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Alghanmi M, Minshawi F, Altorki TA, Zawawi A, Alsaady I, Naser AY, Alwafi H, Alsulami SM, Azhari AA, Hashem AM, Alhabbab R. Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators: a systematic review of their promise in alleviating colitis. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:21. [PMID: 38637733 PMCID: PMC11025257 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Helminth-derived proteins have immunomodulatory properties, influencing the host's immune response as an adaptive strategy for helminth survival. Helminth-derived proteins modulate the immune response by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting regulatory T-cell development, and ultimately favouring a Th2-biased immune response. This systematic review focused on helminth-derived proteins and explored their impact on reducing inflammatory responses in mouse models of colitis. A systematic search across Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified fourteen relevant studies. These studies reported immunomodulatory changes, including increased production of anti-inflammatory cells and cytokines. In mouse models of colitis treated with on helminth-derived proteins, significant improvements in pathological parameters such as body weight, colon length, and microscopic inflammatory scores were observed compared to control groups. Moreover, helminth-derived proteins can enhance the function of Tregs and alleviate the severity of inflammatory conditions. The findings underscore the pivotal role of helminth-derived proteins in immunomodulation, specifically in the axis of cytokine secretion and immune cell polarization. The findings offer new opportunities for treating chronic inflammatory conditions such Crohn's disease.
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Grants
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa A Altorki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Alsaady
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soa'ad M Alsulami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Laboratories, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala A Azhari
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Alhabbab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Nyangiri OA, Mulindwa J, Namulondo J, Kitibwa A, Nassuuna J, Elliott A, Kimuda MP, Boobo A, Nerima B, Adriko M, Dunton NJ, Madhan GK, Kristiansen M, Casacuberta-Partal M, Noyes H, Matovu E. Variants of IL6, IL10, FCN2, RNASE3, IL12B and IL17B loci are associated with Schistosoma mansoni worm burden in the Albert Nile region of Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011796. [PMID: 38033168 PMCID: PMC10715658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals genetically susceptible to high schistosomiasis worm burden may contribute disproportionately to transmission and could be prioritized for control. Identifying genes involved may guide development of therapy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cohort of 606 children aged 10-15 years were recruited in the Albert Nile region of Uganda and assessed for Schistosoma mansoni worm burden using the Up-Converting Particle Lateral Flow (UCP-LF) test detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA), point-of-care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) and Kato-Katz tests. Whole genome genotyping was conducted on 326 children comprising the top and bottom 25% of worm burden. Linear models were fitted to identify variants associated with worm burden in preselected candidate genes. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was conducted for candidate genes with UCP-LF worm burden included as a covariate. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism loci associated with UCP-LF CAA included IL6 rs2066992 (OR = 0.43, p = 0.0006) and rs7793163 (OR = 2.0, p = 0.0007); IL21 SNP kgp513476 (OR 1.79, p = 0.0025) and IL17B SNP kgp708159 (OR = 0.35, p = 0.0028). A haplotype in the IL10 locus was associated with lower worm burden (OR = 0.53, p = 0.015) and overlapped SNPs rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872. Significant haplotypes (p<0.05, overlapping significant SNP) associated with worm burden were observed in IL6 and the Th17 pathway IL12B and IL17B genes. There were significant eQTL in the IL6, IL5, IL21, IL25 and IFNG regions. CONCLUSIONS Variants associated with S. mansoni worm burden were in IL6, FCN2, RNASE3, IL10, IL12B and IL17B gene loci. However only eQTL associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction. In summary, immune balance, pathogen recognition and Th17 pathways may play a role in modulating Schistosoma worm burden. Individuals carrying risk variants may be targeted first in allocation of control efforts to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Asanya Nyangiri
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joyce Namulondo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Kitibwa
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Magambo Phillip Kimuda
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Boobo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Nerima
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne & NTD Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Nathan J. Dunton
- UCL Genomics core facility, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Kristiansen
- UCL Genomics core facility, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Junior JDES, de Souza JL, da Silva LS, da Silva CC, do Nascimento TA, de Souza MLG, da Cunha AF, Batista JDS, Neto JPDM, Guerra MVDF, Ramasawmy R. A fine mapping of single nucleotide variants and haplotype analysis of IL13 gene in patients with Leishmania guyanensis-cutaneous leishmaniasis and plasma cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232488. [PMID: 37908348 PMCID: PMC10613733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leishmaniasis continues to pose a substantial health burden in 97 countries worldwide. The progression and outcome of Leishmania infection are influenced by various factors, including the cytokine milieu, the skin microbiota at the infection site, the specific Leishmania species involved, the genetic background of the host, and the parasite load. In endemic regions to leishmaniasis, only a fraction of individuals infected actually develops the disease. Overexpression of IL-13 in naturally resistant C57BL/6 mice renders them susceptible to L. major infection. Haplotypes constructed from several single nucleotide variant (SNV) along a chromosome fragment may provide insight into any SNV near the fragment that may be genuinely associated with a phenotype in genetic association studies. Methods We investigated nine SNVs (SNV1rs1881457A>C, SNV2rs1295687C>G, SNV3rs2069744C>T, SNV4rs2069747C>T, SNV5rs20541A>G, SNV6rs1295685A>G, SNV7rs848A>C, SNV8rs2069750G >C, and SNV9rs847T>C) spanning the entire IL13 gene in patients with L. guyanensis cutaneous leishmaniasis (Lg-CL). Results Our analysis did not reveal any significant association between the SNVs and susceptibility/protection against Lg-CL development. However, haplotype analysis, excluding SNV4rs2069747 and SNV8rs2069750 due to low minor allele frequency, revealed that carriers of the haplotype CCCTAAC had a 93% reduced likelihood developing Lg-CL. Similarly, the haplotypes ACCCGCT (ORadj=0.02 [95% CI 0.00-0.07]; p-value, 6.0×10-19) and AGCTAAC (ORadj=0.00[95% CI 0.00-0.00]; p-value 2.7×10-12) appeared to provide protection against the development of Lg-CL. Conversely, carriers of haplotype ACCTGCC have 190% increased likelihood of developing Lg-CL (ORadj=2.9 [95%CI 1.68-5.2]; p-value, 2.5×10-6). Similarly, haplotype ACCCAAT (ORadj=2.7 [95%CI 1.5-4.7]; p-value, 3.2×10-5) and haplotype AGCCGCC are associated with susceptibility to the development of Lg-CL (ORadj=1.7[95%CI 1.04-2.8]; p-value, 0.01). In our investigation, we also found a correlation between the genotypes of rs2069744, rs20541, rs1295685, rs847, and rs848 and plasma IL-5 levels among Lg-Cl patients. Furthermore, rs20541 showed a correlation with plasma IL-13 levels among Lg-Cl patients, while rs2069744 and rs848 showed a correlation with plasma IL-4 levels among the same group. Conclusions Overall, our study identifies three haplotypes of IL13 associated with resistance to disease development and three haplotypes linked to susceptibility. These findings suggest the possibility of a variant outside the gene region that may contribute, in conjunction with other genes, to differences in susceptibility and partially to the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José do Espírito Santo Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Josué Lacerda de Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazonia Legal (Rede Bionorte), Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lener Santos da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazonia Legal (Rede Bionorte), Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cilana Chagas da Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tuanny Arruda do Nascimento
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Vinitius de Farias Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazonia Legal (Rede Bionorte), Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Hernández-Goenaga J, López-Abán J, Blanco-Gómez A, Vicente B, Burguillo FJ, Pérez-Losada J, Muro A. Identification of Genomic Regions Implicated in Susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni Infection in a Murine Backcross Genetic Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14768. [PMID: 37834216 PMCID: PMC10573152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a small number of infected people are highly susceptible to schistosomiasis, showing high levels of infection or severe liver fibrosis. The susceptibility to schistosome infection is influenced by genetic background. To assess the genetic basis of susceptibility and identify the chromosomal regions involved, a backcross strategy was employed to generate high variation in schistosomiasis susceptibility. This strategy involved crossing the resistant C57BL/6J mouse strain with the susceptible CBA/2J strain. The resulting F1 females (C57BL/6J × CBA/2J) were then backcrossed with CBA/2J males to generate the backcross (BX) cohort. The BX mice exhibited a range of phenotypes, with disease severity varying from mild to severe disease, lacking a fully resistant group. We observed four levels of infection intensity using cluster and principal component analyses and K-means based on parasitological, pathological, and immunological trait measurements. The mice were genotyped with 961 informative SNPs, leading to the identification of 19 new quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with parasite burden, liver lesions, white blood cell populations, and antibody responses. Two QTLs located on chromosomes 15 and 18 were linked to the number of granulomas, liver lesions, and IgM levels. The corresponding syntenic human regions are located in chromosomes 8 and 18. None of the significant QTLs had been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernández-Goenaga
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropica-les de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Ldo. Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.H.-G.); (B.V.)
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropica-les de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Ldo. Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.H.-G.); (B.V.)
| | - Adrián Blanco-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)—CSIC, Laboratory 20, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Vicente
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropica-les de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Ldo. Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.H.-G.); (B.V.)
| | - Francisco Javier Burguillo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Donantes de Sangre s/n. Campus Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Losada
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-L.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)—CSIC, Laboratory 20, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropica-les de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Ldo. Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.H.-G.); (B.V.)
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Association between polymorphisms of IL4, IL13, IL10, STAT6 and IFNG genes, cytokines and immunoglobulin E levels with high burden of Schistosoma mansoni in children from schistosomiasis endemic areas of Cameroon. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 111:105416. [PMID: 36889485 PMCID: PMC10167540 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030 requires a better understanding of the disease transmission, especially the asymmetric distribution of worm burden in individuals living and sharing the same environment. It is in this light that this study was designed to identify human genetic determinants associated with high burden of S. mansoni and also with the plasma concentrations of IgE and four cytokines in children from two schistosomiasis endemic areas of Cameroon. In school-aged children of schistosomiasis endemic areas of Makenene and Nom-Kandi of Cameroon, S. mansoni infections and their infection intensities were evaluated in urine and stool samples using respectively the Point-of-care Circulating Cathodic Antigen test (POC-CCA) and the Kato Katz (KK) test. Thereafter, blood samples were collected in children harbouring high burden of schistosome infections as well as in their parents and siblings. DNA extracts and plasma were obtained from blood. Polymorphisms at 14 loci of five genes were assessed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and amplification-refractory mutation system. The ELISA test enabled to determine the plasma concentrations of IgE, IL-13, IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-γ. The prevalence of S. mansoni infections was significantly higher (P < 0.0001 for POC-CCA; P = 0.001 for KK) in Makenene (48.6% for POC-CCA and 7.9% for KK) compared to Nom-Kandi (31% for POC-CCA and 4.3% for KK). The infection intensities were also higher (P < 0.0001 for POC-CCA; P = 0.001 for KK) in children from Makenene than those from Nom-Kandi. The allele C of SNP rs3024974 of STAT6 was associated with an increased risk of bearing high burden of S. mansoni both in the additive (p = 0.009) and recessive model (p = 0.01) while the allele C of SNP rs1800871 of IL10 was protective (p = 0.0009) against high burden of S. mansoni. The alleles A of SNP rs2069739 of IL13 and G of SNP rs2243283 of IL4 were associated with an increased risk of having low plasma concentrations of IL-13 (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.04), respectively. This study showed that host genetic polymorphisms may influence the outcome (high or low worm burden) of S. mansoni infections and also the plasma concentrations of some cytokines.
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Casanova JL, Abel L. From rare disorders of immunity to common determinants of infection: Following the mechanistic thread. Cell 2022; 185:3086-3103. [PMID: 35985287 PMCID: PMC9386946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immense interindividual clinical variability during any infection is a long-standing enigma. Inborn errors of IFN-γ and IFN-α/β immunity underlying rare infections with weakly virulent mycobacteria and seasonal influenza virus have inspired studies of two common infections: tuberculosis and COVID-19. A TYK2 genotype impairing IFN-γ production accounts for about 1% of tuberculosis cases, and autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α/β account for about 15% of critical COVID-19 cases. The discovery of inborn errors and mechanisms underlying rare infections drove the identification of common monogenic or autoimmune determinants of related common infections. This "rare-to-common" genetic and mechanistic approach to infectious diseases may be of heuristic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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Hanton AJ, Scott F, Stenzel K, Nausch N, Zdesenko G, Mduluza T, Mutapi F. Frequency distribution of cytokine and associated transcription factor single nucleotide polymorphisms in Zimbabweans: Impact on schistosome infection and cytokine levels. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010536. [PMID: 35759449 PMCID: PMC9236240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines mediate T-helper (TH) responses that are crucial for determining the course of infection and disease. The expression of cytokines is regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Here we present the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine and TF genes in a Zimbabwean population, and further relate SNPs to susceptibility to schistosomiasis and cytokine levels. Individuals (N = 850) were genotyped for SNPs across the cytokines IL4, IL10, IL13, IL33, and IFNG, and their TFs STAT4, STAT5A/B, STAT6, GATA3, FOXP3, and TBX21 to determine allele frequencies. Circulatory levels of systemic and parasite-specific IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFNγ were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Schistosoma haematobium infection was determined by enumerating parasite eggs excreted in urine by microscopy. SNP allele frequencies were related to infection status by case-control analysis and logistic regression, and egg burdens and systemic and parasite-specific cytokine levels by analysis of variance and linear regression. Novel findings were i) IL4 rs2070874*T’s association with protection from schistosomiasis, as carriage of ≥1 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 0.597 (95% CIs, 0.421–0.848, p = 0.0021) and IFNG rs2069727*G’s association with susceptibility to schistosomiasis as carriage of ≥1 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 1.692 (1.229–2.33, p = 0.0013). Neither IL4 rs2070874*T nor IFNG rs2069727*G were significantly associated with cytokine levels. This study found TH2-upregulating SNPs were more frequent among the Zimbabwean sample compared to African and European populations, highlighting the value of immunogenetic studies of African populations in the context of infectious diseases and other conditions, including allergic and atopic disease. In addition, the identification of novel infection-associated alleles in both TH1- and TH2-associated genes highlights the role of both in regulating and controlling responses to Schistosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Hanton
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona Scott
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Stenzel
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Nausch
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Zdesenko
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Oyesola OO, Souza COS, Loke P. The Influence of Genetic and Environmental Factors and Their Interactions on Immune Response to Helminth Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869163. [PMID: 35572520 PMCID: PMC9103684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection currently affect over 2 billion people worldwide, with those with the most pathologies and morbidities, living in regions with unequal and disproportionate access to effective healthcare solutions. Host genetics and environmental factors play critical roles in modulating and regulating immune responses following exposure to various pathogens and insults. However, the interplay of environment and genetic factors in influencing who gets infected and the establishment, persistence, and clearance of helminth parasites remains unclear. Inbred strains of mice have long been used to investigate the role of host genetic factors on pathogenesis and resistance to helminth infection in a laboratory setting. This review will discuss the use of ecological and environmental mouse models to study helminth infections and how this could be used in combination with host genetic variation to explore the relative contribution of these factors in influencing immune response to helminth infections. Improved understanding of interactions between genetics and the environment to helminth immune responses would be important for efforts to identify and develop new prophylactic and therapeutic options for the management of helminth infections and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O. Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Zhou M, Xue C, Wu Z, Wu X, Li M. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies New Risk Loci for Progression of Schistosomiasis Among the Chinese Population. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:871545. [PMID: 35493725 PMCID: PMC9039613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.871545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum infections, which lead to local inflammatory responses to schistosome eggs trapped in host tissues, can result in long-term, severe complications. The development of schistosomiasis may result from a complex interaction between the pathogenic, environmental, and host genetic components. Notably, the genetic factors that influence the development of schistosomiasis complications are poorly understood. Here we performed a genome-wide association study on multiple schistosomiasis-related phenotypes of 637 unrelated schistosomiasis patients in the Chinese population. Among three indicators of liver damage, we identified two novel, genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs34486793 (P = 1.415 × 10-8) and rs2008259 (P = 6.78 × 10-8) at locus 14q32.2 as well as a gene, PMEPA1, at 20q13.31 (index rs62205791, P = 6.52 × 10-7). These were significantly associated with serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition, RASIP1 and MAMSTR at 19q13.33 (index rs62132778, P = 1.72 × 10-7) were significantly associated with serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and TPM1 at 15q22.2 (index rs12442303, P = 4.39 × 10-7) was significantly associated with serum levels of albumin. In schistosomiasis clinical signs, ITIH4 at 3p21.1 (index rs2239548) was associated with portal vein diameter (PVD) class, an indicator of portal hypertension, and OGDHL at 10q11.23 (index rs1258172) was related to ascites grade. We also detected an increased expression of these six genes in livers of mice with severe schistosomiasis. Summary data-based Mendelian randomization analyses indicated that ITIH4, PMEPA1 and MAMSTR were pleiotropically associated with PVD class, HA and AST, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Wu, ; Miaoxin Li,
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Wu, ; Miaoxin Li,
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10
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Mawa PA, Kincaid-Smith J, Tukahebwa EM, Webster JP, Wilson S. Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635869. [PMID: 33790908 PMCID: PMC8005546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the African continent. For intestinal schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as periportal fibrosis (PPF) in which large tracts of macro-fibrosis of the liver, visible by ultrasound, can occlude the main portal vein leading to portal hypertension (PHT), sequelae such as ascites and collateral vasculature, and ultimately fatalities. For urogenital schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as pathology throughout the urinary system and genitals, and is a definitive cause of squamous cell bladder carcinoma. Preventative chemotherapy (PC) programmes, delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), have been at the forefront of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa since their commencement in Uganda in 2003. However, despite many successes, 'biological hotspots' (as distinct from 'operational hotspots') of both persistent high transmission and morbidity remain. In some areas, this failure to gain control of schistosomiasis has devastating consequences, with not only persistently high infection intensities, but both "subtle" and severe morbidity remaining prevalent. These hotspots highlight the requirement to revisit research into severe morbidity and its mechanisms, a topic that has been out of favor during times of PC implementation. Indeed, the focality and spatially-structured epidemiology of schistosomiasis, its transmission persistence and the morbidity induced, has long suggested that gene-environmental-interactions playing out at the host-parasite interface are crucial. Here we review evidence of potential unique parasite factors, host factors, and their gene-environmental interactions in terms of explaining differential morbidity profiles in the human host. We then take the situation of schistosomiasis mansoni within the Albertine region of Uganda as a case study in terms of elucidating the factors behind the severe morbidity observed and the avenues and directions for future research currently underway within a new research and clinical trial programme (FibroScHot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A. Mawa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Miranda GS, Resende SD, Cardoso DT, Camelo GMA, Silva JKAO, de Castro VN, Geiger SM, Carneiro M, Negrão-Corrêa D. Previous History of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Alters Susceptibility and Immune Response Against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Humans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630934. [PMID: 33777015 PMCID: PMC7990892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis and Leishmaniasis are chronic parasitic diseases with high prevalence in some tropical regions and, due to their wide distribution, a risk of co-infections is present in some areas. Nevertheless, the impact of this interaction on human populations is still poorly understood. Thus, the current study evaluated the effect of previous American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) on the susceptibility and immune response to Schistosoma mansoni infection in residents from a rural community in Northern of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, an area endemic for both parasitic infections. The participants answered a socioeconomic questionnaire and provided stool and blood samples for parasitological and immunological evaluations. Stool samples were examined by a combination of parasitological techniques to identify helminth infections, especially S. mansoni eggs. Blood samples were used for hemograms and to measure the serum levels of cytokines and chemokines. Reports on previous ATL were obtained through interviews, clinical evaluation forms, and medical records. S. mansoni infection was the most prevalent parasitic infection in the study population (46%), and the majority of the infected individuals had a very low parasite burden. In the same population, 93 individuals (36.2%) reported previous ATL, and the prevalence of S. mansoni infection among these individuals was significantly higher than among individuals with no ATL history. A multiple logistic regression model revealed that S. mansoni infection was positively associated with higher levels of CCL3 and CCL17, and a higher frequency of IL-17 responders. Moreover, this model demonstrated that individuals with an ATL history had a 2-fold higher probability to be infected with S. mansoni (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.04–3.68). Among S. mansoni-infected individuals, the logistic regression demonstrated that a previous ATL history was negatively associated with the frequency of IL-17 responders and CXCL10 higher responders, but positively associated with higher IL-27 responders. Altogether, our data suggest that previous ATL may alter the susceptibility and the immune response in S. mansoni-infected individuals, which may likely affect the outcome of schistosomiasis and the severity of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Brazil
| | - Samira Diniz Resende
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Genil Mororó Araújo Camelo
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Kelvin Alves Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Normandio de Castro
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Laboratory of Intestinal Helminthiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunohelminthology and Schistosomiasis, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Mewamba EM, Nyangiri OA, Noyes HA, Egesa M, Matovu E, Simo G. The Genetics of Human Schistosomiasis Infection Intensity and Liver Disease: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613468. [PMID: 33659002 PMCID: PMC7917240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the fourth most prevalent parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Control efforts have focussed on the disruption of the life cycle targeting the parasite, vector and human host. Parasite burdens are highly skewed, and the majority of eggs are shed into the environment by a minority of the infected population. Most morbidity results from hepatic fibrosis leading to portal hypertension and is not well-correlated with worm burden. Genetics as well as environmental factors may play a role in these skewed distributions and understanding the genetic risk factors for intensity of infection and morbidity may help improve control measures. In this review, we focus on how genetic factors may influence parasite load, hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. We found 28 studies on the genetics of human infection and 20 studies on the genetics of pathology in humans. S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection intensity have been showed to be controlled by a major quantitative trait locus SM1, on chromosome 5q31-q33 containing several genes involved in the Th2 immune response, and three other loci of smaller effect on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7. The most common pathology associated with schistosomiasis is hepatic and portal vein fibroses and the SM2 quantitative trait locus on chromosome six has been linked to intensity of fibrosis. Although there has been an emphasis on Th2 cytokines in candidate gene studies, we found that four of the five QTL regions contain Th17 pathway genes that have been included in schistosomiasis studies: IL17B and IL12B in SM1, IL17A and IL17F in 6p21-q2, IL6R in 1p21-q23 and IL22RA2 in SM2. The Th17 pathway is known to be involved in response to schistosome infection and hepatic fibrosis but variants in this pathway have not been tested for any effect on the regulation of these phenotypes. These should be priorities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle M. Mewamba
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oscar A. Nyangiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harry A. Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Moses Egesa
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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13
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Nyangiri OA, Edwige SA, Koffi M, Mewamba E, Simo G, Namulondo J, Mulindwa J, Nassuuna J, Elliott A, Karume K, Mumba D, Corstjens P, Casacuberta-Partal M, van Dam G, Bucheton B, Noyes H, Matovu E. Candidate gene family-based and case-control studies of susceptibility to high Schistosoma mansoni worm burden in African children: a protocol. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:36. [PMID: 35252746 PMCID: PMC8861467 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately 25% of the risk of Schistosoma mansoni is associated with host genetic variation. We will test 24 candidate genes, mainly in the T h2 and T h17 pathways, for association with S. mansoni infection intensity in four African countries, using family based and case-control approaches. Methods: Children aged 5-15 years will be recruited in S. mansoni endemic areas of Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We will use family based (study 1) and case-control (study 2) designs. Study 1 will take place in Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Uganda and the DRC. We aim to recruit 100 high worm burden families from each country except Uganda, where a previous study recruited at least 40 families. For phenotyping, cases will be defined as the 20% of children in each community with heaviest worm burdens as measured by the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) assay. Study 2 will take place in Uganda. We will recruit 500 children in a highly endemic community. For phenotyping, cases will be defined as the 20% of children with heaviest worm burdens as measured by the CAA assay, while controls will be the 20% of infected children with the lightest worm burdens. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) will be genotyped on the Illumina H3Africa SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) chip and genotypes will be converted to sets of haplotypes that span the gene region for analysis. We have selected 24 genes for genotyping that are mainly in the Th2 and Th17 pathways and that have variants that have been demonstrated to be or could be associated with Schistosoma infection intensity. Analysis: In the family-based design, we will identify SNP haplotypes disproportionately transmitted to children with high worm burden. Case-control analysis will detect overrepresentation of haplotypes in extreme phenotypes with correction for relatedness by using whole genome principal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Nyangiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sokouri A. Edwige
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG) de Daloa, Daloa, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG) de Daloa, Daloa, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Estelle Mewamba
- Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Namulondo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E, UK
| | - Kévin Karume
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonne Mumba
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P.L.A.M Corstjens
- Dept. of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - G.J. van Dam
- Dept. of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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14
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Nyangiri OA, Edwige SA, Koffi M, Mewamba E, Simo G, Namulondo J, Mulindwa J, Nassuuna J, Elliott A, Karume K, Mumba D, Corstjens P, Casacuberta-Partal M, van Dam G, Bucheton B, Noyes H, Matovu E. Candidate gene family-based and case-control studies of susceptibility to high Schistosoma mansoni worm burden in African children: a protocol. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:36. [PMID: 35252746 PMCID: PMC8861467 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13203.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately 25% of the risk of Schistosoma mansoni is associated with host genetic variation. We will test 24 candidate genes, mainly in the T h2 and T h17 pathways, for association with S. mansoni infection intensity in four African countries, using family based and case-control approaches. Methods: Children aged 5-15 years will be recruited in S. mansoni endemic areas of Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We will use family based (study 1) and case-control (study 2) designs. Study 1 will take place in Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Uganda and the DRC. We aim to recruit 100 high worm burden families from each country except Uganda, where a previous study recruited at least 40 families. For phenotyping, cases will be defined as the 20% of children in each community with heaviest worm burdens as measured by the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) assay. Study 2 will take place in Uganda. We will recruit 500 children in a highly endemic community. For phenotyping, cases will be defined as the 20% of children with heaviest worm burdens as measured by the CAA assay, while controls will be the 20% of infected children with the lightest worm burdens. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) will be genotyped on the Illumina H3Africa SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) chip and genotypes will be converted to sets of haplotypes that span the gene region for analysis. We have selected 24 genes for genotyping that are mainly in the Th2 and Th17 pathways and that have variants that have been demonstrated to be or could be associated with Schistosoma infection intensity. Analysis: In the family-based design, we will identify SNP haplotypes disproportionately transmitted to children with high worm burden. Case-control analysis will detect overrepresentation of haplotypes in extreme phenotypes with correction for relatedness by using whole genome principal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Nyangiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sokouri A. Edwige
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG) de Daloa, Daloa, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG) de Daloa, Daloa, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Estelle Mewamba
- Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Namulondo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E, UK
| | - Kévin Karume
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonne Mumba
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P.L.A.M Corstjens
- Dept. of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - G.J. van Dam
- Dept. of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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15
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Dessein H, Duflot N, Romano A, Opio C, Pereira V, Mola C, Kabaterene N, Coutinho A, Dessein A. Genetic algorithms identify individuals with high risk of severe liver disease caused by schistosomes. Hum Genet 2020; 139:821-831. [PMID: 32277285 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes induce severe hepatic disease, which is fatal in 2-10% of cases, mortality being higher in cases of co-infection with HBV or HCV. Hepatic disease occurs as a consequence of the chronic inflammation caused by schistosome eggs trapped in liver sinusoids. In certain individuals, the repair process leads to a massive accumulation of fibrosis in the periportal spaces. We and others have shown that genetic variants play a crucial role in disease progression from mild to severe fibrosis and explain why hepatic fibrosis progresses rapidly in certain subjects only. We will review here published findings concerning the strategies that have been used in the analysis of hepatic fibrosis in schistosome-infected individuals, the genetic variants that have associated with fibrosis, and variants in new pathways crucial for fibrosis progression. Together, these studies show that the development of fibrosis is under the tight genetic control of various common variants with moderate effects. This polygenic control has made it possible to develop models that identify schistosome-infected individual at risk of severe hepatic disease. We discuss the performances and limitations of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélia Dessein
- BILHI Genetics, 60 Avenue André Roussin, 13016, Marseille, France
- UMR_S906-Génétique Et Immunologie Des Maladies Parasitaires, Aix Marseille Université-INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Duflot
- BILHI Genetics, 60 Avenue André Roussin, 13016, Marseille, France
- UMR_S906-Génétique Et Immunologie Des Maladies Parasitaires, Aix Marseille Université-INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Romano
- BILHI Genetics, 60 Avenue André Roussin, 13016, Marseille, France
- UMR_S906-Génétique Et Immunologie Des Maladies Parasitaires, Aix Marseille Université-INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Christopher Opio
- Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Valeria Pereira
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Carla Mola
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Narcis Kabaterene
- Vector Control Division Uganda, Ministry of Health, Queen's Ln, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ana Coutinho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Alain Dessein
- BILHI Genetics, 60 Avenue André Roussin, 13016, Marseille, France.
- UMR_S906-Génétique Et Immunologie Des Maladies Parasitaires, Aix Marseille Université-INSERM, Marseille, France.
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Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1217-1228. [PMID: 29108604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are on the increase globally in parallel with a decrease in parasitic infection. The inverse association between parasitic infections and allergy at an ecological level suggests a causal association. Studies in human subjects have generated a large knowledge base on the complexity of the interrelationship between parasitic infection and allergy. There is evidence for causal links, but the data from animal models are the most compelling: despite the strong type 2 immune responses they induce, helminth infections can suppress allergy through regulatory pathways. Conversely, many helminths can cause allergic-type inflammation, including symptoms of "classical" allergic disease. From an evolutionary perspective, subjects with an effective immune response against helminths can be more susceptible to allergy. This narrative review aims to inform readers of the most relevant up-to-date evidence on the relationship between parasites and allergy. Experiments in animal models have demonstrated the potential benefits of helminth infection or administration of helminth-derived molecules on chronic inflammatory diseases, but thus far, clinical trials in human subjects have not demonstrated unequivocal clinical benefits. Nevertheless, there is sufficiently strong evidence to support continued investigation of the potential benefits of helminth-derived therapies for the prevention or treatment of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.
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Evolutionary epidemiology of schistosomiasis: linking parasite genetics with disease phenotype in humans. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:107-115. [PMID: 29154994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we assess the role of parasite genetic variation in host disease phenotype in human schistosomiasis by implementing concepts and techniques from environmental association analysis in evolutionary epidemiology. Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide and is caused by parasitic flatworms belonging to the genus Schistosoma. While the role of host genetics has been extensively studied and demonstrated, nothing is yet known on the contribution of parasite genetic variation to host disease phenotype in human schistosomiasis. In this study microsatellite genotypes of 1561 Schistosoma mansoni larvae collected from 44 human hosts in Senegal were linked to host characteristics such as age, gender, infection intensity, liver and bladder morbidity by means of multivariate regression methods (on each parasite locus separately). This revealed a highly significant association between allelic variation at the parasite locus L46951 and host infection intensity and bladder morbidity. Locus L46951 is located in the 3' untranslated region of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene that is expressed in reproductive organs of adult schistosome worms and appears to be linked to egg production. This putative link between parasite genetic variation and schistosomiasis disease phenotype sets the stage for further functional research.
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Marquet S. Overview of human genetic susceptibility to malaria: From parasitemia control to severe disease. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 66:399-409. [PMID: 28579526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening blood disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium. Infection may lead to several different patterns of symptoms in the host: asymptomatic state, uncomplicated disease or severe disease. Severe malaria occurs mostly in young children and is a major cause of death. Disease is thought to result from the sequestration of parasites in the small blood vessels of the brain and the deregulation of key immune system elements. The cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of disease are however not fully understood. What is known it is that the genetic determinants of the host play an important role in the severity of the disease and the outcome of infection. Here we review the most convincing results obtained through genetic epidemiology studies concerning the genetic control of malaria in human caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. The identification of genes conferring susceptibility or resistance to malaria might improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marquet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France.
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Li YS, Sleigh AC, Ross AGP, Ll Y, Williams GM, Forsyth SJ, Tanner M, McManus DP. A 2-year prospective study in China provides epidemiological evidence for resistance in humans to re-infection withSchistosoma japonicum. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ross AGP, Sleigh AC, Li YS, Williams GM, Li Y, Waine GJ, Tang GT, Forsyth SJ, McManus DP. Epidemiological identification of Chinese individuals putatively susceptible or insusceptible toSchistosoma japonicum: a prelude to immunogenetic study of human resistance to Asian schistosomiasis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Frezil JL, N'Guessan P, N'Dri L, Sanon R, Laveissière C, Truc P. Clinical and biological evolution of human trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2000.11813607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Anderson RM, Turner HC, Farrell SH, Truscott JE. Studies of the Transmission Dynamics, Mathematical Model Development and the Control of Schistosome Parasites by Mass Drug Administration in Human Communities. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 94:199-246. [PMID: 27756455 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is global in extent within developing countries, but more than 90% of the at-risk population lives in sub-Saharan Africa. In total, 261 million people are estimated to require preventive treatment. However, with increasing drug availability through donation, the World Health Organization has set a goal of increasing coverage to 75% of at-risk children in endemic countries and elimination in some regions. In this chapter, we discuss key biological and epidemiological processes involved in the schistosome transmission cycle and review the history of modelling schistosomiasis and the impact of mass drug administration, including both deterministic and stochastic approaches. In particular, we look at the potential impact of the WHO 2020 schistosomiasis treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - H C Turner
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - S H Farrell
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - J E Truscott
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Human genetic basis of interindividual variability in the course of infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7118-27. [PMID: 26621739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521644112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The key problem in human infectious diseases was posed at the turn of the 20th century: their pathogenesis. For almost any given virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, life-threatening clinical disease develops in only a small minority of infected individuals. Solving this infection enigma is important clinically, for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. Some microbes will inevitably remain refractory to, or escape vaccination, or chemotherapy, or both. The solution also is important biologically, because the emergence and evolution of eukaryotes alongside more rapidly evolving prokaryotes, archaea, and viruses posed immunological challenges of an ecological and evolutionary nature. We need to study these challenges in natural, as opposed to experimental, conditions, and also at the molecular and cellular levels. According to the human genetic theory of infectious diseases, inborn variants underlie life-threatening infectious diseases. Here I review the history of the field of human genetics of infectious diseases from the turn of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. This paper thus sets the scene, providing the background information required to understand and appreciate the more recently described monogenic forms of resistance or predisposition to specific infections discussed in a second paper in this issue.
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Russell SB, Smith JC, Huang M, Trupin JS, Williams SM. Pleiotropic Effects of Immune Responses Explain Variation in the Prevalence of Fibroproliferative Diseases. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005568. [PMID: 26540410 PMCID: PMC4634921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are differentially distributed among human populations. Differential selection on genetic variants in ancestral environments that coincidentally predispose to disease can be an underlying cause of these unequal prevalence patterns. Selected genes may be pleiotropic, affecting multiple phenotypes and resulting in more than one disease or trait. Patterns of pleiotropy may be helpful in understanding the underlying causes of an array of conditions in a population. For example, several fibroproliferative diseases are more prevalent and severe in populations of sub-Saharan ancestry. We propose that this disparity is due to selection for an enhanced Th2 response that confers resistance to helminthic infections, and concurrently increases susceptibility to fibrosis due to the profibrotic action of Th2 cytokines. Many studies on selection of Th2-related genes for host resistance to helminths have been reported, but the pleiotropic impact of this selection on the distribution of fibrotic disorders has not been explicitly investigated. We discuss the disproportionate occurrence of fibroproliferative diseases in individuals of African ancestry and provide evidence that adaptation of the immune system has shaped the genetic structure of these human populations in ways that alter the distribution of multiple fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley B. Russell
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
| | - Joan C. Smith
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Trupin
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
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Shukla SK, Rose W, Schrodi SJ. Complex host genetic susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infections. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:529-36. [PMID: 26112911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the host genetic susceptibility to carriage of, and infections, due to Staphylococcus aureus, a nosocomial pathogen, is still in its nascent stages. Mouse models show variable susceptibility to S. aureus infections across mouse strains and disease models with roles for signaling pathways involving Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6), interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13), chemokines [CXC ligand (CXCL)-1 and CXCL-2], and T helper (Th)1/Th2 responses. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for carriage in humans identified SNPs in IL4, DEFB1, CRP, and VDR for persistent nasal carriage. NR3C1 haplotypes may either enhance risk or provide protection from colonization. GWASs for all S. aureus diseases have suggested roles for DAPK3, a kinase, and XRN1, a nuclease, while CDON could have a role in complicated bacteremia. More studies are needed to identify host susceptibility genes along with confirmation from functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue-MLR, Marshfield, WI, USA.
| | - Warren Rose
- Pharmacy Practice Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue-MLR, Marshfield, WI, USA
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Smith PM, Sproule TJ, Philip VM, Roopenian DC, Stadecker MJ. Minor genomic differences between related B6 and B10 mice affect severity of schistosome infection by governing the mode of dendritic cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2312-23. [PMID: 25959828 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni results in hepatointestinal granulomatous inflammation mediated by CD4 T cells directed against parasite eggs. The severity of disease varies greatly in humans and mice; however, the genetic basis of such a heterogenous immune response remains poorly understood. Here we show that, despite their close genetic relationship, C57BL/10SnJ (B10) mice developed significantly more pronounced immunopathology and higher T helper 17 cell responses than C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Similarly, live egg-stimulated B10-derived dendritic cells (DCs) produced significantly more IL-1β and IL-23, resulting in higher IL-17 production by CD4 T cells. Gene expression analysis disclosed a heightened proinflammatory cytokine profile together with a strikingly lower expression of Ym1 in B10 versus B6 mice, consistent with failure of B10 DCs to attain alternative activation. To genetically dissect the differential response, we developed and analyzed congenic mouse strains that capture major regions of allelic variation, and found that the level of inflammation was controlled by a relatively small number of genes in a locus mapping to chromosome 4 117-143 MB. Our study has thus identified novel genomic regions that regulate the severity of the schistosome infection by way of controlling the mode of DC activation and consequent CD4 T-cell subset development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Miguel J Stadecker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.elx.0000463168.72734.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Parasites still impose a high death and disability burden on human populations, and are therefore likely to act as selective factors for genetic adaptations. Genetic epidemiological investigation of parasitic diseases is aimed at disentangling the mechanisms underlying immunity and pathogenesis by looking for associations or linkages between loci and susceptibility phenotypes. Until recently, most studies used a candidate gene approach and were relatively underpowered, with few attempts at replicating findings in different populations. However, in the last 5 years, genome-wide and/or multicentre studies have been conducted for severe malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, and cardiac Chagas disease, providing some novel important insights. Furthermore, studies of helminth infections have repeatedly shown the involvement of common loci in regulating susceptibility to distinct diseases such as schistosomiasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and onchocherciasis. As more studies are conducted, evidence is increasing that at least some of the identified susceptibility loci are shared not only among parasitic diseases but also with immunological disorders such as allergy or autoimmune disease, suggesting that parasites may have played a role in driving the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Mangano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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da Fonseca CSM, Pimenta Filho AA, dos Santos BS, da Silva CA, Domingues ALC, Owen JS, de Menezes Lima VL. Human plasma lipid modulation in schistosomiasis mansoni depends on apolipoprotein E polymorphism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101964. [PMID: 25051269 PMCID: PMC4106763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic liver disease, which causes several metabolic disturbances. Here, we evaluate the influence of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism, a known modulator of lipid metabolism, on plasma lipid levels in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Methodology/Principal Findings Blood samples were used for APOE genotyping and to measure total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. Schistosomiasis patients had reduced TC, LDL-C and triglycerides (25%, 38% and 32% lower, respectively; P<0.0001) compared to control individuals, whereas HDL-C was increased (10% higher; P = 0.0136). Frequency of the common alleles, ε2, ε3 and ε4, was similar (P = 0.3568) between controls (n = 108) and patients (n = 84), implying that APOE genotype did not affect susceptibility to the advanced stage of schistosomiasis. Nevertheless, while patient TC and LDL-C levels were significantly reduced for each allele (except TC in ε2 patients), changes in HDL-C and triglycerides were noted only for the less common ε2 and ε4 alleles. The most striking finding, however, was that accepted regulation of plasma lipid levels by APOE genotype was disrupted by schistosomiasis. Thus, while ε2 controls had higher TC and LDL-C than ε3 carriers, these parameters were lower in ε2 versus ε3 patients. Similarly, the inverse relationship of TG levels in controls (ε2>ε3>ε4) was absent in patients (ε2 or ε4>ε3), and the increase in HDL-C of ε2 or ε4 patients compared to ε3 patients was not seen in the control groups. Conclusion/Significance We confirm that human schistosomiasis causes dyslipidemia and report for the first time that certain changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels depend on APOE gene polymorphism. Importantly, we also concluded that S. mansoni disrupts the expected regulation of plasma lipids by the different ApoE isoforms. This finding suggests ways to identify new metabolic pathways affected by schistosomiasis and also potential molecular targets to treat associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adenor Almeida Pimenta Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Bianka Santana dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - César Augusto da Silva
- Colegiado de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | | | - James Stuart Owen
- Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fernandes CJCDS, Jardim CVP, Hovnanian A, Hoette S, Morinaga LK, Souza R. Schistosomiasis and pulmonary hypertension. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 5:675-81. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Rihet P, Iraqi FA. Host susceptibility to malaria in human and mice: compatible approaches to identify potential resistant genes. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:1-16. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for human genetic factors controlling the outcome of malaria infection, while molecular basis of this genetic control is still poorly understood. Case-control and family-based studies have been carried out to identify genes underlying host susceptibility to malarial infection. Parasitemia and mild malaria have been genetically linked to human chromosomes 5q31-q33 and 6p21.3, and several immune genes located within those regions have been associated with malaria-related phenotypes. Association and linkage studies of resistance to malaria are not easy to carry out in human populations, because of the difficulty in surveying a significant number of families. Murine models have proven to be an excellent genetic tool for studying host response to malaria; their use allowed mapping 14 resistance loci, eight of them controlling parasitic levels and six controlling cerebral malaria. Once quantitative trait loci or genes have been identified, the human ortholog may then be identified. Comparative mapping studies showed that a couple of human and mouse might share similar genetically controlled mechanisms of resistance. In this way, char8, which controls parasitemia, was mapped on chromosome 11; char8 corresponds to human chromosome 5q31-q33 and contains immune genes, such as Il3, Il4, Il5, Il12b, Il13, Irf1, and Csf2. Nevertheless, part of the genetic factors controlling malaria traits might differ in both hosts because of specific host-pathogen interactions. Finally, novel genetic tools including animal models were recently developed and will offer new opportunities for identifying genetic factors underlying host phenotypic response to malaria, which will help in better therapeutic strategies including vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; and
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Ayo CM, Dalalio MMDO, Visentainer JEL, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Jarduli LR, Alves HV, Sell AM. Genetic susceptibility to Chagas disease: an overview about the infection and about the association between disease and the immune response genes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:284729. [PMID: 24069594 PMCID: PMC3771244 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8-10 million people in Latin America. The disease is endemic and is characterised by acute and chronic phases that develop in the indeterminate, cardiac, and/or gastrointestinal forms. The immune response during human T. cruzi infection is not completely understood, despite its role in driving the development of distinct clinical manifestations of chronic infection. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the innate and specific immune response are being widely studied in order to clarify their possible role in the occurrence or severity of disease. Here we review the role of classic and nonclassic MHC, KIR, and cytokine host genetic factors on the infection by T. cruzi and the clinical course of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020900 Maringa, PR, Brazil
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Casanova JL, Abel L. The genetic theory of infectious diseases: a brief history and selected illustrations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:215-43. [PMID: 23724903 PMCID: PMC4980761 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Until the mid-nineteenth century, life expectancy at birth averaged 20 years worldwide, owing mostly to childhood fevers. The germ theory of diseases then gradually overcame the belief that diseases were intrinsic. However, around the turn of the twentieth century, asymptomatic infection was discovered to be much more common than clinical disease. Paradoxically, this observation barely challenged the newly developed notion that infectious diseases were fundamentally extrinsic. Moreover, interindividual variability in the course of infection was typically explained by the emerging immunological (or somatic) theory of infectious diseases, best illustrated by the impact of vaccination. This powerful explanation is, however, best applicable to reactivation and secondary infections, particularly in adults; it can less easily account for interindividual variability in the course of primary infection during childhood. Population and clinical geneticists soon proposed a complementary hypothesis, a germline genetic theory of infectious diseases. Over the past century, this idea has gained some support, particularly among clinicians and geneticists, but has also encountered resistance, particularly among microbiologists and immunologists. We present here the genetic theory of infectious diseases and briefly discuss its history and the challenges encountered during its emergence in the context of the apparently competing but actually complementary microbiological and immunological theories. We also illustrate its recent achievements by highlighting inborn errors of immunity underlying eight life-threatening infectious diseases of children and young adults. Finally, we consider the far-reaching biological and clinical implications of the ongoing human genetic dissection of severe infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
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Lokossou AG, Dechavanne C, Bouraïma A, Courtin D, Le Port A, Ladékpo R, Noukpo J, Bonou D, Ahouangninou C, Sabbagh A, Fayomi B, Massougbodji A, Garcia A, Migot-Nabias F. Association of IL-4 and IL-10 maternal haplotypes with immune responses to P. falciparum in mothers and newborns. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:215. [PMID: 23668806 PMCID: PMC3679728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particular cytokine gene polymorphisms are involved in the regulation of the antibody production. The consequences of already described IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 gene polymorphisms on biological parameters and antibody levels were investigated among 576 mothers at delivery and their newborns in the context of P. falciparum placental malaria infection. METHODS The study took place in the semi-rural area of Tori-Bossito, in south-west Benin, where malaria is meso-endemic. Six biallelic polymorphisms were determined by quantitative PCR using TaqMan® Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assays, in IL-4 (rs2243250, rs2070874), IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872) and IL-13 (rs1800925) genes. Antibody responses directed to P. falciparum MSP-1, MSP-2, MSP-3, GLURP-R0, GLURP-R2 and AMA-1 recombinant proteins were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The maternal IL-4(-590)*T/IL-4(+33)*T haplotype (one or two copies) was associated with favorable maternal condition at delivery (high haemoglobin levels, absence of placental parasites) and one of its component, the IL-4(-590)TT genotype, was related to low IgG levels to MSP-1, MSP-2/3D7 and MSP-2/FC27. Inversely, the maternal IL-10(-1082)AA was positively associated with P. falciparum placenta infection at delivery. As a consequence, the IL-10(-819)*T allele (in CT and TT genotypes) as well as the IL-10(-1082)*A/IL-10(-819)*T/IL-10(-592)*A haplotype (one or two copies) in which it is included, were related to an increased risk for anaemia in newborns. The maternal IL-10(-1082)AA genotype was related to high IgG levels to MSP-2/3D7 and AMA-1 in mothers and newborns, respectively. The IL-13 gene polymorphism was only involved in the newborn's antibody response to AMA-1. CONCLUSION These data revealed that IL-4 and IL-10 maternal gene polymorphisms are likely to play a role in the regulation of biological parameters in pregnant women at delivery (anaemia, P. falciparum placenta infection) and in newborns (anaemia). Moreover, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 maternal gene polymorphisms were related to IgG responses to MSP-1, MSP-2/3D7 and MSP-2/FC27 in mothers as well as to AMA-1 in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjimon Gatien Lokossou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.
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Dessein A, Arnaud V, He H, Li J, Dessein H, Hou X, Luo X, Li Y. Genetic analysis of human predisposition to hepatosplenic disease caused by schistosomes reveals the crucial role of connective tissue growth factor in rapid progression to severe hepatic fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 61:3-10. [PMID: 23414795 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome worms inhabit mammalian mesenteric veins. Their eggs cause chronic inflammation, which progresses to periportal fibrosis in 5 to 30% of cases, increasing portal blood pressure and leading to esophageal varices. Episodes of bleeding cause hepatic necrosis and may ultimately lead to hepatic failure and the death of the patient. Schistosome infections can also cause pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. The mechanisms of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis are beginning to be unraveled, but it remains unclear why disease occurs only in certain subjects, as also observed for other types of chronic liver inflammation, as in hepatitis C or B. We summarize here the results that showed that fibrosis progression is determined by a genetic locus on chromosome 6. The CCN2 gene at this locus, encodes CTGF that is a crucial regulator of fibrosis. Two groups of CCN2 polymorphisms independently modulate the progression of hepatic fibrosis. These results were obtained in an Asian population, but were extended to humans living in Africa and South America and are presently tested in liver fibrosis of other etiological origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dessein
- INSERM, U906, faculté de médecine Timone, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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Ouf EA, Ojurongbe O, Akindele AA, Sina-Agbaje OR, Van Tong H, Adeyeba AO, Kremsner PG, Kun JFJ, Velavan T. Ficolin-2 levels and FCN2 genetic polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor in schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:562-70. [PMID: 22693230 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human ficolin-2 (L-ficolins) encoded by the FCN2 gene are pattern-recognition proteins involved in innate immunity and are associated with several infectious diseases. METHODS A Nigerian cohort of 168 Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals and 192 healthy controls were examined for functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region (-986G>A, -602G>A, -4A>G) and in exon 8 (+6424G>T) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The FCN2 -986A and -4G alleles were significantly associated with the occurrence of schistosomiasis (P = .0004 for -986G>A; P = .0001 for -4A>G). The heterozygous genotypes (P = .0006 for -986G>A; P = .0002 for -4A>G) were observed to be a risk factor for susceptibility to schistosomiasis, whereas the homozygous genotypes of major alleles (P = .0002 for -986G>A; P = .0001 for -4A>G) were observed to shield against schistosomiasis. The haplotype AGGG (P = .0002) was observed to be a risk factor for susceptibility to schistosomiasis compared with controls, and the haplotype GGAG (P = .04) was observed to confer protection compared with patients. Ficolin-2 serum level was significantly higher in controls (P < .005) and in controls with GGAG haplotypes (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that FCN2 promoter variants (-986G>A and -4A>G) influence ficolin-2 serum levels and susceptibility to schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abou Ouf
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Williams-Blangero S, Criscione CD, VandeBerg JL, Correa-Oliveira R, Williams KD, Subedi J, Kent JW, Williams J, Kumar S, Blangero J. Host genetics and population structure effects on parasitic disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:887-94. [PMID: 22312056 PMCID: PMC3267115 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors exert significant influences on differential susceptibility to many infectious diseases. In addition, population structure of both host and parasite may influence disease distribution patterns. In this study, we assess the effects of population structure on infectious disease in two populations in which host genetic factors influencing susceptibility to parasitic disease have been extensively studied. The first population is the Jirel population of eastern Nepal that has been the subject of research on the determinants of differential susceptibility to soil-transmitted helminth infections. The second group is a Brazilian population residing in an area endemic for Trypanosoma cruzi infection that has been assessed for genetic influences on differential disease progression in Chagas disease. For measures of Ascaris worm burden, within-population host genetic effects are generally more important than host population structure factors in determining patterns of infectious disease. No significant influences of population structure on measures associated with progression of cardiac disease in individuals who were seropositive for T. cruzi infection were found.
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Functional polymorphisms in IL13 are protective against high Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35863. [PMID: 22574126 PMCID: PMC3345031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IL-13 is a signature cytokine of the helper T cell type 2 (TH2) pathway which underlies host defense to helminthic infection and activates production of IgE in both parasitized populations and in urban settings after allergen exposure. Methodology/Principal Findings Two functional polymorphisms in IL13, rs1800925 (or c.1-1111C>T) and rs20541 (or R130Q) were previously found to be associated with Schistosoma hematobium infection intensity. They have not been thoroughly explored in S. mansoni-endemic populations, however, and were selected along with 5 tagging SNPs for genotyping in 812 individuals in 318 nuclear families from a schistosomiasis-endemic area of Conde, Bahia, in Brazil. Regression models using GEE to account for family membership and family-based quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests (QTDT) were used to evaluate associations with total serum IgE (tIgE) levels and S. mansoni fecal egg counts adjusted for non-genetic covariates. We identified a protective effect for the T allele at rs20541 (P = 0.005) against high S. mansoni egg counts, corroborated by QTDT (P = 0.014). Our findings also suggested evidence for protective effects for the T allele at rs1800925 and A allele at rs2066960 after GEE analysis only (P = 0.050, 0.0002). Conclusions/Significance The two functional variants in IL13 are protective against high S. mansoni egg counts. These markers showed no evidence of association with tIgE levels, unlike tIgE levels previously studied in non-parasitized or atopic study populations.
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Lustigman S, Geldhof P, Grant WN, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Sripa B, Basáñez MG. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: basic research and enabling technologies to support control and elimination of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1445. [PMID: 22545160 PMCID: PMC3335859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful and sustainable intervention against human helminthiases depends on optimal utilisation of available control measures and development of new tools and strategies, as well as an understanding of the evolutionary implications of prolonged intervention on parasite populations and those of their hosts and vectors. This will depend largely on updated knowledge of relevant and fundamental parasite biology. There is a need, therefore, to exploit and apply new knowledge and techniques in order to make significant and novel gains in combating helminthiases and supporting the sustainability of current and successful mass drug administration (MDA) programmes. Among the fields of basic research that are likely to yield improved control tools, the Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4) has identified four broad areas that stand out as central to the development of the next generation of helminth control measures: 1) parasite genetics, genomics, and functional genomics; 2) parasite immunology; 3) (vertebrate) host–parasite interactions and immunopathology; and 4) (invertebrate) host–parasite interactions and transmission biology. The DRG4 was established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). The Group was given the mandate to undertake a comprehensive review of recent advances in helminthiases research in order to identify notable gaps and highlight priority areas. This paper summarises recent advances and discusses challenges in the investigation of the fundamental biology of those helminth parasites under the DRG4 Group's remit according to the identified priorities, and presents a research and development agenda for basic parasite research and enabling technologies that will help support control and elimination efforts against human helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Pedergnana V, Gessain A, Tortevoye P, Byun M, Bacq-Daian D, Boland A, Casanova JL, Abel L, Plancoulaine S. A major locus on chromosome 3p22 conferring predisposition to human herpesvirus 8 infection. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:690-5. [PMID: 22258534 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, has been shown to display strong familial aggregation, in countries in which HHV-8 infection is endemic. We investigated 40 large families (608 subjects aged one to 88 years) living in an isolated area of Cameroon in which HHV-8 is highly endemic. We performed a two-step genetic analysis for HHV-8 infection status (HHV-8+/HHV-8- determined by immunofluorescence) consisting of an initial segregation analysis followed by a model-based genome-wide linkage analysis. Overall HHV-8 seroprevalence was 60%, increasing with age. Segregation analysis provided strong evidence for a recessive major gene conferring predisposition to HHV-8 infection. This gene is predicted to have a major effect during childhood, with almost all homozygous predisposed subjects (∼7% of the population) becoming infected by the age of 10. Linkage analysis was carried out on the 15 most informative families, corresponding to 205 genotyped subjects. A single region on chromosome 3p22 was significantly linked to HHV-8 infection (LOD score=3.83, P=2.0 × 10(-5)). This study provides the first evidence that HHV-8 infection in children in endemic areas has a strong genetic basis involving at least one recessive major locus on chromosome 3p22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pedergnana
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U980, Paris, France
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Blank U, Mécheri S. Duality and complexity of allergic type inflammatory mechanisms in determining the outcome of malaria disease. Front Immunol 2011; 2:78. [PMID: 22566867 PMCID: PMC3342065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the effector arms of the pathogenesis of severe forms of malaria disease is the development of uncontrolled or excessive inflammatory responses. A characteristic inflammatory response may arise from the propensity of some individuals to produce IgE antibodies against environmental antigens or against parasite components. We believe that an allergic inflammatory response which develops concomitantly with a malaria episode may drive the disease course toward severe forms. The role of the IgE–FcεRI complex in malaria severity in Plasmodium falciparum-hosting patients is unknown. Subsequently, except a very limited number of reports, study of effector cells that express this complex such as mast cells and basophils and that may contribute to malaria pathogenesis have been particularly neglected. A better understanding of this type of inflammatory response and its implication in malaria disease and how it impacts Plasmodium parasite development may provide additional tools to alleviate or to cure this deadly disease.
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Lemaire D, Barbosa T, Rihet P. Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 45:376-85. [PMID: 22030866 PMCID: PMC3854287 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development faces major difficulties partly because of genetic variation in both infectious organisms and humans. This causes antigenic variation in infectious agents and a high interindividual variability in the human response to the vaccine. The exponential growth of genome sequence information has induced a shift from conventional culture-based to genome-based vaccinology, and allows the tackling of challenges in vaccine development due to pathogen genetic variability. Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. Accumulating results provide evidence for the existence of a number of genes involved in protective immune responses that are induced either by natural infections or vaccines. Variation in immune responses could be viewed as the result of a perturbation of gene networks; this should help in understanding how a particular polymorphism or a combination thereof could affect protective immune responses. Here we will present: i) the first genome-based vaccines that served as proof of concept, and that provided new critical insights into vaccine development strategies; ii) an overview of genetic predisposition in infectious diseases and genetic control in responses to vaccines; iii) population genetic differences that are a rationale behind group-targeted vaccines; iv) an outlook for genetic control in infectious diseases, with special emphasis on the concept of molecular networks that will provide a structure to the huge amount of genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lemaire
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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43
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Newport MJ, Finan C. Genome-wide association studies and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2011; 10:98-107. [PMID: 21436306 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in genomics and the associated technological, statistical and bioinformatics advances have facilitated the successful implementation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) towards understanding the genetic basis of common diseases. Infectious diseases contribute significantly to the global burden of disease and there is robust epidemiological evidence that host genetic factors are important determinants of the outcome of interactions between host and pathogen. Indeed, infectious diseases have exerted profound selective pressure on human evolution. However, the application of GWAS to infectious diseases has been relatively limited compared with non-communicable diseases. Here we review GWAS findings for important infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. We highlight some of the pitfalls recognized more generally for GWAS, as well as issues specific to infection, including the role of the pathogen which also has a genome. We also discuss the challenges encountered when studying African populations which are genetically more ancient and more diverse that other populations and disproportionately bear the main global burden of serious infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Newport
- Infectious Diseases and Global Health at Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.
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IRAK-2 regulates IL-1-mediated pathogenic Th17 cell development in helminthic infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002272. [PMID: 21998578 PMCID: PMC3188523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni results in distinct heterogeneity of disease severity both in humans and in mice. In the experimental mouse model, severe disease is characterized by pronounced hepatic egg-induced granulomatous inflammation mediated by CD4 Th17 cells, whereas mild disease is associated with reduced hepatic inflammation in a Th2-skewed cytokine environment. Even though the host’s genetic background significantly impacts the clinical outcome of schistosomiasis, specific gene(s) that contribute to disease severity remain elusive. We investigated the schistosome infection in wild-derived mice, which possess a more diverse gene pool than classically inbred mouse strains and thus makes them more likely to reveal novel mechanisms of immune regulation. We now show that inbred wild-derived MOLF mice develop severe hepatic inflammation with high levels of IL-17. Congenic mice with a MOLF locus in chromosome 6, designated Why1, revealed high pathology and enabled the identification of Irak2 as the pathogenic gene. Although IRAK-2 is classically associated with TLR signaling, adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells revealed that IRAK-2 mediates pathology in a CD4 T cell specific manner by promoting Th17 cell development through enhancement of IL-1β-induced activation of transcription factors RORγt and BATF. The use of wild-derived mice unravels IRAK-2 as a novel regulator of IL-1-induced pathogenic Th17 cells in schistosomiasis, which likely has wide-ranging implications for other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Schistosomes are trematode helminths that cause widespread disease in vertebrates and are responsible for over 200 million human infections worldwide. The species Schistosoma mansoni causes a hepatic granulomatous inflammatory and fibrosing reaction against tissue trapped parasite eggs that varies greatly in humans and among mouse strains, implying that the host’s genetic background plays a critical role in determining disease severity. Although exacerbated hepatic inflammation is known to be associated with an increase in CD4 Th17 cells, specific genes conducive to high pathology are unknown. In this study we used genetically diverse inbred wild-derived mice and found that their natural severe immunopathology and high IL-17 levels are regulated by the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (IRAK-2). We demonstrate that T cell intrinsic IRAK-2 affects disease severity by enhancing the development of Th17 cells, which results from an increased sensitivity to IL-1β induced activation of the lineage-specific transcription factors RORγt and BATF. Our findings thus identify IRAK-2 as a single regulator of pathogenic Th17 cell development in murine schistosomiasis and reveal a novel mechanism that is likely to operate in other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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46
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Abstract
Schistosome vaccine candidates are now entering phase I clinical trials. In an attempt to illustrate the progress made towards control, and the definition of potential vaccines against schistosomiasis, André Capron reviews some of the major findings and observations that have led to a significant evolution of our concepts, together with the production of novel and promising tools. It is obvious that our most important advances have proceeded from the successful integration of convergent knowledge in biology, epidemiology and biotechnology. At this stage, nobody can predict what will be the outcome of the current trials, but an important step has certainly been made towards immunointervention in human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capron
- Pasteur Institut de Lille, 1 rue du Prof. A. Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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47
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Abstract
The past 30 years have seen research on the immunology of schistosomiasis move to encompass studies of responses in naturally exposed human populations, in addition to the studies in animal model systems. While animal systems still retain an important place in research on the immunology of schistosomiasis, recent debate has centred on aspects of human immunological responses that may or may not be associated with resistance or susceptibility to infection. In this article, Paul Hagan, Patricia Ndhlovu and David Dunne take stock of the present state of knowledge and offer their views on prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hagan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ
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Isnard A, Chevillard C. Recent advances in the characterization of genetic factors involved in human susceptibility to infection by schistosomiasis. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:290-300. [PMID: 19471606 PMCID: PMC2685643 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785133262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human resistance to infection by schistosomes is associated to a strong Th2 immune. However a persistent Th2 response can cause severe kidney and liver disease in human. In this review, we mainly focused on the control of infection levels caused by schistosomes. Several experimental models allowed us to better understand the immunological mechanisms of the host against schistosome infection. High IgE and eosinophil levels are associated with resistance to infection by schistosomes and this effect is counterbalanced by IgG4. IgE and eosinophils are highly dependent on IL-4, IL-13, and Il-5, which are three main Th2 cytokines. We also examined the genetic factors involved in human susceptibility to infection by schistosomiasis. Infection levels are mainly regulated by a major locus SM1, in 5q31-q33 region, which contains the genes encoding for the IL-4, IL-13, and Il-5 cytokines. An association between an IL13 polymorphism, rs1800925, and infection levels has been shown. This polymorphism synergistically acts with another polymorphism (rs324013) in the STAT6 gene, encoding for the signal transducer of the IL13 pathway. This pathway has also been involved in atopic disorders. As helminthiasis, atopy is the result of aberrant Th2 cytokine response to allergens, with an increased production of IL-4, IL-13, Il-9 and Il-5, with high amounts of allergen-specific and total IgE and eosinophilia. However, the Th2 immune response is protective in helminthiasis but aggravating in atopic disorders. Several studies reported interplay between helminthic infections and allergic reactions. The different results are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Isnard
- INSERM, U906, Marseille, France, Faculty of Medicine La Timone, University of Aix-Marseille, France
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Abstract
Over the past 30 years there has been a concerted effort to understand host immune responses to schistosomes, with the ultimate aim of producing a vaccine for human use. In this issue, Bergquist and Colley, in summarizing recent meetings in Cairo, provide a detailed appraisal of progress towards that goal. It seems an appropriate time to ask why, with reference to Schistosoma mansoni, the development of a vaccine has proved so difficult. This question is explored here by Alan Wilson and Pat Coulson.
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Casanova JL, Abel L, Quintana-Murci L. Human TLRs and IL-1Rs in host defense: natural insights from evolutionary, epidemiological, and clinical genetics. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:447-91. [PMID: 21219179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) have TIR intracellular domains that engage two main signaling pathways, via the TIR-containing adaptors MyD88 (which is not used by TLR3) and TRIF (which is used only by TLR3 and TLR4). Extensive studies in inbred mice in various experimental settings have attributed key roles in immunity to TLR- and IL-1R-mediated responses, but what contribution do human TLRs and IL-1Rs actually make to host defense in the natural setting? Evolutionary genetic studies have shown that human intracellular TLRs have evolved under stronger purifying selection than surface-expressed TLRs, for which the frequency of missense and nonsense alleles is high in the general population. Epidemiological genetic studies have yet to provide convincing evidence of a major contribution of common variants of human TLRs, IL-1Rs, or their adaptors to host defense. Clinical genetic studies have revealed that rare mutations affecting the TLR3-TRIF pathway underlie herpes simplex virus encephalitis, whereas mutations in the TIR-MyD88 pathway underlie pyogenic bacterial diseases in childhood. A careful reconsideration of the contributions of TLRs and IL-1Rs to host defense in natura is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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