1
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Li MK, Dehm S, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Correlation Measurements for Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9525-9534. [PMID: 38513118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon sources are essential building blocks for the development of photonic quantum technology. Regarding potential practical application, an on-demand electrically driven quantum-light emitter on a chip is notably crucial for photonic integrated circuits. Here, we propose functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as a promising solid-state quantum-light source by demonstrating photon antibunching behavior via electrical excitation. The sp3 quantum defects were formed on the surface of (7, 5) carbon nanotubes by 3,5-dichlorophenyl functionalization, and individual carbon nanotubes were wired to graphene electrode pairs. Filtered electroluminescent defect-state emission at 77 K was coupled into a Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment setup, and single-photon emission was observed by performing second-order correlation function measurements. We discuss the dependence of the intensity correlation measurement on electrical power and emission wavelength, highlighting the challenges of performing such measurements while simultaneously analyzing acquired data. Our results indicate a route toward room-temperature electrically triggered single-photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Sebastian FL, Becker F, Yomogida Y, Hosokawa Y, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Yanagi K, Zaumseil J. Unified Quantification of Quantum Defects in Small-Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21771-21781. [PMID: 37856164 PMCID: PMC10655237 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent quantum defects enables their application as near-infrared single-photon sources, as optical sensors, and for in vivo tissue imaging. Tuning the emission wavelength and defect density is crucial for these applications. While the former can be controlled by different synthetic protocols and is easily measured, defect densities are still determined as relative rather than absolute values, limiting the comparability between different nanotube batches and chiralities. Here, we present an absolute and unified quantification metric for the defect density in SWCNT samples based on Raman spectroscopy. It is applicable to a range of small-diameter semiconducting nanotubes and for arbitrary laser wavelengths. We observe a clear inverse correlation of the D/G+ ratio increase with nanotube diameter, indicating that curvature effects contribute significantly to the defect activation of Raman modes. Correlation of intermediate frequency modes with defect densities further corroborates their activation by defects and provides additional quantitative metrics for the characterization of functionalized SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Becker
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuuya Hosokawa
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Ovvyan AP, Li MK, Gehring H, Beutel F, Kumar S, Hennrich F, Wei L, Chen Y, Pyatkov F, Krupke R, Pernice WHP. An electroluminescent and tunable cavity-enhanced carbon-nanotube-emitter in the telecom band. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3933. [PMID: 37402723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging photonic information processing systems require chip-level integration of controllable nanoscale light sources at telecommunication wavelengths. Currently, substantial challenges remain in the dynamic control of the sources, the low-loss integration into a photonic environment, and in the site-selective placement at desired positions on a chip. Here, we overcome these challenges using heterogeneous integration of electroluminescent (EL), semiconducting carbon nanotubes (sCNTs) into hybrid two dimensional - three dimensional (2D-3D) photonic circuits. We demonstrate enhanced spectral line shaping of the EL sCNT emission. By back-gating the sCNT-nanoemitter we achieve full electrical dynamic control of the EL sCNT emission with high on-off ratio and strong enhancement in the telecommunication band. Using nanographene as a low-loss material to electrically contact sCNT emitters directly within a photonic crystal cavity enables highly efficient EL coupling without compromising the optical quality of the cavity. Our versatile approach paves the way for controllable integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Ovvyan
- University of Münster, Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Helge Gehring
- University of Münster, Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Beutel
- University of Münster, Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Li Wei
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yuan Chen
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Darlington, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Felix Pyatkov
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- University of Münster, Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peuss-Str. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Kirchhoff-Institut for Physics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Birkmeier K, Hertel T, Hartschuh A. Probing the ultrafast dynamics of excitons in single semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6290. [PMID: 36271091 PMCID: PMC9586955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitonic states govern the optical spectra of low-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials and their dynamics are key for a wide range of applications, such as in solar energy harvesting and lighting. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes emerged as particularly rich model systems for one-dimensional nanomaterials and as such have been investigated intensively in the past. The exciton decay dynamics in nanotubes has been studied mainly by transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Since different transitions are monitored with these two techniques, developing a comprehensive model to reconcile different data sets, however, turned out to be a challenge and remarkably, a uniform description seems to remain elusive. In this work, we investigate the exciton decay dynamics in single carbon nanotubes using transient interferometric scattering and time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy with few-exciton detection sensitivity and formulate a unified microscopic model by combining unimolecular exciton decay and ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation on a time-scale down to 200 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Birkmeier
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- TOPTICA Photonics AG, Lochhamer Schlag 19, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Sebastian FL, Zorn NF, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Berger FJ, Bendel C, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Absolute Quantification of sp 3 Defects in Semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3542-3548. [PMID: 35420437 PMCID: PMC9059186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects creates red-shifted emission features in the near-infrared and boosts their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). While multiple synthetic routes for the selective introduction of sp3 defects have been developed, a convenient metric to precisely quantify the number of defects on a SWCNT lattice is not available. Here, we present a direct and simple quantification protocol based on a linear correlation of the integrated Raman D/G+ signal ratios and defect densities as extracted from PLQY measurements. Corroborated by a statistical analysis of single-nanotube emission spectra at cryogenic temperature, this method enables the quantitative evaluation of sp3 defect densities in (6,5) SWCNTs with an error of ±3 defects per micrometer and the determination of oscillator strengths for different defect types. The developed protocol requires only standard Raman spectroscopy and is independent of the defect configuration, dispersion solvent, and nanotube length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bendel
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Tang Y, Yin C, Jing Q, Zhang C, Yu ZG, Lu Z, Xiao M, Wang X. Quantized Exciton Motion and Fine Energy-Level Structure of a Single Perovskite Nanowire. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2907-2914. [PMID: 35362973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quantum-confinement effect profoundly influences the exciton energy-level structures and recombination dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures but remains largely unexplored in traditional one-dimensional nanowires mainly due to their poor optical qualities. Here, we show that in defect-tolerant perovskite material of highly luminescent CsPbBr3 nanowires, the exciton's center-of-mass motion perpendicular to the axial direction is severely confined. This is reflected in the two sets of photoluminescence spectra emitted from a single CsPbBr3 nanowire, each of which consists of doublet peaks with linear polarizations perpendicular and parallel to the axial direction. Moreover, different exciton states can be mixed by the Rashba spin-orbit coupling effect, resulting in two single photoluminescence peaks with linear polarizations both along the nanowire axis. The above findings mark the emergence of an ideal platform for the exploration of intrinsic one-dimensional exciton photophysics and optoelectronics, thus bridging the long-missing research gap between the well-studied two- and zero-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunyang Yin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Jing
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yu
- Sivananthan Laboratories, Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zhenda Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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7
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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8
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Carbon Nanotube Devices for Quantum Technology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041535. [PMID: 35208080 PMCID: PMC8878677 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes, quintessentially one-dimensional quantum objects, possess a variety of electrical, optical, and mechanical properties that are suited for developing devices that operate on quantum mechanical principles. The states of one-dimensional electrons, excitons, and phonons in carbon nanotubes with exceptionally large quantization energies are promising for high-operating-temperature quantum devices. Here, we discuss recent progress in the development of carbon-nanotube-based devices for quantum technology, i.e., quantum mechanical strategies for revolutionizing computation, sensing, and communication. We cover fundamental properties of carbon nanotubes, their growth and purification methods, and methodologies for assembling them into architectures of ordered nanotubes that manifest macroscopic quantum properties. Most importantly, recent developments and proposals for quantum information processing devices based on individual and assembled nanotubes are reviewed.
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9
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On the chemical bond complexity of the H2+ in 1-D: The ground-state avoided crossing. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Maeda Y, Konno Y, Nishino A, Yamada M, Okudaira S, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K, Matsui J, Mitsuishi M, Suzuki M. Sonochemical reaction to control the near-infrared photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6263-6270. [PMID: 32048703 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was investigated. Upon sonication in D2O in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) under air, red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) peaks at ∼1043 and ∼1118 nm were observed from the aqueous suspensions of (6,4) and (6,5)SWNTs, accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of the intrinsic PL peaks. Upon sonication with SDBS under an Ar atmosphere, the rate of spectral change increased with the sonication time and new PL peaks emerged at 1043, 1118, and 1221 nm. Meanwhile, upon the addition of 1-butanol, the PL peaks emerged only at 1043 nm and 1118 nm, while the emergence of the peak at 1221 nm was inhibited. On the other hand, a suspension with highly dispersed SWNTs was obtained upon sonication in the presence of sodium cholate without any change in the intrinsic optical properties of SWNTs. These experimental results reveal that the PL characteristics of SWNTs can be controlled by controlling the sonication conditions such as the type of surfactant used, the concentration of SWNTs, reaction environment, and the presence of an inhibitor such as 1-butanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Yui Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Akane Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Saki Okudaira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Matsui
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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11
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McCulley DR, Senger MJ, Bertoni A, Perebeinos V, Minot ED. Extremely Efficient Photocurrent Generation in Carbon Nanotube Photodiodes Enabled by a Strong Axial Electric Field. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:433-440. [PMID: 31847521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) photodiodes have the potential to convert light into electrical current with high efficiency. However, previous experiments have revealed the photocurrent quantum yield (PCQY) to be well below 100%. In this work, we show that the axial electric field increases the PCQY of CNT photodiodes. Under optimal conditions, our data suggest PCQY > 100%. We studied, both experimentally and theoretically, CNT photodiodes at room temperature using optical excitation corresponding to the S22, S33, and S44 exciton resonances. The axial electric field inside the pn junction was controlled using split gates that are capacitively coupled to the suspended CNT. Our results give new insight into the photocurrent generation pathways in CNTs and the field dependence and diameter dependence of PCQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R McCulley
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Mitchell J Senger
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Andrea Bertoni
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Via Campi 213a , I-41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Vasili Perebeinos
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Ethan D Minot
- Department of Physics , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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12
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Luo Y, He X, Kim Y, Blackburn JL, Doorn SK, Htoon H, Strauf S. Carbon Nanotube Color Centers in Plasmonic Nanocavities: A Path to Photon Indistinguishability at Telecom Bands. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:9037-9044. [PMID: 31682759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Indistinguishable single photon generation at telecom wavelengths from solid-state quantum emitters remains a significant challenge to scalable quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate efficient generation of "indistinguishable" single photons directly in the telecom O-band from aryl-functionalized carbon nanotubes by overcoming the emitter quantum decoherence with plasmonic nanocavities. With an unprecedented single-photon spontaneous emission time down to 10 ps (from initially 0.7 ns) generated in the coupling scheme, we show a two-photon interference visibility at 4 K reaching up to 0.79, even without applying post selection. Cavity-enhanced quantum yields up to 74% and Purcell factors up to 415 are achieved with single-photon purities up to 99%. Our results establish the capability to fabricate fiber-based photonic devices for quantum information technology with coherent properties that can enable quantum logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Center for Nanoscale Systems , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | | | - Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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13
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Chen Y, Marty L, Bendiab N. New Light on Molecule-Nanotube Hybrids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902917. [PMID: 31553098 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronics benefits from outstanding new nanomaterials that provide emission and detection in the visible and near-infrared range, photoswitches, two level systems for single photon emission, etc. Among these, carbon nanotubes are envisioned as game changers despite difficult handling and control over chirality burdening their use. However, recent breakthroughs on hybrid carbon nanotubes have established nanotubes as pioneers for a new family of building blocks for optics and quantum optics. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with molecules or polymers not only preserves the nanotube properties from the environment, but also promotes new performance abilities to the resulting hybrids. Photoluminescence and Raman signals are enhanced in the hybrids, which questions the nature of the electronic coupling between nanotube and molecules. Furthermore, coupling to optical cavities dramatically enhances single photon emission, which operates up to room temperature. This new light on nanotube hybrids shows their potential to push optoelectronics a step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laëtitia Marty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nedjma Bendiab
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000, Grenoble, France
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14
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Nutz M, Zhang J, Kim M, Kwon H, Wu X, Wang Y, Högele A. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy of Luminescent Quantum Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7078-7084. [PMID: 31478677 PMCID: PMC6814285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Defect-decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes have shown rapid growing potential for imaging, sensing, and the development of room-temperature single-photon sources. The key to the highly nonclassical emission statistics is the discrete energy spectrum of defect-localized excitons. However, variations in defect configurations give rise to distinct spectral bands that may compromise single-photon efficiency and purity in practical devices, and experimentally it has been challenging to study the exciton population distribution among the various defect-specific states. Here, we performed photon correlation spectroscopy on hexyl-decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes to unravel the dynamics and competition between neutral and charged exciton populations. With autocorrelation measurements at the single-tube level, we prove the nonclassical photon emission statistics of defect-specific exciton and trion photoluminescence and identify their mutual exclusiveness in photoemissive events with cross-correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, our study reveals the presence of a dark state with population-shelving time scales between 10 and 100 ns. These new insights will guide further development of chemically tailored carbon nanotube states for quantum photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nutz
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 865 Changning
Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hyejin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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15
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Lange L, Schäfer F, Biewald A, Ciesielski R, Hartschuh A. Controlling photon antibunching from 1D emitters using optical antennas. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14907-14911. [PMID: 31360977 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emission is a hallmark of atom-like 0D quantum emitters, such as luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, nitrogen vacancies in diamond and organic dye molecules. In higher dimensional nanostructures, on the other hand, multiple spatially separated electronic excitations may exist giving rise to more than one emitted photon at a time. We show that optical nanoantennas can be used to control the photon emission statistic of 1D nanostructures and to convert them into single-photon sources. Antenna-control exploits spatially confined near-field enhanced absorption and emission rates resulting in locally increased annihilation of mobile excitons and radiative recombination. As proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate the improvement of the degree of antibunching in the photoluminescence of single carbon nanotubes using a metal tip at room temperature. Our results indicate that, in addition to improving the performance of single photon sources, optical antennas have the potential to open up a broad range of materials for quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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16
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Huo F, Liu Y, Zhu M, Gao E, Zhao B, Yang X. Ultrabright Full Color Carbon Dots by Fine-Tuning Crystal Morphology Controllable Synthesis for Multicolor Bioimaging and Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27259-27268. [PMID: 31283170 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, two kinds of novel carbon nanocrystals (CNCs) with different crystal morphologies (the branch-chain young sprout form (CM1) and conifer-pine form (CM2)) were obtained in a controllable way. The mechanism of crystal morphological development was explored well. When the two kinds of the CNCs were dissolved in different polar solvents, they voluntarily become "ultrafine crystals" at the moment. After that, the ultrabright full color carbon dots (UBFCCDs) have been preliminarily prepared by fine-controlling. With the evaporation of the solvents, the CNCs crystallized again, which could repeat back and forth many times. After the conditions of preparing for CDs were optimized carefully, the as-prepared CDs exhibit ultrabright effects of multiexcitation and multiemission (from blue to red) and can show unique up-conversion luminescence characteristics under a lower excitation wavelength of 660 nm instead of a near-infrared wavelength of 980 or 808 nm. Significantly, the QY% of the UBFCCDs can reach 78.0%, which is higher than that of the traditional hydrothermal methods of discarding precipitation and carrying out dialysis (QY% = 69.0%). The as-prepared CDs can be used for multicolor biomedical imaging in vivo and in vitro and metal ion sensing and also show their potential value for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro/Nano Intelligent Sensing , Neijiang Normal University , Neijiang 641100 , PR China
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , China West Normal University , Nanchong 637000 , PR China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro/Nano Intelligent Sensing , Neijiang Normal University , Neijiang 641100 , PR China
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , China West Normal University , Nanchong 637000 , PR China
| | - Mingguang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro/Nano Intelligent Sensing , Neijiang Normal University , Neijiang 641100 , PR China
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , China West Normal University , Nanchong 637000 , PR China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , China West Normal University , Nanchong 637000 , PR China
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17
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He X, Sun L, Gifford BJ, Tretiak S, Piryatinski A, Li X, Htoon H, Doorn SK. Intrinsic limits of defect-state photoluminescence dynamics in functionalized carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9125-9132. [PMID: 31032824 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Defect states introduced to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by covalent functionalization give rise to novel photophysics and are showing promise as sources of room-temperature quantum emission of interest for quantum information technologies. Evaluation of their ultimate potential for such needs requires a knowledge of intrinsic dynamic and coherence behaviors. Here we probe population relaxation and dephasing time (T1 and T2, respectively) of defect states following deposition of functionalized SWCNTs on polystyrene substrates that are subjected to an isopropanol rinse to remove surfactant. Low-temperature (4 K) photo-luminescence linewidths (∼100 μeV) following surfactant removal are a factor of ten narrower than those for unrinsed SWCNTs. Measured recombination lifetimes, on the order of 1.5 ns, compare well with those estimated from DFT calculations, indicating that the intrinsic radiatively-limited lifetime is approached following this sample treatment. Dephasing times evaluated directly through an interferometric approach compare closely to those established by photoluminescence linewidths. Dephasing times as high as 12 ps are found; a factor of up to 6 times greater than those evaluated for band-edge exciton states. Such enhancement of dephasing and photoluminescence lifetime behavior is a direct consequence of exciton localization at the SWCNT defect sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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18
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Narrow-band single-photon emission through selective aryl functionalization of zigzag carbon nanotubes. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1089-1095. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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He X, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Pernice WHP, Pyatkov F, Krupke R, Jeantet A, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C. Carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:663-670. [PMID: 29915427 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress in quantum computing and quantum cryptography requires efficient, electrically triggered, single-photon sources at room temperature in the telecom wavelengths. It has been long known that semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) display strong excitonic binding and emit light over a broad range of wavelengths, but their use has been hampered by a low quantum yield and a high sensitivity to spectral diffusion and blinking. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the mastering of SWCNT optical properties by chemistry, electrical contacting and resonator coupling towards advancing their use as quantum light sources. We describe the latest results in terms of single-photon purity, generation efficiency and indistinguishability. Finally, we consider the main fundamental challenges stemming from the unique properties of SWCNTs and the most promising roads for SWCNT-based chip integrated quantum photonic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - H Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - S K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - W H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - F Pyatkov
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Jeantet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Y Chassagneux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - C Voisin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.
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20
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Noé JC, Nutz M, Reschauer J, Morell N, Tsioutsios I, Reserbat-Plantey A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Bachtold A, Högele A. Environmental Electrometry with Luminescent Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4136-4140. [PMID: 29921119 PMCID: PMC6692058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that localized excitons in luminescent carbon nanotubes can be utilized to study electrostatic fluctuations in the nanotube environment with sensitivity down to the elementary charge. By monitoring the temporal evolution of the cryogenic photoluminescence from individual carbon nanotubes grown on silicon oxide and hexagonal boron nitride, we characterize the dynamics of charge trap defects for both dielectric supports. We find a one order of magnitude reduction in the photoluminescence spectral wandering for nanotubes on extended atomically flat terraces of hexagonal boron nitride. For nanotubes on hexagonal boron nitride with pronounced spectral fluctuations, our analysis suggests proximity to terrace ridges where charge fluctuators agglomerate to exhibit areal densities exceeding those of silicon oxide. Our results establish carbon nanotubes as sensitive probes of environmental charge fluctuations and highlight their potential for applications in electrometric nanodevices with all-optical readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Noé
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Manuel Nutz
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Jonathan Reschauer
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Nicolas Morell
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Ioannis Tsioutsios
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
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21
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Senga R, Pichler T, Yomogida Y, Tanaka T, Kataura H, Suenaga K. Direct Proof of a Defect-Modulated Gap Transition in Semiconducting Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3920-3925. [PMID: 29783838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of optical properties at a nanometer level are of central importance for the characterization of optoelectronic devices. It is, however, difficult to use conventional light-probe measurements to determine the local optical properties from a single quantum object with nanometrical inhomogeneity. Here, we successfully measured the optical gap transitions of an individual semiconducting carbon nanotube with defects by using a monochromated electron source as a probe. The optical conductivity extracted from an electron energy-loss spectrum for a certain type of defect presents a characteristic modification near the lowest excitation peak ( E11), where excitons and nonradiative transitions, as well as phonon-coupled excitations, are strongly involved. Detailed line-shape analysis of the E11 peak clearly shows different degrees of exciton lifetime shortening and electronic state modification according to the defect type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Senga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics , University of Vienna , Strudlhofgasse 4 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kataura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
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22
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Ishii A, He X, Hartmann NF, Machiya H, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Kato YK. Enhanced Single-Photon Emission from Carbon-Nanotube Dopant States Coupled to Silicon Microcavities. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3873-3878. [PMID: 29781621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a promising material as quantum light sources at room temperature and as nanoscale light sources for integrated photonic circuits on silicon. Here, we show that the integration of dopant states in carbon nanotubes and silicon microcavities can provide bright and high-purity single-photon emitters on a silicon photonics platform at room temperature. We perform photoluminescence spectroscopy and observe the enhancement of emission from the dopant states by a factor of ∼50, and cavity-enhanced radiative decay is confirmed using time-resolved measurements, in which a ∼30% decrease of emission lifetime is observed. The statistics of photons emitted from the cavity-coupled dopant states are investigated by photon-correlation measurements, and high-purity single photon generation is observed. The excitation power dependence of photon emission statistics shows that the degree of photon antibunching can be kept high even when the excitation power increases, while the single-photon emission rate can be increased to ∼1.7 × 107 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Nicolai F Hartmann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Hidenori Machiya
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Yuichiro K Kato
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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23
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Amori AR, Hou Z, Krauss TD. Excitons in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:81-99. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Amori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Zhentao Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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24
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Kazemifard S, Naji L, Afshar Taromi F. Enhancing the photovoltaic performance of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells by adding Rhodamine B laser dye as co-sensitizer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 515:139-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Jeantet A, Chassagneux Y, Claude T, Lauret JS, Voisin C. Interplay of spectral diffusion and phonon-broadening in individual photo-emitters: the case of carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:683-689. [PMID: 29242889 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
At cryogenic temperatures, the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of nano-emitters may still be significantly broadened due to interactions with the environment. The interplay of spectral diffusion (SD) and phonon broadening in this context is still a debated issue. Singlewall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a particularly relevant system to address this topic as they show intense spectral diffusion and undergo a high exciton-phonon coupling due to their one-dimensional geometry. Here, we investigate the correlations between the spectral diffusion of the main line and that of the wings in SWNTs quantitatively and demonstrate that the photoluminescence spectrum undergoes spectral jumps as a whole, without distortions. This behavior suggests that the spectral shape of SWNT PL is defined by exciton-phonon interactions and that spectral diffusion results in an additional flat broadening. The methodology developed here can be used to investigate a broad range of non-Lorentzian emitters undergoing spectral diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeantet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France.
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26
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Luo Y, Ahmadi ED, Shayan K, Ma Y, Mistry KS, Zhang C, Hone J, Blackburn JL, Strauf S. Purcell-enhanced quantum yield from carbon nanotube excitons coupled to plasmonic nanocavities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1413. [PMID: 29123125 PMCID: PMC5680202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising absorbers and emitters to enable novel photonic applications and devices but are also known to suffer from low optical quantum yields. Here we demonstrate SWCNT excitons coupled to plasmonic nanocavity arrays reaching deeply into the Purcell regime with Purcell factors (FP) up to FP = 180 (average FP = 57), Purcell-enhanced quantum yields of 62% (average 42%), and a photon emission rate of 15 MHz into the first lens. The cavity coupling is quasi-deterministic since the photophysical properties of every SWCNT are enhanced by at least one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the measured ultra-narrow exciton linewidth (18 μeV) reaches the radiative lifetime limit, which is promising towards generation of transform-limited single photons. To demonstrate utility beyond quantum light sources we show that nanocavity-coupled SWCNTs perform as single-molecule thermometers detecting plasmonically induced heat at cryogenic temperatures in a unique interplay of excitons, phonons, and plasmons at the nanoscale. Single-walled carbon nanotubes offer exciting optoelectronic applications but generally suffer from low quantum yields. Here, Luo et al. demonstrate that coupling nanotubes to plasmonic antennas can lead to large Purcell enhancement and corresponding increase in quantum yield as well as plasmonic thermometry at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Ehsaneh D Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Kamran Shayan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Yichen Ma
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Kevin S Mistry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Changjian Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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27
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Ma X, Hartmann NF, Velizhanin KA, Baldwin JKS, Adamska L, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Multi-exciton emission from solitary dopant states of carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16143-16148. [PMID: 29053165 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By separating the photons from slow and fast decays of single and multi-exciton states in a time gated 2nd order photon correlation experiment, we show that solitary oxygen dopant states of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) allow emission of photon pairs with efficiencies as high as 44% of single exciton emission. Our pump dependent time resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies further reveal diffusion-limited exciton-exciton annihilation as the key process that limits the emission of multi-excitons at high pump fluences. We further postulate that creation of additional permanent exciton quenching sites occurring under intense laser irradiation leads to permanent PL quenching. With this work, we bring out multi-excitonic processes of solitary dopant states as a new area to be explored for potential applications in lasing and entangled photon generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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28
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Lee KF, Tian Y, Yang H, Mustonen K, Martinez A, Dai Q, Kauppinen EI, Malowicki J, Kumar P, Sun Z. Photon-Pair Generation with a 100 nm Thick Carbon Nanotube Film. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605978. [PMID: 28437024 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optics based on bulk materials is the current technique of choice for quantum-state generation and information processing. Scaling of nonlinear optical quantum devices is of significant interest to enable quantum devices with high performance. However, it is challenging to scale the nonlinear optical devices down to the nanoscale dimension due to relatively small nonlinear optical response of traditional bulk materials. Here, correlated photon pairs are generated in the nanometer scale using a nonlinear optical device for the first time. The approach uses spontaneous four-wave mixing in a carbon nanotube film with extremely large Kerr-nonlinearity (≈100 000 times larger than that of the widely used silica), which is achieved through careful control of the tube diameter during the carbon nanotube growth. Photon pairs with a coincidence to accidental ratio of 18 at the telecom wavelength of 1.5 µm are generated at room temperature in a ≈100 nm thick carbon nanotube film device, i.e., 1000 times thinner than the smallest existing devices. These results are promising for future integrated nonlinear quantum devices (e.g., quantum emission and processing devices).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fook Lee
- EECS Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI, -00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - He Yang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI, -00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mustonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Amos Martinez
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Qing Dai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Prem Kumar
- EECS Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI, -00076, Aalto, Finland
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29
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Quantum dot-like excitonic behavior in individual single walled-carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37167. [PMID: 27849046 PMCID: PMC5111057 DOI: 10.1038/srep37167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional materials with great prospects for applications such as optoelectronic and quantum information devices. Yet, their optical performance is hindered by low fluorescent yield. Highly mobile excitons interacting with quenching sites are attributed to be one of the main non-radiative decay mechanisms that shortens the exciton lifetime. In this paper we report on time-integrated photoluminescence measurements on individual polymer wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes. An ultra narrow linewidth we observed demonstrates intrinsic exciton dynamics. Furthermore, we identify a state filling effect in individual carbon nanotubes at cryogenic temperatures as previously observed in quantum dots. We propose that each of the CNTs is segmented into a chain of zero-dimensional states confined by a varying local potential along the CNT, determined by local environmental factors such as the amount of polymer wrapping. Spectral diffusion is also observed, which is consistent with the tunneling of excitons between these confined states.
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30
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Hartmann NF, Velizhanin KA, Haroz EH, Kim M, Ma X, Wang Y, Htoon H, Doorn SK. Photoluminescence Dynamics of Aryl sp(3) Defect States in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8355-65. [PMID: 27529740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescent defect states introduced by sp(3) functionalization of semiconducting carbon nanotubes are rapidly emerging as important routes for boosting emission quantum yields and introducing new functionality. Knowledge of the relaxation dynamics of these states is required for understanding how functionalizing agents (molecular dopants) may be designed to access specific behaviors. We measure photoluminescence (PL) decay dynamics of sp(3) defect states introduced by aryl functionalization of the carbon nanotube surface. Results are given for five different nanotube chiralities, each doped with a range of aryl functionality. We find that the PL decays of these sp(3) defect states are biexponential, with both components relaxing on time scales of ∼100 ps. Exciton trapping at defects is found to increases PL lifetimes by a factor of 5-10, in comparison to those for the free exciton. A significant chirality dependence is observed in the decay times, ranging from 77 ps for (7,5) nanotubes to >600 ps for (5,4) structures. The strong correlation of time constants with emission energy indicates relaxation occurs via multiphonon decay processes, with close agreement to theoretical expectations. Variation of the aryl dopant further modulates decay times by 10-15%. The aryl defects also affect PL lifetimes of the free E11 exciton. Shortening of the E11 bright state lifetime as defect density increases provides further confirmation that defects act as exciton traps. A similar shortening of the E11 dark exciton lifetime is found as defect density increases, providing strong experimental evidence that dark excitons are also trapped at such defect sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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31
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Hümmer T, Noe J, Hofmann MS, Hänsch TW, Högele A, Hunger D. Cavity-enhanced Raman microscopy of individual carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12155. [PMID: 27402165 PMCID: PMC4945868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy reveals chemically specific information and provides label-free insight into the molecular world. However, the signals are intrinsically weak and call for enhancement techniques. Here, we demonstrate Purcell enhancement of Raman scattering in a tunable high-finesse microcavity, and utilize it for molecular diagnostics by combined Raman and absorption imaging. Studying individual single-wall carbon nanotubes, we identify crucial structural parameters such as nanotube radius, electronic structure and extinction cross-section. We observe a 320-times enhanced Raman scattering spectral density and an effective Purcell factor of 6.2, together with a collection efficiency of 60%. Potential for significantly higher enhancement, quantitative signals, inherent spectral filtering and absence of intrinsic background in cavity-vacuum stimulated Raman scattering render the technique a promising tool for molecular imaging. Furthermore, cavity-enhanced Raman transitions involving localized excitons could potentially be used for gaining quantum control over nanomechanical motion and open a route for molecular cavity optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hümmer
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Jonathan Noe
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
| | - Matthias S. Hofmann
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
| | - Theodor W. Hänsch
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraβe 4, München 80799, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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32
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Emergence of new red-shifted carbon nanotube photoluminescence based on proximal doped-site design. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28393. [PMID: 27345862 PMCID: PMC4921849 DOI: 10.1038/srep28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) show unique photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Here we propose a concept based on the proximal modification in local covalent functionalization of SWNTs. Quantum mechanical simulations reveal that the SWNT band gap changes specifically based on the proximal doped-site design. Thus, we synthesize newly-designed bisdiazonium molecules and conduct local fucntionalisation of SWNTs. Consequently, new red-shifted PL (E112*) from the bisdiazonium-modified SWNTs with (6, 5) chirality is recognized around 1250 nm with over ~270 nm Stokes shift from the PL of the pristine SWNTs and the PL wavelengths are shifted depending on the methylene spacer lengths of the modifiers. The present study revealed that SWNT PL modulation is enable by close-proximity-local covalent modification, which is highly important for fundamental understanding of intrinsic SWNT PL properties as well as exciton engineering–based applications including photonic devices and (bio)imaging/sensing.
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33
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Hofmann MS, Noé J, Kneer A, Crochet JJ, Högele A. Ubiquity of Exciton Localization in Cryogenic Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2958-62. [PMID: 27105355 PMCID: PMC4918963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present photoluminescence studies of individual semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes at room and cryogenic temperatures. From the analysis of spatial and spectral features of nanotube photoluminescence, we identify characteristic signatures of unintentional exciton localization. Moreover, we quantify the energy scale of exciton localization potentials as ranging from a few to a few tens of millielectronvolts and stemming from both environmental disorder and shallow covalent side-wall defects. Our results establish disorder-induced crossover from the diffusive to the localized regime of nanotube excitons at cryogenic temperatures as a ubiquitous phenomenon in micelle-encapsulated and as-grown carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S. Hofmann
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich
Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Jonathan Noé
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich
Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Alexander Kneer
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich
Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Jared J. Crochet
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich
Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
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34
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Zakharko Y, Graf A, Schießl SP, Hähnlein B, Pezoldt J, Gather MC, Zaumseil J. Broadband Tunable, Polarization-Selective and Directional Emission of (6,5) Carbon Nanotubes Coupled to Plasmonic Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3278-84. [PMID: 27105249 PMCID: PMC4867777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate broadband tunability of light emission from dense (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotube thin films via efficient coupling to periodic arrays of gold nanodisks that support surface lattice resonances (SLRs). We thus eliminate the need to select single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with different chiralities to obtain narrow linewidth emission at specific near-infrared wavelengths. Emission from these hybrid films is spectrally narrow (20-40 meV) yet broadly tunable (∼1000-1500 nm) and highly directional (divergence <1.5°). In addition, SLR scattering renders the emission highly polarized, even though the SWNTs are randomly distributed. Numerical simulations are applied to correlate the increased local electric fields around the nanodisks with the observed enhancement of directional emission. The ability to control the emission properties of a single type of near-infrared emitting SWNTs over a wide range of wavelengths will enable application of carbon nanotubes in multifunctional photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St.
Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
| | - Stefan P. Schießl
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hähnlein
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Pezoldt
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Malte C. Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St.
Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Shiraki T, Onitsuka H, Shiraishi T, Nakashima N. Near infrared photoluminescence modulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes based on a molecular recognition approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12972-12975. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular recognition approach has achieved near infrared photoluminescence modulation on locally-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisashi Onitsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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36
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Abstract
The theory of the one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen atom was initiated by a 1952 paper but, after more than 60 years, it remains a topic of debate and controversy. The aim here is a critique of the current status of the theory and its relation to relevant experiments. A 1959 solution of the Schrödinger equation by the use of a cut-off at
x
=
a
to remove the singularity at the origin in the 1/|
x
| form of the potential is clarified and a mistaken approximation is identified. The singular atom is not found in the real world but the theory with cut-off has been applied successfully to a range of four practical three-dimensional systems confined towards one dimension, particularly their observed large increases in ground state binding energy. The true 1D atom is in principle restored when the short distance
a
tends to zero but it is sometimes claimed that the solutions obtained by the limiting procedure differ from those obtained by solution of the basic Schrödinger equation without any cut-off in the potential. The treatment of the singularity by a limiting procedure for applications to practical systems is endorsed.
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37
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Spencer JH, Smith DC, McDonnell LP, Sloan J, Kashtiban RJ. Coherence lifetime broadened optical transitions in a 2 atom diameter HgTe nanowire: a temperature dependent resonance Raman study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper sets out the role of electronic coherence in the strong temperature dependence of the intensity of Raman scattering from two atom diameter HgTe nanowires. It argues the behavior is likely common in extreme nanowires, and possibly due to excitonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Spencer
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - David C. Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Liam P. McDonnell
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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38
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Hartmann NF, Yalcin SE, Adamska L, Hároz EH, Ma X, Tretiak S, Htoon H, Doorn SK. Photoluminescence imaging of solitary dopant sites in covalently doped single-wall carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:20521-20530. [PMID: 26586162 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Covalent dopants in semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are becoming important as routes for introducing new photoluminescent emitting states with potential for enhanced quantum yields, new functionality, and as species capable of near-IR room-temperature single photon emission. The origin and behavior of the dopant-induced emission is thus important to understand as a key requirement for successful room-T photonics and optoelectronics applications. Here, we use direct correlated two-color photoluminescence imaging to probe how the interplay between the SWCNT bright E(11) exciton and solitary dopant sites yields the dopant-induced emission for three different dopant species: oxygen, 4-methoxybenzene, and 4-bromobenzene. We introduce a route to control dopant functionalization to a low level as a means for introducing spatially well-separated solitary dopant sites. Resolution of emission from solitary dopant sites and correlation to their impact on E(11) emission allows confirmation of dopants as trapping sites for localization of E(11) excitons following their diffusive transport to the dopant site. Imaging of the dopant emission also reveals photoluminescence intermittency (blinking), with blinking dynamics being dependent on the specific dopant. Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the stability of dopants and delineate the possible mechanisms of blinking. Theoretical modeling suggests that the trapping of free charges in the potential well created by permanent dipoles introduced by dopant atoms/groups is likely responsible for the blinking, with the strongest effects being predicted and observed for oxygen-doped SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai F Hartmann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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39
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Schweiger M, Zakharko Y, Gannott F, Grimm SB, Zaumseil J. Photoluminescence enhancement of aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer transfer. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16715-20. [PMID: 26400227 PMCID: PMC4601352 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence of as-grown, aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on quartz is strongly quenched and barely detectable. Here we show that transferring these SWNTs to another substrate such as clean quartz or glass increases their emission efficiency by up to two orders of magnitude. By statistical analysis of large nanotube arrays we show at what point of the transfer process the emission enhancement occurs and how it depends on the receiving substrate and the employed transfer polymer. We find that hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) as the transfer polymer results in higher photoluminescence enhancement than the more hydrophilic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Possible mechanisms for this enhancement such as strain relief, disruption of the strong interaction of SWNTs with the substrate and localized emissive states are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schweiger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Martensstrasse 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Universität Heidelberg , Institute for Physical Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Martensstrasse 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Universität Heidelberg , Institute for Physical Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Florentina Gannott
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Martensstrasse 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Universität Heidelberg , Institute for Physical Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Stefan B. Grimm
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Martensstrasse 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Universität Heidelberg , Institute for Physical Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Universität Heidelberg , Institute for Physical Chemistry , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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40
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Ma X, Hartmann NF, Baldwin JKS, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Room-temperature single-photon generation from solitary dopants of carbon nanotubes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:671-5. [PMID: 26167766 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
On-demand single-photon sources capable of operating at room temperature and the telecom wavelength range of 1,300-1,500 nm hold the key to the realization of novel technologies that span from sub-diffraction imaging to quantum key distribution and photonic quantum information processing. Here, we show that incorporation of undoped (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes into a SiO2 matrix can lead to the creation of solitary oxygen dopant states capable of fluctuation-free, room-temperature single-photon emission in the 1,100-1,300 nm wavelength range. We investigated the effects of temperature on photoluminescence emission efficiencies, fluctuations and decay dynamics of the dopant states and determined the conditions most suitable for the observation of single-photon emission. This emission can in principle be extended to 1,500 nm by doping of smaller-bandgap single-walled carbon nanotubes. This easy tunability presents a distinct advantage over existing defect centre single-photon emitters (for example, diamond defect centres). Our SiO2-encapsulated sample also presents exciting opportunities to apply Si/SiO2-based micro/nano-device fabrication techniques in the development of electrically driven single-photon sources and integration of these sources into quantum photonic devices and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Nicolai F Hartmann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jon K S Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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41
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Ma X, Roslyak O, Duque JG, Pang X, Doorn SK, Piryatinski A, Dunlap DH, Htoon H. Influences of Exciton Diffusion and Exciton-Exciton Annihilation on Photon Emission Statistics of Carbon Nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:017401. [PMID: 26182119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pump-dependent photoluminescence imaging and second-order photon correlation studies have been performed on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at room temperature. These studies enable the extraction of both the exciton diffusion constant and the Auger recombination coefficient. A linear correlation between these parameters is attributed to the effect of environmental disorder in setting the exciton mean free path and capture-limited Auger recombination at this length scale. A suppression of photon antibunching is attributed to the creation of multiple spatially nonoverlapping excitons in SWCNTs, whose diffusion length is shorter than the laser spot size. We conclude that complete antibunching at room temperature requires an enhancement of the exciton-exciton annihilation rate that may become realizable in SWCNTs allowing for strong exciton localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Oleskiy Roslyak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Juan G Duque
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Xiaoying Pang
- High Power Electrodynamics, Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - David H Dunlap
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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42
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Sarpkaya I, Ahmadi ED, Shepard GD, Mistry KS, Blackburn JL, Strauf S. Strong Acoustic Phonon Localization in Copolymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6383-6393. [PMID: 26039893 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling exciton-phonon interactions in carbon nanotubes has important implications for producing efficient nanophotonic devices. Here we show that laser vaporization-grown carbon nanotubes display ultranarrow luminescence line widths (120 μeV) and well-resolved acoustic phonon sidebands at low temperatures when dispersed with a polyfluorene copolymer. Remarkably, we do not observe a correlation of the zero-phonon line width with (13)C atomic concentration, as would be expected for pure dephasing of excitons with acoustic phonons. We demonstrate that the ultranarrow and phonon sideband-resolved emission spectra can be fully described by a model assuming extrinsic acoustic phonon localization at the nanoscale, which holds down to 6-fold narrower spectral line width compared to previous work. Interestingly, both exciton and acoustic phonon wave functions are strongly spatially localized within 5 nm, possibly mediated by the copolymer backbone, opening future opportunities to engineer dephasing and optical bandwidth for applications in quantum photonics and cavity optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin S Mistry
- ‡National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- ‡National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Ehberger D, Hammer J, Eisele M, Krüger M, Noe J, Högele A, Hommelhoff P. Highly Coherent Electron Beam from a Laser-Triggered Tungsten Needle Tip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015. [PMID: 26196645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.227601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a quantitative measurement of the spatial coherence of electrons emitted from a sharp metal needle tip. We investigate the coherence in photoemission triggered by a near-ultraviolet laser with a photon energy of 3.1 eV and compare it to dc-field emission. A carbon nanotube is brought into close proximity to the emitter tip to act as an electrostatic biprism. From the resulting electron matter wave interference fringes, we deduce an upper limit of the effective source radius both in laser-triggered and dc-field emission mode, which quantifies the spatial coherence of the emitted electron beam. We obtain (0.80±0.05) nm in laser-triggered and (0.55±0.02) nm in dc-field emission mode, revealing that the outstanding coherence properties of electron beams from needle tip field emitters are largely maintained in laser-induced emission. In addition, the relative coherence width of 0.36 of the photoemitted electron beam is the largest observed so far. The preservation of electronic coherence during emission as well as ramifications for time-resolved electron imaging techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Ehberger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, EU
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching/Munich, Germany, EU
| | - Jakob Hammer
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, EU
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching/Munich, Germany, EU
| | - Max Eisele
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching/Munich, Germany, EU
| | - Michael Krüger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, EU
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching/Munich, Germany, EU
| | - Jonathan Noe
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany, EU
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany, EU
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, EU
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching/Munich, Germany, EU
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1/ Building 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, EU
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Jiang M, Kumamoto Y, Ishii A, Yoshida M, Shimada T, Kato YK. Gate-controlled generation of optical pulse trains using individual carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6335. [PMID: 25721203 PMCID: PMC4351562 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In single-walled carbon nanotubes, electron–hole pairs form tightly bound excitons because of limited screening. These excitons display a variety of interactions and processes that could be exploited for applications in nanoscale photonics and optoelectronics. Here we report on optical pulse-train generation from individual air-suspended carbon nanotubes under an application of square-wave gate voltages. Electrostatically induced carrier accumulation quenches photoluminescence, while a voltage sign reversal purges those carriers, resetting the nanotubes to become luminescent temporarily. Frequency-domain measurements reveal photoluminescence recovery with characteristic frequencies that increase with excitation laser power, showing that photoexcited carriers provide a self-limiting mechanism for pulsed emission. Time-resolved measurements directly confirm the presence of an optical pulse train synchronized to the gate voltage signal, and flexible control over pulse timing and duration is also demonstrated. These results identify an unconventional route for optical pulse generation and electrical-to-optical signal conversion, opening up new prospects for controlling light at the nanoscale. The photocurrent and luminescence of carbon nanotubes is governed by excitonic processes with diverse uses in nano-photonics. Here, Jiang et al. generate optical pulses from individual air-suspended carbon nanotubes under an application of square-wave gate voltages with control over pulse timing and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jiang
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Y Kumamoto
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - A Ishii
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - M Yoshida
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - T Shimada
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Y K Kato
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Miura R, Imamura S, Ohta R, Ishii A, Liu X, Shimada T, Iwamoto S, Arakawa Y, Kato YK. Ultralow mode-volume photonic crystal nanobeam cavities for high-efficiency coupling to individual carbon nanotube emitters. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5580. [PMID: 25420679 PMCID: PMC4263150 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique emission properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are attractive for achieving increased functionality in integrated photonics. In addition to being room-temperature telecom-band emitters that can be directly grown on silicon, they are ideal for coupling to nanoscale photonic structures. Here we report on high-efficiency coupling of individual air-suspended carbon nanotubes to silicon photonic crystal nanobeam cavities. Photoluminescence images of dielectric- and air-mode cavities reflect their distinctly different mode profiles and show that fields in the air are important for coupling. We find that the air-mode cavities couple more efficiently, and estimated spontaneous emission coupling factors reach a value as high as 0.85. Our results demonstrate advantages of ultralow mode-volumes in air-mode cavities for coupling to low-dimensional nanoscale emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miura
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - S Imamura
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - R Ohta
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - A Ishii
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - X Liu
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - T Shimada
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - S Iwamoto
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Y Arakawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Y K Kato
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Iwamura M, Akizuki N, Miyauchi Y, Mouri S, Shaver J, Gao Z, Cognet L, Lounis B, Matsuda K. Nonlinear photoluminescence spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes with localized exciton states. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11254-60. [PMID: 25331628 DOI: 10.1021/nn503803b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report distinctive nonlinear behavior of photoluminescence (PL) intensities from localized exciton states embedded in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at room temperature. We found that PL from the local states exhibits strong nonlinear behavior with increasing continuous-wave excitation power density, whereas free exciton PL shows only weak sublinear behavior. The strong nonlinear behavior was observed regardless of the origin of the local states and found to be nearly independent of the local state density. These results indicate that the strong PL nonlinearity arises from a universal mechanism to SWNTs with sparse local states. The significant nonlinear PL is attributed to rapid ground-state depletion of the local states caused by an efficient accumulation of photogenerated free excitons into the sparse local states through one-dimensional diffusional migration of excitons along the nanotube axis; this mechanism is verified by Monte Carlo simulations of exciton diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munechiyo Iwamura
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Ma X, Roslyak O, Wang F, Duque JG, Piryatinski A, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Influence of exciton dimensionality on spectral diffusion of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10613-20. [PMID: 25251324 DOI: 10.1021/nn504138m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We study temporal evolution of photoluminescence (PL) spectra from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at cryogenic and room temperatures. Sublinear and superlinear correlations between fluctuating PL spectral positions and line widths are observed at cryogenic and room temperatures, respectively. We develop a simple model to explain these two different spectral diffusion behaviors in the framework of quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) caused by surface charges trapped in the vicinity of SWCNTs. We show that the wave function properties of excitons, namely, localization at cryogenic temperature and delocalization at room temperature, play a critical role in defining sub- and superlinear correlations. Room temperature PL spectral positions and line widths of SWCNTs coupled to gold dimer nanoantennas on the other hand exhibit sublinear correlations, indicating that excitonic emission mainly originates from nanometer range regions and excitons appear to be localized. Our numerical simulations show that such apparent localization of excitons results from plasmonic confinement of excitation and an enhancement of decay rates in the gap of the dimer nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, ‡Theoretical Division, and §Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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48
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Ma X, Adamska L, Yamaguchi H, Yalcin SE, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Electronic structure and chemical nature of oxygen dopant states in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10782-9. [PMID: 25265272 DOI: 10.1021/nn504553y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We performed low temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies on individual oxygen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and correlated our observations to electronic structure simulations. Our experiment reveals multiple sharp asymmetric emission peaks at energies 50-300 meV red-shifted from that of the E11 bright exciton peak. Our simulation suggests an association of these peaks with deep trap states tied to different specific chemical adducts. In addition, oxygen doping is also observed to split the E11 exciton into two or more states with an energy splitting <40 meV. We attribute these states to dark states that are brightened through defect-induced symmetry breaking. While the wave functions of these brightened states are delocalized, those of the deep-trap states are strongly localized and pinned to the dopants. These findings are consistent with our experimental observation of asymmetric broadening of the deep trap emission peaks, which can result from interaction between pinned excitons and one-dimensional phonons. Exciton pinning also increases the sensitivity of the deep traps to the local dielectric environment, leading to a large inhomogeneous broadening. Observations of multiple spectral features on single nanotubes indicate the possibility of different chemical adducts coexisting on a given nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, ‡Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Alexander-Webber JA, Faugeras C, Kossacki P, Potemski M, Wang X, Kim HD, Stranks SD, Taylor RA, Nicholas RJ. Hyperspectral imaging of exciton photoluminescence in individual carbon nanotubes controlled by high magnetic fields. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5194-5200. [PMID: 25158099 DOI: 10.1021/nl502016q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide an exceptional platform for studying one-dimensional excitons (bound electron-hole pairs), but the role of defects and quenching centers in controlling emission remains controversial. Here we show that, by wrapping the CNT in a polymer sheath and cooling to 4.2 K, ultranarrow photoluminescence (PL) emission line widths below 80 μeV can be seen from individual solution processed CNTs. Hyperspectral imaging of the tubes identifies local emission sites and shows that some previously dark quenching segments can be brightened by the application of high magnetic fields, and their effect on exciton transport and dynamics can be studied. Using focused high intensity laser irradiation, we introduce a single defect into an individual nanotube which reduces its quantum efficiency by the creation of a shallow bound exciton state with enhanced electron-hole exchange interaction. The emission intensity of the nanotube is then reactivated by the application of the high magnetic field.
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50
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Vialla F, Chassagneux Y, Ferreira R, Roquelet C, Diederichs C, Cassabois G, Roussignol P, Lauret JS, Voisin C. Unifying the low-temperature photoluminescence spectra of carbon nanotubes: the role of acoustic phonon confinement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:057402. [PMID: 25126935 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.057402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
At low temperature the photoluminescence of single-wall carbon nanotubes show a large variety of spectral profiles ranging from ultranarrow lines in suspended nanotubes to broad and asymmetrical line shapes that puzzle the current interpretation in terms of exciton-phonon coupling. Here, we present a complete set of photoluminescence profiles in matrix embedded nanotubes including unprecedented narrow emission lines. We demonstrate that the diversity of the low-temperature luminescence profiles in nanotubes originates in tiny modifications of their low-energy acoustic phonon modes. When low-energy modes are locally suppressed, a sharp photoluminescence line as narrow as 0.7 meV is restored. Furthermore, multipeak luminescence profiles with specific temperature dependence show the presence of confined phonon modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vialla
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Y Chassagneux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Ferreira
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Roquelet
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris Sud, CNRS (UPR3321), F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - C Diederichs
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Cassabois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS (UMR5221), F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Ph Roussignol
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J S Lauret
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris Sud, CNRS (UPR3321), F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - C Voisin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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