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Lu G, Wang J, Zhou R, Xie Z, Yuan Y, Huang L, Yeow JTW. Terahertz communication: detection and signal processing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:352002. [PMID: 38768574 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4dad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of 6 G networks has promoted related research based on terahertz communication. As submillimeter radiation, signal transportation via terahertz waves has several superior properties, including non-ionizing and easy penetration of non-metallic materials. This paper provides an overview of different terahertz detectors based on various mechanisms. Additionally, the detailed fabrication process, structural design, and the improvement strategies are summarized. Following that, it is essential and necessary to prevent the practical signal from noise, and methods such as wavelet transform, UM-MIMO and decoding have been introduced. This paper highlights the detection process of the terahertz wave system and signal processing after the collection of signal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxuan Lu
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rui Zhou
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhemiao Xie
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yifei Yuan
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John T W Yeow
- Advanced Micro-/Nano- Devices Lab, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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von der Weid JP, Correia MM, Tovar P, Gomes ASL, Margulis W. A mode-locked random laser generating transform-limited optical pulses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:177. [PMID: 38172090 PMCID: PMC10764872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since the mid-1960's, locking the phases of modes enabled the generation of laser pulses of duration limited only by the uncertainty principle, opening the field of ultrafast science. In contrast to conventional lasers, mode spacing in random lasers is ill-defined because optical feedback comes from scattering centres at random positions, making it hard to use mode locking in transform limited pulse generation. Here the generation of sub-nanosecond transform-limited pulses from a mode-locked random fibre laser is reported. Rayleigh backscattering from decimetre-long sections of telecom fibre serves as laser feedback, providing narrow spectral selectivity to the Fourier limit. The laser is adjustable in pulse duration (0.34-20 ns), repetition rate (0.714-1.22 MHz) and can be temperature tuned. The high spectral-efficiency pulses are applied in distributed temperature sensing with 9.0 cm and 3.3 × 10-3 K resolution, exemplifying how the results can drive advances in the fields of spectroscopy, telecommunications, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre von der Weid
- Centre for Telecommunication Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marlon M Correia
- Centre for Telecommunication Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Tovar
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anderson S L Gomes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Walter Margulis
- Centre for Telecommunication Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Zeng Y, Han S, Zheng G, Li Z, Zeng Y. In-plane emission manipulation of random optical modes by using a zero-index material. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26565-26576. [PMID: 37710514 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have proposed to implement a zero-index material (ZIM) to control the in-plane emission of planar random optical modes while maintaining the intrinsic disordered features. Light propagating through a medium with near-zero effective refractive index accumulates little phase change and is guided to the direction determined by the conservation law of momentum. By enclosing a disordered structure with a ZIM based on all-dielectric photonic crystal (PhC), broadband emission directionality improvement can be obtained. We find the maximum output directionality enhancement factor reaches 30, around 6-fold increase compared to that of the random mode without ZIM. The minimum divergence angle is ∼6° for single random optical mode and can be further reduced to ∼3.5° for incoherent multimode superposition in the far field. Despite the significant directionality enhancement, the random properties are well preserved, and the Q factors are even slightly improved. The method is robust and can be effectively applied to the disordered medium with different structural parameters, e.g., the filling fraction of scatterers, and different disordered structure designs with extended or strongly localized modes. The output direction of random optical modes can also be altered by further tailoring the boundary of ZIM. This work provides a novel and universal method to manipulate the in-plane emission direction as well as the directionality of disordered medium like random lasers, which might enable its on-chip integration with other functional devices.
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Viti L, Riccardi E, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Vitiello MS. Real-Time Measure of the Lattice Temperature of a Semiconductor Heterostructure Laser via an On-Chip Integrated Graphene Thermometer. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6103-6112. [PMID: 36883532 PMCID: PMC10062027 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The on-chip integration of two-dimensional nanomaterials, having exceptional optical, electrical, and thermal properties, with terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) has recently led to wide spectral tuning, nonlinear high-harmonic generation, and pulse generation. Here, we transfer a large area (1 × 1 cm2) multilayer graphene (MLG), to lithographically define a microthermometer, on the bottom contact of a single-plasmon THz QCL to monitor, in real-time, its local lattice temperature during operation. We exploit the temperature dependence of the MLG electrical resistance to measure the local heating of the QCL chip. The results are further validated through microprobe photoluminescence experiments, performed on the front-facet of the electrically driven QCL. We extract a heterostructure cross-plane conductivity of k⊥= 10.2 W/m·K, in agreement with previous theoretical and experimental reports. Our integrated system endows THz QCLs with a fast (∼30 ms) temperature sensor, providing a tool to reach full electrical and thermal control on laser operation. This can be exploited, inter alia, to stabilize the emission of THz frequency combs, with potential impact on quantum technologies and high-precision spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Riccardi
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Harvey E. Beere
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Di Gaspare A, Pistore V, Riccardi E, Pogna EAA, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Ferrari AC, Vitiello MS. Self-Induced Mode-Locking in Electrically Pumped Far-Infrared Random Lasers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206824. [PMID: 36707499 PMCID: PMC10037977 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mode locking, the self-starting synchronous oscillation of electromagnetic modes in a laser cavity, is the primary way to generate ultrashort light pulses. In random lasers, without a cavity, mode-locking, the nonlinear coupling amongst low spatially coherent random modes, can be activated via optical pumping, even without the emission of short pulses. Here, by exploiting the combination of the inherently giant third-order χ(3) nonlinearity of semiconductor heterostructure lasers and the nonlinear properties of graphene, the authors demonstrate mode-locking in surface-emitting electrically pumped random quantum cascade lasers at terahertz frequencies. This is achieved by either lithographically patterning a multilayer graphene film to define a surface random pattern of light scatterers, or by coupling on chip a saturable absorber graphene reflector. Intermode beatnote mapping unveils self-induced phase-coherence between naturally incoherent random modes. Self-mixing intermode spectroscopy reveals phase-locked random modes. This is an important milestone in the physics of disordered systems. It paves the way to the development of a new generation of miniaturized, electrically pumped mode-locked light sources, ideal for broadband spectroscopy, multicolor speckle-free imaging applications, and reservoir quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Gaspare
- NESTCNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 12Pisa56127Italy
| | - Valentino Pistore
- NESTCNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 12Pisa56127Italy
| | - Elisa Riccardi
- NESTCNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 12Pisa56127Italy
| | - Eva A. A. Pogna
- NESTCNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 12Pisa56127Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologiePiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Harvey E. Beere
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | | | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | | | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | | | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NESTCNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 12Pisa56127Italy
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6
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Limbacher B, Schoenhuber S, Kainz MA, Bachelard N, Andrews AM, Detz H, Strasser G, Darmo J, Unterrainer K. Deep learning control of THz QCLs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23611-23621. [PMID: 34614624 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neural networks are capable of fitting highly non-linear and complex systems. Such complicated systems can be found everywhere in nature, including the non-linear interaction between optical modes in laser resonators. In this work, we demonstrate artificial neural networks trained to model these complex interactions in the cavity of a Quantum Cascade Random Laser. The neural networks are able to predict modulation schemes for desired laser spectra in real-time. This radically novel approach makes it possible to adapt spectra to individual requirements without the need for lengthy and costly simulation and fabrication iterations.
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7
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Schönhuber S, Bachelard N, Limbacher B, Kainz MA, Andrews AM, Detz H, Strasser G, Darmo J, Rotter S, Unterrainer K. All-optical adaptive control of quantum cascade random lasers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5530. [PMID: 33139713 PMCID: PMC7606519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral fingerprints of molecules are mostly accessible in the terahertz (THz) and mid-infrared ranges, such that efficient molecular-detection technologies rely on broadband coherent light sources at such frequencies. If THz Quantum Cascade Lasers can achieve octave-spanning bandwidth, their tunability and wavelength selectivity are often constrained by the geometry of their cavity. Here we introduce an adaptive control scheme for the generation of THz light in Quantum Cascade Random Lasers, whose emission spectra are reshaped by applying an optical field that restructures the permittivity of the active medium. Using a spatial light modulator combined with an optimization procedure, a beam in the near infrared (NIR) is spatially patterned to transform an initially multi-mode THz random laser into a tunable single-mode source. Moreover, we show that local NIR illumination can be used to spatially sense complex near-field interactions amongst modes. Our approach provides access to new degrees of freedom that can be harnessed to create broadly-tunable sources with interesting potential for applications like self-referenced spectroscopy. Tunable quantum cascade lasers can enable applications in multiple areas. Here, the authors demonstrate the adaptive control of the modes and emission spectra of quantum cascade random lasers through a spatially-tailored optical modulation of the active region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schönhuber
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - N Bachelard
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Limbacher
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - M A Kainz
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - A M Andrews
- Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Solid-State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Detz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Strasser
- Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Solid-State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Darmo
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Unterrainer
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Biasco S, Ciavatti A, Li L, Giles Davies A, Linfield EH, Beere H, Ritchie D, Vitiello MS. Highly efficient surface-emitting semiconductor lasers exploiting quasi-crystalline distributed feedback photonic patterns. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:54. [PMID: 32284856 PMCID: PMC7142150 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-crystal distributed feedback lasers do not require any form of mirror cavity to amplify and extract radiation. Once implemented on the top surface of a semiconductor laser, a quasi-crystal pattern can be used to tune both the radiation feedback and the extraction of highly radiative and high-quality-factor optical modes that do not have a defined symmetric or anti-symmetric nature. Therefore, this methodology offers the possibility to achieve efficient emission, combined with tailored spectra and controlled beam divergence. Here, we apply this concept to a one-dimensional quantum cascade wire laser. By lithographically patterning a series of air slits with different widths, following the Octonacci sequence, on the top metal layer of a double-metal quantum cascade laser operating at THz frequencies, we can vary the emission from single-frequency-mode to multimode over a 530-GHz bandwidth, achieving a maximum peak optical power of 240 mW (190 mW) in multimode (single-frequency-mode) lasers, with record slope efficiencies for multimode surface-emitting disordered THz lasers up to ≈570 mW/A at 78 K and ≈720 mW/A at 20 K and wall-plug efficiencies of η ≈ 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Biasco
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavatti
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Harvey Beere
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - David Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Wang Z, Cao M, Shao G, Zhang Z, Yu H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu B, Wang Y, Yao J. Coherent Random Lasing in Colloidal Quantum Dot-Doped Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal with Low Threshold and High Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:767-774. [PMID: 31934764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-concentration (2-10 wt %) ZnCdSeS/ZnS alloyed quantum dot-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (QD-PDLCs) were prepared via ultraviolet (UV) curing. The QD-PDLC morphology and resonance characteristics of a coherent random laser were investigated. The doping concentration of the liquid crystal and quantum dots was varied to investigate its effect on the lasing threshold, line width, and stability with respect to the density and grain size of the liquid crystal droplets inside the PDLC structure. Furthermore, the QD-PDLC laser performance was influenced by the pump position and area because of spatial localization of the random resonators. Moreover, the QD-PDLC showed good long-term stability; after 15 days of laser excitation (3 h/day), the laser output was maintained at 92% of the original emission intensity. The random laser threshold was as low as 50 μJ/cm2 with the optimized preparation process, which suggested strong potential for applications in polymer random fiber lasers, sensors, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Mingxuan Cao
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Genrong Shao
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Huiwen Yu
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Yeqing Chen
- School of Applied Physics and Materials , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Yang Li
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Baiping Xu
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Ying Wang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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