1
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Ni H, Lin Q, Zhong J, Gan S, Cheng H, Huang Y, Ding X, Yu H, Xu Y, Nie H. Role of sulfatide-reactive vNKT cells in promoting lung Treg cells via dendritic cell modulation in asthma models. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176461. [PMID: 38460658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Our previous studies have showed that sulfatide-reactive type II NKT (i.e. variant NKT, vNKT) cells inhibit the immunogenic maturation during the development of mature lung dendritic cells (LDCs), leading todeclined allergic airway inflammation in asthma. Nonetheless, the specific immunoregulatory roles of vNKT cells in LDC-mediated Th2 cell responses remain incompletely understood. Herein, we found that administration of sulfatide facilitated the generation of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the lungs of wild-type mice, but not in CD1d-/- and Jα18-/- mice, after ovalbumin or house dust mite exposure. This finding implies that the enhancement of lung Treg cells by sulfatide requires vNKT cells, which dependent on invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Furthermore, the CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells induced by sulfatide-reactive vNKT cells were found to be associated with PD-L1 molecules expressed on LDCs, and this association was dependent on iNKT cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that in asthma-mimicking murine models, sulfatide-reactive vNKT cells facilitate the generation of lung Treg cells through inducing tolerogenic properties in LDCs, and this process is dependent on the presence of lung iNKT cells. These results may provide a potential therapeutic approach to treat allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Qibin Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Jieying Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoding Gan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Parmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xuhong Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hongying Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqing Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Hanxiang Nie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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2
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Dhodapkar MV. Role of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells in Myeloma Biology and Therapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:63-68. [PMID: 38421714 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023048380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are distinct innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid antigens in the context of nonpolymorphic molecule CD1d. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy wherein malignant plasma cells express CD1d and are sensitive to lysis by NKT cells. Progressive malignancy in MM is characterized by NKT cell dysfunction. Several studies have tried to harness the anti-tumor properties of NKT cells in MM to mediate tumor regression. NKT cells are also attractive targets for approaches at immune redirection in MM with chimeric-antigen receptor NKT (CAR-NKT) and bispecific antibodies. In addition to the commonly studied invariant-NKT (iNKT) cells, MM patients often also exhibit alterations in type-II NKT cells and their ligands. In patients and mouse models with Gaucher disease (GD), an inherited lipid-storage disorder with markedly increased risk for MM, distinct type-II NKT cells exhibit a T-follicular helper (NKT-TFH) phenotype and provide help to lipid-specific B cells. Chronic immune activation in this setting eventually sets the stage for malignancy, which can be targeted in both mouse models and GD patients by reducing the underlying antigen. NKT cells are thus integrally linked to MM pathogenesis and an attractive target for MM immunotherapy.
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3
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Wu X, Liu J, Li W, Khan MF, Dai H, Tian J, Priya R, Tian DJ, Wu W, Yaacoub A, Gu J, Syed F, Yu CH, Gao X, Yu Q, Xu XM, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1d-dependent neuroinflammation impairs tissue repair and functional recovery following a spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562047. [PMID: 37905092 PMCID: PMC10614755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from a spinal cord injury (SCI) is primarily driven by a robust neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response. This intricate process is mainly governed by a multitude of cytokines and cell surface proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the critical components of the neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response during SCI are still not well-defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD1d, an MHC class I-like molecule mostly known for presenting lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulating immune/inflammatory responses, on neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory responses induced by SCI. We observed an increased expression of CD1d on various cell types within the spinal cord, including microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), and endothelial cells (DCs), but not on neurons or astrocytes post-SCI. In comparison to wildtype (WT) mice, a T10 contusive SCI in CD1d knockout (CD1dKO or Cd1d -/- ) mice resulted in markedly reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, microglia/macrophage activation and proliferation. Following SCI, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation/proliferation of microglia/macrophages were dramatically reduced, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and growth factors like VEGF were substantially increased in the spinal cord tissues of CD1dKO mice when compared to WT mice. In the post-acute phase of SCI (day 7 post-SCI), CD1dKO mice had a significantly higher frequency of tissue-repairing macrophages, but not other types of immune cells, in the injured spinal cord tissues compared to WT mice. Moreover, CD1d-deficiency protected spinal cord neuronal cells and tissue, promoting functional recovery after a SCI. However, the neuroinflammation in WT mouse spinal cords was independent of the canonical CD1d/NKT cell axis. Finally, treatment of injured mice with a CD1d-specific monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced neuroprotection and improved functional recovery. Therefore, CD1d promotes the proinflammatory response following a SCI and represents a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord repair. Significance Statement The cell surface molecule, CD1d, is known to be recognized by cells of the immune system. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that the CD1d molecule significantly contributes to neuroinflammation following a spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner independent of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. This is important, because this work reveals CD1d as a potential therapeutic target following an acute SCI for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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4
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Kumar V, Hertz M, Agro A, Byrne AJ. Type 1 invariant natural killer T cells in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260503. [PMID: 37818376 PMCID: PMC10561218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic tissue inflammation often results in fibrosis characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components remodeling normal tissue architecture and function. Recent studies have suggested common immune mechanisms despite the complexity of the interactions between tissue-specific fibroblasts, macrophages, and distinct immune cell populations that mediate fibrosis in various tissues. Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognizing lipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules have been shown to play an important role in chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Here we review recent data in both experimental models and in humans that suggest a key role of type 1 invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activation in the progression of inflammatory cascades leading to recruitment of neutrophils and activation of the inflammasome, macrophages, fibroblasts, and, ultimately, fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT-associated mechanisms contribute to type 1, type 2 and type 3 immune pathways mediating tissue fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thus, targeting a pathway upstream of these immune mechanisms, such as the inhibition of iNKT activation, may be important in modulating various fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- GRI Bio, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Adam J. Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Harnessing Innate Immunity to Treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections: Heat-Killed Caulobacter crescentus as a Novel Biotherapeutic. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040560. [PMID: 36831226 PMCID: PMC9954702 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a serious and devastating infectious disease worldwide. Approximately a quarter of the world population harbors latent Mtb infection without pathological consequences. Exposure of immunocompetent healthy individuals with Mtb does not result in active disease in more than 90% individuals, suggesting a defining role of host immunity to prevent and/or clear early infection. However, innate immune stimulation strategies have been relatively underexplored for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this study, we used cell culture and mouse models to examine the role of a heat-killed form of a non-pathogenic microbe, Caulobacter crescentus (HKCC), in inducing innate immunity and limiting Mtb infection. We also examined the added benefits of a distinct chemo-immunotherapeutic strategy that incorporates concurrent treatments with low doses of a first-line drug isoniazid and HKCC. This therapeutic approach resulted in highly significant reductions in disseminated Mtb in the lungs, liver, and spleen of mice compared to either agent alone. Our studies demonstrate the potential of a novel innate immunotherapeutic strategy with or without antimycobacterial drugs in controlling Mtb infection in mice and open new avenues for the treatment of tuberculosis in humans.
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6
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Farquhar R, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, Shahine A. αβ T-cell receptor recognition of self-phosphatidylinositol presented by CD1b. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102849. [PMID: 36587766 PMCID: PMC9900620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 glycoproteins present lipid-based antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs). A role for CD1b in T-cell-mediated autoreactivity was proposed when it was established that CD1b can present self-phospholipids with short alkyl chains (∼C34) to T cells; however, the structural characteristics of this presentation and recognition are unclear. Here, we report the 1.9 Å resolution binary crystal structure of CD1b presenting a self-phosphatidylinositol-C34:1 and an endogenous scaffold lipid. Moreover, we also determined the 2.4 Å structure of CD1b-phosphatidylinositol complexed to an autoreactive αβ TCR, BC8B. We show that the TCR docks above CD1b and directly contacts the presented antigen, selecting for both the phosphoinositol headgroup and glycerol neck region via antigen remodeling within CD1b and allowing lateral escape of the inositol moiety through a channel formed by the TCR α-chain. Furthermore, through alanine scanning mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance, we identified key CD1b residues mediating this interaction, with Glu-80 abolishing TCR binding. We in addition define a role for both CD1b α1 and CD1b α2 molecular domains in modulating this interaction. These findings suggest that the BC8B TCR contacts both the presented phospholipid and the endogenous scaffold lipid via a dual mechanism of corecognition. Taken together, these data expand our understanding into the molecular mechanisms of CD1b-mediated T-cell autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Capelluto DGS. The repertoire of protein-sulfatide interactions reveal distinct modes of sulfatide recognition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1080161. [PMID: 36533082 PMCID: PMC9748700 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide is an abundant glycosphingolipid in the mammalian nervous system, kidney, trachea, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas and is found in low levels in other tissues. Sulfatide is characterized by the presence of a sulfate group in the hydrophilic galactose moiety, with isoforms differing in their sphingosine base and the length, unsaturation, and hydroxylation of their acyl chain. Sulfatide has been associated with a variety of cellular processes including immune responses, cell survival, myelin organization, platelet aggregation, and host-pathogen interactions. Structural studies of protein-sulfatide interactions markedly advanced our understanding of their molecular contacts, key-interacting residues, orientation of the sulfatide in its binding site, and in some cases, sulfatide-mediated protein oligomerization. To date, all protein-sulfatide interactions are reported to display dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. At least three distinct modes of protein-sulfatide binding were identified: 1) protein binding to short consensus stretches of amino acids that adopt α-helical-loop-α-helical conformations; 2) sulfatide-bound proteins that present the sulfatide head group to another protein; and 3) proteins that cage sulfatides. The scope of this review is to present an up-to-date overview of these molecular mechanisms of sulfatide recognition to better understand the role of this glycosphingolipid in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. S Capelluto
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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8
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Almeida CF, Smith DGM, Cheng TY, Harpur CM, Batleska E, Nguyen-Robertson CV, Nguyen T, Thelemann T, Reddiex SJJ, Li S, Eckle SBG, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Moody DB, Williams SJ, Pellicci DG, Godfrey DI. Benzofuran sulfonates and small self-lipid antigens activate type II NKT cells via CD1d. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104420118. [PMID: 34417291 PMCID: PMC8403964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104420118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells detect lipids presented by CD1d. Most studies focus on type I NKT cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCR) and recognize α-galactosylceramides. However, CD1d also presents structurally distinct lipids to NKT cells expressing diverse TCRs (type II NKT cells), but our knowledge of the antigens for type II NKT cells is limited. An early study identified a nonlipidic NKT cell agonist, phenyl pentamethyldihydrobenzofuransulfonate (PPBF), which is notable for its similarity to common sulfa drugs, but its mechanism of NKT cell activation remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a range of pentamethylbenzofuransulfonates (PBFs), including PPBF, activate polyclonal type II NKT cells from human donors. Whereas these sulfa drug-like molecules might have acted pharmacologically on cells, here we demonstrate direct contact between TCRs and PBF-treated CD1d complexes. Further, PBF-treated CD1d tetramers identified type II NKT cell populations expressing αβTCRs and γδTCRs, including those with variable and joining region gene usage (TRAV12-1-TRAJ6) that was conserved across donors. By trapping a CD1d-type II NKT TCR complex for direct mass-spectrometric analysis, we detected molecules that allow the binding of CD1d to TCRs, finding that both selected PBF family members and short-chain sphingomyelin lipids are present in these complexes. Furthermore, the combination of PPBF and short-chain sphingomyelin enhances CD1d tetramer staining of PPBF-reactive T cell lines over either molecule alone. This study demonstrates that nonlipidic small molecules, which resemble sulfa drugs implicated in systemic hypersensitivity and drug allergy reactions, are targeted by a polyclonal population of type II NKT cells in a CD1d-restricted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chris M Harpur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elena Batleska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Catriona V Nguyen-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tram Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tamara Thelemann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott J J Reddiex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Spencer J Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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9
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Mayassi T, Barreiro LB, Rossjohn J, Jabri B. A multilayered immune system through the lens of unconventional T cells. Nature 2021; 595:501-510. [PMID: 34290426 PMCID: PMC8514118 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The unconventional T cell compartment encompasses a variety of cell subsets that straddle the line between innate and adaptive immunity, often reside at mucosal surfaces and can recognize a wide range of non-polymorphic ligands. Recent advances have highlighted the role of unconventional T cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Review, we recast unconventional T cell subsets according to the class of ligand that they recognize; their expression of semi-invariant or diverse T cell receptors; the structural features that underlie ligand recognition; their acquisition of effector functions in the thymus or periphery; and their distinct functional properties. Unconventional T cells follow specific selection rules and are poised to recognize self or evolutionarily conserved microbial antigens. We discuss these features from an evolutionary perspective to provide insights into the development and function of unconventional T cells. Finally, we elaborate on the functional redundancy of unconventional T cells and their relationship to subsets of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells, and propose that the unconventional T cell compartment has a critical role in our survival by expanding and complementing the role of the conventional T cell compartment in protective immunity, tissue healing and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Mayassi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.J.,
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10
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Van Rhijn I, Le Nours J. CD1 and MR1 recognition by human γδ T cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:95-100. [PMID: 33636434 PMCID: PMC8075093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The two main T cell lineages, αβ and γδ T cells, play a central role in immunity. Unlike αβ T cells that recognize antigens bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or MHC class I-like antigen-presenting molecules, the ligands for γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) are much more diverse. However, it is now clear that γδ TCRs can also recognize MHC class I-like molecules, including CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and the MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1). Yet, our understanding at the molecular level of γδ T cell immunity to CD1 and MR1 is still very limited. Here, we discuss new molecular paradigms underpinning γδ TCRs recognition of antigens, antigen-presenting molecules or both. The recent discovery of recognition of MR1 by a γδ TCR at a position located underneath the antigen display platform reinforces the view that γδ TCRs can approach their ligands from many directions, unlike αβ TCRs that bind MHC, CD1 and MR1 targets in an aligned, end to end fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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11
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Gálvez NMS, Bohmwald K, Pacheco GA, Andrade CA, Carreño LJ, Kalergis AM. Type I Natural Killer T Cells as Key Regulators of the Immune Response to Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00232-20. [PMID: 33361143 PMCID: PMC7950362 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00232-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system must work in an orchestrated way to achieve an optimal response upon detection of antigens. The cells comprising the immune response are traditionally divided into two major subsets, innate and adaptive, with particular characteristics for each type. Type I natural killer T (iNKT) cells are defined as innate-like T cells sharing features with both traditional adaptive and innate cells, such as the expression of an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and several NK receptors. The invariant TCR in iNKT cells interacts with CD1d, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-like molecule. CD1d can bind and present antigens of lipid nature and induce the activation of iNKT cells, leading to the secretion of various cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). These cytokines will aid in the activation of other immune cells following stimulation of iNKT cells. Several molecules with the capacity to bind to CD1d have been discovered, including α-galactosylceramide. Likewise, several molecules have been synthesized that are capable of polarizing iNKT cells into different profiles, either pro- or anti-inflammatory. This versatility allows NKT cells to either aid or impair the clearance of pathogens or to even control or increase the symptoms associated with pathogenic infections. Such diverse contributions of NKT cells to infectious diseases are supported by several publications showing either a beneficial or detrimental role of these cells during diseases. In this article, we discuss current data relative to iNKT cells and their features, with an emphasis on their driving role in diseases produced by pathogenic agents in an organ-oriented fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Novel Molecular Insights into Human Lipid-Mediated T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052617. [PMID: 33807663 PMCID: PMC7961386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a critical arm of our immune defense against pathogens. Over the past two decades, considerable inroads have been made in understanding the fundamental principles underpinning the molecular presentation of peptide-based antigens by the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules (MHC-I and II), and their molecular recognition by specialized subsets of T cells. However, some T cells can recognize lipid-based antigens presented by MHC-I-like molecules that belong to the Cluster of Differentiation 1 (CD1) family. Here, we will review the advances that have been made in the last five years to understand the molecular mechanisms orchestrating the presentation of novel endogenous and exogenous lipid-based antigens by the CD1 glycoproteins and their recognition by specific populations of CD1-reactive T cells.
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13
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Andrlová H, van den Brink MRM, Markey KA. An Unconventional View of T Cell Reconstitution After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Oncol 2021; 10:608923. [PMID: 33680931 PMCID: PMC7930482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.608923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is performed as curative-intent therapy for hematologic malignancies and non-malignant hematologic, immunological and metabolic disorders, however, its broader implementation is limited by high rates of transplantation-related complications and a 2-year mortality that approaches 50%. Robust reconstitution of a functioning innate and adaptive immune system is a critical contributor to good long-term patient outcomes, primarily to prevent and overcome post-transplantation infectious complications and ensure adequate graft-versus-leukemia effects. There is increasing evidence that unconventional T cells may have an important immunomodulatory role after allo-HCT, which may be at least partially dependent on the post-transplantation intestinal microbiome. Here we discuss the role of immune reconstitution in allo-HCT outcome, focusing on unconventional T cells, specifically mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ (gd) T cells, and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. We provide an overview of the mechanistic preclinical and associative clinical studies that have been performed. We also discuss the emerging role of the intestinal microbiome with regard to hematopoietic function and overall immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Andrlová
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kate A. Markey
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Castro CD, Boughter CT, Broughton AE, Ramesh A, Adams EJ. Diversity in recognition and function of human γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:134-152. [PMID: 33136294 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest increases in harnessing the potential power of tissue-resident cells for human health and disease, γδ T cells have been thrust into the limelight due to their prevalence in peripheral tissues, their sentinel-like phenotypes, and their unique antigen recognition capabilities. This review focuses primarily on human γδ T cells, highlighting their distinctive characteristics including antigen recognition, function, and development, with an emphasis on where they differ from their αβ T cell comparators, as well as from γδ T cell populations in the mouse. We review the antigens that have been identified thus far to regulate members of the human Vδ1 population and discuss what players are involved in transducing phosphoantigen-mediated signals to human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. We also briefly review distinguishing features of these cells in terms of TCR signaling, use of coreceptor and costimulatory molecules and their development. These cells have great potential to be harnessed in a clinical setting, but caution must be taken to understand their unique capabilities and how they differ from the populations to which they are commonly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Augusta E Broughton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amrita Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Lameris R, Shahine A, Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, Gras S, Le Nours J, Groen RWJ, Vree J, Reddiex SJJ, Quiñones-Parra SM, Richardson SK, Howell AR, Zweegman S, Godfrey DI, de Gruijl TD, Rossjohn J, van der Vliet HJ. A single-domain bispecific antibody targeting CD1d and the NKT T-cell receptor induces a potent antitumor response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:1054-1065. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Shepherd FR, McLaren JE. T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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17
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Lehmann N, Paret C, El Malki K, Russo A, Neu MA, Wingerter A, Seidmann L, Foersch S, Ziegler N, Roth L, Backes N, Sandhoff R, Faber J. Tumor Lipids of Pediatric Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Stimulate Unconventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1819. [PMID: 32973759 PMCID: PMC7468390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a rare entity in children with no established therapy protocols for advanced diseases. Immunotherapy is emerging as an important therapeutic tool for childhood cancer. Tumor cells can be recognized and killed by conventional and unconventional T cells. Unconventional T cells are able to recognize lipid antigens presented via CD1 molecules independently from major histocompatibility complex, which offers new alternatives for cancer immunotherapies. The nature of those lipids is largely unknown and α-galactosylceramide is currently used as a synthetic model antigen. In this work, we analyzed infiltrating lymphocytes of two pediatric PRCCs using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Moreover, we analyzed the CD1d expression within both tumors. Tumor lipids of PRCC samples and three normal kidney samples were fractionated and the recognition of tumor own lipid fractions by unconventional T cells was analyzed in an in vitro assay. We identified infiltrating lymphocytes including γδ T cells and iNKT cells, as well as CD1d expression in both samples. One lipid fraction, containing ceramides and monoacylglycerides amongst others, was able to induce the proliferation of iNKT cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors and of one matched PRCC patient. Furthermore, CD1d tetramer stainings revealed that a subset of iNKT cells is able to bind lipids being present in fraction 2 via CD1d. We conclude that PRCCs are infiltrated by conventional and unconventional T cells and express CD1d. Moreover, certain lipids, present in pediatric PRCC, are able to stimulate unconventional T cells. Manipulating these lipids and T cells may open new strategies for therapy of pediatric PRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lehmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Paret
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khalifa El Malki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Astrid Neu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur Wingerter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Larissa Seidmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Foersch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Ziegler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lea Roth
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nora Backes
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Faber
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirooz Zareie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Carine Farenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicole L. La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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19
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Burugupalli S, Almeida CF, Smith DGM, Shah S, Patel O, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Williams SJ. α-Glucuronosyl and α-glucosyl diacylglycerides, natural killer T cell-activating lipids from bacteria and fungi. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2161-2168. [PMID: 34123306 PMCID: PMC8150115 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells express T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize glycolipid antigens in association with the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Here, we report the concise chemical synthesis of a range of saturated and unsaturated α-glucosyl and α-glucuronosyl diacylglycerides of bacterial and fungal origins from allyl α-glucoside with Jacobsen kinetic resolution as a key step. These glycolipids are recognized by a classical type I NKT TCR that uses an invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCR α-chain, but also by an atypical NKT TCR that uses a different TCR α-chain (Vα10-Jα50). In both cases, recognition is sensitive to the lipid fine structure, and includes recognition of glycosyl diacylglycerides bearing branched (R- and S-tuberculostearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and vaccenic) acids. The TCR footprints on CD1d loaded with a mycobacterial α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride were assessed using mutant CD1d molecules and, while similar to that for α-GalCer recognition by a type I NKT TCR, were more sensitive to mutations when α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride was the antigen. In summary, we provide an efficient approach for synthesis of a broad class of bacterial and fungal α-glycosyl diacylglyceride antigens and demonstrate that they can be recognised by TCRs derived from type I and atypical NKT cells. Microbial α-glycosyl diacylglycerides when presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d are recognized by both classical type I and atypical Natural Killer T cell receptors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sayali Shah
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Monash Monash Victoria 3010 Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff CF14 4XN UK
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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20
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Almeida CF, Sundararaj S, Le Nours J, Praveena T, Cao B, Burugupalli S, Smith DGM, Patel O, Brigl M, Pellicci DG, Williams SJ, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Distinct CD1d docking strategies exhibited by diverse Type II NKT cell receptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5242. [PMID: 31748533 PMCID: PMC6868179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells are restricted to the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. While we have an understanding of the antigen reactivity and function of type I NKT cells, our knowledge of type II NKT cells in health and disease remains unclear. Here we describe a population of type II NKT cells that recognise and respond to the microbial antigen, α-glucuronosyl-diacylglycerol (α-GlcADAG) presented by CD1d, but not the prototypical type I NKT cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide. Surprisingly, the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR-CD1d-α-GlcADAG complex reveals a CD1d F’-pocket-docking mode that contrasts sharply with the previously determined A’-roof positioning of a sulfatide-reactive type II NKT TCR. Our data also suggest that diverse type II NKT TCRs directed against distinct microbial or mammalian lipid antigens adopt multiple recognition strategies on CD1d, thereby maximising the potential for type II NKT cells to detect different lipid antigens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells include type I that express semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), and type II that cover a broader repertoire. Here the authors describe the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR complexed with CD1d/antigen to propose that type II NKT TCRs may adapt multiple CD1d docking modes to maximise antigen recognition efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Srinivasan Sundararaj
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - T Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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21
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Melum E, Jiang X, Baker KD, Macedo MF, Fritsch J, Dowds CM, Wang J, Pharo A, Kaser A, Tan C, Pereira CS, Kelly SL, Duan J, Karlsen TH, Exley MA, Schütze S, Zajonc DM, Merrill AH, Schuchman EH, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Control of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation and inflammation by sphingomyelin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1644-1655. [PMID: 31636468 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize activating self and microbial lipids presented by CD1d. CD1d can also bind non-activating lipids, such as sphingomyelin. We hypothesized that these serve as endogenous regulators and investigated humans and mice deficient in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), an enzyme that degrades sphingomyelin. We show that ASM absence in mice leads to diminished CD1d-restricted antigen presentation and iNKT cell selection in the thymus, resulting in decreased iNKT cell levels and resistance to iNKT cell-mediated inflammatory conditions. Defective antigen presentation and decreased iNKT cells are also observed in ASM-deficient humans with Niemann-Pick disease, and ASM activity in healthy humans correlates with iNKT cell phenotype. Pharmacological ASM administration facilitates antigen presentation and restores the levels of iNKT cells in ASM-deficient mice. Together, these results demonstrate that control of non-agonistic CD1d-associated lipids is critical for iNKT cell development and function in vivo and represents a tight link between cellular sphingolipid metabolism and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Melum
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xiaojun Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristi D Baker
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oncology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Marie Dowds
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Pharo
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Corey Tan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catia S Pereira
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jingjing Duan
- School of Biological Sciences and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Human Aging Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark A Exley
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Ying G, Wang J, Mallevaey T, Van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM. Structural basis of NKT cell inhibition using the T-cell receptor-blocking anti-CD1d antibody 1B1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12947-12956. [PMID: 31296659 PMCID: PMC6721955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule (CD1d). They rapidly respond to antigen challenge and can activate both innate and adaptive immune cells. To study the role of antigen presentation in NKT cell activation, previous studies have developed several anti-CD1d antibodies that block CD1d binding to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Antibodies that are specific to both CD1d and the presented antigen can only be used to study the function of only a limited number of antigens. In contrast, antibodies that bind CD1d and block TCR binding regardless of the presented antigen can be widely used to assess the role of TCR-mediated NKT cell activation in various disease models. Here, we report the crystal structure of the widely used anti-mouse CD1d antibody 1B1 bound to CD1d at a resolution of 2.45 Å and characterized its binding to CD1d-presented glycolipids. We observed that 1B1 uses a long hydrophobic H3 loop that is inserted deep into the binding groove of CD1d where it makes intimate nonpolar contacts with the lipid backbone of an incorporated spacer lipid. Using an NKT cell agonist that has a modified sphingosine moiety, we further demonstrate that 1B1 in its monovalent form cannot block TCR-mediated NKT cell activation, because 1B1 fails to bind with high affinity to mCD1d. Our results suggest potential limitations of using 1B1 to assess antigen recognition by NKT cells, especially when investigating antigens that do not follow the canonical two alkyl-chain rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ying
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121. E-mail:
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23
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Pan H, Zhang G, Nie H, Li S, He S, Yang J. Sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells suppress immunogenic maturation of lung dendritic cells in murine models of asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L578-L590. [PMID: 31432714 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00256.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that sulfatide-activated type II natural killer T (NKT) cells can prevent allergic airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Recently, sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells were shown to modulate the function of dendritic cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and nonobese diabetic mice. Thus, it was hypothesized that sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells may modulate the function of lung dendritic cells (LDCs) in asthmatic mice. Our data showed that, in our mouse models, activation of type II NKT cells by sulfatide administration and adoptive transfer of sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells resulted in reduced expression of surface maturation markers and proinflammatory cytokine production of LDCs. LDCs from sulfatide-treated asthmatic mice, in contrast to LDCs from PBS-treated asthmatic mice, significantly reduced allergic airway inflammation in vivo. However, we found no influence of sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells on the phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro. In addition, adoptive transfer of sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells did not influence the phenotypic and functional maturation of LDCs in CD1d-/- mice, which lack both type I and II NKT cells, immunized and challenged with OVA. Our data reveal that sulfatide-activated type II NKT cells can suppress immunogenic maturation of LDCs to reduce allergic airway inflammation in mouse models of asthma, and it is possible that the immunomodulatory effect needs type I NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqin Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guqin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxiang Nie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Sebode M, Wigger J, Filpe P, Fischer L, Weidemann S, Krech T, Weiler-Normann C, Peiseler M, Hartl J, Tolosa E, Herkel J, Schramm C, Lohse AW, Arrenberg P. Inflammatory Phenotype of Intrahepatic Sulfatide-Reactive Type II NKT Cells in Humans With Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1065. [PMID: 31191516 PMCID: PMC6546815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are CD1d-restricted innate-like T cells that can rapidly release stored cytokines upon recognition of lipid antigens. In mice, type I NKT cells seem to promote liver inflammation, whereas type II NKT cells seem to restrict hepatitis. Here, we aimed at characterizing the role of human type I and type II NKT in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Methods: NKT cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood and liver of AIH patients and control groups. α-galactosylceramide-loaded or sulfatide-loaded tetramers were used to detect type I or II NKT cells, respectively. Hepatic CD1d was stained by in situ-hybridization of liver biopsies. Results and Conclusions: Type II NKT cells were more prevalent in human peripheral blood and liver than type I NKT cells. In AIH patients, the frequency of sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells was significantly increased in peripheral blood (0.11% of peripheral blood leukocytes) and liver (3.78% of intrahepatic leukocytes) compared to healthy individuals (0.05% and 1.82%) and patients with drug-induced liver injury (0.06% and 2.03%; p < 0.05). Intrahepatic type II NKT cells of AIH patients had a different cytokine profile than healthy subjects with an increased frequency of TNFα (77.8% vs. 59.1%, p < 0.05), decreased IFNγ (32.7% vs. 63.0%, p < 0.05) and a complete lack of IL-4 expressing cells (0% vs. 2.1%, p < 0.05). T cells in portal tracts expressed significantly more CD1d-RNA in AIH livers compared to controls. This study supports that in contrast to their assumed protective role in mice, human intrahepatic, sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells displayed a proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients with AIH. Infiltrating T cells in portal areas of AIH patients overexpressed CD1d and could thereby activate type II NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcial Sebode
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Wigger
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Filpe
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Weiler-Normann
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philomena Arrenberg
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Unappreciated diversity within the pool of CD1d-restricted T cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Maricic I, Marrero I, Eguchi A, Nakamura R, Johnson CD, Dasgupta S, Hernandez CD, Nguyen PS, Swafford AD, Knight R, Feldstein AE, Loomba R, Kumar V. Differential Activation of Hepatic Invariant NKT Cell Subsets Plays a Key Role in Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3017-3035. [PMID: 30322964 PMCID: PMC6219905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms play an important role in inflammatory chronic liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cell subsets in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We used α-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramers and clonotypic mAb together with intracytoplasmic cytokine staining to analyze iNKT cells in choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA)-induced murine NASH model and in human PBMCs, respectively. Cytokine secretion of hepatic iNKT cells in CDAA-fed C57BL/6 mice altered from predominantly IL-17+ to IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ during NASH progression along with the downmodulation of TCR and NK1.1 expression. Importantly, steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis were dependent upon the presence of iNKT cells. Hepatic stellate cell activation and infiltration of neutrophils, Kupffer cells, and CD8+ T cells as well as expression of key proinflammatory and fibrogenic genes were significantly blunted in Jα18-/- mice and in C57BL/6 mice treated with an iNKT-inhibitory RAR-γ agonist. Gut microbial diversity was significantly impacted in Jα18-/- and in CDAA diet-fed mice. An increased frequency of CXCR3+IFN-γ+T-bet+ and IL-17A+ iNKT cells was found in PBMC from NASH patients in comparison with nonalcoholic fatty liver patients or healthy controls. Consistent with their in vivo activation, iNKT cells from NASH patients remained hyporesponsive to ex-vivo stimulation with α-galactosylceramide. Accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both mice and NASH patients suggest their role in activation of iNKT cells. In summary, our findings indicate that the differential activation of iNKT cells play a key role in mediating diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in mice and its potential involvement in NASH progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maricic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Idania Marrero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Carolyn D Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Phirum Sam Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Austin D Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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27
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Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
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28
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Nishioka Y, Sonoda T, Shida H, Kusunoki Y, Hattanda F, Tanimura S, Uozumi R, Yamada M, Nishibata Y, Masuda S, Nakazawa D, Tomaru U, Atsumi T, Ishizu A. Detection of Autoreactive Type II NKT Cells: A Pilot Study of Comparison Between Healthy Individuals and Patients with Vasculitis. Cytometry A 2018; 93:1157-1164. [PMID: 30253046 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are defined as T cells that recognize hydrophobic antigens presented by class I MHC-like molecules, including CD1d. Among CD1d-restricted NKT cells, type I and type II subsets have been noted. CD1d-restricted type I NKT cells are regarded as pro-inflammatory cells in general. On the contrary, accumulated evidence has demonstrated an anti-inflammatory property of CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells. In our earlier study using a rat model with vasculitis, we demonstrated the pro-inflammatory function of CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells and identified that one such cell recognized P518-532 of rat sterol carrier protein 2 (rSCP2518-532 ), which appeared on vascular endothelial cells presented by CD1d. Based on this evidence, we attempted to detect human CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells in peripheral blood using hSCP2518-532 , the human counterpart of rSCP2518-532, together with a CD1d tetramer in flow cytometry. First, we determined the binding of hSCP2518-532 to CD1d. Next, we detected CD3-positive hSCP2518-532 -loaded CD1d (hSCP2518-532 /CD1d) tetramer-binding cells in peripheral blood of healthy donors. The abundance of TGF-β-producing cells rather than TNF-α-producing cells in CD3-positive hSCP2518-532 /CD1d tetramer-binding cells suggests the anti-inflammatory property of SCP2-loaded CD1d (SCP2/CD1d) tetramer-binding type II NKT cells in healthy individuals. Furthermore, we compared cytokine profile between healthy individuals and patients with vasculitis in a pilot study. Interestingly, the percentage of TGF-β-producing cells in SCP2/CD1d tetramer-binding type II NKT cells in vasculitic patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls despite the greater number of these cells. Although further studies to clarify the mechanism and significance of this phenomenon are needed, SCP2/CD1d tetramer-binding type II NKT cells in peripheral blood should be examined in more detail to understand the pathophysiology of vasculitides in humans. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sonoda
- Undergraduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruki Shida
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kusunoki
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattanda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shun Tanimura
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Uozumi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishibata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Marrero I, Maricic I, Feldstein AE, Loomba R, Schnabl B, Rivera-Nieves J, Eckmann L, Kumar V. Complex Network of NKT Cell Subsets Controls Immune Homeostasis in Liver and Gut. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2082. [PMID: 30254647 PMCID: PMC6141878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-gut immune axis is enriched in several innate immune cells, including innate-like unconventional and adaptive T cells that are thought to be involved in the maintenance of tolerance to gut-derived antigens and, at the same time, enable effective immunity against microbes. Two subsets of lipid-reactive CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells, invariant NKT (iNKT) and type II NKT cells present in both mice and humans. NKT cells play an important role in regulation of inflammation in the liver and gut due to their innate-like properties of rapid secretion of a myriad of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their ability to influence other innate cells as well as adaptive T and B cells. Notably, a bi-directional interactive network between NKT cells and gut commensal microbiota plays a crucial role in this process. Here, we briefly review recent studies related to the cross-regulation of both NKT cell subsets and how their interactions with other immune cells and parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes and enterocytes, control inflammatory diseases in the liver, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as inflammation in the gut. Overwhelming experimental data suggest that while iNKT cells are pathogenic, type II NKT cells are protective in the liver. Since CD1d-dependent pathways are highly conserved from mice to humans, a detailed cellular and molecular understanding of these immune regulatory pathways will have major implications for the development of novel therapeutics against inflammatory diseases of liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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30
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Singh AK, Tripathi P, Cardell SL. Type II NKT Cells: An Elusive Population With Immunoregulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1969. [PMID: 30210505 PMCID: PMC6120993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unique unconventional T cells that are reactive to lipid antigens presented on the non-polymorphic major histocompatibility class (MHC) I-like molecule CD1d. They have characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells, and have potent immunoregulatory roles in tumor immunity, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. Based on their T cell receptor (TCR) expression, NKT cells are divided into two subsets, type I NKT cells with an invariant TCRα-chain (Vα24 in humans, Vα14 in mice) and type II NKT cells with diverse TCRs. While type I NKT cells are well-studied, knowledge about type II NKT cells is still limited, and it is to date only possible to identify subsets of this population. However, recent advances have shown that both type I and type II NKT cells play important roles in many inflammatory situations, and can sometimes regulate the functions of each other. Type II NKT cells can be both protective and pathogenic. Here, we review current knowledge on type II NKT cells and their functions in different disease settings and how these cells can influence immunological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Novakova L, Singh AK, Axelsson M, Ståhlman M, Adiels M, Malmeström C, Zetterberg H, Borén J, Lycke J, Cardell SL, Blomqvist M. Sulfatide isoform pattern in cerebrospinal fluid discriminates progressive MS from relapsing-remitting MS. J Neurochem 2018; 146:322-332. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Novakova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Avadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Biomedicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Markus Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; Queen Square; London UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL; London UK
| | - Martin Adiels
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab; University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Clas Malmeström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab; University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
- Health Metrics Unit; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab; University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Biomedicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine; Institute of Biomedicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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The Role of Invariant NKT in Autoimmune Liver Disease: Can Vitamin D Act as an Immunomodulator? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:8197937. [PMID: 30046564 PMCID: PMC6038587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8197937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells which express both the T cell receptor (TCR) and natural killer (NK) cell markers. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bear an invariant TCR and recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d (nonclassical MHC-I). CD1d-restricted iNKT cells are regulators of immune responses and produce cytokines that may be proinflammatory (such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) or anti-inflammatory (such as IL-4). iNKT cells also appear to play a role in B cell regulation and antibody production. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a derivative of the marine sponge, is a potent stimulator of iNKT cells and has been proposed as a therapeutic iNKT cell activator. Invariant NKT cells have been implicated in the development and perpetuation of several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Animal models of SLE have shown abnormalities in iNKT cells numbers and function, and an inverse correlation between the frequency of NKT cells and IgG levels has also been observed. The role of iNKT cells in autoimmune liver disease (AiLD) has not been extensively studied. This review discusses the current data with regard to iNKT cells function in AiLD, in addition to providing an overview of iNKT cells function in other autoimmune conditions and animal models. We also discuss data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on iNKT cells, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target, given that deficiencies in vitamin D have been reported in various autoimmune disorders.
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34
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Park YJ, Park J, Huh JY, Hwang I, Choe SS, Kim JB. Regulatory Roles of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Defenders Against Obesity-Induced Metabolic Complications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 29951059 PMCID: PMC6008523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a metabolic organ that plays a central role in controlling systemic energy homeostasis. Compelling evidence indicates that immune system is closely linked to healthy physiologic functions and pathologic dysfunction of adipose tissue. In obesity, the accumulation of pro-inflammatory responses in adipose tissue subsequently leads to dysfunction of adipose tissue as well as whole body energy homeostasis. Simultaneously, adipose tissue also activates anti-inflammatory responses in an effort to reduce the unfavorable effects of pro-inflammation. Notably, the interplay between adipocytes and resident invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is a major component of defensive mechanisms of adipose tissue. iNKT cells are leukocytes that recognize lipids loaded on CD1d as antigens, whereas most other immune cells are activated by peptide antigens. In adipose tissue, adipocytes directly interact with iNKT cells by presenting lipid antigens and stimulate iNKT cell activation to alleviate pro-inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular and cellular determinants of obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Specifically, we focus on the roles of iNKT cell-adipocyte interaction in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis as well as the consequent modulation in systemic energy metabolism. We also briefly discuss future research directions regarding the interplay between adipocytes and adipose iNKT cells in adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeu Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Injae Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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35
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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36
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CD1c caves in on lipids. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:322-324. [PMID: 29563628 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Yuan H, Yang X, Chen P, Liu Y, Tang G, Zhao Y. Appraisal of an oligomerization behavior of unprotected carbohydrates induced by phosphorus reagent. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Ware R, Kumar V. Complexity and function of natural killer T cells with potential application to hepatic transplant survival. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1589-1592. [PMID: 28945950 PMCID: PMC6075735 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major innate-like lymphocyte populations enriched in the liver consists of natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic class I major histocompatibility complex-like molecule CD1d. NKT cells express natural killer cell markers as well as T cell receptors (TCRs) and can be classified into 2 categories: type I NKT cells use a semi-invariant TCR, whereas type II NKT cells express diverse but still limited TCRs. An emerging body of evidence points to their opposing roles in inflammation, including ischemia/reperfusion injury. Improved understanding of their roles in experimental models as well as in humans and the means by which their function can be manipulated may provide therapeutic benefit in liver diseases and in organ transplantation. Liver Transplantation 23 1589-1592 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randle Ware
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA
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39
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Nair S, Dhodapkar MV. Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1178. [PMID: 29018445 PMCID: PMC5614937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to downstream activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This has impelled the development of NKT cell-targeted immunotherapies for treating cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the stimulatory and regulatory functions of NKT cells in tumor immunity as well as highlight preclinical and clinical studies based on NKT cells. Finally, we discuss future perspectives to better harness the potential of NKT cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Nair
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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40
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Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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41
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Stax AM, Tuengel J, Girardi E, Kitano N, Allan LL, Liu V, Zheng D, Panenka WJ, Guillaume J, Wong CH, van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM, van den Elzen P. Autoreactivity to Sulfatide by Human Invariant NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:97-106. [PMID: 28526683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that recognize lipid Ags presented by CD1d. The prototypical Ag, α-galactosylceramide, strongly activates human and mouse iNKT cells, leading to the assumption that iNKT cell physiology in human and mouse is similar. In this article, we report the surprising finding that human, but not mouse, iNKT cells directly recognize myelin-derived sulfatide presented by CD1d. We propose that sulfatide is recognized only by human iNKT cells because of the unique positioning of the 3-O-sulfated β-galactose headgroup. Surface plasmon resonance shows that the affinity of human CD1d-sulfatide for the iNKT cell receptor is relatively low compared with CD1d-α-galactosylceramide (KD of 19-26 μM versus 1 μM). Apolipoprotein E isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid carries sulfatide that can be captured by APCs and presented by CD1d to iNKT cells. APCs from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, who accumulate sulfatides due to a deficiency in arylsulfatase-A, directly activate iNKT cells. Thus, we have identified sulfatide as a self-lipid recognized by human iNKT cells and propose that sulfatide recognition by innate T cells may be an important pathologic feature of neuroinflammatory disease and that sulfatide in APCs may contribute to the endogenous pathway of iNKT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelein M Stax
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jessica Tuengel
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Naoki Kitano
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Lenka L Allan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Victor Liu
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Dongjun Zheng
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Joren Guillaume
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; and
| | - Serge van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter van den Elzen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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42
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Hung JT, Huang JR, Yu AL. Tailored design of NKT-stimulatory glycolipids for polarization of immune responses. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:22. [PMID: 28335781 PMCID: PMC5364570 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cell is a distinct population of T lymphocytes that can rapidly release massive amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon the engagement of their T cell receptor with glycolipids presented by CD1d. The secreted cytokines can promote cell-mediated immunity to kill tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, or suppress autoreactive immune cells in autoimmune diseases. Thus, NKT cell is an attractive target for developing new therapeutics to manipulate immune system. The best-known glycolipid to activate NKT cells is α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which has been used as a prototype for designing new NKT stimulatory glycolipids. Many analogues have been generated by modification of the galactosyl moiety, the acyl chain or the phytosphingosine chain of α-GalCer. Some of the analogues showed greater abilities than α-GalCer in polarizing immune responses toward Th1 or Th2 dominance. Among them, several analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails were more potent in inducing Th1-skewed cytokines and exhibited greater anticancer efficacy than α-GalCer. Analyses of the correlation between structure and activity of various α-GalCer analogues on the activation of iNKT cell revealed that CD1d–glycolipid complexes interacted with the same population of iNKT cell expressing similar T-cell receptor Vβ as α-GalCer. On the other hand, those phenyl glycolipids with propensity for Th1 dominant responses showed greater binding avidity and stability than α-GalCer for iNKT T-cell receptor when complexed with CD1d. Thus, it is the avidity and stability of the ternary complexes of CD1d-glycolipid-iNKT TCR that dictate the polarity and potency of immune responses. These findings provide a key to the rationale design of immune modulating glycolipids with desirable Th1/Th2 polarity for clinical application. In addition, elucidation of α-GalCer-induced anergy, liver damage and accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells has offered explanation for its lacklustre anti-cancer activities in clinical trials. On other hand, the lack of such drawbacks in glycolipid analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails of α-GalCer coupled with the greater binding avidity and stability of CD1d-glycolipid complex for iNKT T-cell receptor, account for their superior anti-cancer efficacy in tumor bearing mice. Further clinical development of these phenyl glycolipids is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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43
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Nishioka Y, Yamaguchi M, Kawakami A, Munehiro M, Masuda S, Tomaru U, Ishizu A. Type II Natural Killer T Cells that Recognize Sterol Carrier Protein 2 Are Implicated in Vascular Inflammation in the Rat Model of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:176-186. [PMID: 27863214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously generated a rat model that developed systemic connective tissue diseases, including synovitis, myositis, and small-vessel vasculitis (SVV), and established a vascular endothelial cell-reactive T-cell clone, VASC-1, from the model. VASC-1 was determined to be a type II natural killer T-cell clone. In this study, we attempted to identify the antigen recognized by VASC-1. The monkey-derived cell line COS-7 was used because VASC-1 does not bind naturally to COS-7, although the amino acid sequences are well conserved between monkey CD1d and rat CD1d. We generated 98 COS-7 clones transfected with miscellaneous rat cDNA and screened them for VASC-1 binding. Consequently, we found one clone, 4D2, which could bind to VASC-1. Sequencing identified the rat cDNA introduced into 4D2 as sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2). When VASC-1 was co-cultured with SCP2 knockdown rat vascular endothelial cells, VASC-1 binding was reduced significantly. Moreover, we designed a series of rat SCP2 peptides and introduced them into COS-7 cells. On the basis of VASC-1 binding and proliferation, we revealed that the peptide rSCP2518-532 included the epitope recognized by VASC-1. Furthermore, immunization with rSCP2518-532 accelerated the development of SVV in the rat model. The collective findings suggest that type II natural killer T cells reactive with autologous SCP2 are implicated in vascular inflammation in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Madoka Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ai Kawakami
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maya Munehiro
- Undergraduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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44
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T cell receptor recognition of CD1b presenting a mycobacterial glycolipid. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13257. [PMID: 27807341 PMCID: PMC5095289 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins present microbial lipids to T cells. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells with conserved αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1b presenting mycobacterial mycolates. As the molecular basis underpinning TCR recognition of CD1b remains unknown, here we determine the structure of a GEM TCR bound to CD1b presenting glucose-6-O-monomycolate (GMM). The GEM TCR docks centrally above CD1b, whereby the conserved TCR α-chain extensively contacts CD1b and GMM. Through mutagenesis and study of T cells from tuberculosis patients, we identify a consensus CD1b footprint of TCRs present among GEM T cells. Using both the TCR α- and β-chains as tweezers to surround and grip the glucose moiety of GMM, GEM TCRs create a highly specific mechanism for recognizing this mycobacterial glycolipid. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells recognize CD1b proteins presenting mycobacterial mycolates via their T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here, the authors present the structure of this interaction and provide a molecular basis for the co-recognition of CD1b and a mycobacterial glycolipid.
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45
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Dasgupta S, Kumar V. Type II NKT cells: a distinct CD1d-restricted immune regulatory NKT cell subset. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:665-76. [PMID: 27405300 PMCID: PMC6334657 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type II natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of the innate-like CD1d-restricted lymphocytes that are reactive to lipid antigens. Unlike the type I NKT cells, which express a semi-invariant TCR, type II NKT cells express a broader TCR repertoire. Additionally, other features, such as their predominance over type I cells in humans versus mice, the nature of their ligands, CD1d/lipid/TCR binding, and modulation of immune responses, distinguish type II NKT cells from type I NKT cells. Interestingly, it is the self-lipid-reactivity of type II NKT cells that has helped define their physiological role in health and in disease. The discovery of sulfatide as one of the major antigens for CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells in mice has been instrumental in the characterization of these cells, including the TCR repertoire, the crystal structure of the CD1d/lipid/TCR complex, and their function. Subsequently, several other glycolipids and phospholipids from both endogenous and microbial sources have been shown to activate type II NKT cells. The activation of a specific subset of type II NKT cells following administration with sulfatide or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) leads to engagement of a dominant immunoregulatory pathway associated with the inactivation of type I NKT cells, conventional dendritic cells, and inhibition of the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. Thus, type II NKT cells have been shown to be immunosuppressive in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, and in cancer. Knowing their relatively higher prevalence in human than type I NKT cells, understanding their biology is imperative for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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46
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MR1 discovery. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:491-8. [PMID: 27464703 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The moment of MR1 discovery is described. The MR1 gene is the first and the last reported human MHC-related gene intentionally isolated from the human genome composed of three billion base pairs. Evolutionary considerations formed the basis of its isolation. Some details surrounding the moment and some retrospective descriptions with various kinds of encounters are also included.
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47
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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48
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Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize microbial non-peptidic antigens presented by non-classical MHC MR1. In this issue of Immunity, Gherardin et al. (2016) show co-crystal structures of MR1 complexed to T cell receptors (TCRs) from two classes of MAIT-type cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Exley
- Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA; Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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49
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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50
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Bandyopadhyay K, Marrero I, Kumar V. NKT cell subsets as key participants in liver physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:337-46. [PMID: 26972772 PMCID: PMC4856801 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that generally recognize lipid antigens and are enriched in microvascular compartments of the liver. NKT cells can be activated by self- or microbial-lipid antigens and by signaling through toll-like receptors. Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thereby determine the milieu for subsequent immunity or tolerance. It is becoming clear that two different subsets of NKT cells-type I and type II-have different modes of antigen recognition and have opposing roles in inflammatory liver diseases. Here we focus mainly on the roles of both NKT cell subsets in the maintenance of immune tolerance and inflammatory diseases in liver. Furthermore, how the differential activation of type I and type II NKT cells influences other innate cells and adaptive immune cells to result in important consequences for tissue integrity is discussed. It is crucial that better reagents, including CD1d tetramers, be used in clinical studies to define the roles of NKT cells in liver diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Idania Marrero
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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