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Li H, Gao Y, Ni X, Xiong Y, Zhang P, Liu H, Wu X, Tong D, Wang C, Ma J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indole derivatives bearing a pyridinocycloalkyl moiety as iron chelators. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10840-w. [PMID: 38733433 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The avidity of cancer cells for iron highlights the potential for iron chelators to be used in cancer therapy. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel series of 5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indole derivatives bearing a pyridinocycloalkyl moiety using a ring-fusion strategy based on the structure of an iron chelator, VLX600. The antiproliferative activity evaluation against cancer cells and normal cells led to the identification of compound 3k, which displayed the strongest antiproliferative activity in vitro against A549, MCF-7, Hela and HepG-2 with IC50 values of 0.59, 0.86, 1.31 and 0.92 μM, respectively, and had lower cytotoxicity against HEK293 than VLX600. Further investigations revealed that unlike VLX600, compound 3k selectively bound to ferrous ions, but not to ferric ions, and addition of Fe2+ abolished the cytotoxicity of 3k. Flow cytometry assays demonstrated that 3k arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase and induced significant apoptosis in A549 cells in dose and time-dependent manners, corresponding to JC-1 staining assay results. Western blot analysis of Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 proteins further provided evidences that induction of apoptosis by 3k in A549 cells might be at least via the mitochondria pathway. These above results highlight that 3k is a valuable lead compound that deserves further investigation as an iron chelator for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yali Gao
- Pharmacy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xin Ni
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yizu Xiong
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Peixi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xingye Wu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dandan Tong
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Junjie Ma
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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2
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Salimi Z, Afsharinasab M, Rostami M, Eshaghi Milasi Y, Mousavi Ezmareh SF, Sakhaei F, Mohammad-Sadeghipour M, Rasooli Manesh SM, Asemi Z. Iron chelators: as therapeutic agents in diseases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2759-2776. [PMID: 38694398 PMCID: PMC11060230 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The concentration of iron is tightly regulated, making it an essential element. Various cellular processes in the body rely on iron, such as oxygen sensing, oxygen transport, electron transfer, and DNA synthesis. Iron excess can be toxic because it participates in redox reactions that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species and elevate oxidative stress. Iron chelators are chemically diverse; they can coordinate six ligands in an octagonal sequence. Because of the ability of chelators to trap essential metals, including iron, they may be involved in diseases caused by oxidative stress, such as infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Iron-chelating agents, by tightly binding to iron, prohibit it from functioning as a catalyst in redox reactions and transfer iron and excrete it from the body. Thus, the use of iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received increasing attention. This review investigates the function of various iron chelators in treating iron overload in different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Salimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mehdi Afsharinasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | - Yaser Eshaghi Milasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi Ezmareh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Fariba Sakhaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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3
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Bi G, Liang J, Bian Y, Shan G, Huang Y, Lu T, Zhang H, Jin X, Chen Z, Zhao M, Fan H, Wang Q, Gan B, Zhan C. Polyamine-mediated ferroptosis amplification acts as a targetable vulnerability in cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2461. [PMID: 38504107 PMCID: PMC10951362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death triggered by the lethal overload of lipid peroxides, in cancer therapy is impeded by our limited understanding of the intersection of tumour's metabolic feature and ferroptosis vulnerability. In the present study, arginine is identified as a ferroptotic promoter using a metabolites library. This effect is mainly achieved through arginine's conversion to polyamines, which exerts their potent ferroptosis-promoting property in an H2O2-dependent manner. Notably, the expression of ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1), the critical enzyme catalysing polyamine synthesis, is significantly activated by the ferroptosis signal--iron overload--through WNT/MYC signalling, as well as the subsequent elevated polyamine synthesis, thus forming a ferroptosis-iron overload-WNT/MYC-ODC1-polyamine-H2O2 positive feedback loop that amplifies ferroptosis. Meanwhile, we notice that ferroptotic cells release enhanced polyamine-containing extracellular vesicles into the microenvironment, thereby further sensitizing neighbouring cells to ferroptosis and accelerating the "spread" of ferroptosis in the tumour region. Besides, polyamine supplementation also sensitizes cancer cells or xenograft tumours to radiotherapy or chemotherapy through inducing ferroptosis. Considering that cancer cells are often characterized by elevated intracellular polyamine pools, our results indicate that polyamine metabolism exposes a targetable vulnerability to ferroptosis and represents an exciting opportunity for therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Bian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zuo X, Wang X, Ma T, Chen S, Cao P, Cheng H, Yang N, Han X, Gao W, Liu X, Sun Y. TNFRSF19 within the 13q12.12 Risk Locus Functions as a Lung Cancer Suppressor by Binding Wnt3a to Inhibit Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:227-239. [PMID: 38047807 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer risk loci provide special clues for uncovering pathogenesis of cancers. The TNFRSF19 gene located within the 13q12.12 lung cancer risk locus encodes TNF receptor superfamily member 19 (TNFRSF19) protein and has been proved to be a key target gene of a lung tissue-specific tumor suppressive enhancer, but its functional role in lung cancer pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here we showed that the TNFRSF19 gene could protect human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells from pulmonary carcinogen nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced malignant transformation. Knockout of the TNFRSF19 significantly increased NNK-induced colony formation rate on soft agar. Moreover, TNFRSF19 expression was significantly reduced in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. Restoration of TNFRSF19 expression in A549 lung cancer cell line dramatically suppressed the tumor formation in xenograft mouse model. Interestingly, the TNFRSF19 protein that is an orphan membrane receptor could compete with LRP6 to bind Wnt3a, thereby inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that is required for NNK-induced malignant transformation as indicated by protein pulldown, site mutation, and fluorescence energy resonance transfer experiments. Knockout of the TNFRSF19 enhanced LRP6-Wnt3a interaction, promoting β-catenin nucleus translocation and the downstream target gene expression, and thus sensitized the cells to NNK carcinogen. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the TNFRSF19 inhibited lung cancer carcinogenesis by competing with LRP6 to combine with Wnt3a to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. IMPLICATIONS These findings revealed a novel anti-lung cancer mechanism, highlighting the special significance of TNFRSF19 gene within the 13q12.12 risk locus in lung cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xuchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tingzheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - He Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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5
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Liu Z, Villareal L, Goodla L, Kim H, Falcon DM, Haneef M, Martin DR, Zhang L, Lee HJ, Kremer D, Lyssiotis CA, Shah YM, Lin HC, Lin HK, Xue X. Iron promotes glycolysis to drive colon tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166846. [PMID: 37579983 PMCID: PMC10530594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and is also the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Understanding the mechanisms of growth and progression of CRC is essential to improve treatment. Macronutrients such as glucose are energy source for a cell. Many tumor cells exhibit increased aerobic glycolysis. Increased tissue micronutrient iron levels in both mice and humans are also associated with increased colon tumorigenesis. However, if iron drives colon carcinogenesis via affecting glucose metabolism is still not clear. Here we found the intracellular glucose levels in tumor colonoids were significantly increased after iron treatment. 13C-labeled glucose flux analysis indicated that the levels of several labeled glycolytic products were significantly increased, whereas several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were significantly decreased in colonoids after iron treatment. Mechanistic studies showed that iron upregulated the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and mediated an inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex function via directly binding with tankyrase and/or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) 3. Pharmacological inhibition of GLUT1 or PDHK reactivated PDH complex function and reduced high iron diet-enhanced tumor formation. In conclusion, excess iron promotes glycolysis and colon tumor growth at least partly through the inhibition of the PDH complex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Luke Villareal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lavanya Goodla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hyeoncheol Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Daniel M Falcon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mohammad Haneef
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David R Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Kremer
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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6
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Wu Y, Yang S, Han L, Shang K, Zhang B, Gai X, Deng W, Liu F, Zhang H. β-catenin-IRP2-primed iron availability to mitochondrial metabolism is druggable for active β-catenin-mediated cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:50. [PMID: 36703130 PMCID: PMC9879242 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although β-catenin signaling cascade is frequently altered in human cancers, targeting this pathway has not been approved for cancer treatment. METHODS High-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was conducted to identify therapeutics that selectively inhibited the cells with activated β-catenin. Efficacy of iron chelator and mitochondrial inhibitor was evaluated for suppression of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Cellular chelatable iron levels were measured to gain insight into the potential vulnerability of β-catenin-activated cells to iron deprivation. Extracellular flux analysis of mitochondrial function was conducted to evaluate the downstream events of iron deprivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were performed to identify β-catenin targets. Depletion of iron-regulatory protein 2 (IRP2), a key regulator of cellular iron homeostasis, was carried out to elucidate its significance in β-catenin-activated cells. Online databases were analyzed for correlation between β-catenin activity and IRP2-TfR1 axis in human cancers. RESULTS Iron chelators were identified as selective inhibitors against β-catenin-activated cells. Deferoxamine mesylate, an iron chelator, preferentially repressed β-catenin-activated cell proliferation and tumor formation in mice. Mechanically, β-catenin stimulated the transcription of IRP2 to increase labile iron level. Depletion of IRP2-sequered iron impaired β-catenin-invigorated mitochondrial function. Moreover, mitochondrial inhibitor S-Gboxin selectively reduced β-catenin-associated cell viability and tumor formation. CONCLUSIONS β-catenin/IRP2/iron stimulation of mitochondrial energetics is targetable vulnerability of β-catenin-potentiated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Han
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Kezhuo Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Zhang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaochen Gai
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China
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Huang S, Hu P, Lakowski TM. Bioinformatics driven discovery of small molecule compounds that modulate the FOXM1 and PPARA pathway activities in breast cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022:10.1038/s41397-022-00297-1. [PMID: 36424525 PMCID: PMC10382320 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-022-00297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOur previous studies demonstrated that the FOXM1 pathway is upregulated and the PPARA pathway downregulated in breast cancer (BC), and especially in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. Targeting the two pathways may offer potential therapeutic strategies to treat BC, especially TNBC which has the fewest effective therapies available among all BC subtypes. In this study we identified small molecule compounds that could modulate the PPARA and FOXM1 pathways in BC using two methods. In the first method, data were initially curated from the Connectivity Map (CMAP) database, which provides the gene expression profiles of MCF7 cells treated with different compounds as well as paired controls. We then calculated the changes in the FOXM1 and PPARA pathway activities from the compound-induced gene expression profiles under each treatment to identify compounds that produced a decreased activity in the FOXM1 pathway or an increased activity in the PPARA pathway. In the second method, the CMAP database tool was used to identify compounds that could reverse the expression pattern of the two pathways in MCF7 cells. Compounds identified as repressing the FOXM1 pathway or activating the PPARA pathway by the two methods were compared. We identified 19 common compounds that could decrease the FOXM1 pathway activity scores and reverse the FOXM1 pathway expression pattern, and 13 common compounds that could increase the PPARA pathway activity scores and reverse the PPARA pathway expression pattern. It may be of interest to validate these compounds experimentally to further investigate their effects on TNBCs.
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Deferoxamine Inhibits Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression through Repression of ROS/HIF-1α, Wnt/β-Catenin, and p38MAPK/ERK Pathways. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8281267. [PMID: 35237325 PMCID: PMC8885176 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8281267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer, with a feature of easy to induce multidrug resistance and relapse. Abundant studies have proved that iron overload strengthens the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Herein, we found that deferoxamine (DFO) effectively decreased the concentration of intracellular iron in ALL cells. DFO inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and obstructed cell cycle of ALL cells, whereas DFO and dextriferron (Dex) used in combination significantly decreased the sensitivity of ALL cells to DFO. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was reduced in ALL cells treated with DFO, and the combination of DFO and Dex reversed the effects of DFO. In vivo, DFO inhibited mouse tumor growth. Besides, cyclinD1, β-catenin, c-Myc, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), p-p38MAPK, and p-ERK1/2 protein levels were significantly downregulated, and the levels of prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) were upregulated after treated with DFO, whereas Dex treatment reversed those in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, DFO inhibited the proliferation and ALL xenograft tumor growth, obstructed the cell cycle, and induced apoptosis of ALL cells, probably via inactivating the ROS/HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, and p38MAPK/ERK signaling.
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9
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Canonical Wnt Signaling in the Pathology of Iron Overload-Induced Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7163326. [PMID: 35116092 PMCID: PMC8807048 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7163326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the vital organs with aging. This is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to age-related disorders. Abnormal iron levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, liver injury, cancer, and ocular diseases. Canonical Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates many cellular functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and stem cell renewal. Recent evidences indicate that iron regulates Wnt signaling, and iron chelators like deferoxamine and deferasirox can inhibit Wnt signaling and cell growth. Canonical Wnt signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and there are significant efforts ongoing to develop innovative therapies targeting the aberrant Wnt signaling. This review examines how intracellular iron accumulation regulates Wnt signaling in various tissues and their potential contribution in the progression of age-related diseases.
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10
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Che J, Ren W, Chen X, Wang F, Zhang G, Shang P. PTH 1-34 promoted bone formation by regulating iron metabolism in unloading-induced bone loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1048818. [PMID: 36818465 PMCID: PMC9933505 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1048818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PTH 1-34 (teriparatide) is approved by FDA for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Iron overload is a major contributing factor for bone loss induced by unloading. Whether iron metabolism is involved in the regulation of PTH 1-34 on unloading-induced osteoporosis has not yet been reported. Here, we found that PTH 1-34 attenuated bone loss in unloading mice. PTH 1-34 regulated the disturbance of iron metabolism in unloading mice by activating Nrf2 and further promoting hepcidin expression in the liver. In addition, the Nrf2 inhibitor selectively blocked hepcidin expression in the liver of unloading mice, which neutralized the inhibitory effect of PTH 1-34 on bone loss and the recovery of iron metabolism in unloading mice. Finally, we found that PTH 1-34 promoted the differentiation and inhibited apoptosis of osteoblasts by regulating iron metabolism and maintaining redox balance under unloading conditions. Our results suggested that PTH 1-34 promoted bone formation by regulating iron metabolism under unloading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Che
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihao Ren
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gejing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Shang,
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11
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Htun MW, Shibata Y, Soe K, Koji T. Nuclear Expression of Pygo2 Correlates with Poorly Differentiated State Involving c-Myc, PCNA and Bcl9 in Myanmar Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:195-206. [PMID: 35023882 PMCID: PMC8727843 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Myanmar, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is commonly seen in young adult and associated with poor prognosis, while the molecular mechanisms that characterize HCC in Myanmar are unknown. As co-activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and c-Myc (Myc) are reported to associate with malignancy of HCC, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of Pygo2 and Bcl9, the co-activators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Myc and PCNA in 60 cases of Myanmar HCC. Pygo2 expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The signal intensity was measured by image analyzer and then statistically analyzed. As a result, the expression of Pygo2 was significantly higher in HCC compared to normal liver tissue and the nuclear signal was the most intense in poorly differentiated HCC. Cytoplasmic Bcl9 was expressed in the normal liver tissue but decreased in HCC with the progression of histopathological grade. Myc was significantly higher in poorly differentiated HCC, whereas PCNA labeling index increased with the progression of histopathological grade. Nuclear Pygo2 showed strong correlation with nuclear Myc (P < 0.01) and PCNA (P < 0.001), and inversely correlated with cytoplasmic Bcl9 (P < 0.01). Our results suggested Wnt/β-catenin and Myc signaling is commonly activated in Myanmar HCC and that the correlative upregulation of nuclear Pygo2 and Myc characterizes the malignant features of HCC in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Win Htun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Takehiko Koji
- Office for Research Initiative and Development, Nagasaki University
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12
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Lakpa LK, Rehan M, Chen X, Geiger JD. Endolysosome iron restricts Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation by increasing HIV-1 Tat oligomerization and β-catenin expression. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:755-773. [PMID: 34550543 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is required for HIV-1 replication, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV-1 Tat can enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis where it can reside in endolysosomes; upon its escape from these acidic organelles, HIV-1 Tat can enter the cytosol and nucleus where it activates the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Although it is known that HIV-1 replication is affected by the iron status of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), very little is known about how iron affects HIV-1 Tat activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Because HIV-1 proteins de-acidify endolysosomes and endolysosome de-acidification affects subcellular levels and actions of iron, we tested the hypothesis that the endolysosome pool of iron is sufficient to affect Tat-induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) iron both restricted Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Chelation of endolysosome iron with deferoxamine (DFO) and 2-2 bipyridyl, but not chelation of cytosolic iron with deferiprone and deferasirox, significantly enhanced Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. In the presence of iron, HIV-1 Tat increasingly oligomerized and DFO prevented the oligomerization. DFO also reduced protein expression levels of the HIV-1 restriction agent beta-catenin in the cytosol and nucleus. These findings suggest that DFO increases HIV-1 LTR transactivation by increasing levels of the more active dimeric form of Tat relative to the less active oligomerized form of Tat, increasing the escape of dimeric Tat from endolysosomes, and/or reducing beta-catenin protein expression levels. Thus, intracellular iron might play a significant role in regulating HIV-1 replication, and these findings raise cautionary notes for chelation therapies in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Peter W Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Leo K Lakpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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13
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Tymoszuk P, Nairz M, Brigo N, Petzer V, Heeke S, Kircher B, Hermann-Kleiter N, Klepsch V, Theurl I, Weiss G, Pfeifhofer-Obermair C. Iron Supplementation Interferes With Immune Therapy of Murine Mammary Carcinoma by Inhibiting Anti-Tumor T Cell Function. Front Oncol 2020; 10:584477. [PMID: 33344239 PMCID: PMC7746876 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.584477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is both, an essential compound for many metabolic processes, and iron deficiency can impact on the proliferation of cells including lymphocytes but also tumor cells. On the other hand, excess iron-catalyzed radical formation can induce cellular toxicity which has been previously demonstrated for T cells in hereditary iron overload. Despite these interconnections, little is known on the effects of clinically approved intravenous iron supplements for curing cancer-related anemia, on T cell differentiation, tumor proliferation, anti-tumor T cell responses and, of clinical importance, on efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Herein, we analyzed the effects of intravenous iron supplementation on T cell function and on the effectiveness of anti-cancer chemotherapy with IL-2/doxorubicin or immunotherapy with checkpoint-inhibitor anti-PD-L1 in C57Bl/6N female mice with implanted E0771 mammary carcinomas. We found that iron application resulted to an increased availability of iron in the tumor microenvironment and stimulation of tumor growth. In parallel, iron application inhibited the activation, expansion and survival of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and of CD4+ T helper cells type 1 and significantly reduced the efficacy of the investigated anti-cancer treatments. Our results indicate that iron administration has a tumor growth promoting effect and impairs anti-cancer responses of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes along with a reduced efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Iron supplementation in cancer patients, especially in those treated with immunotherapies in a curative setting, may be thus used cautiously and prospective studies have to clarify the impact of such intervention on the outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Heeke
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology (LPCE), Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Victoria Klepsch
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Khan A, Singh P, Srivastava A. Iron: Key player in cancer and cell cycle? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126582. [PMID: 32673942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential element for growth and metabolic activities of all living organisms but remains in its oxyhydroxide ferric ion form in the surrounding. Unavailability of iron in soluble ferrous form led to development of specific pathways and machinery in different organisms to make it available for use and maintain its homeostasis. Iron homeostasis is essential as under different circumstances iron in excess as well as deprivation leads to different pathological conditions in human. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the current findings related to iron excess as well as deprivation with regards to cellular proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Iron excess is extensively associated with different types of cancers viz. colorectal cancer, breast cancer etc. by producing an oxidative stressed condition and alteration of immune system. Ironically its deprivation also results in anaemic conditions and leads to cell cycle arrest at different phases with mechanism yet to be explored. Iron deprivation arrests cell cycle at G1/S and in some cases at G2/M checkpoints resulting in growth arrest. However, in some cases iron overload arrests cell cycle at G1 phase by blocking certain signalling pathways. Certain natural and synthetic iron chelators are being explored from few decades to combat diseases caused by alteration in iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India.
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15
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Fenofibrate prevents iron induced activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and oxidative stress signaling in the retina. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 33145027 PMCID: PMC7599211 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-020-00050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence strongly implicates iron in the pathogenesis of aging and disease. Iron levels have been found to increase with age in both the human and mouse retinas. We and others have shown that retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are associated with disrupted iron homeostasis, resulting in retinal iron accumulation. In addition, hereditary disorders due to mutation in one of the iron regulatory genes lead to age dependent retinal iron overload and degeneration. However, our knowledge on whether iron toxicity contributes to the retinopathy is limited. Recently, we reported that iron accumulation is associated with the upregulation of retinal and renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Evidences indicate that multiple genes/components of the RAS are targets of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Interestingly, aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is observed in several degenerative diseases. In the present study, we explored whether iron accumulation regulates canonical Wnt signaling in the retina. We found that in vitro and in vivo iron treatment resulted in the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its downstream target genes including renin-angiotensin system in the retina. We confirmed further that iron activates canonical Wnt signaling in the retina using TOPFlash T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor promoter assay and Axin2-LacZ reporter mouse. The presence of an iron chelator or an antioxidant reversed the iron-mediated upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In addition, treatment of RPE cells with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α-agonist fenofibrate prevented iron-induced activation of oxidative stress and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by chelating the iron. The role of fenofibrate, an FDA-approved drug for hyperlipidemia, as an iron chelator has potentially significant therapeutic impact on iron associated degenerative diseases.
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16
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Torti SV, Torti FM. Iron and Cancer: 2020 Vision. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5435-5448. [PMID: 32928919 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New and provocative insights into the relationships between iron and cancer have been uncovered in recent years. These include delineation of connections that link cellular iron to DNA repair, genomic integrity, and oncogenic signaling as well as the discovery of ferroptosis, a novel iron-dependent form of cell death. In parallel, new molecules and pathways that regulate iron influx, intracellular iron trafficking, and egress in normal cells, and their perturbations in cancer have been discovered. In addition, insights into the unique properties of iron handling in tumor-initiating cells (cancer stem cells), novel contributions of the tumor microenvironment to the uptake and regulation of iron in cancer cells, and new therapeutic modalities that leverage the iron dependence of cancer have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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17
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Shang C, Zhou H, Liu W, Shen T, Luo Y, Huang S. Iron chelation inhibits mTORC1 signaling involving activation of AMPK and REDD1/Bnip3 pathways. Oncogene 2020; 39:5201-5213. [PMID: 32541839 PMCID: PMC7366895 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as two complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), regulating cell growth and metabolism. Aberrant mTOR signaling occurs frequently in cancers, so mTOR has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. Iron chelators have emerged as promising anticancer agents. However, the mechanisms underlying the anticancer action of iron chelation are not fully understood. Particularly, reports on the effects of iron chelation on mTOR complexes are inconsistent or controversial. Here, we found that iron chelators consistently inhibited mTORC1 signaling, which was blocked by pretreatment with ferrous sulfate. Mechanistically, iron chelation-induced mTORC1 inhibition was not related to ROS induction, copper chelation, or PP2A activation. Instead, activation of AMPK pathway mainly and activation of both HIF-1/REDD1 and Bnip3 pathways partially contribute to iron chelation-induced mTORC1 inhibition. Our findings indicate that iron chelation inhibits mTORC1 via multiple pathways and iron is essential for mTORC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA. .,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
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18
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Divalent Cations in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:E471. [PMID: 32326317 PMCID: PMC7232465 DOI: 10.3390/v12040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent cations are essential for life and are fundamentally important coordinators of cellular metabolism, cell growth, host-pathogen interactions, and cell death. Specifically, for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), divalent cations are required for interactions between viral and host factors that govern HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity. Homeostatic regulation of divalent cations' levels and actions appear to change as HIV-1 infection progresses and as changes occur between HIV-1 and the host. In people living with HIV-1, dietary supplementation with divalent cations may increase HIV-1 replication, whereas cation chelation may suppress HIV-1 replication and decrease disease progression. Here, we review literature on the roles of zinc (Zn2+), iron (Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), magnesium (Mg2+), selenium (Se2+), and copper (Cu2+) in HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity, as well as evidence that divalent cation levels and actions may be targeted therapeutically in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (N.K.); (X.C.)
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19
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Schnetz M, Meier JK, Rehwald C, Mertens C, Urbschat A, Tomat E, Akam EA, Baer P, Roos FC, Brüne B, Jung M. The Disturbed Iron Phenotype of Tumor Cells and Macrophages in Renal Cell Carcinoma Influences Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030530. [PMID: 32106629 PMCID: PMC7139531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that iron homeostasis is disturbed in tumors. We aimed at clarifying the distribution of iron in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Considering the pivotal role of macrophages for iron homeostasis and their association with poor clinical outcome, we investigated the role of macrophage-secreted iron for tumor progression by applying a novel chelation approach. We applied flow cytometry and multiplex-immunohistochemistry to detect iron-dependent markers and analyzed iron distribution with atomic absorption spectrometry in patients diagnosed with RCC. We further analyzed the functional significance of iron by applying a novel extracellular chelator using RCC cell lines as well as patient-derived primary cells. The expression of iron-regulated genes was significantly elevated in tumors compared to adjacent healthy tissue. Iron retention was detected in tumor cells, whereas tumor-associated macrophages showed an iron-release phenotype accompanied by enhanced expression of ferroportin. We found increased iron amounts in extracellular fluids, which in turn stimulated tumor cell proliferation and migration. In vitro, macrophage-derived iron showed pro-tumor functions, whereas application of an extracellular chelator blocked these effects. Our study provides new insights in iron distribution and iron-handling in RCC. Chelators that specifically scavenge iron in the extracellular space confirmed the importance of macrophage-secreted iron in promoting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnetz
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Julia K. Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Claudia Rehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Institute for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA; (E.T.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Eman A. Akam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA; (E.T.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Patrick Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Frederik C. Roos
- Clinic of Urology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (J.K.M.); (C.R.); (C.M.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-6931; Fax: +49-69-6301-4203
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20
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De Bastiani MA, Klamt F. Integrated transcriptomics reveals master regulators of lung adenocarcinoma and novel repositioning of drug candidates. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6717-6729. [PMID: 31503425 PMCID: PMC6825976 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma is the major cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Given this, the importance of research on its pathophysiology and therapy remains a key health issue. To assist in this endeavor, recent oncology studies are adopting Systems Biology approaches and bioinformatics to analyze and understand omics data, bringing new insights about this disease and its treatment. METHODS We used reverse engineering of transcriptomic data to reconstruct nontumorous lung reference networks, focusing on transcription factors (TFs) and their inferred target genes, referred as regulatory units or regulons. Afterwards, we used 13 case-control studies to identify TFs acting as master regulators of the disease and their regulatory units. Furthermore, the inferred activation patterns of regulons were used to evaluate patient survival and search drug candidates for repositioning. RESULTS The regulatory units under the influence of ATOH8, DACH1, EPAS1, ETV5, FOXA2, FOXM1, HOXA4, SMAD6, and UHRF1 transcription factors were consistently associated with the pathological phenotype, suggesting that they may be master regulators of lung adenocarcinoma. We also observed that the inferred activity of FOXA2, FOXM1, and UHRF1 was significantly associated with risk of death in patients. Finally, we obtained deptropine, promazine, valproic acid, azacyclonol, methotrexate, and ChemBridge ID compound 5109870 as potential candidates to revert the molecular profile leading to decreased survival. CONCLUSION Using an integrated transcriptomics approach, we identified master regulator candidates involved with the development and prognostic of lung adenocarcinoma, as well as potential drugs for repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antônio De Bastiani
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of Hydroxypyridinone Derivatives on HCT116 and SW480 Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Jung M, Mertens C, Tomat E, Brüne B. Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020273. [PMID: 30641920 PMCID: PMC6359419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage. Iron also plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis due to its major function in tumor cell survival and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron within the tumor microenvironment, implying that specifically targeting the TAM iron pool might add to the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we provide a brief summary of tumor cell iron metabolism and updated molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular and systemic iron homeostasis with regard to the development of cancer. Since iron adds to shaping major hallmarks of cancer, we emphasize innovative therapeutic strategies to address the iron pool of tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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23
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Tymoszuk P, Petzer V, Weiss G, Nairz M. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots. Front Oncol 2018; 8:549. [PMID: 30534534 PMCID: PMC6275298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and tumor biology are intimately linked. Iron facilitates the production of oxygen radicals, which may either result in iron-induced cell death, ferroptosis, or contribute to mutagenicity and malignant transformation. Once transformed, malignant cells require high amounts of iron for proliferation. In addition, iron has multiple regulatory effects on the immune system, thus affecting tumor surveillance by immune cells. For these reasons, inconsiderate iron supplementation in cancer patients has the potential of worsening disease course and outcome. On the other hand, chronic immune activation in the setting of malignancy alters systemic iron homeostasis and directs iron fluxes into myeloid cells. While this response aims at withdrawing iron from tumor cells, it may impair the effector functions of tumor-associated macrophages and will result in iron-restricted erythropoiesis and the development of anemia, subsequently. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the interconnections of iron homeostasis with cancer biology, discusses current clinical controversies in the treatment of anemia of cancer and focuses on the potential roles of iron in the solid tumor microenvironment, also speculating on yet unknown molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Goss KL, Gordon DJ. Gene expression signature based screening identifies ribonucleotide reductase as a candidate therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63003-63019. [PMID: 27557498 PMCID: PMC5325343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need in cancer therapeutics to identify targeted therapies that will improve outcomes and decrease toxicities compared to conventional, cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive bone and soft tissue cancer that is caused by the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. Although EWS-FLI1 is specific for cancer cells, and required for tumorigenesis, directly targeting this transcription factor has proven challenging. Consequently, targeting unique dependencies or key downstream mediators of EWS-FLI1 represent important alternative strategies. We used gene expression data derived from a genetically defined model of Ewing sarcoma to interrogate the Connectivity Map and identify a class of drugs, iron chelators, that downregulate a significant number of EWS-FLI1 target genes. We then identified ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), the iron-dependent subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), as one mediator of iron chelator toxicity in Ewing sarcoma cells. Inhibition of RNR in Ewing sarcoma cells caused apoptosis in vitro and attenuated tumor growth in an in vivo, xenograft model. Additionally, we discovered that the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to inhibition or suppression of RNR is mediated, in part, by high levels of SLFN11, a protein that sensitizes cells to DNA damage. This work demonstrates a unique dependency of Ewing sarcoma cells on RNR and supports further investigation of RNR inhibitors, which are currently used in clinical practice, as a novel approach for treating Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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25
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Wang J, Meng F, Dai E, Yang F, Wang S, Chen X, Yang L, Wang Y, Jiang W. Identification of associations between small molecule drugs and miRNAs based on functional similarity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38658-38669. [PMID: 27232942 PMCID: PMC5122418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidences show aberrant expression of miRNAs in varieties of diseases. Targeting the dysregulated miRNAs with small molecule drugs has become a novel therapy for many human diseases, especially cancer. Here, we proposed a novel computational approach to identify associations between small molecules and miRNAs based on functional similarity of differentially expressed genes. At the significance level of p < 0.01, we constructed the small molecule and miRNA functional similarity network involving 111 small molecules and 20 miRNAs. Moreover, we also predicted associations between drugs and diseases through integrating our identified small molecule-miRNA associations with experimentally validated disease related miRNAs. As a result, we identified 2265 associations between FDA approved drugs and diseases, in which ~35% associations have been validated by comprehensive literature reviews. For breast cancer, we identified 19 potential drugs, in which 12 drugs were supported by previous studies. In addition, we performed survival analysis for the patients from TCGA and GEO database, which indicated that the associated miRNAs of 4 drugs might be good prognosis markers in breast cancer. Collectively, this study proposed a novel approach to predict small molecule and miRNA associations based on functional similarity, which may pave a new way for miRNA-targeted therapy and drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Fanlin Meng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - EnYu Dai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
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26
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Kamihara Y, Takada K, Sato T, Kawano Y, Murase K, Arihara Y, Kikuchi S, Hayasaka N, Usami M, Iyama S, Miyanishi K, Sato Y, Kobune M, Kato J. The iron chelator deferasirox induces apoptosis by targeting oncogenic Pyk2/β-catenin signaling in human multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64330-64341. [PMID: 27602957 PMCID: PMC5325446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated iron metabolism underlies the pathogenesis of many human cancers. Recently, low expression of ferroportin, which is the only identified non-heme iron exporter, has been associated with significantly reduced overall survival in multiple myeloma (MM); however, the altered iron metabolism in MM biology remains unclear. In this study we demonstrated, by live cell imaging, that MM cells have increased intracellular iron levels as compared with normal cells. In experiments to test the effect of iron chelation on the growth of MM cells, we found that deferasirox (DFX), an oral iron chelator used to treat iron overload in clinical practice, inhibits MM cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, DFX was found to induce apoptosis of MM cells via the inhibition of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), which is known to promote tumor growth in MM. Inhibition of Pyk2 is caused by the suppression of reactive oxygen species, and leads to downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings indicate that high levels of intracellular iron, which might be due to low ferroportin expression, play a role in MM pathophysiology. Therefore, DFX may provide a therapeutic option for MM that is driven by deregulated iron homeostasis and/or Pyk2/Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamihara
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Murase
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Arihara
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shohei Kikuchi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naotaka Hayasaka
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Makoto Usami
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iyama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Miyanishi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobune
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junji Kato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Madan B, Ke Z, Lei ZD, Oliver FA, Oshima M, Lee MA, Rozen S, Virshup DM. NOTUM is a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker of Wnt pathway inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12386-92. [PMID: 26848981 PMCID: PMC4914292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Wnt signaling due to Wnt overexpression or mutations of Wnt pathway components is associated with various cancers. Blocking Wnt secretion by inhibiting PORCN enzymatic activity has shown efficacy in a subset of cancers with elevated Wnt signaling. Predicting response to upstream Wnt inhibitors and monitoring response to therapeutics is challenging due to the paucity of well-defined biomarkers. In this study we identify Notum as a potential biomarker for Wnt driven cancers and show that coordinate regulation of NOTUM and AXIN2 expression may be a useful predictor of response to PORCN inhibitors. Most importantly, as NOTUM is a secreted protein and its levels in blood correlate with tumor growth, it has potential as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for PORCN and other Wnt pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Ke
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Zheng Deng Lei
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Steve Rozen
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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28
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Raggi C, Gammella E, Correnti M, Buratti P, Forti E, Andersen JB, Alpini G, Glaser S, Alvaro D, Invernizzi P, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Dysregulation of Iron Metabolism in Cholangiocarcinoma Stem-like Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17667. [PMID: 29247214 PMCID: PMC5732280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating liver tumour arising from malignant transformation of bile duct epithelial cells. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a subset of tumour cells endowed with stem-like properties, which play a role in tumour initiation, recurrence and metastasis. In appropriate conditions, CSC form 3D spheres (SPH), which retain stem-like tumour-initiating features. Here, we found different expression of iron proteins indicating increased iron content, oxidative stress and higher expression of CSC markers in CCA-SPH compared to tumour cells growing as monolayers. Exposure to the iron chelator desferrioxamine decreased SPH forming efficiency and the expression of CSC markers and stem-like genes, whereas iron had an opposite effect. Microarray profiles in CCA samples (n = 104) showed decreased H ferritin, hepcidin and ferroportin expression in tumours respect to surrounding liver, whereas transferrin receptor was up-regulated. Moreover, we found a trend toward poorer outcome in CCA patients with elevated expression of ferritin and hepcidin, two major proteins of iron metabolism. These findings, which represent the first evidence of a role for iron in the stem cell compartment as a novel metabolic factor involved in CCA growth, may have implications for a better therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Raggi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Firence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Gammella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Correnti
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Buratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Forti
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Health, Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Health, Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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29
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Carruthers NJ, Stemmer PM, Chen B, Valeriote F, Gao X, Guatam SC, Shaw J. Phosphoproteome and transcription factor activity profiling identify actions of the anti-inflammatory agent UTL-5g in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells including disrupting actin remodeling and STAT-3 activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:66-73. [PMID: 28576409 PMCID: PMC5581996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UTL-5g is a novel small-molecule TNF-alpha modulator. It reduces cisplatin-induced side effects by protecting kidney, liver, and platelets, thereby increasing tolerance for cisplatin. UTL-5g also reduces radiation-induced acute liver toxicity. The mechanism of action for UTL-5g is not clear at the present time. A phosphoproteomic analysis to a depth of 4943 phosphopeptides and a luminescence-based transcription factor activity assay were used to provide complementary analyses of signaling events that were disrupted by UTL-5g in RAW 264.7 cells. Transcriptional activity downstream of the interferon gamma, IL-6, type 1 Interferon, TGF-β, PKC/Ca2+ and the glucocorticoid receptor pathways were disrupted by UTL-5g. Phosphoproteomic analysis indicated that hyperphosphorylation of proteins involved in actin remodeling was suppressed by UTL-5g (gene set analysis, FDR < 1%) as was phosphorylation of Stat3, consistent with the IL-6 results in the transcription factor assay. Neither analysis indicated that LPS-induced activation of the NF-kB, cAMP/PKA and JNK signaling pathways were affected by UTL-5g. This global characterization of UTL-5g activity in a macrophage cell line discovered that it disrupts selected aspects of LPS signaling including Stat3 activation and actin remodeling providing new insight on how UTL-5g acts to reduce cisplatin-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Carruthers
- Wayne State University, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 540 East Canfield Ave., Room 2105, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Wayne State University, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 540 East Canfield Ave., Room 2105, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Ben Chen
- 21st Century Therapeutics, Inc., 440 Burroughs, Suite 447, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick Valeriote
- Henry Ford Health System, Internal Medicine, 440 Burroughs, Suite 415, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Henry Ford Health System, Department of Surgery, One Ford Place, Oncology Research Laboratory, 4D, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Subhash C Guatam
- Henry Ford Health System, Department of Surgery, One Ford Place, Oncology Research Laboratory, 4D, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Jiajiu Shaw
- 21st Century Therapeutics, Inc., 440 Burroughs, Suite 447, Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Henry Ford Health System, Internal Medicine, 440 Burroughs, Suite 415, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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30
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Preziosi ME, Singh S, Valore EV, Jung CL, Popovic B, Poddar M, Nagarajan S, Ganz T, Monga SP. Mice lacking liver-specific β-catenin develop steatohepatitis and fibrosis after iron overload. J Hepatol 2017; 67:360-369. [PMID: 28341391 PMCID: PMC5515705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iron overload disorders such as hereditary hemochromatosis and iron loading anemias are a common cause of morbidity from liver diseases and increase risk of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Treatment options for iron-induced damage are limited, partly because there is lack of animal models of human disease. Therefore, we investigated the effect of iron overload in liver-specific β-catenin knockout mice (KO), which are susceptible to injury, fibrosis and tumorigenesis following chemical carcinogen exposure. METHODS Iron overload diet was administered to KO and littermate control (CON) mice for various times. To ameliorate an oxidant-mediated component of tissue injury, N-Acetyl-L-(+)-cysteine (NAC) was added to drinking water of mice on iron overload diet. RESULTS KO on iron diet (KO +Fe) exhibited remarkable inflammation, followed by steatosis, oxidative stress, fibrosis, regenerating nodules and occurrence of occasional HCC. Increased injury in KO +Fe was associated with activated protein kinase B (AKT), ERK, and NF-κB, along with reappearance of β-catenin and target gene Cyp2e1, which promoted lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage. Addition of NAC to drinking water protected KO +Fe from hepatic steatosis, injury and fibrosis, and prevented activation of AKT, ERK, NF-κB and reappearance of β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS The absence of hepatic β-catenin predisposes mice to hepatic injury and fibrosis following iron overload, which was reminiscent of hemochromatosis and associated with enhanced steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Disease progression was notably alleviated by antioxidant therapy, which supports its chemopreventive role in the management of chronic iron overload disorders. LAY SUMMARY Lack of animal models for iron overload disorders makes it hard to study the disease process for improving therapies. Feeding high iron diet to mice that lack the β-catenin gene in liver cells led to increased inflammation followed by fat accumulation, cell death and wound healing that mimicked human disease. Administration of an antioxidant prevented hepatic injury in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Preziosi
- Department of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology),Pittsburgh Liver Research Center
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology),Pittsburgh Liver Research Center
| | - Erika V. Valore
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Minakshi Poddar
- Department of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology),Pittsburgh Liver Research Center
| | - Shanmugam Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology),Pittsburgh Liver Research Center
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology (Division of Experimental Pathology), University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
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31
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Fryknäs M, Zhang X, Bremberg U, Senkowski W, Olofsson MH, Brandt P, Persson I, D'Arcy P, Gullbo J, Nygren P, Schughart LK, Linder S, Larsson R. Iron chelators target both proliferating and quiescent cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38343. [PMID: 27924826 PMCID: PMC5141479 DOI: 10.1038/srep38343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly vascularized areas of solid tumors contain quiescent cell populations that are resistant to cell cycle-active cancer drugs. The compound VLX600 was recently identified to target quiescent tumor cells and to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. We here performed gene expression analysis in order to characterize the cellular response to VLX600. The compound-specific signature of VLX600 revealed a striking similarity to signatures generated by compounds known to chelate iron. Validation experiments including addition of ferrous and ferric iron in excess, EXAFS measurements, and structure activity relationship analyses showed that VLX600 chelates iron and supported the hypothesis that the biological effects of this compound is due to iron chelation. Compounds that chelate iron possess anti-cancer activity, an effect largely attributed to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase in proliferating cells. Here we show that iron chelators decrease mitochondrial energy production, an effect poorly tolerated by metabolically stressed tumor cells. These pleiotropic features make iron chelators an attractive option for the treatment of solid tumors containing heterogeneous populations of proliferating and quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hägg Olofsson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leoni Kunz Schughart
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Manivannan J, Prashanth M, Saravana Kumar V, Shairam M, Subburaj J. Systems biological understanding of the regulatory network and the possible therapeutic strategies for vascular calcification. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3683-3694. [PMID: 27752677 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since there is no precise therapy for treating vascular calcification by directly targeting the vascular wall, we aim to unveil novel drug targets through mining the molecular effect of a high phosphate environment on vascular cells through computational methods. Here, we hypothesize that manipulation of the vascular pathogenic network by small molecule therapeutics predicted from prior knowledge might offer great promise. With this, we intend to understand the publicly available transcriptomic data of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells exposed to the high phosphate induced vascular calcification milieu and to re-examine the above published experiments for reasons different from those examined in the previous studies through multilevel systems biological understanding. Hence, in this study the differentially expressed genes were subjected to both upstream and downstream network analysis through multiple standalone software and web servers. To provide an insight into causal signaling, we simultaneously predicted upstream regulatory layers through transcription factor and kinome enrichment analysis. Moreover the possible systems pharmacological choices were presented in three ways as (1) drug induced expression modulation, (2) drugs that interact with upstream and downstream regulatory targets, (3) possible natural product therapeutics from target-compound relationship. Furthermore for validating the current study we have specifically evaluated the preventive effect of two predicted natural compounds in a bovine aortic calcification model. The overall observation predicts a few novel mechanisms that might be involved in vascular dysfunction and calcification in both cell types. Also, the systems pharmacological investigation provides clues for the possible therapeutic options along with validation. In conclusion, the current study indicates that reanalysis of transcriptomic data propels us to reposition the approved drugs and use natural compounds as novel therapeutic agents for vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeganathan Manivannan
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus-Anna University, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Manjunath Prashanth
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus-Anna University, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Manickaraj Shairam
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus-Anna University, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Intracellular Iron Chelation Modulates the Macrophage Iron Phenotype with Consequences on Tumor Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166164. [PMID: 27806101 PMCID: PMC5091876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophage polarization dictates the expression of iron-regulated genes. Polarization towards iron sequestration depletes the microenvironment, whereby extracellular pathogen growth is limited and inflammation is fostered. In contrast, iron release contributes to cell proliferation, which is important for tissue regeneration. Moreover, macrophages constitute a major component of the infiltrates in most solid tumors. Considering the pivotal role of macrophages for iron homeostasis and their presence in association with poor clinical prognosis in tumors, we approached the possibility to target macrophages with intracellular iron chelators. Analyzing the expression of iron-regulated genes at mRNA and protein level in primary human macrophages, we found that the iron-release phenotype is a characteristic of polarized macrophages that, in turn, stimulate tumor cell growth and progression. The application of the intracellular iron chelator (TC3-S)2 shifted the macrophage phenotype from iron release towards sequestration, as determined by the iron-gene profile and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Moreover, whereas the addition of macrophage supernatants to tumor cells induced tumor growth and metastatic behavior, the supernatant of chelator-treated macrophages reversed this effect. Iron chelators demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties in a number of cancers, both in cell culture and in clinical trials. Our results suggest that iron chelation could affect not only cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment by altering the iron-release phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The study of iron chelators in conjunction with the effect of TAMs on tumor growth could lead to an improved understanding of the role of iron in cancer biology and to novel therapeutic avenues for iron chelation approaches.
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Saha S, Aranda E, Hayakawa Y, Bhanja P, Atay S, Brodin NP, Li J, Asfaha S, Liu L, Tailor Y, Zhang J, Godwin AK, Tome WA, Wang TC, Guha C, Pollard JW. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicle-packaged WNTs rescue intestinal stem cells and enhance survival after radiation injury. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13096. [PMID: 27734833 PMCID: PMC5065628 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signalling is crucial for intestinal homoeostasis. The intestinal epithelium and stroma are the major source of WNT ligands but their origin and role in intestinal stem cell (ISC) and epithelial repair remains unknown. Macrophages are a major constituent of the intestinal stroma. Here, we analyse the role of macrophage-derived WNT in intestinal repair in mice by inhibiting their release using a macrophage-restricted ablation of Porcupine, a gene essential for WNT synthesis. Such Porcn-depleted mice have normal intestinal morphology but are hypersensitive to radiation injury in the intestine compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Porcn-null mice are rescued from radiation lethality by treatment with WT but not Porcn-null bone marrow macrophage-conditioned medium (CM). Depletion of extracellular vesicles (EV) from the macrophage CM removes WNT function and its ability to rescue ISCs from radiation lethality. Therefore macrophage-derived EV-packaged WNTs are essential for regenerative response of intestine against radiation. The intestinal stroma secretes WNT ligands but the role of WNT in intestinal repair is unclear. Here, the authors show that when WNT synthesis is ablated from stromal macrophages, the intestine morphology is normal but hypersensitive to radiation injury, implicating macrophage-derived WNT in intestinal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Evelyn Aranda
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Payel Bhanja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Safinur Atay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - N Patrik Brodin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Laibin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Wolfgang A Tome
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Lu B, Green BA, Farr JM, Lopes FCM, Van Raay TJ. Wnt Drug Discovery: Weaving Through the Screens, Patents and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8090082. [PMID: 27598201 PMCID: PMC5040984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is intricately involved in many aspects of development and is the root cause of an increasing number of diseases. For example, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death in the industrialized world and aberration of Wnt signaling within the colonic stem cell is the cause of more than 90% of these cancers. Despite our advances in successfully targeting other pathways, such as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), there are no clinically relevant therapies available for Wnt-related diseases. Here, we investigated where research activities are focused with respect to Wnt signaling modulators by searching the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) for patents and patent applications related to Wnt modulators and compared this to clinical trials focusing on Wnt modulation. We found that while the transition of intellectual property surrounding the Wnt ligand-receptor interface to clinical trials is robust, this is not true for specific inhibitors of β-catenin, which is constitutively active in many cancers. Considering the ubiquitous use of the synthetic T-cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (TCF/Lef) reporter system and its success in identifying novel modulators in vitro, we speculate that this model of drug discovery does not capture the complexity of in vivo Wnt signaling that may be required if we are to successfully target the Wnt pathway in the clinic. Notwithstanding, increasingly more complex models are being developed, which may not be high throughput, but more pragmatic in our pursuit to control Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brooke A Green
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline M Farr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Flávia C M Lopes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Terence J Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Gallium and its competing roles with iron in biological systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2044-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Salehi S, Saljooghi AS, Shiri A. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer evaluations of two novel derivatives of deferasirox iron chelator. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cremers N, Neeb A, Uhle T, Dimmler A, Rothley M, Allgayer H, Fodde R, Sleeman JP, Thiele W. CD24 Is Not Required for Tumor Initiation and Growth in Murine Breast and Prostate Cancer Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151468. [PMID: 26978528 PMCID: PMC4792398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a small, heavily glycosylated, GPI-linked membrane protein, whose expression has been associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of several types of cancer. Here, we studied the expression of CD24 in tumors of MMTV-PyMT, Apc1572/T+ and TRAMP genetic mouse models that spontaneously develop mammary or prostate carcinoma, respectively. We found that CD24 is expressed during tumor development in all three models. In MMTV-PyMT and Apc1572T/+ breast tumors, CD24 was strongly but heterogeneously expressed during early tumorigenesis, but decreased in more advanced stages, and accordingly was increased in poorly differentiated lesions compared with well differentiated lesions. In prostate tumors developing in TRAMP mice, CD24 expression was strong within hyperplastic lesions in comparison with non-hyperplastic regions, and heterogeneous CD24 expression was maintained in advanced prostate carcinomas. To investigate whether CD24 plays a functional role in tumorigenesis in these models, we crossed CD24 deficient mice with MMTV-PyMT, Apc1572T/+ and TRAMP mice, and assessed the influence of CD24 deficiency on tumor onset and tumor burden. We found that mice negative or positive for CD24 did not significantly differ in terms of tumor initiation and burden in the genetic tumor models tested, with the exception of Apc1572T/+ mice, in which lack of CD24 reduced the mammary tumor burden slightly but significantly. Together, our data suggest that while CD24 is distinctively expressed during the early development of murine mammary and prostate tumors, it is not essential for the formation of tumors developing in MMTV-PyMT, Apc1572T/+ and TRAMP mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD24 Antigen/genetics
- CD24 Antigen/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, APC
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/etiology
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Seminal Vesicles/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Cremers
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antje Neeb
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Uhle
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arno Dimmler
- Institut und Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie an den St. Vincentiuskliniken Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Rothley
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Paul Sleeman
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilko Thiele
- University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Khraiwesh M, Leed S, Roncal N, Johnson J, Sciotti R, Smith P, Read L, Paris R, Hudson T, Hickman M, Grogl M. Antileishmanial Activity of Compounds Derived from the Medicines for Malaria Venture Open Access Box Against Intracellular Leishmania major Amastigotes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:340-347. [PMID: 26503273 PMCID: PMC4751939 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex tropical disease caused by kinetoplastid parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the sand fly insect vector. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of this disease, and CL infections often result in serious skin lesions and scars. CL remains a public health problem in many endemic countries worldwide because of the absence of effective, safe, and cost-effective drugs for treatment. One of the strategies we chose to use to find novel chemical entities worthy of further development as antileishmanials involved screening synthetic and natural products libraries. In our study, we developed a Leishmania major intracellular amastigote assay that uses the activity of luciferase as a measure of parasite proliferation and used this assay to screen a collection of 400 compounds obtained from Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) for their antileishmanial activity. Our results showed that 14 compounds identified by MMV as antimalarial drugs have antileishmanial activity and can potentially be optimized for CL drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozna Khraiwesh
- *Address correspondence to Mozna Khraiwesh, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910. E-mail:
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40
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Wnt addiction of genetically defined cancers reversed by PORCN inhibition. Oncogene 2015; 35:2197-207. [PMID: 26257057 PMCID: PMC4650263 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced sensitivity to Wnts is an emerging hallmark of a subset of cancers, defined in part by mutations regulating the abundance of their receptors. Whether these mutations identify a clinical opportunity is an important question. Inhibition of Wnt secretion by blocking an essential post-translational modification, palmitoleation, provides a useful therapeutic intervention. We developed a novel potent, orally available PORCN inhibitor, ETC-1922159 (henceforth called ETC-159) that blocks the secretion and activity of all Wnts. ETC-159 is remarkably effective in treating RSPO-translocation bearing colorectal cancer (CRC) patient-derived xenografts. This is the first example of effective targeted therapy for this subset of CRC. Consistent with a central role of Wnt signaling in regulation of gene expression, inhibition of PORCN in RSPO3-translocated cancers causes a marked remodeling of the transcriptome, with loss of cell cycle, stem cell and proliferation genes, and an increase in differentiation markers. Inhibition of Wnt signaling by PORCN inhibition holds promise as differentiation therapy in genetically defined human cancers.
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41
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Trudu F, Amato F, Vaňhara P, Pivetta T, Peña-Méndez E, Havel J. Coordination compounds in cancer: Past, present and perspectives. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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42
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Padmanabhan H, Brookes MJ, Iqbal T. Iron and colorectal cancer: evidence from in vitro and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:308-17. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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43
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Kabiri Z, Greicius G, Madan B, Biechele S, Zhong Z, Zaribafzadeh H, Aliyev J, Wu Y, Bunte R, Williams BO, Rossant J, Virshup DM. Stroma provides an intestinal stem cell niche in the absence of epithelial Wnts. Development 2014; 141:2206-15. [PMID: 24821987 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling supports intestinal homeostasis by regulating proliferation in the crypt. Multiple Wnts are expressed in Paneth cells as well as other intestinal epithelial and stromal cells. Ex vivo, Wnts secreted by Paneth cells can support intestinal stem cells when Wnt signaling is enhanced with supplemental R-Spondin 1 (RSPO1). However, in vivo, the source of Wnts in the stem cell niche is less clear. Genetic ablation of Porcn, an endoplasmic reticulum resident O-acyltransferase that is essential for the secretion and activity of all vertebrate Wnts, confirmed the role of intestinal epithelial Wnts in ex vivo culture. Unexpectedly, mice lacking epithelial Wnt activity (Porcn(Del)/Villin-Cre mice) had normal intestinal proliferation and differentiation, as well as successful regeneration after radiation injury, indicating that epithelial Wnts are dispensable for these processes. Consistent with a key role for stroma in the crypt niche, intestinal stromal cells endogenously expressing Wnts and Rspo3 support the growth of Porcn(Del) organoids ex vivo without RSPO1 supplementation. Conversely, increasing pharmacologic PORCN inhibition, affecting both stroma and epithelium, reduced Lgr5 intestinal stem cells, inhibited recovery from radiation injury, and at the highest dose fully blocked intestinal proliferation. We conclude that epithelial Wnts are dispensable and that stromal production of Wnts can fully support normal murine intestinal homeostasis.
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44
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Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum active chemical series by Repurposing the open access malaria box. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2731-9. [PMID: 24566188 PMCID: PMC3993250 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02641-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are major etiologic agents of human cryptosporidiosis. The infection is typically self-limited in immunocompetent adults, but it can cause chronic fulminant diarrhea in immunocompromised patients and malnutrition and stunting in children. Nitazoxanide, the current standard of care for cryptosporidiosis, is only partially efficacious for children and is no more effective than a placebo for AIDS patients. Unfortunately, financial obstacles to drug discovery for diseases that disproportionately affect low-income countries and technical limitations associated with studies of Cryptosporidium biology impede the development of better drugs for treating cryptosporidiosis. Using a cell-based high-throughput screen, we queried the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Open Access Malaria Box for activity against C. parvum. We identified 3 novel chemical series derived from the quinolin-8-ol, allopurinol-based, and 2,4-diamino-quinazoline chemical scaffolds that exhibited submicromolar potency against C. parvum. Potency was conserved in a subset of compounds from each scaffold with varied physicochemical properties, and two of the scaffolds identified exhibit more rapid inhibition of C. parvum growth than nitazoxanide, making them excellent candidates for further development. The 2,4-diamino-quinazoline and allopurinol-based compounds were also potent growth inhibitors of the related apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and a good correlation was observed in the relative activities of the compounds in the allopurinol-based series against T. gondii and C. parvum. Taken together, these data illustrate the utility of the Open Access Malaria Box as a source of both potential leads for drug development and chemical probes to elucidate basic biological processes in C. parvum and other apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kovi Bessoff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Jenna E. Foderaro
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rajiv S. Jumani
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary E. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cell, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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45
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Sandmann T, Kummerfeld SK, Gentleman R, Bourgon R. gCMAP: user-friendly connectivity mapping with R. Bioinformatics 2013; 30:127-8. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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46
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Keeler BD, Brookes MJ. Iron chelation: a potential therapeutic strategy in oesophageal cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1313-5. [PMID: 23278384 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Raised intracellular iron has been identified as a potential aetiological factor in the development of several epithelial malignancies, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanism behind this increase is thought to include disorders of iron uptake and storage. Several iron chelators have been identified as potential anti-tumour agents, with much work undertaken to ascertain the exact mode of action. Despite this, there is little known about the role that these drugs play in the cellular iron metabolism of oesophageal cancer. Consequently, the present study looks to review the relationship of two clinically important iron-chelating agents, deferoxamine and deferasirox, on cellular iron uptake and storage in oesophageal squamous and adenocarcinoma. This provides important evidence for the debate about the role these agents have in the clinical management of such tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Keeler
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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47
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Heath JL, Weiss JM, Lavau CP, Wechsler DS. Iron deprivation in cancer--potential therapeutic implications. Nutrients 2013; 5:2836-59. [PMID: 23887041 PMCID: PMC3775231 DOI: 10.3390/nu5082836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for normal cellular function. It participates in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cellular respiration, DNA synthesis, and macromolecule biosynthesis. Iron is required for cell growth and proliferation, and changes in intracellular iron availability can have significant effects on cell cycle regulation, cellular metabolism, and cell division. Perhaps not surprisingly then, neoplastic cells have been found to have higher iron requirements than normal, non-malignant cells. Iron depletion through chelation has been explored as a possible therapeutic intervention in a variety of cancers. Here, we will review iron homeostasis in non-malignant and malignant cells, the widespread effects of iron depletion on the cell, the various iron chelators that have been explored in the treatment of cancer, and the tumor types that have been most commonly studied in the context of iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Heath
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Joshua M. Weiss
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Catherine P. Lavau
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
| | - Daniel S. Wechsler
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.H.); (J.M.W.); (C.P.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-919-684-3401; Fax: +1-919-681-7950
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48
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Intestinal iron homeostasis and colon tumorigenesis. Nutrients 2013; 5:2333-51. [PMID: 23812305 PMCID: PMC3738976 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in industrialized countries. Understanding the mechanisms of growth and progression of CRC is essential to improve treatment. Iron is an essential nutrient for cell growth. Iron overload caused by hereditary mutations or excess dietary iron uptake has been identified as a risk factor for CRC. Intestinal iron is tightly controlled by iron transporters that are responsible for iron uptake, distribution, and export. Dysregulation of intestinal iron transporters are observed in CRC and lead to iron accumulation in tumors. Intratumoral iron results in oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, protein modification and DNA damage with consequent promotion of oncogene activation. In addition, excess iron in intestinal tumors may lead to increase in tumor-elicited inflammation and tumor growth. Limiting intratumoral iron through specifically chelating excess intestinal iron or modulating activities of iron transporter may be an attractive therapeutic target for CRC.
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Bae DH, Jansson PJ, Huang ML, Kovacevic Z, Kalinowski D, Lee CS, Sahni S, Richardson DR. The role of NDRG1 in the pathology and potential treatment of human cancers. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:911-7. [PMID: 23750037 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been well characterised to act as a metastatic suppressor in a number of human cancers. It has also been implicated to have a significant function in a number of physiological processes such as cellular differentiation and cell cycle. In this review, we discuss the role of NDRG1 in cancer pathology. NDRG1 was observed to be downregulated in the majority of cancers. Moreover, the expression of NDRG1 was found to be significantly lower in neoplastic tissues as compared with normal tissues. The most important function of NDRG1 in inhibiting tumour progression is associated with its ability to suppress metastasis. However, it has also been shown to have important effects on other stages of cancer progression (primary tumour growth and angiogenesis). Recently, novel iron chelators with selective antitumour activity (ie, Dp44mT, DpC) were shown to upregulate NDRG1 in cancer cells. Moreover, Dp44mT showed its antimetastatic potential only in cells expressing NDRG1, making this protein an important therapeutic target for cancer chemotherapy. This observation has led to increased interest in the examination of these novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that facilitates cell proliferation and growth. However, iron also has the capacity to engage in redox cycling and free radical formation. Therefore, iron can contribute to both tumour initiation and tumour growth; recent work has also shown that iron has a role in the tumour microenvironment and in metastasis. Pathways of iron acquisition, efflux, storage and regulation are all perturbed in cancer, suggesting that reprogramming of iron metabolism is a central aspect of tumour cell survival. Signalling through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and WNT pathways may contribute to altered iron metabolism in cancer. Targeting iron metabolic pathways may provide new tools for cancer prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy V Torti
- Departments of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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