of nanoparticles is expanding in many industrial sectors, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics among others, flow-through characterization techniques are often required for in-line metrology. Among the parameters of interest, the concentration and mass of nanoparticles can be informative for yield, aggregates formation or even compliance with regulation. The Suspended Nanochannel Resonator (SNR) can offer mass resolution down to the attogram scale precision in a flow-through format. However, since the readout has been based on the optical lever, operating more than a single resonator at a time has been challenging. Here we present a new architecture of SNR devices with piezoresistive sensors that allows simultaneous readout from multiple resonators. To enable this architecture, we push the limits of nanofabrication to create implanted piezoresistors of nanoscale thickness (∼100 nm) and implement an algorithm for designing SNRs with dimensions optimized for maintaining attogram scale precision. Using 8-in. processing technology, we fabricate parallel array SNR devices which contain ten resonators. While maintaining a precision similar to that of the optical lever, we demonstrate a throughput of 40 000 particles per hour-an order of magnitude improvement over a single device with an analogous flow rate. Finally, we show the capability of the SNR array device for measuring polydisperse solutions of gold particles ranging from 20 to 80 nm in diameter. We envision that SNR array devices will open up new possibilities for nanoscale metrology by measuring not only synthetic but also biological nanoparticles such as exosomes and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gagino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Politecnico di Torino, 10138 Torino, Italy
- Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, 38031 Grenoble, France
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Travera, 700 North Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leopold Virot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Cochet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélie Thuaire
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Scott R. Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Agache
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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23
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, García-López S, Yubero ML, Kosaka PM, San Paulo Á, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Mechano-Optical Analysis of Single Cells with Transparent Microcapillary Resonators. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3325-3332. [PMID: 31782299 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of biophysical properties of single cells is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology and pathology. The measurement and tracking of magnitudes such as cell stiffness, morphology, and mass or refractive index have brought otherwise inaccessible knowledge about cell physiology, as well as innovative methods for high-throughput label-free cell classification. In this work, we present hollow resonator devices based on suspended glass microcapillaries for the simultaneous measurement of single-cell buoyant mass and reflectivity with a throughput of 300 cells/minute. In the experimental methodology presented here, both magnitudes are extracted from the devices' response to a single probe, a focused laser beam that enables simultaneous readout of changes in resonance frequency and reflected optical power of the devices as cells flow within them. Through its application to MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-10A nontumorigenic cells, we demonstrate that this mechano-optical technique can successfully discriminate pathological from healthy cells of the same tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina L. Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Ko J, Lee D, Lee BJ, Kauh SK, Lee J. Micropipette Resonator Enabling Targeted Aspiration and Mass Measurement of Single Particles and Cells. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3275-3282. [PMID: 31762257 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports micropipette resonators, mechanical resonator-integrated micropipettes, which enable selective aspiration and mass measurement of particles or cells suspended in liquids with two orthogonal vibration modes. A custom pipette pulling system is built to provide power-modulated linear heating on a rotating glass capillary to make an asymmetric cross section with extended uniformity.A glass capillary is stretched with the custom puller, cut within the pulled region, polished, mounted on a machined metallic jig, and then coated with a metal. As a result, a doubly clamped tube resonator-integrated micropipette is made. For simultaneous frequency readouts of two orthogonal modes, an optical pickup, originally developed for optical data storage, is configured closely above and properly aligned to the micropipette resonator and two digital phase-locked loops are employed. For mass responsivity calibration, frequency shifts of the micropipette resonator are measured with various liquids and glass microparticles. Buoyant masses of unicellular organisms, Paramecium aurelia, freely swimming in a culture dish are successfully measured with two orthogonal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | | | - Sang Ken Kauh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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25
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Stockslager MA, Olcum S, Knudsen SM, Kimmerling RJ, Cermak N, Payer KR, Agache V, Manalis SR. Rapid and high-precision sizing of single particles using parallel suspended microchannel resonator arrays and deconvolution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:085004. [PMID: 31472632 PMCID: PMC6716975 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the size of micron-scale particles plays a central role in the biological sciences and in a wide range of industrial processes. A variety of size parameters, such as particle diameter, volume, and mass, can be measured using electrical and optical techniques. Suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs) are microfluidic devices that directly measure particle mass by detecting a shift in resonance frequency as particles flow through a resonating microcantilever beam. While these devices offer high precision for sizing particles by mass, throughput is fundamentally limited by the small dimensions of the resonator and the limited bandwidth with which changes in resonance frequency can be tracked. Here, we introduce two complementary technical advancements that vastly increase the throughput of SMRs. First, we describe a deconvolution-based approach for extracting mass measurements from resonance frequency data, which allows an SMR to accurately measure a particle's mass approximately 16-fold faster than previously possible, increasing throughput from 120 particles/min to 2000 particles/min for our devices. Second, we describe the design and operation of new devices containing up to 16 SMRs connected fluidically in parallel and operated simultaneously on the same chip, increasing throughput to approximately 6800 particles/min without significantly degrading precision. Finally, we estimate that future systems designed to combine both of these techniques could increase throughput by nearly 200-fold compared to previously described SMR devices, with throughput potentially as high as 24 000 particles/min. We envision that increasing the throughput of SMRs will broaden the range of applications for which mass-based particle sizing can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Stockslager
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Scott M. Knudsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert J. Kimmerling
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nathan Cermak
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristofor R. Payer
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Lee BJ, Lee J. Beyond mass measurement for single microparticles via bimodal operation of microchannel resonators. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-019-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Kang JH, Miettinen TP, Chen L, Olcum S, Katsikis G, Doyle PS, Manalis SR. Noninvasive monitoring of single-cell mechanics by acoustic scattering. Nat Methods 2019; 16:263-269. [PMID: 30742041 PMCID: PMC6420125 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring mechanics of the same cell throughout the cell cycle has been hampered by the invasiveness of mechanical measurements. Here, we quantify mechanical properties via acoustic scattering of waves from a cell inside a fluid-filled vibrating cantilever with a temporal resolution of <1 min. Through simulations, experiments with hydrogels and chemically perturbed cells, we show that our readout, the size-normalized acoustic scattering (SNACS), measures stiffness. We demonstrate the noninvasiveness of SNACS over successive cell cycles using measurements that result in < 15 nm deformations. Cells maintain constant SNACS throughout interphase but exhibit dynamic changes during mitosis. Our work provides a basis for understanding how growing cells maintain mechanical integrity and demonstrates that acoustic scattering can non-invasively probe subtle and transient dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Kang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Teemu P Miettinen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lynna Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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28
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Jaber N, Hafiz MAA, Kazmi SNR, Hasan MH, Alsaleem F, Ilyas S, Younis MI. Efficient Excitation of Micro/Nano Resonators and Their Higher Order Modes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:319. [PMID: 30670731 PMCID: PMC6342917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and flexible technique to efficiently activate micro/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) resonators at their fundamental and higher order vibration modes. The method is based on the utilization of the amplified voltage across an inductor, L, of an LC tank resonant circuit to actuate the MEMS/NEMS resonator. By matching the electrical and mechanical resonances, significant amplitude amplification is reported across the resonators terminals. We show experimentally amplitude amplification up to twelve times, which is demonstrated to efficiently excite several vibration modes of a microplate MEMS resonator and the fundamental mode of a NEMS resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jaber
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A A Hafiz
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - S N R Kazmi
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Hasan
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68182-0816, USA
| | - F Alsaleem
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68182-0816, USA
| | - S Ilyas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Younis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Han K, Suh J, Bahl G. Optomechanical non-contact measurement of microparticle compressibility in liquids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31908-31916. [PMID: 30650770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput label-free measurements of the optical and mechanical properties of single microparticles play an important role in biological research, drug development, and related large population assays. However, mechanical detection techniques that rely on the density contrast of a particle with respect to its environment cannot sense neutrally bouyant particles. On the other hand, neutrally buoyant particles may still have a high compressibility contrast with respect to their environment, opening a new window to their detection and analysis. Here we present a label-free high-throughput approach for measuring the compressibility (bulk modulus) of freely flowing microparticles by means of resonant measurements in an opto-mechano-fluidic resonator.
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30
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Roy SK, Sauer VTK, Westwood-Bachman JN, Venkatasubramanian A, Hiebert WK. Improving mechanical sensor performance through larger damping. Science 2018; 360:360/6394/eaar5220. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonances are used in a wide variety of devices, from smartphone accelerometers to computer clocks and from wireless filters to atomic force microscopes. Frequency stability, a critical performance metric, is generally assumed to be tantamount to resonance quality factor (the inverse of the linewidth and of the damping). We show that the frequency stability of resonant nanomechanical sensors can be improved by lowering the quality factor. At high bandwidths, quality-factor reduction is completely mitigated by increases in signal-to-noise ratio. At low bandwidths, notably, increased damping leads to better stability and sensor resolution, with improvement proportional to damping. We confirm the findings by demonstrating temperature resolution of 60 microkelvin at 300-hertz bandwidth. These results open the door to high-performance ultrasensitive resonators in gaseous or liquid environments, single-cell nanocalorimetry, nanoscale gas chromatography, atmospheric-pressure nanoscale mass spectrometry, and new approaches in crystal oscillator stability.
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31
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Kelleci M, Aydogmus H, Aslanbas L, Erbil SO, Hanay MS. Towards microwave imaging of cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:463-472. [PMID: 29244051 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Integrated detection techniques that can characterize the morphological properties of cells are needed for the widespread use of lab-on-a-chip technology. Herein, we establish a theoretical and experimental framework to use resonant microwave sensors in their higher order modes so that the morphological properties of analytes inside a microfluidic channel can be obtained electronically. We built a phase-locked loop system that can track the first two modes of a microstrip line resonator to detect the size and location of microdroplets and cells passing through embedded microfluidic channels. The attained resolution, expressed in terms of Allan deviation at the response time, is as small as 2 × 10-8 for both modes. Additionally, simulations were performed to show that sensing with higher order modes can yield the geometrical volume, effective permittivity, two-dimensional extent, and the orientation of analytes. The framework presented here makes it possible to develop a novel type of microscope that operates at the microwave band, i.e., a radar for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kelleci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey.
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32
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Kartanas T, Ostanin V, Challa PK, Daly R, Charmet J, Knowles TP. Enhanced Quality Factor Label-free Biosensing with Micro-Cantilevers Integrated into Microfluidic Systems. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11929-11936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kartanas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Ostanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Pavan Kumar Challa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Daly
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P.J. Knowles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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33
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Experimental evidence of Fano resonances in nanomechanical resonators. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1065. [PMID: 28432315 PMCID: PMC5430710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fano resonance refers to an interference between localized and continuum states that was firstly reported for atomic physics and solid-state quantum devices. In recent years, Fano interference gained more and more attention for its importance in metamaterials, nanoscale photonic devices, plasmonic nanoclusters and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Despite such interest in nano-optics, no experimental evidence of Fano interference was reported up to now for purely nanomechanical resonators, even if classical mechanical analogies were referred from a theoretical point of view. Here we demonstrate for the first time that harmonic nanomechanical resonators with relatively high quality factors, such as cantilevers vibrating in vacuum, can show characteristic Fano asymmetric curves when coupled in arrays. The reported findings open new perspectives in fundamental aspects of classical nanomechanical resonators and pave the way to a new generation of chemical and biological nanoresonator sensors with higher parallelization capability.
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34
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Kim H, Shin DH, McAllister K, Seo M, Lee S, Kang IS, Park BH, Campbell EEB, Lee SW. Accurate and Precise Determination of Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitride Beam Nanoelectromechanical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:7282-7287. [PMID: 28156098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and precise determination of mechanical properties of nanoscale materials is mandatory since device performances of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are closely related to the flexural properties of the materials. In this study, the intrinsic mechanical properties of highly stressed silicon nitride (SiN) beams of varying lengths are investigated using two different techniques: Dynamic flexural measurement using optical interferometry and quasi-static flexural measurement using atomic force microscopy. The resonance frequencies of the doubly clamped, highly stressed beams are found to be inversely proportional to their length, which is not usually observed from a beam but is expected from a string-like structure. The mass density of the SiN beams can be precisely determined from the dynamic flexural measurements by using the values for internal stress and Young's modulus determined from the quasi-static measurements. As a result, the mass resolution of the SiN beam resonators was predicted to be a few attograms, which was found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results. This work suggests that accurate and precise determination of mechanical properties can be achieved through combined flexural measurement techniques, which is a crucial key for designing practical NEMS applications such as biomolecular sensors and gas detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakseong Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) , Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | | | - Miri Seo
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sangik Lee
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Il-Suk Kang
- National Nanofab Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Korea
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
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35
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Yan H, Zhang WM, Jiang HM, Hu KM. Pull-In Effect of Suspended Microchannel Resonator Sensor Subjected to Electrostatic Actuation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010114. [PMID: 28075344 PMCID: PMC5298687 DOI: 10.3390/s17010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the pull-in instability and dynamic characteristics of electrostatically actuated suspended microchannel resonators are studied. A theoretical model is presented to describe the pull-in effect of suspended microchannel resonators by considering the electrostatic field and the internal fluid. The results indicate that the system is subjected to both the pull-in instability and the flutter. The former is induced by the applied voltage which exceeds the pull-in value while the latter occurs as the velocity of steady flow get closer to the critical velocity. The statically and dynamically stable regions are presented by thoroughly studying the two forms of instability. It is demonstrated that the steady flow can remarkably extend the dynamic stable range of pull-in while the applied voltage slightly decreases the critical velocity. It is also shown that the dc voltage and the steady flow can adjust the resonant frequency while the ac voltage can modulate the vibrational amplitude of the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wen-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Kai-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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36
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High-throughput measurement of single-cell growth rates using serial microfluidic mass sensor arrays. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:1052-1059. [PMID: 27598230 PMCID: PMC5064867 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods to rapidly assess cell growth would be useful for many applications, including drug susceptibility testing, but current technologies have limited sensitivity or throughput. Here we present an approach to precisely and rapidly measure growth rates of many individual cells simultaneously. We flow cells in suspension through a microfluidic channel with 10–12 resonant mass sensors distributed along its length, weighing each cell repeatedly over the 4–20 min it spends in the channel. Because multiple cells traverse the channel at the same time, we obtain growth rates for >60 cells/h with a resolution of 0.2 pg/h for mammalian cells and 0.02 pg/h for bacteria. We measure the growth of single lymphocytic cells, mouse and human T cells, primary human leukemia cells, yeast, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Our system reveals subpopulations of cells with divergent growth kinetics and enables assessment of cellular responses to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides within minutes.
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37
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Lifson MA, Ozen MO, Inci F, Wang S, Inan H, Baday M, Henrich TJ, Demirci U. Advances in biosensing strategies for HIV-1 detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:90-104. [PMID: 27262924 PMCID: PMC4943868 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 is a major global epidemic that requires sophisticated clinical management. There have been remarkable efforts to develop new strategies for detecting and treating HIV-1, as it has been challenging to translate them into resource-limited settings. Significant research efforts have been recently devoted to developing point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that can monitor HIV-1 viral load with high sensitivity by leveraging micro- and nano-scale technologies. These POC devices can be applied to monitoring of antiretroviral therapy, during mother-to-child transmission, and identification of latent HIV-1 reservoirs. In this review, we discuss current challenges in HIV-1 diagnosis and therapy in resource-limited settings and present emerging technologies that aim to address these challenges using innovative solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lifson
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mehmet Ozgun Ozen
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fatih Inci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - ShuQi Wang
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hakan Inan
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Medicine Faculty, Zirve University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Murat Baday
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Radiology Department, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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38
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Xu P, Yu H, Li X. Microgravimetric Analysis Method for Activation-Energy Extraction from Trace-Amount Molecule Adsorption. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4903-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Lab of Transducer
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Lab of Transducer
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
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39
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Heinrich SM, Dufour I. Toward Higher-Order Mass Detection: Influence of an Adsorbate's Rotational Inertia and Eccentricity on the Resonant Response of a Bernoulli-Euler Cantilever Beam. SENSORS 2015; 15:29209-32. [PMID: 26610493 PMCID: PMC4701329 DOI: 10.3390/s151129209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper a new theoretical model is derived, the results of which permit a detailed examination of how the resonant characteristics of a cantilever are influenced by a particle (adsorbate) attached at an arbitrary position along the beam’s length. Unlike most previous work, the particle need not be small in mass or dimension relative to the beam, and the adsorbate’s geometric characteristics are incorporated into the model via its rotational inertia and eccentricity relative to the beam axis. For the special case in which the adsorbate’s (translational) mass is indeed small, an analytical solution is obtained for the particle-induced resonant frequency shift of an arbitrary flexural mode, including the effects of rotational inertia and eccentricity. This solution is shown to possess the exact first-order behavior in the normalized particle mass and represents a generalization of analytical solutions derived by others in earlier studies. The results suggest the potential for “higher-order” nanobeam-based mass detection methods by which the multi-mode frequency response reflects not only the adsorbate’s mass but also important geometric data related to its size, shape, or orientation (i.e., the mass distribution), thus resulting in more highly discriminatory techniques for discrete-mass sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Heinrich
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
| | - Isabelle Dufour
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR5218 Pessac 33607, France.
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