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Chai L, Zaburdaev V, Kolter R. How bacteria actively use passive physics to make biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403842121. [PMID: 39264745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403842121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern molecular microbiology elucidates the organizational principles of bacterial biofilms via detailed examination of the interplay between signaling and gene regulation. A complementary biophysical approach studies the mesoscopic dependencies at the cellular and multicellular levels with a distinct focus on intercellular forces and mechanical properties of whole biofilms. Here, motivated by recent advances in biofilm research and in other, seemingly unrelated fields of biology and physics, we propose a perspective that links the biofilm, a dynamic multicellular organism, with the physical processes occurring in the extracellular milieu. Using Bacillus subtilis as an illustrative model organism, we specifically demonstrate how such a rationale explains biofilm architecture, differentiation, communication, and stress responses such as desiccation tolerance, metabolism, and physiology across multiple scales-from matrix proteins and polysaccharides to macroscopic wrinkles and water-filled channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Chai
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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2
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Povolotsky TL, Levy Barazany H, Shacham Y, Kolodkin-Gal I. Bacterial epigenetics and its implication for agriculture, probiotics development, and biotechnology design. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108414. [PMID: 39019123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
In their natural habitats, organisms encounter numerous external stimuli and must be able to sense and adapt to those stimuli to survive. Unlike mutations, epigenetic changes do not alter the underlying DNA sequence. Instead, they create modifications that promote or silence gene expression. Bacillus subtilis has long been a model organism in studying genetics and development. It is beneficial for numerous biotechnological applications where it is included as a probiotic, in fermentation, or in bio-concrete design. This bacterium has also emerged recently as a model organism for studying bacterial epigenetic adaptation. In this review, we examine the evolving knowledge of epigenetic regulation (restriction-modification systems (RM), orphan methyltransferases, and chromosome condensation) in B. subtilis and related bacteria, and utilize it as a case study to test their potential roles and future applications in genetic engineering and microbial biotechnology. Finally, we suggest how the implementation of these fundamental findings promotes the design of synthetic epigenetic memory circuits and their future applications in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana L Povolotsky
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23A, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilit Levy Barazany
- Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Hauniversita 8, Herzeliya, Israel
| | - Yosi Shacham
- Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Hauniversita 8, Herzeliya, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Hauniversita 8, Herzeliya, Israel.
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3
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Wei Y, Dang GP, Ren ZY, Wan MC, Wang CY, Li HB, Zhang T, Tay FR, Niu LN. Recent advances in the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of dental calculus. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:56. [PMID: 39003275 PMCID: PMC11246453 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental calculus severely affects the oral health of humans and animal pets. Calculus deposition affects the gingival appearance and causes inflammation. Failure to remove dental calculus from the dentition results in oral diseases such as periodontitis. Apart from adversely affecting oral health, some systemic diseases are closely related to dental calculus deposition. Hence, identifying the mechanisms of dental calculus formation helps protect oral and systemic health. A plethora of biological and physicochemical factors contribute to the physiological equilibrium in the oral cavity. Bacteria are an important part of the equation. Calculus formation commences when the bacterial equilibrium is broken. Bacteria accumulate locally and form biofilms on the tooth surface. The bacteria promote increases in local calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which triggers biomineralization and the development of dental calculus. Current treatments only help to relieve the symptoms caused by calculus deposition. These symptoms are prone to relapse if calculus removal is not under control. There is a need for a treatment regime that combines short-term and long-term goals in addressing calculus formation. The present review introduces the mechanisms of dental calculus formation, influencing factors, and the relationship between dental calculus and several systemic diseases. This is followed by the presentation of a conceptual solution for improving existing treatment strategies and minimizing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gao-Peng Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei-Chen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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4
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Dorfan Y, Nahami A, Morris Y, Shohat B, Kolodkin-Gal I. The Utilization of Bacillus subtilis to Design Environmentally Friendly Living Paints with Anti-Mold Properties. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1226. [PMID: 38930607 PMCID: PMC11205451 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anti-fungal properties of the probiotic bacterium Bacillus subtilis have been studied extensively in agriculture and ecology, but their applications in the built environment remain to be determined. Our work aims to utilize this biological component to introduce new diverse anti-mold properties into paint. "Mold" refers to the ubiquitous fungal species that generate visible multicellular filaments commonly found in household dust. The development of mold leads to severe health problems for occupants, including allergic response, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and asthma, which have significant economic and clinical outcomes. We here demonstrate the robust effect of a commercial paint enhanced with Bacillus subtilis cells against the common mold agent, Aspergillus niger, and identify three biosynthetic clusters essential for this effect. Our results lay the foundation for bio-convergence and synthetic biology approaches to introduce renewable and environmentally friendly bio-anti-fungal agents into the built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Dorfan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 5810201, Israel; (A.N.); (B.S.)
| | - Avichay Nahami
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 5810201, Israel; (A.N.); (B.S.)
- The Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Yael Morris
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 5810201, Israel; (A.N.); (B.S.)
| | - Benny Shohat
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 5810201, Israel; (A.N.); (B.S.)
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- The Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
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5
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Xue Y, Yu C, Ouyang H, Huang J, Kang X. Uncovering the Molecular Composition and Architecture of the Bacillus subtilis Biofilm via Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11906-11923. [PMID: 38629727 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The complex and dynamic compositions of biofilms, along with their sophisticated structural assembly mechanisms, endow them with exceptional capabilities to thrive in diverse conditions that are typically unfavorable for individual cells. Characterizing biofilms in their native state is significantly challenging due to their intrinsic complexities and the limited availability of noninvasive techniques. Here, we utilized solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to analyze Bacillus subtilis biofilms in-depth. Our data uncover a dynamically distinct organization within the biofilm: a dominant, hydrophilic, and mobile framework interspersed with minor, rigid cores of limited water accessibility. In these heterogeneous rigid cores, the major components are largely self-assembled. TasA fibers, the most robust elements, further provide a degree of mechanical support for the cell aggregates and some lipid vesicles. Notably, rigid cell aggregates can persist even without the major extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) polymers, although this leads to slight variations in their rigidity and water accessibility. Exopolysaccharides are exclusively present in the mobile domain, playing a pivotal role in its water retention property. Specifically, all water molecules are tightly bound within the biofilm matrix. These findings reveal a dual-layered defensive strategy within the biofilm: a diffusion barrier through limited water mobility in the mobile phase and a physical barrier posed by limited water accessibility in the rigid phase. Complementing these discoveries, our comprehensive, in situ compositional analysis is not only essential for delineating the sophisticated biofilm architecture but also reveals the presence of alternative genetic mechanisms for synthesizing exopolysaccharides beyond the known pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Han Ouyang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiaofang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue Kang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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6
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Kolodkin-Gal I, Parsek MR, Patrauchan MA. The roles of calcium signaling and calcium deposition in microbial multicellularity. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1225-1237. [PMID: 37429751 PMCID: PMC10772221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is an essential mediator of signal-controlling gene expression in most developmental systems. In addition, calcium has established extracellular functions as a structural component of biogenic minerals found in complex tissues. In bacteria, the formation of calcium carbonate structures is associated with complex colony morphology. Genes promoting the formation of biogenic minerals are essential for proper biofilm development and protection against antimicrobial solutes and toxins. Here we review recent findings on the role of calcium and calcium signaling as emerging regulators of biofilm formation in beneficial bacteria, as well as essential mediators of biofilm formation and virulence in human pathogens. The presented analysis concludes that the new understanding of calcium signaling may help to improve the performance of beneficial strains for sustainable agriculture, microbiome manipulation, and sustainable construction. Unraveling the roles of calcium may also promote the development of novel therapies against biofilm infections that target calcium uptake, calcium sensors, and calcium carbonate deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Matthew R Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Marianna A Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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7
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Zanditenas E, Trebicz-Geffen M, Kolli D, Domínguez-García L, Farhi E, Linde L, Romero D, Chapman M, Kolodkin-Gal I, Ankri S. Digestive exophagy of biofilms by intestinal amoeba and its impact on stress tolerance and cytotoxicity. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:77. [PMID: 37813896 PMCID: PMC10562373 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for amebiasis, a disease endemic to developing countries. E. histolytica trophozoites colonize the large intestine, primarily feeding on bacteria. However, in the gastrointestinal tract, bacterial cells form aggregates or structured communities called biofilms too large for phagocytosis. Remarkably, trophozoites are still able to invade and degrade established biofilms, utilizing a mechanism that mimics digestive exophagy. Digestive exophagy refers to the secretion of digestive enzymes that promote the digestion of objects too large for direct phagocytosis by phagocytes. E. histolytica cysteine proteinases (CPs) play a crucial role in the degradation process of Bacillus subtilis biofilm. These proteinases target TasA, a major component of the B. subtilis biofilm matrix, also contributing to the adhesion of the parasite to the biofilm. In addition, they are also involved in the degradation of biofilms formed by Gram-negative and Gram-positive enteric pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms also play an important role in protecting trophozoites against oxidative stress. This specific mechanism suggests that the amoeba has adapted to prey on biofilms, potentially serving as an untapped reservoir for novel therapeutic approaches to treat biofilms. Consistently, products derived from the amoeba have been shown to restore antibiotic sensitivity to biofilm cells. In addition, our findings reveal that probiotic biofilms can act as a protective shield for mammalian cells, hindering the progression of the parasite towards them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zanditenas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Divya Kolli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Laura Domínguez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Einan Farhi
- Technion Genomics Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Linde
- Technion Genomics Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Diego Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Matthew Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
- Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel.
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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8
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Flemming HC, van Hullebusch ED, Neu TR, Nielsen PH, Seviour T, Stoodley P, Wingender J, Wuertz S. The biofilm matrix: multitasking in a shared space. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:70-86. [PMID: 36127518 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm matrix can be considered to be a shared space for the encased microbial cells, comprising a wide variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as polysaccharides, proteins, amyloids, lipids and extracellular DNA (eDNA), as well as membrane vesicles and humic-like microbially derived refractory substances. EPS are dynamic in space and time and their components interact in complex ways, fulfilling various functions: to stabilize the matrix, acquire nutrients, retain and protect eDNA or exoenzymes, or offer sorption sites for ions and hydrophobic substances. The retention of exoenzymes effectively renders the biofilm matrix an external digestion system influencing the global turnover of biopolymers, considering the ubiquitous relevance of biofilms. Physico-chemical and biological interactions and environmental conditions enable biofilm systems to morph into films, microcolonies and macrocolonies, films, ridges, ripples, columns, pellicles, bubbles, mushrooms and suspended aggregates - in response to the very diverse conditions confronting a particular biofilm community. Assembly and dynamics of the matrix are mostly coordinated by secondary messengers, signalling molecules or small RNAs, in both medically relevant and environmental biofilms. Fully deciphering how bacteria provide structure to the matrix, and thus facilitate and benefit from extracellular reactions, remains the challenge for future biofilm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Thomas R Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Per H Nielsen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Seviour
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Gao GR, Hou ZJ, Ding MZ, Bai S, Wei SY, Qiao B, Xu QM, Cheng JS, Yuan YJ. Improved Production of Fengycin in Bacillus subtilis by Integrated Strain Engineering Strategy. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4065-4076. [PMID: 36379006 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fengycin is a lipopeptide with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. However, its low yield limits its commercial application. Therefore, we iteratively edited multiple target genes associated with fengycin synthesis by combinatorial metabolic engineering. The ability of Bacillus subtilis 168 to manufacture lipopeptides was restored, and the fengycin titer was 1.81 mg/L. Fengycin production was further increased to 174.63 mg/L after knocking out pathways associated with surfactin and bacillaene synthesis and replacing the native promoter (PppsA) with the Pveg promoter. Subsequently, fengycin levels were elevated to 258.52 mg/L by upregulating the expression of relevant genes involved in the fatty acid pathway. After blocking spore and biofilm formation, fengycin production reached 302.51 mg/L. Finally, fengycin production was increased to approximately 885.37 mg/L after adding threonine in the optimized culture medium, which was 488-fold higher compared with that of the initial strain. Integrated strain engineering provides a strategy to construct a system for improving fengycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Rong Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zheng-Jie Hou
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Song Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Qiu-Man Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Binshuixi Road 393, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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10
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Fessia A, Sartori M, García D, Fernández L, Ponzio R, Barros G, Nesci A. In vitro studies of biofilm-forming Bacillus strains, biocontrol agents isolated from the maize phyllosphere. Biofilm 2022; 4:100097. [PMID: 36504526 PMCID: PMC9731887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess how biofilm formation by three Bacillus isolates was affected by changes in temperature, water potential, growth media, time, and the combinations between these factors. The strains had been selected as potential biological control agents (BCAs) in earlier studies, and they were identified as B. subtilis and B. velezensis spp. through 16 rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS. Maize leaves (ML) were used as one of the growth media, since they made it possible to simulate the nutrient content in the maize phyllosphere, from which the bacteria were originally isolated. The strains were able to form biofilm both in ML and biofilm-inducing MSgg after 24, 48, and 72 h. Biofilm development in the form of pellicles and architecturally complex colonies varied morphologically from one strain to another and depended on the conditions mentioned above. In all cases, colonies and pellicles were less complex when both temperature and water potential were lower. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that changing levels of complexity in pellicles were correlated with those in colonies. Statistical analyses found that the quantification of biofilm produced by the isolates was influenced by all the conditions tested. In terms of motility (which may contribute to biofilm formation), swimming and swarming were possible for all strains in 0.3 and 0.7% agar, respectively. A more in-depth understanding of how abiotic factors influence biofilm formation can contribute to a more effective use of these biocontrol strains against pathogens in the maize phyllosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluminé Fessia
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina,Corresponding author. Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Melina Sartori
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Daiana García
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luciana Fernández
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina,Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Ponzio
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina,Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Germán Barros
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Nesci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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11
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An open-source computational tool for measuring bacterial biofilm morphology and growth kinetics upon one-sided exposure to an antimicrobial source. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16125. [PMID: 36167741 PMCID: PMC9515175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis biofilms are well known for their complex and highly adaptive morphology. Indeed, their phenotypical diversity and intra-biofilm heterogeneity make this gram-positive bacterium the subject of many scientific papers on the structure of biofilms. The “robustness” of biofilms is a term often used to describe their level of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and various mechanical and molecular inhibition/eradication methods. In this paper, we use computational analytics to quantify Bacillus subtilis morphological response to proximity to an antimicrobial source, in the form of the antiseptic chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine droplets, placed in proximity to Bacillus subtilis macrocolonies at different distances result in morphological changes, quantified using Python-based code, which we have made publicly available. Our results quantify peripheral and inner core deformation as well as differences in cellular viability of the two regions. The results reveal that the inner core, which is often characterized by the presence of wrinkled formations in the macrocolony, is more preserved than the periphery. Furthermore, the paper describes a crescent-shaped colony morphology which occurs when the distance from the chlorhexidine source is 0.5 cm, as well as changes observed in the growth substrate of macrocolonies exposed to chlorhexidine.
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12
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Effect of Calcium Ion Supplementation on Oral Microbial Composition and Biofilm Formation In Vitro. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091780. [PMID: 36144381 PMCID: PMC9500923 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a variety of ecological niches with very different environmental conditions that shape biofilm structure and composition. The space between the periodontal tissue and the tooth surface supports a unique anaerobic microenvironment that is bathed in the nutrient-rich gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). During the development of periodontitis, this environment changes and clinical findings reported a sustained level of calcium ion concentration in the GCF collected from the periodontal pockets of periodontitis patients. Here, we report the effect of calcium ion supplementation on human oral microbial biofilm formation and community composition employing an established SHI medium-based in vitro model system. Saliva-derived human microbial biofilms cultured in calcium-supplemented SHI medium (SHICa) exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase in biomass and metabolic activity. The effect of SHICa medium on the microbial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using saliva-derived microbial biofilms from healthy donors and periodontitis subjects. In this study, intracellular microbial genomic DNA (iDNA) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were analyzed separately at the genus level. Calcium supplementation of SHI medium had a differential impact on iDNA and eDNA in the biofilms derived from healthy individuals compared to those from periodontitis subjects. In particular, the genus-level composition of the eDNA portion was distinct between the different biofilms. This study demonstrated the effect of calcium in a unique microenvironment on oral microbial complex supporting the dynamic transformation and biofilm formation.
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13
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Special Issue: Biofilm Composition and Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms can be formed on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, including on living tissues, indwelling medical devices, industrial or portable water system piping, and natural aquatic systems [...]
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14
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Keren-Paz A, Maan H, Karunker I, Olender T, Kapishnikov S, Dersch S, Kartvelishvily E, Wolf SG, Gal A, Graumann PL, Kolodkin-Gal I. The roles of intracellular and extracellular calcium in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. iScience 2022; 25:104308. [PMID: 35663026 PMCID: PMC9160756 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria reside in biofilms– multicellular differentiated communities held together by an extracellular matrix. This work identified a novel subpopulation—mineral-forming cells—that is essential for biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. This subpopulation contains an intracellular calcium-accumulating niche, in which the formation of a calcium carbonate mineral is initiated. As the biofilm colony develops, this mineral grows in a controlled manner, forming a functional macrostructure that serves the entire community. Consistently, biofilm development is prevented by the inhibition of calcium uptake. Our results provide a clear demonstration of the orchestrated production of calcite exoskeleton, critical to morphogenesis in simple prokaryotes. The orchestrated formation of calcite scaffolds supports the morphogenesis of microbial biofilms A novel subpopulation—mineral-forming cells—is essential for biofilm formation This subpopulation contains an intracellular calcium-accumulating niche, supporting the formation of calcium carbonate Intracellular calcium homeostasis and calcium export are associated with a functional biofilm macrostructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harsh Maan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Karunker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Simon Dersch
- Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Sharon G Wolf
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Peter L Graumann
- Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Kolodkin-Gal D, Keren-Paz A, Peretz S, Brumfeld V, Kapishnikov S, Suissa R, Shteinberg M, McLeod D, Maan H, Patrauchan M, Zamir G, Kerem E, Kolodkin-Gal I. Calcium carbonate mineralization is essential for biofilm formation and lung colonization. iScience 2022; 25:104234. [PMID: 35521519 PMCID: PMC9062676 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are differentiated microbial communities held together by an extracellular matrix. μCT X-ray revealed structured mineralized areas within biofilms of lung pathogens belonging to two distant phyla - the proteobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the actinobacteria Mycobacterium abscessus. Furthermore, calcium chelation inhibited the assembly of complex bacterial structures for both organisms with little to no effect on cell growth. The molecular mechanisms promoting calcite scaffold formation were surprisingly conserved between the two pathogens as biofilm development was similarly impaired by genetic and biochemical inhibition of calcium uptake and carbonate accumulation. Moreover, chemical inhibition and mutations targeting mineralization significantly reduced the attachment of P. aeruginosa to the lung, as well as the subsequent damage inflicted by biofilms to lung tissues, and restored their sensitivity to antibiotics. This work offers underexplored druggable targets for antibiotics to combat otherwise untreatable biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Cohen-Cymberknoh
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and Cystic fibrosis Center, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- National Center for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Peretz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronit Suissa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Shteinberg
- Pulmonology Institute and CF Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel McLeod
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Harsh Maan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marianna Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Gideon Zamir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Kerem
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and Cystic fibrosis Center, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Barnes RJ, Voegtlin SP, Hubert CRJ, Larter SR, Bryant SL. The Critical Role of Environmental Synergies in the Creation of Bionanohybrid Microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0232121. [PMID: 35254099 PMCID: PMC9004394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02321-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of bacteria can synthesize surface-associated nanoparticles (SANs) through exogenous metal ions reacting with sulfide produced via cysteine metabolism, resulting in the emergence of a biological-nanoparticle hybrid (bionanohybrid). The attached nanoparticles may couple to extracellular electron transfer, facilitating de novo photoelectrochemical processes. While SAN-cell coupling in hybrid organisms is opening a range of biotechnological possibilities, observation of bionanohybrids in nature is not commonly reported and their lab-based behavior remains difficult to control. We describe the critical role environmental synergy (microbial growth stage, cell densities, cysteine, and exogenous metal concentrations) plays in controlling the form and occurrence of Escherichia coli and Moorella thermoacetica bionanohybrids. SAN development depends on an appropriate cell density to metal ratio, with too few cells resulting in nanoparticle suppression through cytotoxicity or inhibition of cysteine conversion, and with too many cells diluting the number and size of particles produced. This cell number is governed by the concentration of cysteine present, which acts to protect the cells from metal ion toxicity. Exposing cells to metal and cysteine during the lag phase leads to SAN development, whereas cells in the exponential growth phase predominantly produce dispersed nanoparticles. Applying these principles more broadly, E. coli is shown to biosynthesize composite Bi/Cu sulfide SANs, and Clostridioides difficile can be coaxed into a bionanohybrid lifestyle by fine-tuning the cysteine dosage. Bionanohybrids maintain a remarkable ability for binary fission and sustained growth, opening doors to the production of SANs tailored to specific technological functions. IMPORTANCE Some bacteria can produce nanoscale-sized particles, which remain attached to the surface of the organism. The surface association of these nanoparticles creates a new mode of interaction between the microbe's environment and its internal cellular function, giving rise to a new hybrid lifeform, a biological nanoparticle hybrid (bionanohybrid). These hybrid organisms gain new or enhanced biological functions, and thus their creation opens a wide range of biotechnological possibilities. Despite this potential, the fundamental controls on bionanohybrid formation and occurrence remain poorly constrained. In this study, Escherichia coli K-12, Moorella thermoacetica, and Clostridioides difficile were used to test the combined influences of the growth phase, cell density, cysteine dose, and metal concentration in determining single and composite metal sulfide surface-associated nanoparticle production. The significance of this study is that it defined the critical synergies controlling nanoparticle formation on bacterial cell surfaces, unlocking the potential for bionanohybrid applications in a range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stephen P. Voegtlin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Casey R. J. Hubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stephen R. Larter
- Department of Geoscience, Petroleum Reservoir Group, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Steven L. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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17
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Maan H, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Friedman J, Kolodkin-Gal I. Resolving the conflict between antibiotic production and rapid growth by recognition of peptidoglycan of susceptible competitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:431. [PMID: 35058430 PMCID: PMC8776889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities employ a variety of complex strategies to compete successfully against competitors sharing their niche, with antibiotic production being a common strategy of aggression. Here, by systematic evaluation of four non-ribosomal peptides/polyketide (NRPs/PKS) antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis clade, we revealed that they acted synergistically to effectively eliminate phylogenetically distinct competitors. The production of these antibiotics came with a fitness cost manifested in growth inhibition, rendering their synthesis uneconomical when growing in proximity to a phylogenetically close species, carrying resistance against the same antibiotics. To resolve this conflict and ease the fitness cost, antibiotic production was only induced by the presence of a peptidoglycan cue from a sensitive competitor, a response mediated by the global regulator of cellular competence, ComA. These results experimentally demonstrate a general ecological concept - closely related communities are favoured during competition, due to compatibility in attack and defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Maan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Life Science Core Facilities Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Friedman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Hoffmann TD, Paine K, Gebhard S. Genetic optimisation of bacteria-induced calcite precipitation in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:214. [PMID: 34794448 PMCID: PMC8600894 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is an ancient property of bacteria, which has recently gained considerable attention for biotechnological applications. It occurs as a by-product of bacterial metabolism and involves a combination of chemical changes in the extracellular environment, e.g. pH increase, and presence of nucleation sites on the cell surface or extracellular substances produced by the bacteria. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning MICP and the interplay between the contributing factors remain poorly understood, thus placing barriers to the full biotechnological and synthetic biology exploitation of bacterial biomineralisation. Results In this study, we adopted a bottom-up approach of systematically engineering Bacillus subtilis, which has no detectable intrinsic MICP activity, for biomineralisation. We showed that heterologous production of urease can induce MICP by local increases in extracellular pH, and this can be enhanced by co-expression of urease accessory genes for urea and nickel uptake, depending on environmental conditions. MICP can be strongly enhanced by biofilm-promoting conditions, which appeared to be mainly driven by production of exopolysaccharide, while the protein component of the biofilm matrix was dispensable. Attempts to modulate the cell surface charge of B. subtilis had surprisingly minor effects, and our results suggest this organism may intrinsically have a very negative cell surface, potentially predisposing it for MICP activity. Conclusions Our findings give insights into the molecular mechanisms driving MICP in an application-relevant chassis organism and the genetic elements that can be used to engineer de novo or enhanced biomineralisation. This study also highlights mutual influences between the genetic drivers and the chemical composition of the surrounding environment in determining the speed, spatial distribution and resulting mineral crystals of MICP. Taken together, these data pave the way for future rational design of synthetic precipitator strains optimised for specific applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01704-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Hoffmann
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kevin Paine
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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19
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Arnaouteli S, Bamford NC, Stanley-Wall NR, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:600-614. [PMID: 33824496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a process in which microbial cells aggregate to form collectives that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is used to dissect the mechanisms controlling matrix production and the subsequent transition from a motile planktonic cell state to a sessile biofilm state. The collective nature of life in a biofilm allows emergent properties to manifest, and B. subtilis biofilms are linked with novel industrial uses as well as probiotic and biocontrol processes. In this Review, we outline the molecular details of the biofilm matrix and the regulatory pathways and external factors that control its production. We explore the beneficial outcomes associated with biofilms. Finally, we highlight major advances in our understanding of concepts of microbial evolution and community behaviour that have resulted from studies of the innate heterogeneity of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arnaouteli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Liu X, Zarfel G, van der Weijden R, Loiskandl W, Bitschnau B, Dinkla IJT, Fuchs EC, Paulitsch-Fuchs AH. Density-dependent microbial calcium carbonate precipitation by drinking water bacteria via amino acid metabolism and biosorption. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117444. [PMID: 34314923 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water plumbing systems appear to be a unique environment for microorganisms as they contain few nutrients but a high mineral concentration. Interactions between mineral content and bacteria, such as microbial calcium carbonate precipitation (MCP) however, has not yet attracted too much attention in drinking water sector. This study aims to carefully examine MCP behavior of two drinking water bacteria species, which may potentially link scaling and biofouling processes in drinking water distribution systems. Evidence from cell density evolution, chemical parameters, and microscopy suggest that drinking water isolates can mediate CaCO3 precipitation through previously overlooked MCP mechanisms like ammonification or biosorption. The results also illustrate the active control of bacteria on the MCP process, as the calcium starts to concentrate onto cell surfaces only after reaching a certain cell density, even though the cell surfaces are shown to be the ideal location for the CaCO3 nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands;; Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Zarfel
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Renata van der Weijden
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands;; Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willibald Loiskandl
- Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Bitschnau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Inez J T Dinkla
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Elmar C Fuchs
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands;; Optical Sciences group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente. Twente. the Netherlands.
| | - Astrid H Paulitsch-Fuchs
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Biomedical Sciences, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Klagenfurt, Austria
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21
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Abstract
Biofilm dispersion is the final stage of biofilm development, during which biofilm cells actively escape from biofilms in response to deteriorating conditions within the biofilm. Biofilm dispersion allows cells to spread to new locations and form new biofilms in better locations. However, dispersal mechanisms have been elucidated only in a limited number of bacteria. Here, we investigated biofilm dispersion in Bacillus subtilis. Biofilm dispersion was clearly observed when B. subtilis was grown under static conditions in modified LB medium containing glycerol and manganese. Biofilm dispersion was synergistically caused by two mechanisms: decreased expression of the epsA operon encoding exopolysaccharide synthetases and the induction of sporulation. Indeed, constitutive expression of the epsA operon in the sporulation-defective ΔsigK mutant prevented biofilm dispersion. The addition of calcium to the medium prevented biofilm dispersion without significantly affecting the expression of the epsA operon and sporulation genes. In synthetic medium, eliminating calcium did not prevent the expression of biofilm matrix genes and, thereby, biofilm formation, but it attenuated biofilm architecture. These results indicate that calcium structurally stabilizes biofilms and causes resistance to biofilm dispersion mechanisms. Sporulation-dependent biofilm dispersion required the spoVF operon, encoding dipicolinic acid (DPA) synthase. During sporulation, an enormous amount of DPA is synthesized and stored in spores as a chelate with calcium. We speculate that, during sporulation, calcium bound to biofilm matrix components may be transported to spores as a calcium-DPA complex, which weakens biofilm structure and leads to biofilm dispersion. IMPORTANCE Bacteria growing as biofilms are notoriously difficult to eradicate and sometimes pose serious threats to public health. Bacteria escape from biofilms by degrading them when biofilm conditions deteriorate. This process, called biofilm dispersion, has been studied as a promising strategy for safely controlling biofilms. However, the regulation and mechanism of biofilm dispersion has been elucidated only in a limited number of bacteria. Here, we identified two biofilm dispersion mechanisms in the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The addition of calcium to the medium stabilized biofilms and caused resistance to dispersal mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into biofilm dispersion and biofilm control.
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22
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Abstract
Cultural heritage buildings of stone construction require careful restorative actions to maintain them as close to the original condition as possible. This includes consolidation and cleaning of the structure. Traditional consolidants may have poor performance due to structural drawbacks such as low adhesion, poor penetration and flexibility. The requirement for organic consolidants to be dissolved in volatile organic compounds may pose environmental and human health risks. Traditional conservation treatments can be replaced by more environmentally acceptable, biologically-based, measures, including bioconsolidation using whole bacterial cells or cell biomolecules; the latter include plant or microbial biopolymers and bacterial cell walls. Biocleaning can employ microorganisms or their extracted enzymes to remove inorganic and organic surface deposits such as sulfate crusts, animal glues, biofilms and felt tip marker graffiti. This review seeks to provide updated information on the innovative bioconservation treatments that have been or are being developed.
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23
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Li K, Liu Z, Liu X, Wang L, Zhao J, Zhang X, Kong Y, Chen M. An anti-biofilm material: polysaccharides prevent the precipitation reaction of silver ions and chloride ions and lead to the synthesis of nano silver chloride. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:315601. [PMID: 33836506 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf68e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of biofilm is one of the causes of bacterial pathogenicity and drug resistance. Recent studies have reported a variety of anti-biofilm materials and achieved good results. However, it is still very important to develop some materials with wider application scenarios or higher biofilm resistance. In this study, a new method to rapidly synthesize nano silver chloride with anti-biofilm activity is proposed. It is a generalizable method in which bacterial extracellular polysaccharides are used to adsorb silver ions, thereby inhibiting the formation of white large-size silver chloride precipitates, and then ultraviolet light is used to induce the synthesis of small-sized nano silver chloride. A variety of polysaccharides can be utilized in the synthesis of nano silver chloride particles. The generated complex was characterized by XRD, UV-vis, EDX, FTIR and TEM methods. Further, the novel complex was found to show highly effective anti-biofilm and bactericidal activity within the biosafety concentration. In view of the high stability of nano sliver chloride, we propose that the novel nano material has the potential as a long-term antibacterial material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunlian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, People's Republic of China
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Ghezzi D, Sauro F, Columbu A, Carbone C, Hong PY, Vergara F, De Waele J, Cappelletti M. Transition from unclassified Ktedonobacterales to Actinobacteria during amorphous silica precipitation in a quartzite cave environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3921. [PMID: 33594175 PMCID: PMC7887251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The orthoquartzite Imawarì Yeuta cave hosts exceptional silica speleothems and represents a unique model system to study the geomicrobiology associated to silica amorphization processes under aphotic and stable physical-chemical conditions. In this study, three consecutive evolution steps in the formation of a peculiar blackish coralloid silica speleothem were studied using a combination of morphological, mineralogical/elemental and microbiological analyses. Microbial communities were characterized using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and clone library analysis of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (coxL) and hydrogenase (hypD) genes involved in atmospheric trace gases utilization. The first stage of the silica amorphization process was dominated by members of a still undescribed microbial lineage belonging to the Ktedonobacterales order, probably involved in the pioneering colonization of quartzitic environments. Actinobacteria of the Pseudonocardiaceae and Acidothermaceae families dominated the intermediate amorphous silica speleothem and the final coralloid silica speleothem, respectively. The atmospheric trace gases oxidizers mostly corresponded to the main bacterial taxa present in each speleothem stage. These results provide novel understanding of the microbial community structure accompanying amorphization processes and of coxL and hypD gene expression possibly driving atmospheric trace gases metabolism in dark oligotrophic caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ghezzi
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,grid.419038.70000 0001 2154 6641Laboratory of NanoBiotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Sauro
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,La Venta Geographic Explorations Association, 31100 Treviso, Italy ,Teraphosa Exploring Team, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - A. Columbu
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Carbone
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Earth, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - P.-Y. Hong
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - F. Vergara
- La Venta Geographic Explorations Association, 31100 Treviso, Italy ,Teraphosa Exploring Team, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - J. De Waele
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Cappelletti
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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25
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Flemming HC, Baveye P, Neu TR, Stoodley P, Szewzyk U, Wingender J, Wuertz S. Who put the film in biofilm? The migration of a term from wastewater engineering to medicine and beyond. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33504794 PMCID: PMC7840925 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sessile microorganisms were described as early as the seventeenth century. However, the term biofilm arose only in the 1960s in wastewater treatment research and was adopted later in marine fouling and in medical and dental microbiology. The sessile mode of microbial life was gradually recognized to be predominant on Earth, and the term biofilm became established for the growth of microorganisms in aggregates, frequently associated with interfaces, although many, if not the majority, of them not being continuous "films" in the strict sense. In this sessile form of life, microorganisms live in close proximity in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). They share emerging properties, clearly distinct from solitary free floating planktonic microbial cells. Common characteristics include the formation of synergistic microconsortia, using the EPS matrix as an external digestion system, the formation of gradients and high biodiversity over microscopically small distances, resource capture and retention, facilitated gene exchange as well as intercellular communication, and enhanced tolerance to antimicrobials. Thus, biofilms belong to the class of collective systems in biology, like forests, beehives, or coral reefs, although the term film addresses only one form of the various manifestations of microbial aggregates. The uncertainty of this term is discussed, and it is acknowledged that it will not likely be replaced soon, but it is recommended to understand these communities in the broader sense of microbial aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore ,grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445University of Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45131 Essen, Germany ,Water Academy, Schloss-Strasse 40, 88045 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Philippe Baveye
- Saint Loup Research Institute, 7 rue des chênes, 79600 Saint Loup Lamairé, France
| | - Thomas R. Neu
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul Stoodley
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ UK
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Technical University of Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445University of Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45131 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551 Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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Hou Q, Keren-Paz A, Korenblum E, Oved R, Malitsky S, Kolodkin-Gal I. Weaponizing volatiles to inhibit competitor biofilms from a distance. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33402677 PMCID: PMC7785731 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms beneficial biofilms that induce plant defences and prevent the growth of pathogens. It is naturally found in the rhizosphere, where microorganisms coexist in an extremely competitive environment, and thus have evolved a diverse arsenal of defence mechanisms. In this work, we found that volatile compounds produced by B. subtilis biofilms inhibited the development of competing biofilm colonies, by reducing extracellular matrix gene expression, both within and across species. This effect was dose-dependent, with the structural defects becoming more pronounced as the number of volatile-producing colonies increased. This inhibition was mostly mediated by organic volatiles, and we identified the active molecules as 3-methyl-1-butanol and 1-butanol. Similar results were obtained with biofilms formed by phylogenetically distinct bacterium sharing the same niche, Escherichia coli, which produced the biofilm-inhibiting 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-nonanon. The ability of established biofilms to inhibit the development and spreading of new biofilms from afar might be a general mechanism utilized by bacterial biofilms to protect an occupied niche from the invasion of competing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Hou
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rela Oved
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Metabolic Profiling Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Gingichashvili S, Feuerstein O, Steinberg D. Topography and Expansion Patterns at the Biofilm-Agar Interface in Bacillus subtilis Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E84. [PMID: 33396528 PMCID: PMC7823598 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex microbial communities that are formed on various natural and synthetic surfaces. In contrast to bacteria in their planktonic form, biofilms are characterized by their relatively low susceptibility to anti-microbial treatments, in part due to limited diffusion throughout the biofilm and the complex distribution of bacterial cells within. The virulence of biofilms is therefore a combination of the structural properties and patterns of adhesion that anchor them to their host surface. In this paper, we analyze the topographical properties of Bacillus subtilis' biofilm-agar interface across different growth conditions. B. subtilis colonies were grown to maturity on biofilm-promoting agar-based media (LBGM), under standard and stress-inducing growth conditions. The biofilm-agar interface of the colony-type biofilms was modeled using confocal microscopy and computational analysis. Profilometry data were obtained from the macrocolonies and used for the analysis of the surface topography as it relates to the adhesion modes present at the biofilm-agar interface. Fluorescent microspheres were utilized to monitor the expansion patterns present at the interface between the macrocolonies and the solid growth medium. Contact surface analysis revealed topographical changes that could have a direct effect on the adhesion strength of the biofilm to its host surface, thus affecting its potential susceptibility to anti-microbial agents. The topographical characteristics of the biofilm-agar interface partially define the macrocolony structure and may have significant effects on bacterial survival and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gingichashvili
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Osnat Feuerstein
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
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28
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Ferral-Pérez H, Galicia-García M, Alvarado-Tenorio B, Izaguirre-Pompa A, Aguirre-Ramírez M. Novel method to achieve crystallinity of calcite by Bacillus subtilis in coupled and non-coupled calcium-carbon sources. AMB Express 2020; 10:174. [PMID: 32990816 PMCID: PMC7524977 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria mineralization is a promising biotechnological approach to apply in biomaterials development. In this investigation, we demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis 168 induces and influences CaCO3 composites precipitation. Crystals were formed in calcium-carbon non-coupled (glycerol + CaCl2, GLY; or glucose + CaCl2, GLC) and coupled (calcium lactate, LAC; or calcium acetate, ACE) agar-sources, only maintaining the same Ca2+ concentration. The mineralized colonies showed variations in morphology, size, and crystallinity form properties. The crystals presented spherulitic growth in all conditions, and botryoidal shapes in GLC one. Birefringence and diffraction patterns confirmed that all biogenic carbonate crystals (BCC) were organized as calcite. The CaCO3 in BCC was organized as calcite, amorphous calcium carbon (ACC) and organic matter (OM) of biofilm; all of them with relative abundance related to bacteria growth condition. BCC-GLY presented greatest OM composition, while BCC-ACE highest CaCO3 content. Nucleation mechanism and OM content impacted in BCC crystallinity.
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29
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Biofilm reactors for value-added products production: An in-depth review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Marvasi M, Mastromei G, Perito B. Bacterial Calcium Carbonate Mineralization in situ Strategies for Conservation of Stone Artworks: From Cell Components to Microbial Community. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1386. [PMID: 32714304 PMCID: PMC7341901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcareous stones have been widely used in artworks and buildings by almost all human cultures. Now, more than ever, the increased environmental pollution and global warming are threatening the stone cultural heritage. Weathering due to physical, chemical and biological factors results in monumental calcareous stone deterioration. These agents induce a progressive dissolution of the mineral matrix, increase porosity, and lead to structural weakening. Bacterial Calcium Carbonate Mineralization is a widespread naturally occurring process which in the last decades was proposed as an environmentally friendly tool to protect monumental and ornamental calcareous stones. The advantage of this treatment is that it mimics the natural process responsible for stone formation, producing a mineral product similar to the stone substrate. This mini review highlights the milestones of the biomineralization approaches with focus on in situ stone artworks protection. The strategies explored to date are based on three main approaches: (i) the use of allochthonous and (ii) autochthonous alive cells that, due to the bacterial metabolism, foster biomineralization; (iii) the cell-free approach which uses fractionated cellular components inducing biomineralization. We discuss the challenging aspects of all these techniques, focusing on in situ applications and suggesting perspectives based on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brunella Perito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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31
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Steinberg N, Keren-Paz A, Hou Q, Doron S, Yanuka-Golub K, Olender T, Hadar R, Rosenberg G, Jain R, Cámara-Almirón J, Romero D, van Teeffelen S, Kolodkin-Gal I. The extracellular matrix protein TasA is a developmental cue that maintains a motile subpopulation within Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/632/eaaw8905. [PMID: 32430292 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In nature, bacteria form biofilms-differentiated multicellular communities attached to surfaces. Within these generally sessile biofilms, a subset of cells continues to express motility genes. We found that this subpopulation enabled Bacillus subtilis biofilms to expand on high-friction surfaces. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein TasA was required for the expression of flagellar genes. In addition to its structural role as an adhesive fiber for cell attachment, TasA acted as a developmental signal stimulating a subset of biofilm cells to revert to a motile phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TasA stimulated the expression of a specific subset of genes whose products promote motility and repress ECM production. Spontaneous suppressor mutations that restored motility in the absence of TasA revealed that activation of the biofilm-motility switch by the two-component system CssR/CssS antagonized the TasA-mediated reversion to motility in biofilm cells. Our results suggest that although mostly sessile, biofilms retain a degree of motility by actively maintaining a motile subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Steinberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Microbiology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qihui Hou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shany Doron
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Yanuka-Golub
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Hadar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rakeshkumar Jain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jesus Cámara-Almirón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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32
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Keren-Paz A, Kolodkin-Gal I. A brick in the wall: Discovering a novel mineral component of the biofilm extracellular matrix. N Biotechnol 2020; 56:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Karygianni L, Ren Z, Koo H, Thurnheer T. Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:668-681. [PMID: 32663461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms consist of microbial communities embedded in a 3D extracellular matrix. The matrix is composed of a complex array of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that contribute to the unique attributes of biofilm lifestyle and virulence. This ensemble of chemically and functionally diverse biomolecules is termed the 'matrixome'. The composition and mechanisms of EPS matrix formation, and its role in biofilm biology, function, and microenvironment are being revealed. This perspective article highlights recent advances about the multifaceted role of the 'matrixome' in the development, physical-chemical properties, and virulence of biofilms. We emphasize that targeting biofilm-specific conditions such as the matrixome could lead to precise and effective antibiofilm approaches. We also discuss the limited knowledge in the context of polymicrobial biofilms, and the need for more in-depth analyses of the EPS matrix in mixed communities that are associated with many human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Z Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Thurnheer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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One-Step Removal of Calcium, Magnesium, and Nickel in Desalination by Alcaligenes aquatilis via Biomineralization. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In desalination, a high level of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions in seawater can cause scale deposition on the reverse osmosis membranes and water treatment systems. This process can significantly affect the efficiency of desalination. In addition, heavy metals in seawater affect human health. Therefore, Alcaligenes aquatilis from seawater was used to remove Ca, Mg, and nickel (Ni) by microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). The purification system was then analyzed by ionic analysis and surface characterization. This study shows that the bacteria can utilize amino acids to produce carbonate and form precipitates with a high removal rate. MICP via A. aquatilis removed 91.8%, 68.5%, and 92.2% of the initial soluble Ca, Mg, and Ni, respectively. Furthermore, A. aquatilis can remove ammonium after the MICP process under oxygen-rich conditions. Therefore, we provide interesting insight into the use of Alcaligenes (in the absence of urea) to improve the seawater quality in the process of desalination.
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35
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Lakshman Kumar A, Eashwar M, Sreedhar G, Vengatesan S, Prabu V, Shanmugam VM. Portraying manganese biofilms via a merger of EPR spectroscopy and cathodic polarization. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:768-784. [PMID: 31530181 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1658747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms on stainless steel surfaces exposed to water from a freshwater pond were dominated by manganese-oxidizing bacteria, as initially diagnosed by microscopy and elemental analysis. The application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed conspicuous sextet (six-line) patterns that intensified with immersion time, implying the gradual accumulation of Mn(II) in the biofilms. Correspondingly, cathodic polarization designated the manganese oxide (MnOx) reduction peak in the form of a distinctive 'nose', which grew increasingly more negative with biofilm growth. The progressive expansion of cathodic current densities and the concurrent area-under-the-curve also allowed the quantification of microbially mediated MnOx deposition. Furthermore, the merger of EPR and cathodic polarization techniques yielded key insights, in tandem with Mn speciation data, into the pathways of microbial manganese transformations in biofilms, besides providing meaningful interpretations of prevailing literature. Accordingly, the natural freshwater biofilm was inferred as one supporting a complete manganese cycle encompassing multiple redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakshman Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
- Biofilms and Biogeochemistry Group, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - M Eashwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
- Biofilms and Biogeochemistry Group, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - G Sreedhar
- Electro-Pyrometallurgy Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - S Vengatesan
- Electro-Inorganic Chemicals Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - V Prabu
- Central Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - V M Shanmugam
- Central Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu , India
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36
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Ganin H, Kemper N, Meir S, Rogachev I, Ely S, Massalha H, Mandaby A, Shanzer A, Keren-Paz A, Meijler MM, Malitsky S, Aharoni A, Kolodkin-Gal I. Indole Derivatives Maintain the Status Quo Between Beneficial Biofilms and Their Plant Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 30811315 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0327-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms formed by bacteria on plant roots play an important role in maintaining an optimal rhizosphere environment that supports plant growth and fitness. Bacillus subtilis is a potent plant growth promoter, forming biofilms that play a key role in protecting the host from fungal and bacterial infections. In this work, we demonstrate that the development of B. subtilis biofilms is antagonized by specific indole derivatives that accumulate during symbiotic interactions with plant hosts. Indole derivatives are more potent signals when the plant polysaccharide xylan serves as a carbon source, a mechanism to sustain beneficial biofilms at a biomass that can be supported by the plant. Moreover, B. subtilis biofilms formed by mutants resistant to indole derivatives become deleterious to the plants due to their capacity to consume and recycle plant polysaccharides. These results demonstrate how a dynamic metabolite-based dialogue can promote homeostasis between plant hosts and their beneficial biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ganin
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalie Kemper
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Shir Ely
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hassan Massalha
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Aviad Mandaby
- 3Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alona Keren-Paz
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- 3Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Reichhardt C, Parsek MR. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Architecture and Matrix Localization. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:677. [PMID: 31001240 PMCID: PMC6454187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most microbes can produce surface-associated or suspended aggregates called biofilms, which are encased within a biopolymer-rich matrix. The biofilm matrix provides structural integrity to the aggregates and shields the resident cells against environmental stressors, including antibiotic treatment. Microscopy permits examination of biofilm structure in relation to the spatial localization of important biofilm matrix components. This review highlights microscopic approaches to investigate bacterial biofilm assembly, matrix composition, and localization using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism. Initial microscopic investigations provided information about the role key matrix components play in elaborating biofilm aggregate structures. Additionally, staining of matrix components using specific labels revealed distinct positioning of matrix components within the aggregates relative to the resident cells. In some cases, it was found that individual matrix components co-localize within aggregates. The methodologies for studying the biofilm matrix are continuing to develop as our studies reveal novel aspects of its composition and function. We additionally describe some outstanding questions and how microscopy might be used to identify the functional aspects of biofilm matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R. Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Gao J, Liu Q, Song L, Shi B. Risk assessment of heavy metals in pipe scales and loose deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1387-1395. [PMID: 30586823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of inorganic contaminants in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can greatly threaten water quality and safety. This work mainly focused on the accumulation, speciation and risk assessment of inorganic contaminants found in pipe scales and loose deposits in DWDS. Global contamination factor (GCF), risk assessment code (RAC) and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (CBSQGs) were adopted for the potential health risk assessment of inorganic contaminants. The Tessier sequential extraction method was used to study the speciation distribution of inorganic contaminants in fourteen samples (six pipe scale samples, eight loose deposit samples) collected from real DWDS. The significant correlation between Al and Mn showed there was a co-occurrence behavior of Al and Mn in pipe scales and loose deposits. In addition to the possible interactions between Al and Mn, Ba, Cu and As were possibly accumulated during the formation of Al and Mn commixtures. Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co and Ba in the samples were mainly associated with the Fe-Mn oxides fraction, which indicated Fe-Mn oxides might play an important role in the accumulation and release of these inorganic contaminants. Fe, Al, As, Cr, V and Cd mainly existed in the residual fraction, which indicated their low mobility. The GCF results demonstrated that most of the sample sites had a certain environmental risk. The RAC results showed that high risk mainly resulted from Cd both in pipe scales and loose deposits. According to the CBSQGs evaluation, heavy metals in loose deposits were more harmful, and Ba exhibited the highest risk among all heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Gao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Laizhou Song
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Reffuveille F, Josse J, Velard F, Lamret F, Varin-Simon J, Dubus M, Haney EF, Hancock REW, Mongaret C, Gangloff SC. Bone Environment Influences Irreversible Adhesion of a Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2865. [PMID: 30538688 PMCID: PMC6277558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthesis and joint infections are an important threat in public health, especially due to the development of bacterial biofilms and their high resistance to antimicrobials. Biofilm-associated infections increase mortality and morbidity rates as well as hospitalization costs. Prevention is the best strategy for this serious issue, so there is an urgent need to understand the signals that could induce irreversible bacterial adhesion on a prosthesis. In this context, we investigated the influence of the bone environment on surface adhesion by a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strain. Using static and dynamic biofilm models, we tested various bone environment factors and showed that the presence of Mg2+, lack of oxygen, and starvation each increased bacterial adhesion. It was observed that human osteoblast-like cell culture supernatants, which contain secreted components that would be found in the bone environment, increased bacterial adhesion capacity by 2-fold (p = 0.015) compared to the medium control. Moreover, supernatants from osteoblast-like cells stimulated with TNF-α to mimic inflammatory conditions increased bacterial adhesion by almost 5-fold (p = 0.003) without impacting on the overall biomass. Interestingly, the effect of osteoblast-like cell supernatants on bacterial adhesion could be counteracted by the activity of synthetic antibiofilm peptides. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that factors within the bone environment and products of osteoblast-like cells directly influence S. aureus adhesion and could contribute to biofilm initiation on bone and/or prosthetics implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Reffuveille
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Josse
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,CIRI, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308 - ENS Lyon, Team "Staphylococcal Pathogenesis", Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Fabien Lamret
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Jennifer Varin-Simon
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie Dubus
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Evan F Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Céline Mongaret
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Pharmacy Department, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- EA 4691 Biomaterials and Inflammation in Bone Site (BIOS), SFR Cap Santé (FED 4231), University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Liu T, Guo Z, Zeng Z, Guo N, Lei Y, Liu T, Sun S, Chang X, Yin Y, Wang X. Marine Bacteria Provide Lasting Anticorrosion Activity for Steel via Biofilm-Induced Mineralization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40317-40327. [PMID: 30335931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steel corrosion is a global problem in marine engineering. Numerous inhibitory treatments have been applied to mitigate the degradation of metallic materials; however, they typically have a high cost and are not environmental friendly. Here, we present a novel and "green" approach for the protection of steel by a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica. This approach protects steel from corrosion in seawater via the formation of a biofilm followed by the formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid film. The hybrid film is composed of multiple layers of calcite and bacterial extracellular polymeric substances, exhibiting high and stable barrier protection efficiency and further providing an in situ self-healing activity. The process involving the key transition from biofilm to biomineralized film is essential for its lasting anticorrosion activity, which overcomes the instability of biofilm protection on corrosion. Therefore, this study introduces a new perspective and an option for anticorrosion control in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Zhangwei Guo
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Zhenshun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, The South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Yanhua Lei
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shibin Sun
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Xueting Chang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Yansheng Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Maritime University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, The South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 , China
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Exploring multiple effects of Zn 0.15Mg 0.85O nanoparticles on Bacillus subtilis and macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12276. [PMID: 30115985 PMCID: PMC6095908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of multidrug resistant bacteria raises a serious public-health concern, which is exacerbated by the lack of new antibiotics. Metal oxide nanoparticles are already applied as an antibacterial additive in various products used in everyday life but their modes of action have remained unclear. Moreover, their potential negative effects to human health are still under evaluation. We explored effects of mixed metal oxide Zn0.15Mg0.85O on Bacillus subtilis, as a model bacterial organism, and on murine macrophages. Zn0.15Mg0.85O killed planktonic bacterial cells and prevented biofilm formation by causing membrane damages, oxidative stress and metal ions release. When exposed to a sub-inhibitory amount of Zn0.15Mg0.85O, B. subtilis up-regulates proteins involved in metal ions export, oxidative stress response and maintain of redox homeostasis. Moreover, expression profiles of proteins associated with information processing, metabolism, cell envelope and cell division were prominently changed. Multimode of action of Zn0.15Mg0.85O suggests that no single strategy may provide bacterial resistance. Macrophages tolerated Zn0.15Mg0.85O to some extend by both the primary phagocytosis of nanoparticles and the secondary phagocytosis of damaged cells. Bacterial co-treatment with ciprofloxacin and non-toxic amount of Zn0.15Mg0.85O increased antibiotic activity towards B. subtilis and E. coli.
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Hassanov T, Karunker I, Steinberg N, Erez A, Kolodkin-Gal I. Novel antibiofilm chemotherapies target nitrogen from glutamate and glutamine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7097. [PMID: 29740028 PMCID: PMC5940852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in nature often reside in differentiated communities termed biofilms, which are an active interphase between uni-cellular and multicellular life states for bacteria. Here we demonstrate that the development of B. subtilis biofilms is dependent on the use of glutamine or glutamate as a nitrogen source. We show a differential metabolic requirement within the biofilm; while glutamine is necessary for the dividing cells at the edges, the inner cell mass utilizes lactic acid. Our results indicate that biofilm cells preserve a short-term memory of glutamate metabolism. Finally, we establish that drugs that target glutamine and glutamate utilization restrict biofilm development. Overall, our work reveals a spatial regulation of nitrogen and carbon metabolism within the biofilm, which contributes to the fitness of bacterial complex communities. This acquired metabolic division of labor within biofilm can serve as a target for novel anti-biofilm chemotherapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Hassanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Karunker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nitai Steinberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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43
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Keren-Paz A, Brumfeld V, Oppenheimer-Shaanan Y, Kolodkin-Gal I. Micro-CT X-ray imaging exposes structured diffusion barriers within biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:8. [PMID: 29675263 PMCID: PMC5904145 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria predominantly exist as highly structured biofilms, which are held together by extracellular polymeric substance and protect their residents from environmental insults, such as antibiotics. The mechanisms supporting this phenotypic resistance are poorly understood. Recently, we identified a new mechanism maintaining biofilms - an active production of calcite minerals. In this work, a high-resolution and robust µCT technique is used to study the mineralized areas within intact bacterial biofilms. µCT is a vital tool for visualizing bacterial communities that can provide insights into the relationship between bacterial biofilm structure and function. Our results imply that dense and structured calcium carbonate lamina forms a diffusion barrier sheltering the inner cell mass of the biofilm colony. Therefore, µCT can be employed in clinical settings to predict the permeability of the biofilms. It is demonstrated that chemical interference with urease, a key enzyme in biomineralization, inhibits the assembly of complex bacterial structures, prevents the formation of mineral diffusion barriers and increases biofilm permeability. Therefore, biomineralization enzymes emerge as novel therapeutic targets for highly resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Keren-Paz
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- 2Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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44
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Liu G, Tao Y, Zhang Y, Lut M, Knibbe WJ, van der Wielen P, Liu W, Medema G, van der Meer W. Hotspots for selected metal elements and microbes accumulation and the corresponding water quality deterioration potential in an unchlorinated drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:435-445. [PMID: 28787681 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation, loose deposit accumulation and water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems have been widely reported. However, the accumulation and distribution of harbored elements and microbes in the different niches (loose deposits, PVC-U biofilm, and HDPE biofilm) and their corresponding potential contribution to water quality deterioration remain unknown. This precludes an in-depth understanding of water quality deterioration and the development of proactive management strategies. The present study quantitatively evaluated the distribution of elements, ATP, Aeromonas spp., and bacterial communities in distribution pipes (PVC-U, D = 110 mm, loose deposit and biofilm niches) and household connection pipes (HDPE, D = 32 mm, HDPE biofilm niches) at ten locations in an unchlorinated distribution system. The results show that loose deposits in PVC-U pipes, acting as sinks, constitute a hotspot (highest total amount per meter pipe) for elements, ATP, and target bacteria groups (e.g., Aeromonas spp., Mycobacterium spp., and Legionella spp.). When drinking water distribution system niches with harbored elements and microbes become sources in the event of disturbances, the highest quality deterioration potential (QDP) is that of HDPE biofilm; this can be attributed to its high surface-to-volume ratio. 16s rRNA analysis demonstrates that, at the genus level, the bacterial communities in the water, loose deposits, PVC-U biofilm, and HDPE biofilm were dominated, respectively, by Polaromonas spp. (2-23%), Nitrosipra spp. (1-47%), Flavobacterium spp. (1-36%), and Flavobacterium spp. (5-67%). The combined results of elemental composition and bacterial community analyses indicate that different dominant bio-chemical processes might occur within the different niches-for example, iron-arsenic oxidizing in loose deposits, bio-calumniation in PVC-U biofilm, and methane oxidizing in HDPE biofilm. The release of 20% loose deposits, 20% PVC-U biofilm and 10% HDPE biofilm will cause significant changes of water bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Maarten Lut
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul van der Wielen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wentso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sadiq FA, Flint S, Li Y, Ou K, Yuan L, He GQ. Phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within biofilms with particular emphasis on persistence and antimicrobial tolerance. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1087-1107. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic changes or phase variation within biofilms is an important feature of bacterial dormant life. Enhanced resistance to antimicrobials is one of the distinct features displayed by a fraction of cells within biofilms. It is believed that persisters are mainly responsible for this phenotypic heterogeneity. However, there is still an unresolved debate on the formation of persisters. In this short review, we highlight all known genomic and proteomic changes encountered by bacterial cells within biofilms. We have also described all phenotypic changes displayed by bacterial cells within biofilms with particular emphasis on enhanced antimicrobial tolerance of biofilms with particular reference to persisters. In addition, all currently known models of persistence have been succinctly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan A Sadiq
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food & Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - YanJun Li
- Research Institute of Food Science, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co, Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kai Ou
- Research Institute of Food Science, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co, Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guo Qing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Jroundi F, Schiro M, Ruiz-Agudo E, Elert K, Martín-Sánchez I, González-Muñoz MT, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Protection and consolidation of stone heritage by self-inoculation with indigenous carbonatogenic bacterial communities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:279. [PMID: 28819098 PMCID: PMC5561188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced salt weathering resulting from global warming and increasing environmental pollution is endangering the survival of stone monuments and artworks. To mitigate the effects of these deleterious processes, numerous conservation treatments have been applied that, however, show limited efficacy. Here we present a novel, environmentally friendly, bacterial self-inoculation approach for the conservation of stone, based on the isolation of an indigenous community of carbonatogenic bacteria from salt damaged stone, followed by their culture and re-application back onto the same stone. This method results in an effective consolidation and protection due to the formation of an abundant and exceptionally strong hybrid cement consisting of nanostructured bacterial CaCO3 and bacterially derived organics, and the passivating effect of bacterial exopolymeric substances (EPS) covering the substrate. The fact that the isolated and identified bacterial community is common to many stone artworks may enable worldwide application of this novel conservation methodology.Salt weathering enhanced by global warming and environmental pollution is increasingly threatening stone monuments and artworks. Here, the authors present a bacterial self-inoculation approach with indigenous carbonatogenic bacteria and find that this technique consolidates and protects salt damaged stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Jroundi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mara Schiro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Kerstin Elert
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Dade-Robertson M, Keren-Paz A, Zhang M, Kolodkin-Gal I. Architects of nature: growing buildings with bacterial biofilms. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1157-1163. [PMID: 28815998 PMCID: PMC5609236 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In his text 'On Architecture', Vitruvius suggested that architecture is an imitation of nature. Here we discuss what happens when we begin using nature in architecture. We describe recent developments in the study of biofilm structure, and propose combining modern architecture and synthetic microbiology to develop sustainable construction approaches. Recently, Kolodkin-Gal laboratory and others revealed a role for precipitation of calcium carbonate in the maturation and assembly of bacterial communities with complex structures. Importantly, they demonstrated that different secreted organic materials shape the calcium carbonate crystals formed by the bacterial cells. This provides a proof-of-concept for a potential use of bacteria in designing rigid construction materials and altering crystal morphology and function. In this study, we discuss how these recent discoveries may change the current strategies of architecture and construction. We believe that biofilm communities enhanced by synthetic circuits may be used to construct buildings and to sequester carbon dioxide in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Dade-Robertson
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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48
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Beyond the wall: can D-amino acids and small molecule inhibitors eliminate infections? Future Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28635317 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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49
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Liu G, Zhang Y, Knibbe WJ, Feng C, Liu W, Medema G, van der Meer W. Potential impacts of changing supply-water quality on drinking water distribution: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:135-148. [PMID: 28329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the development of water purification technologies and water quality regulations, the use of better source water and/or upgraded water treatment processes to improve drinking water quality have become common practices worldwide. However, even though these elements lead to improved water quality, the water quality may be impacted during its distribution through piped networks due to the processes such as pipe material release, biofilm formation and detachment, accumulation and resuspension of loose deposits. Irregular changes in supply-water quality may cause physiochemical and microbiological de-stabilization of pipe material, biofilms and loose deposits in the distribution system that have been established over decades and may harbor components that cause health or esthetical issues (brown water). Even though it is clearly relevant to customers' health (e.g., recent Flint water crisis), until now, switching of supply-water quality is done without any systematic evaluation. This article reviews the contaminants that develop in the water distribution system and their characteristics, as well as the possible transition effects during the switching of treated water quality by destabilization and the release of pipe material and contaminants into the water and the subsequent risks. At the end of this article, a framework is proposed for the evaluation of potential transition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Oasen Drinkwater, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Cuijie Feng
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wentso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Drinkwater, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 14:563-75. [PMID: 27510863 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2819] [Impact Index Per Article: 402.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Wingender
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Steinberg
- The School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences and The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
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