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Yang Y, Yan J, Huang J, Wu X, Yuan Y, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Mo F. Exploring the mechanism by which quercetin re-sensitizes breast cancer to paclitaxel: network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3045-3059. [PMID: 37148401 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanism of quercetin reversing paclitaxel (PTX) resistance in breast cancer (BC) by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification. Pharmacological platform databases are used to predict quercetin targets and BC PTX-resistance genes and constructed the expression profile of quercetin chemosensitization. The overlapping targets were input into the STRING database and used Cytoscape v3.9.0 to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, these targets were performed with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses and molecular docking. Finally, we further detected the potential role of quercetin in improving PTX sensitivity in BC in vitro experiments. Compounds and targets screening hinted that 220 quercetin predicted targets, 244 BC PTX resistance-related genes, and 66 potential sensitive target genes (PSTGs). Network pharmacology screening revealed the top-15 crucial targets in PPI network of quercetin reversing the sensitivity of BC to PTX. KEGG analysis revealed that they were mainly enriched in the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that both quercetin and PTX could stably bind to the key targets in the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. In vitro experiments further confirmed that quercetin inhibited the key targets in the EGFR/ERK axis to the suppression of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in PTX-resistance BC cells, and restoring the activity of the resistant cells to PTX. Our results suggested that quercetin increased the sensitivity of BC to PTX through inhibiting EGFR/ERK axis, and it is an effective treatment for reversing PTX resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Jiaoyan Yan
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Xiangyi Wu
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Fei Mo
- Department of Basic Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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2
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Conti Filho CE, Loss LB, Marcolongo-Pereira C, Rossoni Junior JV, Barcelos RM, Chiarelli-Neto O, da Silva BS, Passamani Ambrosio R, Castro FCDAQ, Teixeira SF, Mezzomo NJ. Advances in Alzheimer's disease's pharmacological treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1101452. [PMID: 36817126 PMCID: PMC9933512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. Several hypotheses emerged from AD pathophysiological mechanisms. However, no neuronal protective or regenerative drug is available nowadays. Researchers still work in drug development and are finding new molecular targets to treat AD. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize main advances in AD pharmacological therapy. Clinical trials registered in the National Library of Medicine database were selected and analyzed accordingly to molecular targets, therapeutic effects, and safety profile. The most common outcome was the lack of efficacy. Only seven trials concluded that tested drugs were safe and induced any kind of therapeutic improvement. Three works showed therapeutic effects followed by toxicity. In addition to aducanumab recent FDA approval, antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) showed no noteworthy results. 5-HT6 antagonists, tau inhibitors and nicotinic agonists' data were discouraging. However, anti-Aβ vaccine, BACE inhibitor and anti-neuroinflammation drugs showed promising results.
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4
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Yi C, He J, Huang D, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Ye X, Huang Y, Nussinov R, Zheng J, Liu M, Lu W. Activation of orphan receptor GPR132 induces cell differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1004. [PMID: 36437247 PMCID: PMC9701798 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blocked cellular differentiation is a critical pathologic hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we showed that genetic activation of the orphan GPCR GPR132 significantly induced cell differentiation of AML both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GPR132 is a potential trigger of myeloid differentiation. To explore the therapeutic potential of GPR132 signaling, we screened and validated a natural product 8-gingerol (8GL) as a GPR132 agonist. Notably, GPR132 activation by 8GL promoted differentiation and reduced colony formation in human AML cell lines with diverse genetic profiles. Mechanistic studies revealed that 8GL treatment inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulator of AML cell differentiation blockade, via activating GPR132-Gs-PKA pathway. We further showed that the combination of 8GL and an mTOR inhibitor synergistically elicited AML cell differentiation in vitro. Importantly, 8GL alone or in combination with an mTOR inhibitor remarkably impaired tumor growth and extended mouse survival in an AML xenograft model accompanied by enhanced cell differentiation. Notably, genetic or pharmacological activation of GPR132 triggered the differentiation of human primary AML cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that activation of orphan GPR132 represents a potential strategy for inducing myeloid differentiation in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Yi
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Jiacheng He
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Dan Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Chan Zhang
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Xiyun Ye
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Ying Huang
- grid.506955.aNMPA Key Laboratory of Rapid Drug Inspection Technology, Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, 766 Shenzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510663 China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- grid.418021.e0000 0004 0535 8394Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Junke Zheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Fu J, Ma Y. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Promote Apoptosis. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the potential to multipolarize and closely related to cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study investigated the mechanism by how BMSCs interacts with ERK1/2 signaling pathway to regulate PC cell growth. PC cells were implanted
into rats to establish animal model of PC and then administered with normal saline, BMSCs, BMSCoverexpressed miR-21, and miR-21 inhibitor U0126 (control group, BMSCs group, BMSCs+ERK1/2 group, and U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group) followed by analysis of weight and tumor volume, colony formation assay,
proliferation and apoptosis as well as the expression of ERK1/2 signaling proteins and miR-21. Treatment with BMSCs and BMSCs+ERK1/2 significantly suppressed tumor growth. The tumor volume of rats in the U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group was lowest among all groups (p < 0.05). Compared with
control group, BMSCs group had the less number of clone formation, but more than U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group (p < 0.05). U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group had the least number of clone formation. As BMSCs treatment promoted PC cell apoptosis and suppressed cell cycle, overexpression of miR-21
reduced apoptosis and accelerated cell cycle which was abolished by addition of U0126. U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group and BMSCs+ERK1/2 group had lowest and highest expression of miR-21, respectively. Highest tERK1 and tERK2 levels were found in control group and highest p-ERK1 and p-ERK2 levels
in BMSCs+ERK1/2 groups. The protein levels of tERK1, tERK2, p-ERK1 and p-ERK2 upon treatment with BMSCs were higher that of U0126+BMSCs+ERK1/2 group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, BMSCs decelerate cell cycle, inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of PC cells via regulation
of ERK1/2 signaling and reverse the impact of miR-21 on PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310005, China
| | - Yinfeng Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310005, China
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Watts SW, Flood ED, Thompson JM. Is the 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 Receptor Constitutively Active in the Vasculature? A Study in Veins/Vein. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:314-322. [PMID: 35939654 PMCID: PMC9373064 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT 7 ) receptor is reported to have considerable constitutive activity when transfected into cells. Constitutive activity-receptor activity in the absence of known agonist-is important for understanding the contributions of a receptor to (patho)physiology. We test the hypothesis that the 5-HT 7 receptor possesses constitutive activity in a physiological situation. Isolated veins from male and female Sprague Dawley rats were used as models for measuring isometric force; the abdominal vena cava possesses a functional 5-HT 7 receptor that mediates relaxation, whereas the small mesenteric vein does not. Compounds reported to act as inverse agonists were investigated for their ability to cause contraction (moving a constitutively active relaxant receptor to an inactive state, removing relaxation). Compared with a vehicle control, clozapine, risperidone, ketanserin, and SB269970 caused no contraction in the isolated male abdominal vena cava. By contrast, methiothepin caused a concentration-dependent contraction of the male but not female abdominal vena cava, although with low potency (-log EC 50 [M] = 5.50 ± 0.45) and efficacy (∼12% of contraction to endothelin-1). Methiothepin-induced contraction was not reduced by the 5-HT 7 receptor antagonist (SB269970, 1 μM, not active in the vena cava). These same compounds showed little to no effect in the isolated mesenteric vein. We conclude that the 5-HT 7 receptor in the isolated veins of the Sprague Dawley rat does not possess constitutive activity. We raise the question of the physiological relevance of constitutive activity of this receptor important to such diverse physiological functions as sleep, circadian rhythm, temperature, and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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7
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Orphan GPR26 Counteracts Early Phases of Hyperglycemia-Mediated Monocyte Activation and Is Suppressed in Diabetic Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071736. [PMID: 35885041 PMCID: PMC9312814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the ninth leading cause of death, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. T2D increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, and kidney failure by two-to three-fold. Hyperglycemia, as a hallmark of diabetes, acts as a potent stimulator of inflammatory condition by activating endothelial cells and by dysregulating monocyte activation. G-protein couple receptors (GPCRs) can both exacerbate and promote inflammatory resolution. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate that GPCRs are differentially regulated in inflammatory and vessel cells from diabetic patients. However, most of these GPCRs are orphan receptors, for which the mechanism of action in diabetes is unknown. Our data indicated that orphan GPCR26 is downregulated in the PBMC isolated from T2D patients. In contrast, GPR26 was initially upregulated in human monocytes and PBMC treated with high glucose (HG) levels and then decreased upon chronic and prolonged HG exposure. GPR26 levels were decreased in T2D patients treated with insulin compared to non-insulin treated patients. Moreover, GPR26 inversely correlated with the BMI and the HbA1c of diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients. Knockdown of GPR26 enhanced monocyte ROS production, MAPK signaling, pro-inflammatory activation, monocyte adhesion to ECs, and enhanced the activity of Caspase 3, a pro-apoptotic molecule. The same mechanisms were activated by HG and exacerbated when GPR26 was knocked down. Hence, our data indicated that GPR26 is initially activated to protect monocytes from HG and is inhibited under chronic hyperglycemic conditions.
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Huang S, Xu P, Shen DD, Simon IA, Mao C, Tan Y, Zhang H, Harpsøe K, Li H, Zhang Y, You C, Yu X, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Gloriam DE, Xu HE. GPCRs steer G i and G s selectivity via TM5-TM6 switches as revealed by structures of serotonin receptors. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2681-2695.e6. [PMID: 35714614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that activates 12 different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) through selective coupling of Gs, Gi, or Gq proteins. The structural basis for G protein subtype selectivity by these GPCRs remains elusive. Here, we report the structures of the serotonin receptors 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 with Gs, and 5-HT4 with Gi1. The structures reveal that transmembrane helices TM5 and TM6 alternate lengths as a macro-switch to determine receptor's selectivity for Gs and Gi, respectively. We find that the macro-switch by the TM5-TM6 length is shared by class A GPCR-G protein structures. Furthermore, we discover specific residues within TM5 and TM6 that function as micro-switches to form specific interactions with Gs or Gi. Together, these results present a common mechanism of Gs versus Gi protein coupling selectivity or promiscuity by class A GPCRs and extend the basis of ligand recognition at serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Huang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Icaro A Simon
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; SARomics Biostructures AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; Present address: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kasper Harpsøe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huadong Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yumu Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chongzhao You
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuekui Yu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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9
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Serodolin, a β-arrestin-biased ligand of 5-HT 7 receptor, attenuates pain-related behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118847119. [PMID: 35594393 PMCID: PMC9173812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118847119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling through G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), originally described as requiring coupling to intracellular G proteins, also uses G protein–independent pathways through β-arrestin recruitment. Biased ligands, by favoring one of the multiple bioactive conformations of GPCRs, allow selective signaling through either of these pathways. Here, we identified Serodolin as the first β-arrestin–biased agonist of the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor. This new ligand, while acting as an inverse agonist on Gs signaling, selectively induces ERK activation in a β-arrestin–dependent way. Importantly, we report that Serodolin decreases pain intensity caused by thermal, mechanical, or inflammatory stimuli. Our findings suggest that targeting the 5-HT7R with β-arrestin–biased ligand could be a valid alternative strategy to the use of opioids for the relief of pain. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in regulation of manifold physiological processes through coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins upon ligand stimulation. Classical therapeutically active drugs simultaneously initiate several downstream signaling pathways, whereas biased ligands, which stabilize subsets of receptor conformations, elicit more selective signaling. This concept of functional selectivity of a ligand has emerged as an interesting property for the development of new therapeutic molecules. Biased ligands are expected to have superior efficacy and/or reduced side effects by regulating biological functions of GPCRs in a more precise way. In the last decade, 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) has become a promising target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, sleep and circadian rhythm disorders, and pathological pain. In this study, we showed that Serodolin is unique among a number of agonists and antagonists tested: it behaves as an antagonist/inverse agonist on Gs signaling while inducing ERK activation through a β-arrestin–dependent signaling mechanism that requires c-SRC activation. Moreover, we showed that Serodolin clearly decreases hyperalgesia and pain sensation in response to inflammatory, thermal, and mechanical stimulation. This antinociceptive effect could not be observed in 5-HT7R knockout (KO) mice and was fully blocked by administration of SB269-970, a specific 5-HT7R antagonist, demonstrating the specificity of action of Serodolin. Physiological effects of 5-HT7R stimulation have been classically shown to result from Gs-dependent adenylyl cyclase activation. In this study, using a β-arrestin–biased agonist, we provided insight into the molecular mechanism triggered by 5-HT7R and revealed its therapeutic potential in the modulation of pain response.
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10
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Yang Y, Bai J, Sun JY, Ye T, Zhang L, Wu FY, Nan J, Lan Y. Mechanisms Underlying Mu Opioid Receptor Effects on Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Cerebellar Cortex. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:862704. [PMID: 35546898 PMCID: PMC9083459 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.862704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are widely expressed in the brain, varying in density in different areas. Activation of MORs underlies analgesia, euphoria, but may lead to tolerance, dependence, and ultimately opioid addiction. The Purkinje cell (PC) is the only efferent neuron in the cerebellar cortex and receives glutamatergic synaptic inputs from the parallel fibers formed by the axons of granule cells. Studies have shown that MORs are expressed during the development of cerebellar cells. However, the distribution of MOR and their effects on PF-PC synaptic transmission remain unclear. To examine these questions, we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings and pharmacological methods to determine the effects and mechanisms of MOR activation on synaptic transmission at PF-PC synapses. The MOR-selective agonist DAMGO significantly reduced the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of PF-PC evoked (e) EPSCs, and increased the paired-pulse ratio (PPR).DAMGO-induced inhibitory effects on PF-PC eEPSCs and PPR were abolished by MOR specific blocker CTOP. Further, DAMGO significantly reduced the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs, but had no obvious effect on their amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. The DAMGO-induced reduction in the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs also was blocked by CTOP. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor PKI added in the pipette solution did not affect the inhibitory effects on PF-PC mEPSCs induced by DAMGO. Both the PKA inhibitor K5720 and MEK inhibitor U0126 in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) prevented the inhibitory effects of DAMGO on PF-PC mEPSCs. These findings reveal that MORs are expressed in presynaptic PF axon terminals, where DAMGO can activate presynaptic MORs to inhibit PF-PC synaptic transmission by regulating the release of glutamate. G-protein-dependent cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jia-yue Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Feng-ying Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lan
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11
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Zhan Y, Wen Y, Du LJ, Wang XX, Tang SY, Kong PF, Huang WG, Tang XG. Effects of Maren Pills on the Intestinal Microflora and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profile in Drug-Induced Slow Transit Constipation Model Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:804723. [PMID: 35496291 PMCID: PMC9039019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.804723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Slow transit constipation (STC) is becoming a common and frequently occurring disease in today’s society, and it is necessary to explore the safe and effective treatment of STC. Method: Our study aimed to investigate whether the laxative effect of Maren pills (MRW) is associated with the regulation of intestinal microflora and intestinal metabolism in the colon. Loperamide hydrochloride-induced STC rats received MRW intragastrically for two consecutive weeks to evaluate the laxative effect of MRW involving the regulation of intestinal microflora, intestinal metabolism, and 5-HT signaling pathway. Intestinal microflora was detected by 16s rDNA sequencing, intestinal metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was detected by HPLC, and the 5-HT signaling pathway was detected by WB, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Our results revealed that the treatments with MRW increased not only the body weight, 24-h fecal number, 24-h wet fecal weight, 24-h dry fecal weight, fecal water content, and the intestinal propulsion rate but also the colonic goblet cell number, colonic Muc-2 protein expression, and colonic mucus layer thickness in the STC model rats. Moreover, MRW activated the 5-HT pathway by increasing the levels of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, 5-HT4R, CFTR, cAMP, and PKA in the colon tissue of STC rats. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that MRW improved the colonic microflora structure in colonic contents of STC rats, mainly by increasing Lactobacillus and decreasing Prevotella. Finally, we found that MRW regulated the SCFA metabolism in the colonic contents of the STC rats, mainly by increasing the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid; the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with either contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, and the relative abundance of Clostridium was negatively correlated. Conclusion: Our study further showed that MRW could improve constipation in STC rats, and the mechanism may be by regulating the intestinal microflora structure and improving the metabolism of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Department of Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of Integrative Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anorectal, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wen
- Department of Anorectal, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Du
- Department of Anorectal, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Wang
- Department of Digestive medicine, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Yu Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Peng-Fei Kong
- Department of Anorectal Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Wei-Guo Huang
- Department of Anorectal, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Gui Tang
- Department of Anorectal Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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12
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Becker G, Da Silva S, Sabo AN, Antal MC, Kemmel V, Monassier L. Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: Is 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Type 4 a Game Changer? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111856. [PMID: 34834271 PMCID: PMC8619119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin affects many functions in the body, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. However, its effect on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in separating these two worlds has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this work was to characterize the serotonin receptor 5-HT4 in the hCMEC/D3 cell line, in the rat and the human BBB. We also examined the effect of prucalopride, a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, on the permeability of the hCMEC/D3 in an in vitro model of BBB. We then confirmed our observations by in vivo experiments. In this work, we show that the 5-HT4 receptor is expressed by hCMEC/D3 cells and in the capillaries of rat and human brains. Prucalopride increases the BBB permeability by downregulating the expression of the tight junction protein, occludin. This effect is prevented by GR113808, a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, and is mediated by the Src/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The canonical G-protein-dependent pathway does not appear to be involved in this phenomenon. Finally, the administration of prucalopride increases the diffusion of Evans blue in the rat brain parenchyma, which is synonymous with BBB permeabilization. All these data indicate that the 5-HT4 receptor contributes to the regulation of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Becker
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Département Universitaire de Pharmacologie, Addictologie, Toxicologie et Thérapeutique, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (S.D.S.); (A.-N.S.); (L.M.)
- Pôle Pharmacie-Pharmacologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, CEDEX, 67098 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (V.K.); Tel.: +33-(0)368853392 (G.B.); +33-(0)388127533 (V.K.)
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Département Universitaire de Pharmacologie, Addictologie, Toxicologie et Thérapeutique, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (S.D.S.); (A.-N.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Amelia-Naomi Sabo
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Département Universitaire de Pharmacologie, Addictologie, Toxicologie et Thérapeutique, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (S.D.S.); (A.-N.S.); (L.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, CEDEX, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Cristina Antal
- Faculté de Médecine, Institut d’Histologie—Service Central de Microscopie Électronique, Équipe IMIS—ICube UMR7357, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Kirschleger, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Unité de Fœtopathologie—Service de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Kemmel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Département Universitaire de Pharmacologie, Addictologie, Toxicologie et Thérapeutique, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (S.D.S.); (A.-N.S.); (L.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, CEDEX, 67098 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (V.K.); Tel.: +33-(0)368853392 (G.B.); +33-(0)388127533 (V.K.)
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Département Universitaire de Pharmacologie, Addictologie, Toxicologie et Thérapeutique, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, CEDEX, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (S.D.S.); (A.-N.S.); (L.M.)
- Pôle Pharmacie-Pharmacologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, CEDEX, 67098 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Gonzalez-Pons R, McRae K, Thompson JM, Watts SW. 5-HT7 Receptor Restrains 5-HT-induced 5-HT2A Mediated Contraction in the Isolated Abdominal Vena Cava. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:319-327. [PMID: 34029269 PMCID: PMC8460595 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although discovered as a vasoconstrictor, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) infused into man and rodent reduces blood pressure. This occurs primarily through activation of 5-HT7 receptors and, at least in part, venodilation. Vascular mechanisms by which this could occur include direct receptor activation leading to vasodilation and/or suppression of contractile 5-HT receptor activation. This study tests the hypothesis that the 5-HT7 receptor restrains activation of the 5-HT2A receptor. A subhypothesis is whether agonist-induced activation-independent of constitutive activity-of the 5-HT7 receptor is necessary for this restraint. The isolated abdominal aorta and vena cava from the normal male Sprague-Dawley rat was our model. Studies used real-time PCR and a pharmacological approach in the isolated tissue bath for measurement of isometric tone. Although 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression in both aorta and vena cava was significantly larger than that of the 5-HT7 receptor mRNA, the 5-HT7/5-HT2A receptor mRNA ratio was greater in the vena cava (0.30) than in the aorta (0.067). 5-HT7 receptor antagonism by SB266970 and DR 4458 increased maximum contraction to 5-HT in the isolated vein by over 50% versus control. The 5-HT2A receptor agonists TCB-2 and NBOH were more potent in the aorta compared with 5-HT but less efficacious, serving as partial agonists. By contrast, these same three agonists caused no contraction in the vena cava isolated from the same rats up to 10 μM agonist. Antagonism of the 5-HT7 receptor by SB269970 did not increase either the potency or efficacy of TCB-2 or NBOH. These data support that the 5-HT7 receptor itself needs to be stimulated to reduce contraction and suggest there is little constitutive activity of the 5-HT7 receptor in the isolate abdominal vena cava.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vena Cava, Inferior/drug effects
- Vena Cava, Inferior/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gonzalez-Pons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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14
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New Structural Perspectives in G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Src Family Kinase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126489. [PMID: 34204297 PMCID: PMC8233884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The expression of these non-receptor tyrosine kinases is strongly correlated with cancer development and tumor progression. Thus, this family of proteins serves as an attractive drug target. The activation of SFKs can occur via multiple signaling pathways, yet many of them are poorly understood. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated regulation of SFKs, which is of considerable interest because GPCRs are among the most widely used pharmaceutical targets. This type of activation can occur through a direct interaction between the two proteins or be allosterically regulated by arrestins and G proteins. We postulate that a rearrangement of binding motifs within the active conformation of arrestin-3 mediates Src regulation by comparison of available crystal structures. Therefore, we hypothesize a potentially different activation mechanism compared to arrestin-2. Furthermore, we discuss the probable direct regulation of SFK by GPCRs and investigate the intracellular domains of exemplary GPCRs with conserved polyproline binding motifs that might serve as scaffolding domains to allow such a direct interaction. Large intracellular domains in GPCRs are often understudied and, in general, not much is known of their contribution to different signaling pathways. The suggested direct interaction between a GPCR and a SFK could allow for a potential immediate allosteric regulation of SFKs by GPCRs and thereby unravel a novel mechanism of SFK signaling. This overview will help to identify new GPCR-SFK interactions, which could serve to explain biological functions or be used to modulate downstream effectors.
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15
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De Deurwaerdère P, Bharatiya R, Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G. Constitutive activity of 5-HT receptors: Factual analysis. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:107967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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