1
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Divoux T, Agoritsas E, Aime S, Barentin C, Barrat JL, Benzi R, Berthier L, Bi D, Biroli G, Bonn D, Bourrianne P, Bouzid M, Del Gado E, Delanoë-Ayari H, Farain K, Fielding S, Fuchs M, van der Gucht J, Henkes S, Jalaal M, Joshi YM, Lemaître A, Leheny RL, Manneville S, Martens K, Poon WCK, Popović M, Procaccia I, Ramos L, Richards JA, Rogers S, Rossi S, Sbragaglia M, Tarjus G, Toschi F, Trappe V, Vermant J, Wyart M, Zamponi F, Zare D. Ductile-to-brittle transition and yielding in soft amorphous materials: perspectives and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6868-6888. [PMID: 39028363 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Soft amorphous materials are viscoelastic solids ubiquitously found around us, from clays and cementitious pastes to emulsions and physical gels encountered in food or biomedical engineering. Under an external deformation, these materials undergo a noteworthy transition from a solid to a liquid state that reshapes the material microstructure. This yielding transition was the main theme of a workshop held from January 9 to 13, 2023 at the Lorentz Center in Leiden. The manuscript presented here offers a critical perspective on the subject, synthesizing insights from the various brainstorming sessions and informal discussions that unfolded during this week of vibrant exchange of ideas. The result of these exchanges takes the form of a series of open questions that represent outstanding experimental, numerical, and theoretical challenges to be tackled in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Divoux
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de physique, F-69342 Lyon, France.
| | - Elisabeth Agoritsas
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics (DQMP), University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Aime
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Barentin
- Univ. de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Barrat
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Roberto Benzi
- Department of Physics & INFN, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giulio Biroli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Soft Matter Group, van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Bourrianne
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Bouzid
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emanuela Del Gado
- Georgetown University, Department of Physics, Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hélène Delanoë-Ayari
- Univ. de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kasra Farain
- Soft Matter Group, van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Fielding
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Matthias Fuchs
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Henkes
- Lorentz Institute, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maziyar Jalaal
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yogesh M Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anaël Lemaître
- Navier, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Robert L Leheny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | | | - Wilson C K Poon
- SUPA and the School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str.38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Itamar Procaccia
- Dept. of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Sino-Europe Complex Science Center, School of Mathematics, North University of China, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Laurence Ramos
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - James A Richards
- SUPA and the School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Simon Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Saverio Rossi
- LPTMC, CNRS-UMR 7600, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mauro Sbragaglia
- Department of Physics & INFN, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Tarjus
- LPTMC, CNRS-UMR 7600, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Federico Toschi
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- CNR-IAC, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Véronique Trappe
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 5, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Wyart
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics (DQMP), University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Zamponi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Davoud Zare
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Fitzherbert, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Nestlé Institute of Food Sciences, Nestlé Research, Vers Chez les Blancs, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Pignalberi F, Mastella G, Giorgetti C, Scuderi MM. Estimating Lab-Quake Source Parameters: Spectral Inversion from a Calibrated Acoustic System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5824. [PMID: 39275734 PMCID: PMC11398127 DOI: 10.3390/s24175824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory acoustic emissions (AEs) serve as small-scale analogues to earthquakes, offering fundamental insights into seismic processes. To ensure accurate physical interpretations of AEs, rigorous calibration of the acoustic system is essential. In this paper, we present an empirical calibration technique that quantifies sensor response, instrumentation effects, and path characteristics into a single entity termed instrument apparatus response. Using a controlled seismic source with different steel balls, we retrieve the instrument apparatus response in the frequency domain under typical experimental conditions for various piezoelectric sensors (PZTs) arranged to simulate a three-component seismic station. Removing these responses from the raw AE spectra allows us to obtain calibrated AE source spectra, which are then effectively used to constrain the seismic AE source parameters. We apply this calibration method to acoustic emissions (AEs) generated during unstable stick-slip behavior of a quartz gouge in double direct shear experiments. The calibrated AEs range in magnitude from -7.1 to -6.4 and exhibit stress drops between 0.075 MPa and 4.29 MPa, consistent with earthquake scaling relation. This result highlights the strong similarities between AEs generated from frictional gouge experiments and natural earthquakes. Through this acoustic emission calibration, we gain physical insights into the seismic sources of laboratory AEs, enhancing our understanding of seismic rupture processes in fault gouge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pignalberi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mastella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Giorgetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Scuderi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Goebel THW, Schuster V, Kwiatek G, Pandey K, Dresen G. A laboratory perspective on accelerating preparatory processes before earthquakes and implications for foreshock detectability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5588. [PMID: 38961092 PMCID: PMC11222383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic failure in the laboratory is commonly preceded by many foreshocks which accompany premonitory aseismic slip. Aseismic slip is also thought to govern earthquake nucleation in nature, yet, foreshocks are rare. Here, we examine how heterogeneity due to different roughness, damage and pore pressures affects premonitory slip and acoustic emission characteristics. High fluid pressures increase stiffness and reduce heterogeneity which promotes more rapid slip acceleration and shorter precursory periods, similar to the effect of low geometric heterogeneity on smooth faults. The associated acoustic emission activity in low-heterogeneity samples becomes increasingly dominated by earthquake-like double-couple focal mechanisms. The similarity of fluid pressure increase and roughness reduction suggests that increased stress and geometric homogeneity may substantially shorten the duration of foreshock activity. Gradual fault activation and extended foreshock activity is more likely observable on immature faults at shallow depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H W Goebel
- University of Memphis, Center for Earthquake Research and Information, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Valerian Schuster
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section 4.2 Geomechanics and Scientific Drilling, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatek
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section 4.2 Geomechanics and Scientific Drilling, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kiran Pandey
- University of Memphis, Center for Earthquake Research and Information, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Georg Dresen
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Section 4.2 Geomechanics and Scientific Drilling, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Volpe G, Collettini C, Taddeucci J, Marone C, Pozzi G. Frictional instabilities in clay illuminate the origin of slow earthquakes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0869. [PMID: 38941467 PMCID: PMC11212734 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The shallowest regions of subduction megathrusts mainly deform aseismically, but they can sporadically host slow-slip events (SSEs) and tsunami earthquakes, thus representing a severe hazard. However, the mechanisms behind these remain enigmatic because the frictional properties of shallow subduction zones, usually rich in clay, do not allow earthquake slip according to standard friction theory. We present experimental data showing that clay-rich faults with bulk rate-strengthening behavior and null healing rate, typically associated with aseismic creep, can contemporaneously creep and nucleate SSE. Our experiments document slow ruptures occurring within thin shear zones, driven by structural and stress heterogeneities of the experimental faults. We propose that bulk rate-strengthening frictional behavior promotes long-term aseismic creep, whereas localized frictional shear allows slow rupture nucleation and quasi-dynamic propagation typical of rate-weakening behavior. Our results provide additional understanding of fault friction and illustrate the complex behavior of clay-rich faults, providing an alternative paradigm for interpretation of the spectrum of fault slip including SSEs and tsunami earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Volpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Collettini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chris Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Geoscience, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Giacomo Pozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
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5
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Basak R, Kozlowski R, Pugnaloni LA, Kramar M, Socolar JES, Carlevaro CM, Kondic L. Evolution of force networks during stick-slip motion of an intruder in a granular material: Topological measures extracted from experimental data. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:054903. [PMID: 38115403 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.054903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In quasi-two-dimensional experiments with photoelastic particles confined to an annular region, an intruder constrained to move in a circular path halfway between the annular walls experiences stick-slip dynamics. We discuss the response of the granular medium to the driven intruder, focusing on the evolution of the force network during sticking periods. Because the available experimental data do not include precise information about individual contact forces, we use an approach developed in our previous work [Basak et al., J. Eng. Mech. 147, 04021100 (2021)0733-939910.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0002003] based on networks constructed from measurements of the integrated strain magnitude on each particle. These networks are analyzed using topological measures based on persistence diagrams, revealing that force networks evolve smoothly but in a nontrivial manner throughout each sticking period, even though the intruder and granular particles are stationary. Characteristic features of persistence diagrams show identifiable slip precursors. In particular, the number of generators describing the structure and complexity of force networks increases consistently before slips. Key features of the dynamics are similar for granular materials composed of disks or pentagons, but some details are consistently different. In particular, we find significantly larger fluctuations of the measures computed based on persistence diagrams and, therefore, of the underlying networks, for systems of pentagonal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Basak
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Ryan Kozlowski
- Department of Physics, College of the Holly Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
| | - Luis A Pugnaloni
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, CONICET, Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa (La Pampa), Argentina
| | - M Kramar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joshua E S Socolar
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - C Manuel Carlevaro
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos, CONICET, 59 789, 1900 La Plata, Argentina and and Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional La Plata, Av. 60 Esquina 124, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Lou Kondic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Applied Mathematics and Statistics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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6
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Bolton DC, Marone C, Saffer D, Trugman DT. Foreshock properties illuminate nucleation processes of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3859. [PMID: 37386022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the connection between seismic activity and the earthquake nucleation process is a fundamental goal in earthquake seismology with important implications for earthquake early warning systems and forecasting. We use high-resolution acoustic emission (AE) waveform measurements from laboratory stick-slip experiments that span a spectrum of slow to fast slip rates to probe spatiotemporal properties of laboratory foreshocks and nucleation processes. We measure waveform similarity and pairwise differential travel-times (DTT) between AEs throughout the seismic cycle. AEs broadcasted prior to slow labquakes have small DTT and high waveform similarity relative to fast labquakes. We show that during slow stick-slip, the fault never fully locks, and waveform similarity and pairwise differential travel times do not evolve throughout the seismic cycle. In contrast, fast laboratory earthquakes are preceded by a rapid increase in waveform similarity late in the seismic cycle and a reduction in differential travel times, indicating that AEs begin to coalesce as the fault slip velocity increases leading up to failure. These observations point to key differences in the nucleation process of slow and fast labquakes and suggest that the spatiotemporal evolution of laboratory foreshocks is linked to fault slip velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bolton
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Chris Marone
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Departimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Demian Saffer
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daniel T Trugman
- Nevada Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Borate P, Rivière J, Marone C, Mali A, Kifer D, Shokouhi P. Using a physics-informed neural network and fault zone acoustic monitoring to predict lab earthquakes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3693. [PMID: 37344479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting failure in solids has broad applications including earthquake prediction which remains an unattainable goal. However, recent machine learning work shows that laboratory earthquakes can be predicted using micro-failure events and temporal evolution of fault zone elastic properties. Remarkably, these results come from purely data-driven models trained with large datasets. Such data are equivalent to centuries of fault motion rendering application to tectonic faulting unclear. In addition, the underlying physics of such predictions is poorly understood. Here, we address scalability using a novel Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). Our model encodes fault physics in the deep learning loss function using time-lapse ultrasonic data. PINN models outperform data-driven models and significantly improve transfer learning for small training datasets and conditions outside those used in training. Our work suggests that PINN offers a promising path for machine learning-based failure prediction and, ultimately for improving our understanding of earthquake physics and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhav Borate
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jacques Rivière
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chris Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ankur Mali
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Daniel Kifer
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Parisa Shokouhi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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8
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Bretz P, Kondic L, Kramar M. Stochastic methods for slip prediction in a sheared granular system. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054901. [PMID: 37329081 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We consider a sheared granular system experiencing intermittent dynamics of stick-slip type via discrete element simulations. The considered setup consists of a two-dimensional system of soft frictional particles sandwiched between solid walls, one of which is exposed to a shearing force. The slip events are detected using stochastic state space models applied to various measures describing the system. The amplitudes of the events spread over more than four decades and present two distinctive peaks, one for the microslips and the other for the slips. We show that the measures describing the forces between the particles provide earlier detection of an upcoming slip event than the measures based solely on the wall movement. By comparing the detection times obtained from the considered measures, we observe that a typical slip event starts with a local change in the force network. However, some local changes do not spread globally over the force network. For the changes that become global, we find that their size strongly influences the further behavior of the system. If the size of a global change is large enough, then it triggers a slip event; if it is not, then a much weaker microslip follows. Quantification of the changes in the force network is made possible by formulating clear and precise measures describing their static and dynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bretz
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - L Kondic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - M Kramar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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9
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Sheng Y, Mordret A, Brenguier F, Boué P, Vernon F, Takeda T, Aoki Y, Taira T, Ben‐Zion Y. Seeking Repeating Anthropogenic Seismic Sources: Implications for Seismic Velocity Monitoring at Fault Zones. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2023; 128:e2022JB024725. [PMID: 37035576 PMCID: PMC10078280 DOI: 10.1029/2022jb024725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Seismic velocities in rocks are highly sensitive to changes in permanent deformation and fluid content. The temporal variation of seismic velocity during the preparation phase of earthquakes has been well documented in laboratories but rarely observed in nature. It has been recently found that some anthropogenic, high-frequency (>1 Hz) seismic sources are powerful enough to generate body waves that travel down to a few kilometers and can be used to monitor fault zones at seismogenic depth. Anthropogenic seismic sources typically have fixed spatial distribution and provide new perspectives for velocity monitoring. In this work, we propose a systematic workflow to seek such powerful seismic sources in a rapid and straightforward manner. We tackle the problem from a statistical point of view, considering that persistent, powerful seismic sources yield highly coherent correlation functions (CFs) between pairs of seismic sensors. The algorithm is tested in California and Japan. Multiple sites close to fault zones show high-frequency CFs stable for an extended period of time. These findings have great potential for monitoring fault zones, including the San Jacinto Fault and the Ridgecrest area in Southern California, Napa in Northern California, and faults in central Japan. However, extra steps, such as beamforming or polarization analysis, are required to determine the dominant seismic sources and study the source characteristics, which are crucial to interpreting the velocity monitoring results. Train tremors identified by the present approach have been successfully used for seismic velocity monitoring of the San Jacinto Fault in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sheng
- University Grenoble AlpesUniversity Savoie Mont BlancCNRSIRDUniversity Gustave EiffelGrenobleFrance
| | - A. Mordret
- University Grenoble AlpesUniversity Savoie Mont BlancCNRSIRDUniversity Gustave EiffelGrenobleFrance
| | - F. Brenguier
- University Grenoble AlpesUniversity Savoie Mont BlancCNRSIRDUniversity Gustave EiffelGrenobleFrance
| | - P. Boué
- University Grenoble AlpesUniversity Savoie Mont BlancCNRSIRDUniversity Gustave EiffelGrenobleFrance
| | - F. Vernon
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - T. Takeda
- National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceTsukubaJapan
| | - Y. Aoki
- Earthquake Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - T. Taira
- Berkeley Seismological LaboratoryUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Y. Ben‐Zion
- Department of Earth Sciences and Southern California Earthquake CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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10
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Bolton DC, Shreedharan S, McLaskey GC, Rivière J, Shokouhi P, Trugman DT, Marone C. The High-Frequency Signature of Slow and Fast Laboratory Earthquakes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2022JB024170. [PMID: 35864884 PMCID: PMC9287021 DOI: 10.1029/2022jb024170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tectonic faults fail through a spectrum of slip modes, ranging from slow aseismic creep to rapid slip during earthquakes. Understanding the seismic radiation emitted during these slip modes is key for advancing earthquake science and earthquake hazard assessment. In this work, we use laboratory friction experiments instrumented with ultrasonic sensors to document the seismic radiation properties of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes. Stick-slip experiments were conducted at a constant loading rate of 8 μm/s and the normal stress was systematically increased from 7 to 15 MPa. We produced a full spectrum of slip modes by modulating the loading stiffness in tandem with the fault zone normal stress. Acoustic emission data were recorded continuously at 5 MHz. We demonstrate that the full continuum of slip modes radiate measurable high-frequency energy between 100 and 500 kHz, including the slowest events that have peak fault slip rates <100 μm/s. The peak amplitude of the high-frequency time-domain signals scales systematically with fault slip velocity. Stable sliding experiments further support the connection between fault slip rate and high-frequency radiation. Experiments demonstrate that the origin of the high-frequency energy is fundamentally linked to changes in fault slip rate, shear strain, and breaking of contact junctions within the fault gouge. Our results suggest that having measurements close to the fault zone may be key for documenting seismic radiation properties and fully understanding the connection between different slip modes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory C. McLaskey
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Jacques Rivière
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Parisa Shokouhi
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | | | - Chris Marone
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della TerraLa Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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11
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Potential seismic precursors and surficial dynamics of a deadly Himalayan disaster: an early warning approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3733. [PMID: 35260624 PMCID: PMC8904521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
On 7 February 2021, Chamoli district (Uttarakhand, India) was devastated by a deadly rock-ice avalanche that led to a large causality of more than 200 people and a huge economic loss. We found noteworthy sequence of precursory signals of main failure/detachment preceded by a dynamic nucleation phase. The rock-ice avalanche appears to have been initiated by seismic precursors which were continuously active for 2:30 h prior to main detachment. The seismic amplitude, frequency characteristics and signal-to-noise ratio variation of detected tremors indicate static to dynamic changes in nucleation phase located at the source of detached wedge. The characteristics of seismic data distinguished debris flow and hitting obstacles from other seismic sources and allowed the estimations of debris flow speed. We analyzed and verified the seismic signals with field evidences to estimate the associated impacts and velocity of dynamic flow. The proximal high-quality seismic data allowed us to reconstruct the complete chronological sequence and evaluate impacts since the initiation of nucleation phase to its advancement. Furthermore, we suggest that real-time seismic monitoring with existing network and future deployment of integrated dense network can be used for forecasting of flow events and hazard mitigation in the downstream.
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12
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Wang K, Johnson CW, Bennett KC, Johnson PA. Predicting fault slip via transfer learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7319. [PMID: 34916491 PMCID: PMC8677738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Data-driven machine-learning for predicting instantaneous and future fault-slip in laboratory experiments has recently progressed markedly, primarily due to large training data sets. In Earth however, earthquake interevent times range from 10's-100's of years and geophysical data typically exist for only a portion of an earthquake cycle. Sparse data presents a serious challenge to training machine learning models for predicting fault slip in Earth. Here we describe a transfer learning approach using numerical simulations to train a convolutional encoder-decoder that predicts fault-slip behavior in laboratory experiments. The model learns a mapping between acoustic emission and fault friction histories from numerical simulations, and generalizes to produce accurate predictions of laboratory fault friction. Notably, the predictions improve by further training the model latent space using only a portion of data from a single laboratory earthquake-cycle. The transfer learning results elucidate the potential of using models trained on numerical simulations and fine-tuned with small geophysical data sets for potential applications to faults in Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Geophysics Group, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Christopher W Johnson
- Geophysics Group, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Kane C Bennett
- Geophysics Group, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Paul A Johnson
- Geophysics Group, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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13
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Bolton DC, Shreedharan S, Rivière J, Marone C. Frequency-Magnitude Statistics of Laboratory Foreshocks Vary With Shear Velocity, Fault Slip Rate, and Shear Stress. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2021JB022175. [PMID: 35865108 PMCID: PMC9286047 DOI: 10.1029/2021jb022175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the temporal evolution of foreshocks and their relation to earthquake nucleation is important for earthquake early warning systems, earthquake hazard assessment, and earthquake physics. Laboratory experiments on intact rock and rough fractures have demonstrated that the number and size of acoustic emission (AE) events increase and that the Gutenberg-Richter b-value decreases prior to coseismic failure. However, for lab fault zones of finite width, where shear occurs within gouge, the physical processes that dictate temporal variations in frequency-magnitude (F/M) statistics of lab foreshocks are unclear. Here, we report on a series of laboratory experiments to illuminate the physical processes that govern temporal variations in b-value and AE size. We record AE data continuously for hundreds of lab seismic cycles and report F/M statistics. Our foreshock catalogs include cases where F/M data are not exponentially distributed, but we retain the concept of b-value for comparison with other works. We find that b-value decreases as the fault approaches failure, consistent with previous works. We also find that b-value scales inversely with shear velocity and fault slip rate, suggesting that fault slip acceleration during earthquake nucleation could impact foreshock F/M statistics. We propose that fault zone dilation and grain mobilization have a strong influence on foreshock magnitude. Fault dilation at higher shearing rates increases porosity and results in larger foreshocks and smaller b-values. Our observations suggest that lab earthquakes are preceded by a preparatory nucleation phase with systematic variations in AE and fault zone properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacques Rivière
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Chris Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della TerraLa Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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14
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Pu Y, Chen J, Apel DB. Deep and confident prediction for a laboratory earthquake. Neural Comput Appl 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-05872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Shreedharan S, Bolton DC, Rivière J, Marone C. Machine Learning Predicts the Timing and Shear Stress Evolution of Lab Earthquakes Using Active Seismic Monitoring of Fault Zone Processes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2020JB021588. [PMID: 35865235 PMCID: PMC9285915 DOI: 10.1029/2020jb021588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) techniques have become increasingly important in seismology and earthquake science. Lab-based studies have used acoustic emission data to predict time-to-failure and stress state, and in a few cases, the same approach has been used for field data. However, the underlying physical mechanisms that allow lab earthquake prediction and seismic forecasting remain poorly resolved. Here, we address this knowledge gap by coupling active-source seismic data, which probe asperity-scale processes, with ML methods. We show that elastic waves passing through the lab fault zone contain information that can predict the full spectrum of labquakes from slow slip instabilities to highly aperiodic events. The ML methods utilize systematic changes in P-wave amplitude and velocity to accurately predict the timing and shear stress during labquakes. The ML predictions improve in accuracy closer to fault failure, demonstrating that the predictive power of the ultrasonic signals improves as the fault approaches failure. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between the ultrasonic parameters and fault slip rate, and in turn, the systematically evolving real area of contact and asperity stiffness allow the gradient boosting algorithm to "learn" about the state of the fault and its proximity to failure. Broadly, our results demonstrate the utility of physics-informed ML in forecasting the imminence of fault slip at the laboratory scale, which may have important implications for earthquake mechanics in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srisharan Shreedharan
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
- Now at The University of Texas Institute for GeophysicsAustinUSA
| | - David Chas Bolton
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
| | - Jacques Rivière
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
| | - Chris Marone
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della TerraLa Sapienza Università di RomaItaly
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16
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Paglialunga F, Passelègue FX, Acosta M, Violay M. Origin of the Co-Seismic Variations of Elastic Properties in the Crust: Insight From the Laboratory. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL093619. [PMID: 34433992 PMCID: PMC8365675 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl093619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seismological observations highlighted that earthquakes are often followed by changes in elastic properties around the fault zone. Here, we studied the origin of these variations using stick-slip experiments on saw-cut granite samples presenting different degrees of bulk damage (i.e., microcracks). Stick-slip events were induced under triaxial compression configuration with continuous active ultrasonic measurements at confining pressures representative of upper crustal conditions (15-120 MPa). Both the P-wave velocity (V P ) and amplitude (A P ) showed drops, concurrently with stress drops, and had a non-monotonic dependence toward the fault's stress state. Our experimental results suggest that co-seismic changes inV P were mostly controlled by the elastic re-opening of microcracks in the bulk, rather than by co-seismic damage or the formation of fault gouge. Co-seismic changes inA P were controlled by a combination of elastic re-opening of microcracks in the bulk and inelastic processes (i.e., co-seismic damage and gouge formation and dilation).
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Paglialunga
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLEMRLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - M. Acosta
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLEMRLausanneSwitzerland
| | - M. Violay
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLEMRLausanneSwitzerland
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17
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Lithological and stress anisotropy control large-scale seismic velocity variations in tight carbonates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9472. [PMID: 33947915 PMCID: PMC8096945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of subsurface structures often derives from seismic velocities that are measured during seismic acquisition surveys. These velocities can greatly change due to lithological, fracture frequencies and/or effective pressure/temperature variations. However, the influence of such intrinsic lithological properties and environmental conditions at the large scale is poorly understood due to the lack of comprehensive datasets. Here, we analyze 43 borehole-derived velocity datasets of 3 end-member tight carbonate sequences from Central Italy, including massive pure limestone (Calcare Massiccio, CM), thick-layered (20-50 cm) pure limestone (Maiolica, MA), and thin-layered (2-20 cm) marly limestone (Calcareous Scaglia, CS). Our results show that the main rock parameters and environmental conditions driving large scale velocity variations are bedding and paleostresses, while mineralogical composition and current tectonic stress also play a role. For each of the 3 end-members, measured VP values vary differently with depth, as the thin-layered CS units show a clear increase in Vp, while velocity slightly increases and remains constant for the thick-layered MA and massive CM units, respectively. Such observations show that velocities are affected by specific characteristics of lithological discontinuities, such as the thickness of bedding. Counterintuitively, larger Vp values were recorded in the deformed mountain range than in the undeformed foreland suggesting that higher paleo-stresses increase velocity values by enhancing diagenesis and healing of discontinuities. Our results thus demonstrate that large scale velocity variations are strictly related to variation of lithological properties and to the geological and tectonic history of an area. We suggest that such lithological and environmental controls should be taken into account when developing velocity and mechanical models for tectonically active regions of the Mediterranean Area, where earthquakes mostly nucleate and propagate through carbonate formations, and for resource exploration in fractured carbonate reservoirs.
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18
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Abstract
Earthquake prediction, the long-sought holy grail of earthquake science, continues to confound Earth scientists. Could we make advances by crowdsourcing, drawing from the vast knowledge and creativity of the machine learning (ML) community? We used Google’s ML competition platform, Kaggle, to engage the worldwide ML community with a competition to develop and improve data analysis approaches on a forecasting problem that uses laboratory earthquake data. The competitors were tasked with predicting the time remaining before the next earthquake of successive laboratory quake events, based on only a small portion of the laboratory seismic data. The more than 4,500 participating teams created and shared more than 400 computer programs in openly accessible notebooks. Complementing the now well-known features of seismic data that map to fault criticality in the laboratory, the winning teams employed unexpected strategies based on rescaling failure times as a fraction of the seismic cycle and comparing input distribution of training and testing data. In addition to yielding scientific insights into fault processes in the laboratory and their relation with the evolution of the statistical properties of the associated seismic data, the competition serves as a pedagogical tool for teaching ML in geophysics. The approach may provide a model for other competitions in geosciences or other domains of study to help engage the ML community on problems of significance.
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19
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Sycheva N. The source parameters of earthquakes of Bishkek geodynamic proving ground (Northern Tien Shan). EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125402016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the method of polarity of signs of P-waves, the focal mechanisms of 1674 earthquakes with M ≥ 1.6, which occurred on the territory of the Bishkek geodynamic proving ground (BGPG) from 1994 to 2020, were determined. Some characteristics of the complete catalogue are presented. Quantitative distributions by the type of mechanisms and diagrams of azimuths of the main stress axes are constructed. A variety of focal mechanism of earthquake is observed, most of them are reverse fault, oblique reverse fault, and horizontal strike-slip fault. The compression axis for most of the events has a north-northwest direction and a sub-horizontal position. For 183, dynamic parameters (DP, source parameters) were obtained: spectral density Ω0, corner frequency f0, scalar seismic moment M0, source radius (Brune radius) r, and stress drop Δσ. The correlations between DP and energy characteristic (magnitude) and scalar seismic moment are investigated. The smallest correlation coefficient was obtained for stress drop.
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20
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Hulbert C, Rouet-Leduc B, Jolivet R, Johnson PA. An exponential build-up in seismic energy suggests a months-long nucleation of slow slip in Cascadia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4139. [PMID: 32811833 PMCID: PMC7435189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow slip events result from the spontaneous weakening of the subduction megathrust and bear strong resemblance to earthquakes, only slower. This resemblance allows us to study fundamental aspects of nucleation that remain elusive for classic, fast earthquakes. We rely on machine learning algorithms to infer slow slip timing from statistics of seismic waveforms. We find that patterns in seismic power follow the 14-month slow slip cycle in Cascadia, arguing in favor of the predictability of slow slip rupture. Here, we show that seismic power exponentially increases as the slowly slipping portion of the subduction zone approaches failure, a behavior that shares a striking similarity with the increase in acoustic power observed prior to laboratory slow slip events. Our results suggest that the nucleation phase of Cascadia slow slip events may last from several weeks up to several months. Using machine learning algorithms, the authors here identify slow slip precursors in the Cascadia subduction zone to last for months - which in turn argues for a much better predictability of slow slip rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hulbert
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris, France. .,Los Alamos National Laboratory, Geophysics Group, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | | | - Romain Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul A Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Geophysics Group, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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21
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Bolton DC, Shreedharan S, Rivière J, Marone C. Acoustic Energy Release During the Laboratory Seismic Cycle: Insights on Laboratory Earthquake Precursors and Prediction. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2020; 125:e2019JB018975. [PMID: 33282618 PMCID: PMC7685124 DOI: 10.1029/2019jb018975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning can predict the timing and magnitude of laboratory earthquakes using statistics of acoustic emissions. The evolution of acoustic energy is critical for lab earthquake prediction; however, the connections between acoustic energy and fault zone processes leading to failure are poorly understood. Here, we document in detail the temporal evolution of acoustic energy during the laboratory seismic cycle. We report on friction experiments for a range of shearing velocities, normal stresses, and granular particle sizes. Acoustic emission data are recorded continuously throughout shear using broadband piezo-ceramic sensors. The coseismic acoustic energy release scales directly with stress drop and is consistent with concepts of frictional contact mechanics and time-dependent fault healing. Experiments conducted with larger grains (10.5 μm) show that the temporal evolution of acoustic energy scales directly with fault slip rate. In particular, the acoustic energy is low when the fault is locked and increases to a maximum during coseismic failure. Data from traditional slide-hold-slide friction tests confirm that acoustic energy release is closely linked to fault slip rate. Furthermore, variations in the true contact area of fault zone particles play a key role in the generation of acoustic energy. Our data show that acoustic radiation is related primarily to breaking/sliding of frictional contact junctions, which suggests that machine learning-based laboratory earthquake prediction derives from frictional weakening processes that begin very early in the seismic cycle and well before macroscopic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Bolton
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | | | - Jacques Rivière
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Chris Marone
- Department of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della TerraLa Sapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
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22
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Ostapchuk AA, Morozova KG. On the Mechanism of Laboratory Earthquake Nucleation Highlighted by Acoustic Emission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7245. [PMID: 32350401 PMCID: PMC7190713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of granular media is the key to understanding behavior of many natural systems. In this work we concentrate on studying regularities of deformation of a gouge-filled fault. Confined granular layer – model fault – subjected to an external stress may display sudden slip owing to rearrangement of the granular layer. In nature fast slip along a fault results in an earthquake. To understand fault behavior better, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of acoustic emission (AE) data that accompany stick-slip in granular media. Here we reveal and trace the emergence of two populations of AE. The first one is characterized by a waveform with a harsh onset, while the second one exhibits a gradual amplitude rise and a tremor-like waveform. During a regular stick-slip the statistical properties of the first population remains intact. The second one is very sensitive to alterations of stress conditions, and its scaling parameters correlate with the change of mechanical characteristics of the fault. Probably, AE populations were identified corresponding to two gouge-filled fault subsystems – a load-bearing granular network and an ensemble of relatively unloaded grains in the granular layer. The detected regularities point to a compound self-organization processes in fault zones and suggest that the final stage of earthquake preparation can be revealed in analyzing the scaling characteristics of seismic-acoustic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ostapchuk
- Sadovsky Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - K G Morozova
- Sadovsky Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Rouet‐Leduc B, Hulbert C, McBrearty IW, Johnson PA. Probing Slow Earthquakes With Deep Learning. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:e2019GL085870. [PMID: 32713978 PMCID: PMC7375133 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl085870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Slow earthquakes may trigger failure on neighboring locked faults that are stressed sufficiently to break, and slow slip patterns may evolve before a nearby great earthquake. However, even in the clearest cases such as Cascadia, slow earthquakes and associated tremor have only been observed in intermittent and discrete bursts. By training a convolutional neural network to detect known tremor on a single seismic station in Cascadia, we isolate and identify tremor and slip preceding and following known larger slow events. The deep neural network can be used for the detection of quasi-continuous tremor, providing a proxy that quantifies the slow slip rate. Furthermore, the model trained in Cascadia recognizes tremor in other subduction zones and also along the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, suggesting a universality of waveform characteristics and source processes, as posited from experiments and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Hulbert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Geophysics GroupLos AlamosNMUSA
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS UMRParisFrance
| | - Ian W. McBrearty
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Geophysics GroupLos AlamosNMUSA
- Department of GeophysicsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Paul A. Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Geophysics GroupLos AlamosNMUSA
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24
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Bera PK, Majumdar S, Ouillon G, Sornette D, Sood AK. Quantitative earthquake-like statistical properties of the flow of soft materials below yield stress. Nat Commun 2020; 11:9. [PMID: 31911596 PMCID: PMC6946698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The flow behavior of soft materials below the yield stress can be rich and is not fully understood. Here, we report shear-stress-induced reorganization of three-dimensional solid-like soft materials formed by closely packed nematic domains of surfactant micelles and a repulsive Wigner glass formed by anisotropic clay nano-discs having ionic interactions. The creep response of both the systems below the yield stress results in angular velocity fluctuations of the shearing plate showing large temporal burst-like events that resemble seismic foreshocks-aftershocks data measuring the ground motion during earthquake avalanches. We find that the statistical properties of the quake events inside such a burst map on to the scaling relations for magnitude and frequency distribution of earthquakes, given by Gutenberg-Richter and Omori laws, and follow a power-law distribution of the inter-occurrence waiting time. In situ polarized optical microscopy reveals that during these events the system self-organizes to a much stronger solid-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Bera
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - S Majumdar
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560080, India
| | - G Ouillon
- Lithophyse, 4 rue de l'Ancien Sénat, 06300, Nice, France
| | - D Sornette
- D-MTEC, and Department Physics and Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Scheuzerstrasse 7, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Risk Analysis Prediction and Management, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India.
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25
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Damage Evolution and Failure Behavior of Post-Mainshock Damaged Rocks under Aftershock Effects. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12234429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rock stability has long been a hot topic during underground energy exploitation, but the failure process of rock materials under earthquake effects is extremely complicated, and the failure mechanism still remains unclear. In order to investigate the fatigue damage and failure behavior of rocks under aftershock effects considering the post-mainshock damage states, a series of laboratory tests were conducted on marble specimens subjected to stepwise cyclic loading. Four levels of peak stress (i.e., 10, 30, 50, and 70 MPa) were applied in the first cycle, to simulate mainshock damage. The results indicate that, with the increase of initial cycle amplitude, mainshock damage has a significant effect on deformation behavior, dissipated energy, P-wave velocity, and AE characteristics of tested specimens during aftershock process. The increasing amplitude of initial cycle enhances irreversible deformation and weakens the resistance to deformation, which accelerates the expansion of specimen volume and results in the reduction of bearing capacity. Furthermore, the increasing amplitude of initial cycle obviously changes the failure morphologies and intensifies the final macro-fracture scale of tested specimens, which are verified by acoustic emission AF-RA value and b-value, respectively.
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26
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Brenguier F, Boué P, Ben‐Zion Y, Vernon F, Johnson C, Mordret A, Coutant O, Share P, Beaucé E, Hollis D, Lecocq T. Train Traffic as a Powerful Noise Source for Monitoring Active Faults With Seismic Interferometry. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:9529-9536. [PMID: 31866700 PMCID: PMC6900029 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments report that detectable seismic velocity changes should occur in the vicinity of fault zones prior to earthquakes. However, operating permanent active seismic sources to monitor natural faults at seismogenic depth is found to be nearly impossible to achieve. We show that seismic noise generated by vehicle traffic, and especially heavy freight trains, can be turned into a powerful repetitive seismic source to continuously probe the Earth's crust at a few kilometers depth. Results of an exploratory seismic experiment in Southern California demonstrate that correlations of train-generated seismic signals allow daily reconstruction of direct P body waves probing the San Jacinto Fault down to 4-km depth. This new approach may facilitate monitoring most of the San Andreas Fault system using the railway and highway network of California.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Boué
- ISterre, Université Grenoble AlpesGièresFrance
| | - Y. Ben‐Zion
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - F. Vernon
- IGPPUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - C.W. Johnson
- IGPPUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - O. Coutant
- ISterre, Université Grenoble AlpesGièresFrance
| | - P.‐E. Share
- IGPPUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | | | - T. Lecocq
- Royal Observatory of BelgiumBrusselsBelgium
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27
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Liu Y, Lu CP, Liu B, Zhang H, Wang HY. Experimental and field investigations on seismic response of joints and beddings in rocks. ULTRASONICS 2019; 97:46-56. [PMID: 31078952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on experimental and in-situ tests, the propagation and attenuation rules of seismic wave in the intact and jointed rocks subjected to conventional triaxial loading condition were investigated, especially the influencing effects of joints and beddings on the attenuation. Meanwhile, the frequency-spectrum evolutions during the process of attenuation were analysed in detail. To verify the outcomes obtained from the laboratory, the attenuation characteristics of seismic wave generated by blasting in underground strata were tested, and the attenuation rules by the joints between strata was summarized. Finally, the seismic response of joints and beddings in rocks was revealed. This work put forward some references for early weakening and controlling coal-rock dynamic disasters triggered by seismic wave in coal mines based on the attenuation effect of artificial discontinuity such as joint and bedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining (Ministry of Education), School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Cai-Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining (Ministry of Education), School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering and Lassonde Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining (Ministry of Education), School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Lherminier S, Planet R, Vehel VLD, Simon G, Vanel L, Måløy KJ, Ramos O. Continuously Sheared Granular Matter Reproduces in Detail Seismicity Laws. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:218501. [PMID: 31283309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.218501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a shear experiment that quantitatively reproduces the main laws of seismicity. By continuously and slowly shearing a compressed monolayer of disks in a ringlike geometry, our system delivers events of frictional failures with energies following a Gutenberg-Richter law. Moreover, foreshocks and aftershocks are described by Omori laws and interevent times also follow exactly the same distribution as real earthquakes, showing the existence of memory of past events. Other features of real earthquakes qualitatively reproduced in our system are both the existence of a quiescence preceding some main shocks, as well as magnitude correlations linked to large quakes. The key ingredient of the dynamics is the nature of the force network, governing the distribution of frictional thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lherminier
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - R Planet
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - V Levy Dit Vehel
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Simon
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Vanel
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - K J Måløy
- PoreLab, The Njord Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1048, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Ramos
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Kocharyan GG, Ostapchuk AA, Pavlov DV. Traces Of Laboratory Earthquake Nucleation In The Spectrum Of Ambient Noise. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10764. [PMID: 30018392 PMCID: PMC6050260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The short-term forecast of earthquakes associated with fault rupture is a challenge in seismology and rock mechanics. The evolution of mechanical characteristics of a local fault segment may be encoded in the ambient noise, thus, converting the ambient noise to an efficient source of information about the fault stress-strain conditions. In laboratory experiments we investigate micro-vibrations of a block-fault system induced by weak external disturbances with the purpose of getting reliable evidence of how the system transits to the metastable state. We show that precursory changes of spectral characteristics of micro-vibrations are observed for the complete spectrum of failure modes. In the course of experiments we systematically change the properties of interface to perform the transition from stick-slip to steady sliding and observe the characteristics of micro-vibrations of the laboratory block-fault system. Detected were systematical alterations of the system natural frequency and those alterations were determined by the evolution of fault stiffness. The detected regularities suggest that the final stage of seismic event preparation can be revealed in analyzing the spectral characteristics of ambient noise. The detection of natural oscillations of a block-fault system can be a new useful tool to monitor active faults in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevorg G Kocharyan
- Institute of Geosphere Dymanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey A Ostapchuk
- Institute of Geosphere Dymanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Pavlov
- Institute of Geosphere Dymanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Slow-slip events are earthquake-like events only with much lower slip rates. While peak coseismic velocities can reach tens of meters per second, slow-slip is on the order of 10−7±2 m/s and may last for days to weeks. Under the rate-and-state model of fault friction, slow-slip is produced only when the asperity size is commensurate with the critical nucleation size, a function of frictional properties. However, it is unlikely that all subduction zones embody the same frictional properties. In addition to friction, plastic flow of antigorite-rich serpentinite may significantly influence the dynamics of fault slip near the mantle wedge corner. Here, we show that the range of frictional parameters that generate slow slip is widened in the presence of a serpentinized layer along the subduction plate interface. We observe increased stability and damping of fast ruptures in a semi-brittle fault zone governed by both brittle and viscoelastic constitutive response. The rate of viscous serpentinite flow, governed by dislocation creep, is enhanced by high ambient temperatures. When effective viscosity is taken to be dynamic, long-term slow slip events spontaneously emerge. Integration of rheology, thermal effects, and other microphysical processes with rate-and-state friction may yield further insight into the phenomenology of slow slip.
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Ikari MJ, Kopf AJ. Seismic potential of weak, near-surface faults revealed at plate tectonic slip rates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701269. [PMID: 29202027 PMCID: PMC5706663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The near-surface areas of major faults commonly contain weak, phyllosilicate minerals, which, based on laboratory friction measurements, are assumed to creep stably. However, it is now known that shallow faults can experience tens of meters of earthquake slip and also host slow and transient slip events. Laboratory experiments are generally performed at least two orders of magnitude faster than plate tectonic speeds, which are the natural driving conditions for major faults; the absence of experimental data for natural driving rates represents a critical knowledge gap. We use laboratory friction experiments on natural fault zone samples at driving rates of centimeters per year to demonstrate that there is abundant evidence of unstable slip behavior that was not previously predicted. Specifically, weak clay-rich fault samples generate slow slip events (SSEs) and have frictional properties favorable for earthquake rupture. Our work explains growing field observations of shallow SSE and surface-breaking earthquake slip, and predicts that such phenomena should be more widely expected.
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