1
|
Pérez-Gómez JM, Porcel-Pastrana F, De La Luz-Borrero M, Montero-Hidalgo AJ, Gómez-Gómez E, Herrera-Martínez AD, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Malagón MM, Gahete MD, Luque RM. LRP10, PGK1 and RPLP0: Best Reference Genes in Periprostatic Adipose Tissue under Obesity and Prostate Cancer Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15140. [PMID: 37894825 PMCID: PMC10606769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity (OB) is a metabolic disorder characterized by adipose tissue dysfunction that has emerged as a health problem of epidemic proportions in recent decades. OB is associated with multiple comorbidities, including some types of cancers. Specifically, prostate cancer (PCa) has been postulated as one of the tumors that could have a causal relationship with OB. Particularly, a specialized adipose tissue (AT) depot known as periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) has gained increasing attention over the last few years as it could be a key player in the pathophysiological interaction between PCa and OB. However, to date, no studies have defined the most appropriate internal reference genes (IRGs) to be used in gene expression studies in this AT depot. In this work, two independent cohorts of PPAT samples (n = 20/n = 48) were used to assess the validity of a battery of 15 literature-selected IRGs using two widely used techniques (reverse transcription quantitative PCR [RT-qPCR] and microfluidic-based qPCR array). For this purpose, ΔCt method, GeNorm (v3.5), BestKeeper (v1.0), NormFinder (v.20.0), and RefFinder software were employed to assess the overall trends of our analyses. LRP10, PGK1, and RPLP0 were identified as the best IRGs to be used for gene expression studies in human PPATs, specifically when considering PCa and OB conditions.
Collapse
Grants
- PID2022-1381850B-I00 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
- PID2019-105564RB-I00 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
- FPU18-06009 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
- PRE2020-094225 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
- FPU18-02485 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M. Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Porcel-Pastrana
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marina De La Luz-Borrero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Montero-Hidalgo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D. Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzmán-Ruiz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - María M. Malagón
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.M.P.-G.); (F.P.-P.); (M.D.L.L.-B.); (A.J.M.-H.); (E.G.-G.); (A.D.H.-M.); (R.G.-R.); (M.M.M.); (M.D.G.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prolonged Antiretroviral Treatment Induces Adipose Tissue Remodelling Associated with Mild Inflammation in SIV-Infected Macaques. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193104. [PMID: 36231066 PMCID: PMC9561982 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic SIV/HIV infection, adipose tissue (AT) is the target of both antiretroviral treatment (ART) and the virus. AT might subsequently contribute to the low-grade systemic inflammation observed in patients on ART. To evaluate the inflammatory profile of AT during chronic SIV/HIV infection, we assayed subcutaneous and visceral abdominal AT from non-infected (SIV−, control), ART-naïve SIV-infected (SIV+) and ART-controlled SIV-infected (SIV+ART+) cynomolgus macaques for the mRNA expression of genes coding for factors related to inflammation. Significant differences were observed only when comparing the SIV+ART+ group with the SIV+ and/or SIV− groups. ART-treated infection impacted the metabolic fraction (with elevated expression of PPARγ and CEBPα), the extracellular matrix (with elevated expression of COL1A2 and HIF-1α), and the inflammatory profile. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory signatures were detected in AT, with greater mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory markers (adiponectin and CD163) and markers associated with inflammation (TNF-α, Mx1, CCL5 and CX3CL1). There were no intergroup differences in other markers (IL-6 and MCP-1). In conclusion, we observed marked differences in the immune and metabolic profiles of AT in the context of an ART-treated, chronic SIV infection; these differences were related more to ART than to SIV infection per se.
Collapse
|
3
|
Torres JL, Usategui-Martín R, Hernández-Cosido L, Bernardo E, Manzanedo-Bueno L, Hernández-García I, Mateos-Díaz AM, Rozo O, Matesanz N, Salete-Granado D, Chamorro AJ, Carbonell C, Garcia-Macia M, González-Sarmiento R, Sabio G, Muñoz-Bellvís L, Marcos M. PPAR-γ Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissue Is Associated with Weight Loss After Sleeve Gastrectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 26:286-297. [PMID: 34882294 PMCID: PMC8821495 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ plays a key role in adipose tissue differentiation and fat metabolism. However, it is unclear which factors may regulate its expression and whether obese patients have changes in adipose tissue expression of PPAR-γor potential regulators such as miR-27. Thus, our aims were to analyze PPAR-γ and miR-27 expression in adipose tissue of obese patients, and to correlate their levels with clinical variables. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We included 43 morbidly obese subjects who underwent sleeve gastrectomy (31 of them completed 1-year follow-up) and 19 non-obese subjects. mRNA expression of PPAR-γ1 and PPAR-γ2, miR-27a, and miR-27b was measured by qPCR in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Clinical variables and serum adipokine and hormone levels were correlated with PPAR-γ and miR-27 expression. In addition, a systematic review of the literature regarding PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue of obese patients was performed. RESULTS We found no differences in the expression of PPAR-γ and miR-27 in adipose tissue of obese patients vs. controls. The literature review revealed discrepant results regarding PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue of obese patients. Of note, we described a significant negative correlation between pre-operative PPAR-γ1 expression in adipose tissue of obese patients and post-operative weight loss, potentially linked with insulin resistance markers. CONCLUSION PPAR-γ1 expression in adipose tissue is associated with weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy and may be used as a biomarker for response to surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Luis Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora-SACYL, Zamora, Spain
| | - Ricardo Usategui-Martín
- IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ,Cooperative Health Network for Research (RETICS), Oftared, National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain ,University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Edgar Bernardo
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Manzanedo-Bueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora-SACYL, Zamora, Spain
| | - Ignacio Hernández-García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Lozano Blesa University Clinical Hospital of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana-María Mateos-Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Orlando Rozo
- Department of Surgery, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila-SACYL, Ávila, Spain
| | - Nuria Matesanz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio-Javier Chamorro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Carbonell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marina Garcia-Macia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain ,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Bellvís
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-SACYL-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain ,University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Complex Alterations of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Phospholipidome Uncovered in Isolated Colon Cancer Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136650. [PMID: 34206240 PMCID: PMC8268957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of colon cancer, one of the most common malignancies, is accompanied with numerous lipid alterations. However, analyses of whole tumor samples may not always provide an accurate description of specific changes occurring directly in tumor epithelial cells. Here, we analyzed in detail the phospholipid (PL), lysophospholipid (lysoPL), and fatty acid (FA) profiles of purified EpCAM+ cells, isolated from tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues of colon cancer patients. We found that a number of FAs increased significantly in isolated tumor cells, which also included a number of long polyunsaturated FAs. Higher levels of FAs were associated with increased expression of FA synthesis genes, as well as with altered expression of enzymes involved in FA elongation and desaturation, including particularly fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fatty acid desaturase 2 and ELOVL5 fatty acid elongase 5 We identified significant changes in ratios of specific lysoPLs and corresponding PLs. A number of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine species, containing long-chain and very-long chain FAs, often with high numbers of double bonds, were significantly upregulated in tumor cells. Increased de novo synthesis of very long-chain FAs, or, altered uptake or incorporation of these FAs into specific lysoPLs in tumor cells, may thus contribute to reprogramming of cellular phospholipidome and membrane alterations observed in colon cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu F, He J, Liu B, Zhang P, Wang H, Sun X, Chu X, Guan W, Feng W, Bi Y, Zhu D. Association of Omental Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Fibrosis with Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:976-984. [PMID: 33943025 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Morphological alterations including adipocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis deposition are important surrogate markers of visceral adipose tissue function, but the relationships between these morphological changes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired insulin sensitivity are poorly defined. METHODS Omental adipose tissue was obtained from 66 individuals with obesity but without T2DM (OB group), 93 individuals with both obesity and T2DM (T2DM group), and 15 individuals with normal BMI and normal glucose tolerance (NGT group). Adipocyte diameter and volume were measured through pathological section analysis. Pericellular and perilobular fibrosis was determined through picrosirius red staining and immunochemistry, while fibrosis-related genes were tested through gene expression and hydroxyproline content. RESULTS Compared with the NGT and OB groups, individuals from the T2DM group displayed increased adipocyte diameter and volume levels. Increased adipocyte size (diameter and volume) was positively associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity (using the Matsuda whole-body insulin sensitivity index assessment of insulin sensitivity) and β-cell function (disposition index 30 and disposition index 120). The fibrosis levels of the OB group were the highest out of the three groups, whereas the fibrosis levels of T2DM individuals were lower than the OB group but higher than the NGT group. Although fibrosis was negatively correlated with T2DM, fibrosis deposition was not remarkably associated with impaired systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Compared with fibrosis deposition, adipocyte hypertrophy is more closely associated with T2DM and impaired systemic insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangcen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jielei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boxun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengzi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xitai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuehui Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adipocyte-Mineralocorticoid Receptor Alters Mitochondrial Quality Control Leading to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Senescence of Visceral Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062881. [PMID: 33809055 PMCID: PMC8001019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression is increased in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese patients and animals. We previously demonstrated that adipocyte-MR overexpression in mice (Adipo-MROE mice) is associated with metabolic alterations. Moreover, we showed that MR regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence in the visceral AT of obese db/db mice. Our hypothesis is that adipocyte-MR overactivation triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence, through increased mitochondrial oxidative stress (OS). Using the Adipo-MROE mice with conditional adipocyte-MR expression, we evaluated the specific effects of adipocyte-MR on global and mitochondrial OS, as well as on OS-induced damage. Mitochondrial function was assessed by high throughput respirometry. Molecular mechanisms were probed in AT focusing on mitochondrial quality control and senescence markers. Adipo-MROE mice exhibited increased mitochondrial OS and altered mitochondrial respiration, associated with reduced biogenesis and increased fission. This was associated with OS-induced DNA-damage and AT premature senescence. In conclusion, targeted adipocyte-MR overexpression leads to an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics and regeneration, to mitochondrial dysfunction and to ageing in visceral AT. These data bring new insights into the MR-dependent AT dysfunction in obesity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dankel SN, Grytten E, Bjune JI, Nielsen HJ, Dietrich A, Blüher M, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. COL6A3 expression in adipose tissue cells is associated with levels of the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20164. [PMID: 33214660 PMCID: PMC7678848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar collagen COL6α3 in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cancer. We here aimed to identify novel transcriptional regulators of COL6A3 expression. Based on a transcriptome dataset of adipose tissue, we identified strong correlations for 56 genes with COL6A3 mRNA, including targets of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Among the identified candidates, the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1 showed a particularly striking co-expression with COL6A3, validated across several different cohorts, including patients with extreme obesity, insulin sensitive and resistant obesity (subcutaneous and omental), after profound fat loss (subcutaneous), and lean controls (subcutaneous). In human and mouse adipose cells, PRRX1 knockdown reduced COL6A3 mRNA and PRRX1 overexpression transactivated a reporter construct with the endogenous human COL6A3 promoter. Stable PRRX1 overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells induced Col6a3 mRNA threefold specifically after adipogenic induction, whereas TGF-β1 treatment upregulated Col6a3 mRNA also in the preadipocyte state. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory stimulus (i.e., TNF-α treatment) decreased PRRX1-mediated Col6a3 transactivation and mRNA expression, supporting a role for this mechanism in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, we identified the homeobox factor PRRX1 as a novel transcriptional regulator associated with COL6A3 expression, providing new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of altered adipose tissue function in obesity and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elise Grytten
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan-Inge Bjune
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Implication of Pseudo Reference Genes in Normalization of Data from Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR. Gene 2020; 757:144948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
9
|
White JM, Piron MJ, Rangaraj VR, Hanlon EC, Cohen RN, Brady MJ. Reference Gene Optimization for Circadian Gene Expression Analysis in Human Adipose Tissue. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:84-97. [PMID: 31668115 PMCID: PMC7409766 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419883043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of biology is the cyclical nature of organismal physiology driven by networks of biological, including circadian, rhythms. Unsurprisingly, disruptions of the circadian rhythms through sleep curtailment or shift work have been connected through numerous studies to positive associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measures oscillation in messenger RNA expression, an essential foundation for the study of the physiological circadian regulatory network. Primarily, measured oscillations have involved the use of reference gene normalization. However, the validation and identification of suitable reference genes is a significant challenge across different biological systems. This study focuses on adipose tissue of premenopausal, otherwise healthy, morbidly obese women voluntarily enrolled after being scheduled for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Acquisition of tissue was accomplished by aspiratory needle biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue 1 to 2 weeks prior to surgery and 12 to 13 weeks following surgery and an in-surgery scalpel-assisted excision of mesenteric adipose tissue. Each biopsy was sterile cultured ex vivo and serially collected every 4 h over approximately 36 h. The candidate reference genes that were tested were 18S rRNA, GAPDH, HPRT1, RPII, RPL13α, and YWHAZ. Three analytic tools were used to test suitability, and the candidate reference genes were used to measure oscillation in expression of a known circadian clock element (Dbp). No gene was deemed suitable as an individual reference gene control, which indicated that the optimal reference gene set was the geometrically averaged 3-gene panel composed of YWHAZ, RPL13α, and GAPDH. These methods can be employed to identify optimal reference genes in other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. White
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| | - Matthew J. Piron
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| | - Vittobai R. Rangaraj
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| | - Erin C. Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| | - Ronald N. Cohen
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| | - Matthew J. Brady
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, 60637
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dankel SN, Røst TH, Kulyté A, Fandalyuk Z, Skurk T, Hauner H, Sagen JV, Rydén M, Arner P, Mellgren G. The Rho GTPase RND3 regulates adipocyte lipolysis. Metabolism 2019; 101:153999. [PMID: 31672447 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in diet- and obesity-related insulin resistance, with implications for several metabolic diseases. Identification of novel target genes and mechanisms that regulate adipocyte function could lead to improved treatment strategies. RND3 (RhoE/Rho8), a Rho-related GTP-binding protein that inhibits Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling, has been linked to diverse diseases such as apoptotic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, cancer and type 2 diabetes, in part by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. RESULTS We here investigated the expression of RND3 in adipose tissue in human obesity, and discovered a role for RND3 in regulating adipocyte metabolism. In cross-sectional and prospective studies, we observed 5-fold increased adipocyte levels of RND3 mRNA in obesity, reduced levels after surgery-induced weight loss, and positive correlations of RND3 mRNA with adipocyte size and surrogate measures of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR and circulating triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TAG/HDL-C) ratio). By screening for RND3-dependent gene expression following siRNA-mediated RND3 knockdown in differentiating human adipocytes, we found downregulation of inflammatory genes and upregulation of genes related to adipocyte ipolysis and insulin signaling. Treatment of adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypoxia or cAMP analogs increased RND3 mRNA levels 1.5-2-fold. Functional assays in primary human adipocytes confirmed that RND3 knockdown reduces cAMP- and isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, which were mimicked by treating cells with ROCK inhibitor. This effect could partly be explained by reduced protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). CONCLUSION We here uncovered a novel differential expression of adipose RND3 in obesity and insulin resistance, which may at least partly depend on a causal effect of RND3 on adipocyte lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Therese H Røst
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zina Fandalyuk
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Else Kroener-Fresenius Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; German Center of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Validation of reference genes in human epicardial adipose tissue and left ventricular myocardium in heart failure. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 links obesity and breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55491-55505. [PMID: 27448965 PMCID: PMC5342431 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated epidemiologically with poor breast cancer prognosis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Since IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) influences both breast cancer growth and adipocyte maturation, it may impact on how obesity promotes breast oncogenesis. This study investigated the role of endogenous IGFBP-3 on the development of obesity and subsequently on breast tumor growth. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or IGFBP-3-null (BP3KO) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or control chow-diet for 15 weeks before orthotopic injection with syngeneic EO771 murine breast cancer cells. When the largest tumor reached 1000 mm3, tissues and tumors were excised for analysis. Compared to WT, BP3KO mice showed significantly reduced weight gain and mammary fat pad mass (contralateral to tumor) in response to HFD, despite similar food intake. EO771 tumor weight and volume were increased by HFD and decreased by BP3KO. Despite differences in tumor size, tumors in BP3KO mice showed no differences from WT in the number of mitotically active (Ki67+) and apoptotic (cleaved caspase-3+) cells, but had greater infiltration of CD3+ T-cells. These data suggest that endogenous (circulating and/or stromal) IGFBP-3 is stimulatory to adipose tissue expansion and enhances mammary tumor growth in immune-competent mice, potentially by suppressing T-cell infiltration into tumors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Haertle L, Maierhofer A, Böck J, Lehnen H, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Schorsch M, Potabattula R, El Hajj N, Appenzeller S, Haaf T. Hypermethylation of the non-imprinted maternal MEG3 and paternal MEST alleles is highly variable among normal individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184030. [PMID: 28854270 PMCID: PMC5576652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes show parent-specific activity (functional haploidy), which makes them particularly vulnerable to epigenetic dysregulation. Here we studied the methylation profiles of oppositely imprinted genes at single DNA molecule resolution by two independent parental allele-specific deep bisulfite sequencing (DBS) techniques. Using Roche (GSJunior) next generation sequencing technology, we analyzed the maternally imprinted MEST promoter and the paternally imprinted MEG3 intergenic (IG) differentially methylated region (DMR) in fetal cord blood, adult blood, and visceral adipose tissue. Epimutations were defined as paternal or maternal alleles with >50% aberrantly (de)methylated CpG sites, showing the wrong methylation imprint. The epimutation rates (range 2–66%) of the paternal MEST and the maternal MEG3 IG DMR allele, which should be completely unmethylated, were significantly higher than those (0–15%) of the maternal MEST and paternal MEG3 alleles, which are expected to be fully methylated. This hypermethylation of the non-imprinted allele (HNA) was independent of parental origin. Very low epimutation rates in sperm suggest that HNA occurred after fertilization. DBS with Illumina (MiSeq) technology confirmed HNA for the MEST promoter and the MEG3 IG DMR, and to a lesser extent, for the paternally imprinted secondary MEG3 promoter and the maternally imprinted PEG3 promoter. HNA leads to biallelic methylation of imprinted genes in a considerable proportion of normal body cells (somatic mosaicism) and is highly variable between individuals. We propose that during development and differentiation maintenance of differential methylation at most imprinting control regions may become to some extent redundant. The accumulation of stochastic and environmentally-induced methylation errors on the non-imprinted allele may increase epigenetic diversity between cells and individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Haertle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maierhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Böck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Lehnen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Municipal Clinics, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ramya Potabattula
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiong J, Hu Z, Wang T, Xu X, Liu J, Wu P, Che X, Li W. RUNX2 controls human IPO8 basal transcription in Saos-2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1418-24. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
15
|
Dankel SN, Svärd J, Matthä S, Claussnitzer M, Klöting N, Glunk V, Fandalyuk Z, Grytten E, Solsvik MH, Nielsen HJ, Busch C, Hauner H, Blüher M, Skurk T, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. COL6A3 expression in adipocytes associates with insulin resistance and depends on PPARγ and adipocyte size. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1807-13. [PMID: 24719315 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COL6A3 may modulate adipose tissue function in obesity and insulin resistance. A role for human adipocytes linking COL6A3 with insulin resistance warrants exploration. METHODS COL6A3 mRNA in abdominal subcutaneous adipose samples was compared between (1) BMI-matched obese subjects resistant or sensitive to insulin (surgical whole tissue biopsies, n = 30/group), (2) lean/overweight and obese subjects (isolated adipocytes from collagenase-treated surgical biopsies, n = 11/group), (3) developing primary human adipocytes with/without knockdown of the insulin-sensitizing adipogenic gene PPARG (collagenase-treated lipoaspirate, n = 5), and (4) small and large adipocytes from lean/overweight subjects (collagenase-treated surgical biopsies or lipoaspirate, n = 10). Insulin resistance and sensitivity were assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (glucose infusion rate <60 and >70 μmol kg(-1) min(-1) , respectively) (1), or by HOMA-IR and TG/HDL ratio (2). RESULTS Whole tissue COL6A3 mRNA was 2.6-fold higher in insulin resistant compared to sensitive subjects (P < 0.001). In isolated adipocytes, COL6A3 mRNA correlated positively with BMI (P = 0.007), HOMA-IR (P = 0.039), and TG/HDL (P = 0.004). PPARG knockdown in developing adipocytes increased COL6A3 mRNA 1.5-fold (P = 0.043). The inverse relationship with adipocyte development was further supported by 2.8-fold higher COL6A3 mRNA in small compared to large adipocytes (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Increased adipocyte COL6A3 expression associates with insulin resistance in humans, which may involve impaired PPARγ-mediated adipocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Differential functions of calpain 1 during epithelial cell death and adipocyte differentiation in mammary gland involution. Biochem J 2014; 459:355-68. [PMID: 24467364 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains become activated in the mammary gland early during weaning, cleaving several proteins located mainly in the cell membrane, but also in other organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria and nuclei. By immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis, we have demonstrated the nuclear translocation of calpain-1 and calpain-2, together with the cleavage of several cytoplasmic nucleoporins in epithelial cells of the lobulo-alveolar compartment. In vivo and in vitro calpain inhibition prevented this nucleoporin degradation. In addition, calpain-1 was also present in the nucleus of non-epithelial mammary tissue cells, concomitant with adipocyte re-differentiation. Calpain-1 was internalized within nuclei and found to be present in the nuclear chromatin-enriched fraction, associated with histone H3. Furthermore, we have demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro, the cleavage of the N-terminal residue of histone H3 by calpain-1. Calpain-1 co-localized with both H3K4me3 (histone H3 trimethylated at Lys4) and H3K27me3 (histone H3 trimethylated at Lys27) at the nuclear periphery, a bivalent epigenetic signal essential for cell differentiation. Using ChIP assays we could confirm the presence of calpain-1 in the promoters of key genes expressed in adipose tissue, such as Cebpa (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α) and Lep (leptin). The results of the present study highlight a dual role for calpain-1 in the weaned gland after the pregnancy/lactation cycle, controlling programmed cell death and participating in the epigenetic programme during adipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lackey DE, Burk DH, Ali MR, Mostaedi R, Smith WH, Park J, Scherer PE, Seay SA, McCoin CS, Bonaldo P, Adams SH. Contributions of adipose tissue architectural and tensile properties toward defining healthy and unhealthy obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E233-46. [PMID: 24302007 PMCID: PMC3920015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00476.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the maintenance of white adipose tissue (WAT) architecture and function, and proper ECM remodeling is critical to support WAT malleability to accommodate changes in energy storage needs. Obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy place a strain on the ECM remodeling machinery, which may promote disordered ECM and altered tissue integrity and could promote proinflammatory and cell stress signals. To explore these questions, new methods were developed to quantify omental and subcutaneous WAT tensile strength and WAT collagen content by three-dimensional confocal imaging, using collagen VI knockout mice as a methods validation tool. These methods, combined with comprehensive measurement of WAT ECM proteolytic enzymes, transcript, and blood analyte analyses, were used to identify unique pathophenotypes of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese women, using multivariate statistical modeling and univariate comparisons with weight-matched healthy obese individuals. In addition to the expected differences in inflammation and glycemic control, approximately 20 ECM-related factors, including omental tensile strength, collagen, and enzyme transcripts, helped discriminate metabolically compromised obesity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that WAT ECM physiology is intimately linked to metabolic health in obese humans, and the studies provide new tools to explore this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Lackey
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bruynsteen L, Erkens T, Peelman LJ, Ducatelle R, Janssens GPJ, Harris PA, Hesta M. Expression of inflammation-related genes is associated with adipose tissue location in horses. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:240. [PMID: 24295090 PMCID: PMC4220830 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, adipose tissue (AT) originating from different depots shows varying gene expression profiles. In horses, the risk of certain metabolic disorders may also be influenced by the impact of specific AT depots. Macrophage infiltration in human and rat AT is considered to be a source of inflammatory changes. In horses, this relationship has not been extensively studied yet. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), a useful method to evaluate differences in mRNA expression across different tissues, can be used to evaluate differences between equine AT depots. For a correct interpretation of the RT-qPCR results, expression data have to be normalized by the use of validated reference genes. The main objectives of this study were to compare mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes, as well as adipocyte morphology and number between different equine AT depots; and in addition, to investigate the presence of antigen presenting cells in equine AT and any potential relationship with adipokine mRNA expression. Results In this study, the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes (leptin, chemokine ligand 5, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, adiponectin, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and superoxide dismutase 2) and candidate reference gene stability was investigated in 8 different AT depots collected from the nuchal, abdominal (mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and peri-renal) and subcutaneous (tail head and loin) AT region. By using GeNorm analysis, HPRT1, RPL32, and GAPDH were found to be the most stable genes in equine AT. The mRNA expression of leptin, chemokine ligand 5, interleukin 10, interleukin 1β, adiponectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 significantly differed across AT depots (P < 0.05). No significant AT depot effect was found for interleukin 6 and superoxide dismutase 2 (P > 0.05). Adipocyte area and number of antigen presenting cells per adipocyte significantly differed between AT depots (P < 0.05). Conclusions Adipose tissue location was associated with differences in mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes. This depot-specific difference in mRNA expression suggests that the overall inflammatory status of horses could be partially determined by the relative proportion of the different AT depots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Bruynsteen
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang F, Vihma V, Soronen J, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Mikkola TS, Naukkarinen J, Pietiläinen KH, Jauhiainen M, Yki-Järvinen H, Tikkanen MJ. 17β-Estradiol and estradiol fatty acyl esters and estrogen-converting enzyme expression in adipose tissue in obese men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:4923-31. [PMID: 24081738 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with increased circulating 17β-estradiol (E₂), but less is known about E₂ concentrations in adipose tissue. In addition to E₂, adipose tissue synthesizes E₂ fatty acyl esters (E₂-FAE). OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare estrogen concentrations and expression of estrogen-converting enzymes in adipose tissue between severely obese men and women. DESIGN AND SETTING Tissue samples were obtained during elective surgery in University Central Hospital in the years 2008 through 2011. PATIENTS We studied 14 men and 22 premenopausal women undergoing bariatric surgery and 10 control women operated for nonmalignant reasons. INTERVENTIONS Paired samples were taken from abdominal sc and visceral adipose tissue and serum and analyzed for E₂ and E₂-FAE by fluoroimmunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. mRNA expression of genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Compared with men, E₂ levels in sc adipose tissue in obese women were higher, along with higher relative mRNA expression of steroid sulfatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1, 7, and 12. In men, E₂-FAE concentrations in adipose tissue were similar to E₂ but in women significantly lower compared with E₂. Adipose tissue E₂-FAE and serum E₂-FAE levels correlated positively in obese subjects. Serum E₂ did not significantly correlate with E₂ concentration or mRNA expression of genes in adipose tissue in obese men or women. CONCLUSIONS The production of E₂ by the large adipose mass was not reflected by increased circulating E₂ concentrations in severely obese men or women. However, adipose tissue may contribute to concentrations of serum E₂-FAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki C415, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schildberg T, Rauh J, Bretschneider H, Stiehler M. Identification of suitable reference genes in bone marrow stromal cells from osteoarthritic donors. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1288-98. [PMID: 24080205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are key cellular components for musculoskeletal tissue engineering strategies. Furthermore, recent data suggest that BMSCs are involved in the development of Osteoarthritis (OA) being a frequently occurring degenerative joint disease. Reliable reference genes for the molecular evaluation of BMSCs derived from donors exhibiting OA as a primary co-morbidity have not been reported on yet. Hence, the aim of the study was to identify reference genes suitable for comparative gene expression analyses using OA-BMSCs. Passage 1 bone marrow derived BMSCs were isolated from n=13 patients with advanced stage idiopathic hip osteoarthritis and n=15 age-matched healthy donors. The expression of 31 putative reference genes was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using a commercially available TaqMan(®) assay. Calculating the coefficient of variation (CV), mRNA expression stability was determined and afterwards validated using geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Importin 8 (IPO8), TATA box binding protein (TBP), and cancer susceptibility candidate 3 (CASC3) were identified as the most stable reference genes. Notably, commonly used reference genes, e.g. beta-actin (ACTB) and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) were among the most unstable genes. For normalization of gene expression data of OA-BMSCs the combined use of IPO8, TBP, and CASC3 gene is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schildberg
- University Centre for Orthopaedics & Trauma Surgery and Centre for Translational Bone, Joint & Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sledzinski T, Korczynska J, Hallmann A, Kaska L, Proczko-Markuszewska M, Stefaniak T, Sledzinski M, Swierczynski J. The increase of serum chemerin concentration is mainly associated with the increase of body mass index in obese, non-diabetic subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:428-34. [PMID: 23211604 DOI: 10.3275/8770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemerin is a newly discovered adipokine, whose circulating concentration is increased in obesity. AIM To elucidate whether the increased circulating chemerin concentrations in obese subjects are associated with the increase of fat mass, the increase in chemerin gene expression in adipose tissue or both. MATERIAL/SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum chemerin concentrations in 20 non-obese healthy volunteers and 21 non-diabetic obese subjects were measured using ELISA. Chemerin mRNA and chemerin protein levels in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects were analyzed by Real-Time PCR and Western blot respectively. RESULTS We found that the serum chemerin concentrations were significantly higher in obese subjects than in controls and positively correlated with BMI, fat mass and body mass. Moreover serum chemerin concentrations were correlated positively with serum CRP concentrations independently of BMI. No correlation was found between the chemerin mRNA and chemerin protein levels in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and BMI, fat mass, or body weight. Likewise, there was no correlation between the serum chemerin concentrations and the levels of chemerin mRNA and protein in adipose tissue of obese patients. Multiple regression analysis suggests that BMI was the main predictor of serum chemerin concentration. In contrast to chemerin, both serum leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin mRNA levels positively correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here indicate that serum chemerin concentrations correlated with BMI, whereas chemerin mRNA levels in adipose tissue did not. Thus the elevated circulating chemerin concentration in obese, non-diabetic patients was mainly associated with the increased BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The alarming prevalence of obesity has led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling energy homeostasis. Regulation of energy intake and expenditure is more complex than previously thought, being influenced by signals from many peripheral tissues. In this sense, a wide variety of peripheral signals derived from different organs contributes to the regulation of body weight and energy expenditure. Besides the well-known role of insulin and adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, in the regulation of energy homeostasis, signals from other tissues not previously thought to play a role in body weight regulation have emerged in recent years. The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) produced by the liver in the regulation of body weight and insulin sensitivity has been recently described. Moreover, molecules expressed by skeletal muscle such as myostatin have also been involved in adipose tissue regulation. Better known is the involvement of ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and PYY(3-36), produced by the gut, in energy homeostasis. Even the kidney, through the production of renin, appears to regulate body weight, with mice lacking this hormone exhibiting resistance to diet-induced obesity. In addition, the skeleton has recently emerged as an endocrine organ, with effects on body weight control and glucose homeostasis through the actions of bone-derived factors such as osteocalcin and osteopontin. The comprehension of these signals will help in a better understanding of the aetiopathology of obesity, contributing to the potential development of new therapeutic targets aimed at tackling excess body fat accumulation.
Collapse
|
23
|
The SGBS cell strain as a model for the in vitro study of obesity and cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:774-82. [PMID: 22855155 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1 is well characterised and used widely, while the human pre-adipocyte cell strain, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS), requires validation for use in human studies. Obesity is currently estimated to account for up to 41 % of the worldwide cancer burden. A human in vitro model system is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for this poorly understood association. This work investigates the relevance of the SGBS cell strain for obesity and cancer research in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 and SGBS were differentiated according to standard protocols. Morphology was assessed by Oil Red O staining. Adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured by qPCR and biochemical function was assessed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) enzyme activity. Differential gene expression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell line OE33 following co-culture with SGBS or primary omental human adipocytes was investigated using Human Cancer Profiler qPCR arrays. RESULTS During the process of differentiation, SGBS expressed higher levels of adipocyte-specific transcripts and fully differentiated SGBS expressed more similar morphology, transcript levels and biochemical function to primary omental adipocytes, relative to 3T3-L1. Co-culture with SGBS or primary omental adipocytes induced differential expression of genes involved in adhesion (ITGB3), angiogenesis (IGF1, TEK, TNF, VEGFA), apoptosis (GZMA, TERT) and invasion and metastasis (MMP9, TIMP3) in OE33 tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS Comparable adipocyte-specific gene expression, biochemical function and a shared induced gene signature in co-cultured OE33 cells indicate that SGBS is a relevant in vitro model for obesity and cancer research in humans.
Collapse
|
24
|
Pérez-Pérez R, López JA, García-Santos E, Camafeita E, Gómez-Serrano M, Ortega-Delgado FJ, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM, Peral B. Uncovering suitable reference proteins for expression studies in human adipose tissue with relevance to obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30326. [PMID: 22272336 PMCID: PMC3260266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein expression studies based on the two major intra-abdominal human fat depots, the subcutaneous and the omental fat, can shed light into the mechanisms involved in obesity and its co-morbidities. Here we address, for the first time, the identification and validation of reference proteins for data standardization, which are essential for accurate comparison of protein levels in expression studies based on fat from obese and non-obese individuals. Methodology and Findings To uncover adipose tissue proteins equally expressed either in omental and subcutaneous fat depots (study 1) or in omental fat from non-obese and obese individuals (study 2), we have reanalyzed our previously published data based on two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four proteins (12 in study 1 and 12 in study 2) with similar expression levels in all conditions tested were selected and identified by mass spectrometry. Immunoblotting analysis was used to confirm in adipose tissue the expression pattern of the potential reference proteins and three proteins were validated: PARK7, ENOA and FAA. Western Blot analysis was also used to test customary loading control proteins. ENOA, PARK7 and the customary loading control protein Beta-actin showed steady expression profiles in fat from non-obese and obese individuals, whilst FAA maintained steady expression levels across paired omental and subcutaneous fat samples. Conclusions ENOA, PARK7 and Beta-actin are proper reference standards in obesity studies based on omental fat, whilst FAA is the best loading control for the comparative analysis of omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues either in obese and non-obese subjects. Neither customary loading control proteins GAPDH and TBB5 nor CALX are adequate standards in differential expression studies on adipose tissue. The use of the proposed reference proteins will facilitate the adequate analysis of proteins differentially expressed in the context of obesity, an aim difficult to achieve before this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García-Santos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ortega-Delgado
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - José M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Belén Peral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hurtado del Pozo C, Vesperinas-García G, Rubio MÁ, Corripio-Sánchez R, Torres-García AJ, Obregon MJ, Calvo RM. ChREBP expression in the liver, adipose tissue and differentiated preadipocytes in human obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1194-200. [PMID: 21840420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ChREBP is an essential transcription factor for lipogenesis. Its physiological role in adipose tissue has been studied only to a small extent and the control of its expression remains unknown in human adipocytes. We have studied ChREBP mRNA and protein expression levels in the liver and the omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues from obese and lean subjects, as well as in human differentiated preadipocytes. Liver and OM and SC adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from lean and obese patients. Human preadipocytes were isolated from the adipose tissues from obese patients and differentiated under adipogenic conditions. ChREBP expression levels were quantified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We found opposing results in terms of ChREBP regulation in the liver and adipose samples. ChREBP increased in the liver from obese compared to lean subjects, whereas the expression decreased in both adipose tissues. The mRNAs of other adipogenic markers were checked in these tissues. The pattern of FASN was similar to the one for ChREBP, ADCY3 decreased in both adipose tissues from obese patients, AP2 decreased only in OM adipose tissue of obese patients and ATGL did not change. The levels of ChREBP mRNA and protein showed dramatic increases during the differentiation of human OM and SC preadipocytes. In conclusion, ChREBP expression has an opposite regulation in the liver and adipose tissue from obese subjects which is compatible with the increased hepatic lipogenesis and decreased adipocytic lipogenesis found in these patients. The dramatic increase of ChREBP mRNA and protein levels during preadipocyte differentiation suggests a role in adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hurtado del Pozo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neville MJ, Collins JM, Gloyn AL, McCarthy MI, Karpe F. Comprehensive human adipose tissue mRNA and microRNA endogenous control selection for quantitative real-time-PCR normalization. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:888-92. [PMID: 20948521 PMCID: PMC4623139 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The accurate quantification of cellular and tissue mRNA and microRNA content is reliant upon the selection of stable endogenous control transcripts for normalizing quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) data. Using the combination of unbiased and informed approaches and a wide range of human adipose tissues and cells, we sought to identify invariant control transcripts for mRNA and microRNA. A total of 26 mRNA transcript candidates were selected from the literature. MicroRNA candidates were selected from a microRNA-microarray (Agilent, n = 22 tissues), and together with candidates from the literature resulted in 14 different microRNAs. The variability of these mRNA and microRNA transcripts were then tested in a large (n = 180) collection of a variety of human adipose tissues and cell samples. Phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK1) and peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA) were identified as the most stable mRNAs across all tissues and panels. MiR-103 was overall the most stable microRNA transcript across all biological backgrounds. Several proposed and commonly used normalization transcripts were found to be highly variable. We then tested the effect on expression of two established adipocyte-related transcripts (fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and microRNA-145 (miR-145)), either normalized to the optimal or a commonly used controls transcript. This test clearly indicated that spurious results could arise from using less stable control transcripts for mRNA and microRNA qRT-PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
F-box protein 10, an NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic protein, regulates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through modulating c-Fos/c-FLIP pathway. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1184-95. [PMID: 21252908 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces selective apoptotic death of human cancer cells while sparing normal human cells. Although TRAIL holds great promise as a potential anticancer agent, some tumors develop resistance to TRAIL. Previously, we have shown that the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family member, c-Fos, is an important modulator of apoptosis. Although F- box protein 10 (FBXL10) has been implicated to regulate an AP-1 family protein, c-Jun, its role in mediating apoptotic pathways has not been previously investigated. Here, we report that FBXL10 is a transcriptional repressor of c-Fos and a target gene of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-p65 in human cancers. We demonstrate that FBXL10 is an important anti-apoptotic molecule, which directly binds and represses c-Fos promoter in order for cancer cells to resist TRAIL-induced apoptosis. FBXL10 indirectly regulates c-FLIP(L) levels via c-Fos-dependent pathways. Silencing of FBXL10 sensitizes resistant cells to TRAIL, while, overexpression of FBXL10 represses TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, our results indicate that expression of FBXL10 functions via an NF-κB-dependent pathway, and TRAIL or proteasome inhibitors downregulate FBXL10 via inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Taken together, we find a novel functional role for FBXL10 as an anti-apoptotic molecule, and describe a new apoptotic-related pathway that involves NF-κB/FBXL10/c-Fos/c-FLIP. Therefore, silencing FBXL10 can help overcome resistant cancer cells for pro-apoptotic therapies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Martínez-Beamonte R, Navarro MA, Larraga A, Strunk M, Barranquero C, Acín S, Guzman MA, Iñigo P, Osada J. Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in rats. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:325-34. [PMID: 21219943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Selection of the most stable reference gene is critical for a reliable interpretation of gene expression data using RT-PCR. In order so, 17 commonly used genes were analyzed in Wistar rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum and liver following a fat gavage and at two time periods. These reference genes were also tested in liver from Zucker (fa/fa) on a long-term dietary trial. Four strategies were used to select the most suitable reference gene for each tissue: ranking according to biological coefficient of variation and further validation by statistical comparison among groups, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper programs. No agreement was observed among these approaches for a particular gene, nor a common gene for all tissues. Furthermore we demonstrated that normalising using an inadequate reference conveyed into false negative and positive results. The selection of genes provided by BestKeeper resulted in more reliable results than the other statistical packages. According to this program, Tbp, Ubc, Hprt and Rn18s were the best reference genes for duodenum, jejunum, ileum and liver, respectively following a fat gavage in Wistar rats and Rn18s for liver in another rat strain on a long-term dietary intervention. Therefore, BestKeeper is highly recommendable to select the most stable gene to be used as internal standard and the selection of a specific reference expression gene requires a validation for each tissue and experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Expression Profile in Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Lean and Obese Subjects. Repression of Lipolytic and Lipogenic Genes. Obes Surg 2010; 21:633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-010-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|