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Hui Y, Leng J, Jin D, Wang G, Liu K, Bu Y, Wang Q. BRG1 promotes liver cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by enhancing mitochondrial function and ATP5A1 synthesis through TOMM40. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2375440. [PMID: 38978225 PMCID: PMC11236295 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2375440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors worldwide. Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), as a catalytic ATPase, is a major regulator of gene expression and is known to mutate and overexpress in HCC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of BRG1 in HCC cells. In our study, BRG1 was silenced or overexpressed in human HCC cell lines. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to analyze cell invasiveness and migration. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) detection were used to evaluate mitochondrial function in HCC cells. Colony formation and cell apoptosis assays were used to evaluate the effect of BRG1/TOMM40/ATP5A1 on HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis/death. Immunocytochemistry (ICC), immunofluorescence (IF) staining and western blot analysis were used to determine the effect of BRG1 on TOMM40, ATP5A1 pathway in HCC cells. As a result, knockdown of BRG1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, promoted apoptosis in HCC cells, whereas BRG1 overexpression reversed the above effects. Overexpression of BRG1 can up-regulate MMP level, inhibit mPTP opening and activate TOMM40, ATP5A1 expression. Our results suggest that BRG1, as an oncogene, promotes HCC progression by regulating TOMM40 affecting mitochondrial function and ATP5A1 synthesis. Targeting BRG1 may represent a new and effective way to prevent HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Hui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Junzhi Leng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Dong Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Genwang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kejun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yang Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases Clinical Medical Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Kang Q, Ma D, Zhao P, Chai X, Huang Y, Gao R, Zhang T, Liu P, Deng B, Feng C, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Li Y, Fang Q, Wang J. BRG1 promotes progression of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by disrupting PPP2R1A transcription. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:621. [PMID: 39187513 PMCID: PMC11347705 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in chemotherapy and the availability of novel therapies, the outcome of adult patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of B-ALL. Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) is a poor prognostic factor for multiple cancers. Here, the expression of BRG1 was found to be higher in patients with B-ALL, irrespective of the molecular subtype, than in healthy individuals, and its overexpression was associated with a poor prognosis. Upregulation of BRG1 accelerated cell cycle progression into the S phase, resulting in increased cell proliferation, whereas its downregulation facilitated the apoptosis of B-ALL cells. Mechanistically, BRG1 occupies the transcriptional activation site of PPP2R1A, thereby inhibiting its expression and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to regulate the proto-oncogenes c-Myc and BCL-2. Consistently, silencing of BRG1 and administration of PFI-3 (a specific inhibitor targeting BRG1) significantly inhibited the progression of leukemia and effectively prolonged survival in cell-derived xenograft mouse models of B-ALL. Altogether, this study demonstrates that BRG1-induced overactivation of the PPP2R1A/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in promoting the progression of B-ALL. Therefore, targeting BRG1 represents a promising strategy for the treatment of B-ALL in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Kang
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Xiao Chai
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Tianzhuo Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Cheng Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yinghao Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Hematological Disease Diagnostic & Treat Centre of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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Liu H, Yue L, Hong W, Zhou J. SMARCA4 (BRG1) activates ABCC3 transcription to promote hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Life Sci 2024; 347:122605. [PMID: 38642845 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lead cause of cancer-related deaths. In the present study we investigated the role of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, in HCC the pathogenesis focusing on identifying novel transcription targets. METHODS AND MATERIALS Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was modeled in mice by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Cellular transcriptome was evaluated by RNA-seq. RESULTS Hepatocellular carcinoma was appreciably retarded in BRG1 knockout mice compared to wild type littermates. Transcriptomic analysis identified ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 3 (ABCC3) as a novel target of BRG1. BRG1 over-expression in BRG1low HCC cells (HEP1) up-regulated whereas BRG1 depletion in BRG1high HCC cells (SNU387) down-regulated ABCC3 expression. Importantly, BRG1 was detected to directly bind to the ABCC3 promoter to activate ABCC3 transcription. BRG1 over-expression in HEP1 cells promoted proliferation and migration, both of which were abrogated by ABCC3 silencing. On the contrary, BRG1 depletion in SNU387 cells decelerated proliferation and migration, both of which were rescued by ABCC3 over-expression. Importantly, high BRG1/ABCC3 expression predicted poor prognosis in HCC patients. Mechanistically, ABCC3 regulated hepatocellular carcinogenesis possibly by influencing lysosomal homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our data suggest that targeting BRG1 and its downstream target ABCC3 can be considered as a reasonable approach for the intervention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linbo Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxuan Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junjing Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Liang H, Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng J. The role of SWI/SNF complexes in digestive system neoplasms. Med Oncol 2024; 41:119. [PMID: 38630164 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling is a critical step in the DNA damage response, and the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are a group of epigenetic regulators that alter nucleosome assembly and regulate transcription factor accessibility to DNA, preventing genomic instability and tumorigenesis caused by DNA damage. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is one of them, and mutations in the gene encoding the SWI/SNF subunit are frequently found in digestive tumors. We review the most recent literature on the role of SWI/SNF complexes in digestive tumorigenesis, with different SWI/SNF subunits playing different roles. They regulate the biological behavior of tumor cells, participate in multiple signaling pathways, interact with multiple genes, and have some correlation with the prognosis of patients. Their carcinogenic properties may help discover new therapeutic targets. Understanding the mutations and defects of SWI/SNF complexes, as well as the underlying functional mechanisms, may lead to new strategies for treating the digestive system by targeting relevant genes or modulating the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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Huang JZ, Li JD, Chen G, He RQ. Identification of the key genes and mechanisms associated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation refractoriness in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Oncol 2024; 15:62-88. [PMID: 38292662 PMCID: PMC10823944 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v15.i1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcatheter arterial embolisation (TACE) is the primary treatment for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients while some HCC cases have shown resistance to TACE. AIM To investigate the key genes and potential mechanisms correlated with TACE refractoriness in HCC. METHODS The microarray datasets of TACE-treated HCC tissues, HCC and non-HCC tissues were collected by searching multiple public databases. The respective differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were attained via limma R package. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was employed for identifying the significant modules related to TACE non-response. TACE refractoriness-related genes were obtained by intersecting up-regulated TACE-associated and HCC-associated DEGs together with the genes in significant modules related to TACE non-response. The key genes expression in the above two pairs of samples was compared respectively via Wilcoxon tests and standard mean differences model. The prognostic value of the key genes was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curve. Multivariate analysis was utilised to investigate the independent prognostic factor in key genes. Single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing analysis was conducted to explore the cell types in HCC. TACE refractoriness-related genes activity was calculated via AUCell packages. The CellChat R package was used for the investigation of the cell-cell communication between the identified cell types. RESULTS HCC tissues of TACE non-responders (n = 66) and TACE responders (n = 81), HCC (n = 3941) and non-HCC (n = 3443) tissues were obtained. The five key genes, DLG associated protein 5 (DLGAP5), Kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A), Assembly factor for spindle microtubules (ASPM), Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) and TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor (TPX2) in TACE refractoriness-related genes, were identified. The five key genes were all up-regulated in the TACE non-responders group and the HCC group. High expression of the five key genes predicted poor prognosis in HCC. Among the key genes, TPX2 was an independent prognostic factor. Four cell types, hepatocytes, embryonic stem cells, T cells and B cells, were identified in the HCC tissues. The TACE refractoriness-related genes expressed primarily in hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells. Hepatocytes, as the providers of ligands, had the strongest interaction with embryonic stem cells that provided receptors. CONCLUSION Five key genes (DLGAP5, KIF20A, ASPM, KIF11 and TPX2) were identified as promoting refractory TACE. Hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells were likely to boost TACE refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Zhuang Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Li N, Liu H, Xue Y, Zhu Q, Fan Z. The chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 contributes to liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating NOXA expression. Life Sci 2023; 334:122235. [PMID: 37926300 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common complication secondary to liver transplantation. Extensive death of hepatocytes, typically in the form of apoptosis, is observed in and contributes to IRI. In the present study we investigated the role of BRG1 (encoded by Smarca4), a chromatin remodeling protein, in the pathogenesis of liver IRI focusing on the transcriptional mechanism and translational potential. METHODS Smarca4f/f mice were crossed to Alb-Cre mice to generate hepatocytes-specific BRG1 knockout mice (CKO). Alterations in cellular transcriptome were evaluated by RNA-seq. RESULTS BRG1 expression was up-regulated in liver tissues of mice subjected to I/R and in hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R). Compared to wild type (WT) littermates, the BRG1 CKO mice displayed significant amelioration of liver injury following ischemia-reperfusion as evidenced by decreased ALT/AST levels and cell apoptosis. Primary hepatocytes isolated from the CKO mice were protected from H/R-induced apoptosis compared to those from the WT mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1, also known as NOXA) as a novel target for BRG1. Consistently, NOXA knockdown attenuated liver IRI in mice. More importantly, administration of a small-molecule BRG1 inhibitor (PFI-3) protected the mice from liver IRI. CONCLUSIONS Our data uncover a pivotal role for BRG1 in liver IRI and suggest that targeting BRG1 with small-molecule inhibitors can be considered as a reasonable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medial University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medial University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Departments of Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medial University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Watabe S, Aruga Y, Kato R, Kawade G, Kubo Y, Tatsuzawa A, Onishi I, Kinowaki Y, Ishibashi S, Ikeda M, Fukawa Y, Akahoshi K, Tanabe M, Kurata M, Ohashi K, Kitagawa M, Yamamoto K. Regulation of 4-HNE via SMARCA4 Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2278. [PMID: 37626774 PMCID: PMC10452552 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a marker of lipid peroxidation, has various favorable and unfavorable effects on cancer cells; however, the clinicopathological significance of its accumulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its metabolic pathway remain unknown. This study analyzed 4-HNE accumulation and its clinicopathological significance in HCC. Of the 221 cases, 160 showed relatively low accumulation of 4-HNE in HCC tissues, which was an independent prognostic predictor. No correlation was found between 4-HNE accumulation and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase 4, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1. Therefore, we hypothesized that 4-HNE metabolism is up-regulated in HCC. A database search was focused on the transcriptional regulation of aldo-keto reductases, alcohol dehydrogenases, and glutathione-S-transferases, which are the metabolic enzymes of 4-HNE, and seven candidate transcription factor genes were selected. Among the candidate genes, the knockdown of SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (SMARCA4) increased 4-HNE accumulation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an inverse correlation between 4-HNE accumulation and SMARCA4 expression. These results suggest that SMARCA4 regulates 4-HNE metabolism in HCC. Therefore, targeting SMARCA4 provides a basis for a new therapeutic strategy for HCC via 4-HNE accumulation and increased cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Watabe
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yukari Aruga
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kato
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Genji Kawade
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Anna Tatsuzawa
- Department of Analytical Information of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Care Science, Bunkyo Gakuin University, 1-19-1 Mukougaoka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8668, Japan
| | - Iichiroh Onishi
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Kinowaki
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ishibashi
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masumi Ikeda
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Morito Kurata
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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8
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Wang L, Tang J. SWI/SNF complexes and cancers. Gene 2023; 870:147420. [PMID: 37031881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to the study of genetic changes that can affect gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodelling, X chromosome inactivation and non-coding RNA regulation. Of these, DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodelling constitute the three classical modes of epigenetic regulation. These three mechanisms alter gene transcription by adjusting chromatin accessibility, thereby affecting cell and tissue phenotypes in the absence of DNA sequence changes. In the presence of ATP hydrolases, chromatin remodelling alters the structure of chromatin and thus changes the transcription level of DNA-guided RNA. To date, four types of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes have been identified in humans, namely SWI/SNF, ISWI, INO80 and NURD/MI2/CHD. SWI/SNF mutations are prevalent in a wide variety of cancerous tissues and cancer-derived cell lines as discovered by next-generation sequencing technologies.. SWI/SNF can bind to nucleosomes and use the energy of ATP to disrupt DNA and histone interactions, sliding or ejecting histones, altering nucleosome structure, and changing transcriptional and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, mutations in the SWI/SNF complex have been observed in approximately 20% of all cancers. Together, these findings suggest that mutations targeting the SWI/SNF complex may have a positive impact on tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Adicon Medical Laboratory Center, Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Pathological Diagnosis Center, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
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9
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MiR-199a-5p-Regulated SMARCA4 Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054756. [PMID: 36902184 PMCID: PMC10003091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (SMARCA4, also known as BRG1), an ATPase subunit of the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, plays an important regulatory role in many cytogenetic and cytological processes during cancer development. However, the biological function and mechanism of SMARCA4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of SMARCA4 in OSCC and its potential mechanism. Using a tissue microarray, SMARCA4 expression was found to be highly upregulated in OSCC tissues. In addition, SMARCA4 upregulate expression led to increased migration and invasion of OSCC cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth and invasion in vivo. These events were associated with the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SMARCA4 is a target gene of microRNA miR-199a-5p. Further mechanistic studies showed that the miR-199a-5p regulated SMARCA4 can promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells through EMT. These findings indicate that the miR-199a-5p- SMARCA4 axis plays a role in tumorigenesis by promoting OSCC cell invasion and metastasis through EMT regulation. Our findings provide insights into the role of SMARCA4 in OSCC and the mechanism involved, which may have important implications for therapeutic purposes.
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10
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Du G, Yang R, Qiu J, Xia J. Multifaceted Influence of Histone Deacetylases on DNA Damage Repair: Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:231-243. [PMID: 36406320 PMCID: PMC9647118 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Nevertheless, genomic instability has been recognized as one of the facilitating characteristics of cancer hallmarks that expedites the acquisition of genetic diversity. Genomic instability is associated with a greater tendency to accumulate DNA damage and tumor-specific DNA repair defects, which gives rise to gene mutations and chromosomal damage and causes oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to impair a variety of cellular processes of genome stability, including the regulation of DNA damage and repair, reactive oxygen species generation and elimination, and progression to mitosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of HDAC in the different aspects of DNA repair and genome instability in HCC as well as the current progress on the development of HDAC-specific inhibitors as new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence to: Jie Xia, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-9376. Tel/Fax: +86-23-68486780, E-mail: ; Jianguo Qiu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-9376. Tel: +86-23-68486780, Fax: +86-23-89011016, E-mail:
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence to: Jie Xia, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-9376. Tel/Fax: +86-23-68486780, E-mail: ; Jianguo Qiu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-9376. Tel: +86-23-68486780, Fax: +86-23-89011016, E-mail:
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11
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BRG1 in cancer: An insufficiently explored and controversial research area. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1734. [PMID: 35999135 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Zhang L, Sun T, Wu XY, Fei FM, Gao ZZ. Delineation of a SMARCA4-specific competing endogenous RNA network and its function in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:10501-10515. [PMID: 36312469 PMCID: PMC9602240 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i29.10501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide, and the mortality rate continues to rise each year. SMARCA4 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in various types of cancer; however, the specific mechanism of action of SMARCA4 in HCC needs to be fully elucidated.
AIM To explore the specific mechanism of action of SMARCA4 in HCC.
METHODS Herein, the expression level of SMARCA4 as well as its association with HCC prognosis were evaluated using transcriptome profiling and clinical data of 18 different types of cancer collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Furthermore, SMARCA4-high and -low groups were identified. Thereafter, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed to identify the function of SMARCA4, followed by construction of a SMARCA4-specific competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network using starBase database. The role of SMARCA4 in immunotherapy and its association with immune cells were assessed using correlation analysis.
RESULTS It was observed that SMARCA4 was overexpressed and negatively correlated with prognosis in HCC. Further, SMARCA4 expression was positively associated with tumor mutational burden, microsatellite stability, and immunotherapy efficacy. The SNHG3/THUMP3-AS1-miR-139-5p-SMARCA4 ceRNA network was established and could be assumed to serve as a stimulatory mechanism in HCC.
CONCLUSION The findings of this study demonstrated that SMARCA4 plays a significant role in progression and immune infiltration in HCC. Moreover, a ceRNA network was detected, which was found to be correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. The findings of this study could contribute towards the identification of predictive markers for immunotherapy and a novel mechanism of action for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fa-Ming Fei
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Bisht D, Patne K, Rakesh R, Muthuswami R. On the Interaction Between SMARCAL1 and BRG1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870815. [PMID: 35784471 PMCID: PMC9243424 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SMARCAL1 and BRG1, both classified as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins, play a role in double-strand break DNA damage response pathways. Mutations in SMARCAL1 cause Schimke Immuno-osseous Dysplasia (SIOD) while mutations in BRG1 are associated with Coffin-Siris Syndrome (CSS4). In HeLa cells, SMARCAL1 and BRG1 co-regulate the expression of ATM, ATR, and RNAi genes on doxorubicin-induced DNA damage. Both the proteins are found to be simultaneously present on the promoter of these genes. Based on these results we hypothesized that SMARCAL1 and BRG1 interact with each other forming a complex. In this paper, we validate our hypothesis and show that SMARCAL1 and BRG1 do indeed interact with each other both in the absence and presence of doxorubicin. The formation of these complexes is dependent on the ATPase activity of both SMARCAL1 and BRG1. Using deletion constructs, we show that the HARP domains of SMARCAL1 mediate interaction with BRG1 while multiple domains of BRG1 are probably important for binding to SMARCAL1. We also show that SIOD-associated mutants fail to form a complex with BRG1. Similarly, CSS4-associated mutants of BRG1 fail to interact with SMARCAL1, thus, possibly contributing to the failure of the DNA damage response pathway and pathophysiology associated with SIOD and CSS4.
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14
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Hao Q, Wang Z, Wang L, Han M, Zhang M, Gao X. Isoleucine stimulates mTOR and SREBP-1c gene expression for milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells through BRG1-mediated chromatin remodelling. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-11. [PMID: 35593529 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several amino acids can stimulate milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (MEC); however, the regulatory role of isoleucine (Ile) and underlying molecular mechanism remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of Ile on milk protein and fat synthesis in MEC and reveal the mediation mechanism of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) on this regulation. Ile dose dependently affected milk protein and fat synthesis, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression and maturation, and BRG1 protein expression in bovine MEC. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibition by LY294002 treatment blocked the stimulation of Ile on BRG1 expression. BRG1 knockdown and gene activation experiments showed that it mediated the stimulation of Ile on milk protein and fat synthesis, mTOR phosphorylation, and SREBP-1c expression and maturation in MEC. ChIP-PCR analysis detected that BRG1 bound to the promoters of mTOR and SREBP-1c, and ChIP-qPCR further detected that these bindings were increased by Ile stimulation. In addition, BRG1 positively regulated the binding of H3K27ac to these two promoters, while it negatively affected the binding of H3K27me3 to these promoters. BRG1 knockdown blocked the stimulation of Ile on these two gene expressions. The expression of BRG1 was higher in mouse mammary gland in the lactating period, compared with that in the puberty or dry period. Taken together, these experimental data reveal that Ile stimulates milk protein and fat synthesis in MEC via the PI3K-BRG1-mTOR/SREBP-1c pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihong Han
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou434023, People's Republic of China
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15
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Liao W, Du J, Wang Z, Feng Q, Liao M, Liu H, Yuan K, Zeng Y. The role and mechanism of noncoding RNAs in regulation of metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:337-347. [PMID: 35460073 PMCID: PMC9325518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is considered to be an important hallmark of cancer. Emerging studies have demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely associated with metabolic reprogramming of HCC. NcRNAs can directly regulate the expressions or functions of metabolic enzymes or indirectly regulate the metabolism of HCC cells through some vital signaling pathways. Until now, the mechanisms of HCC development and progression remain largely unclear, and understanding the regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs on metabolic reprogramming of HCC may provide an important basis for breakthrough progress in the treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarize the ncRNAs involved in regulating metabolic reprogramming of HCC. Specifically, the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism are elaborated. In addition, we discuss the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs in regulation of metabolic reprogramming and possible therapeutic strategies that target the metabolism of cancer cells by modulating the expressions of specific ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingbo Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingheng Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huixian Liu
- Department of Postanesthesia Care Unit & Surgical Anesthesia Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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16
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Fan C, Kam S, Ramadori P. Metabolism-Associated Epigenetic and Immunoepigenetic Reprogramming in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205250. [PMID: 34680398 PMCID: PMC8534280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes have been characterized as hallmarks of liver cancer. Independently of etiology, oncogenic pathways as well as the availability of different energetic substrates critically influence cellular metabolism, and the resulting perturbations often cause aberrant epigenetic alterations, not only in cancer cells but also in the hepatic tumor microenvironment. Metabolic intermediates serve as crucial substrates for various epigenetic modulations, from post-translational modification of histones to DNA methylation. In turn, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of metabolic genes supporting on the one hand, the increased energetic demand of cancer cells and, on the other hand, influence the activity of tumor-associated immune cell populations. In this review, we will illustrate the most recent findings about metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer. We will focus on the metabolic changes characterizing the tumor microenvironment and on how these alterations impact on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the malignant progression. Furthermore, we will report our current knowledge about the influence of cancer-specific metabolites on epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells and we will highlight how this favors a tumor-permissive immune environment. Finally, we will review the current strategies to target metabolic and epigenetic pathways and their therapeutic potential in liver cancer, alone or in combinatorial approaches.
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17
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Kong M, Dong W, Zhu Y, Fan Z, Miao X, Guo Y, Li C, Duan Y, Lu Y, Li Z, Xu Y. Redox-sensitive activation of CCL7 by BRG1 in hepatocytes during liver injury. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102079. [PMID: 34454163 PMCID: PMC8406035 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injuries induced by various stimuli share in common an acute inflammatory response, in which circulating macrophages home to the liver parenchyma to participate in the regulation of repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. In the present study we investigated the role of hepatocyte-derived C-C motif ligand 7 (CCL7) in macrophage migration during liver injury focusing on its transcriptional regulation. We report that CCL7 expression was up-regulated in the liver by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (acute liver injury) or methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) diet feeding (chronic liver injury) paralleling increased macrophage infiltration. CCL7 expression was also inducible in hepatocytes, but not in hepatic stellate cells or in Kupffer cells, by LPS treatment or exposure to palmitate in vitro. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, resulted in a concomitant loss of CCL7 induction and macrophage infiltration in the murine livers. Of interest, BRG1-induced CCL7 transcription and macrophage migration was completely blocked by the antioxidant N-acetylcystine. Further analyses revealed that BRG1 interacted with activator protein 1 (AP-1) to regulate CCL7 transcription in hepatocytes in a redox-sensitive manner mediated in part by casein kinase 2 (CK2)-catalyzed phosphorylation of BRG1. Importantly, a positive correlation between BRG1/CCL7 expression and macrophage infiltration was identified in human liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel role for BRG1 as a redox-sensitive activator of CCL7 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Chengping Li
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Yunfei Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Zilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China.
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18
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Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xu Q, Wu Z, Cao X, Shao M, Shu Y, Lv T, Lu C, Xie M, Wen T, Yang J, Shi Y, Bu H. Brahma-Related Gene 1 Inhibition Prevents Liver Fibrosis and Cholangiocarcinoma by Attenuating Progenitor Expansion. Hepatology 2021; 74:797-815. [PMID: 33650193 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is closely correlated with hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion and liver fibrosis. Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), an enzymatic subunit of the switch/sucrose nonfermentable complex that is critical in stem cell maintenance and tumor promotion, is prominently up-regulated in both HPCs and iCCA; however, its role in this correlation remains undefined. APPROACH AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort study indicated that high Brg1 expression suggests poor prognosis in patients with iCCA. In chronically injured livers induced by a 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet or bile duct ligation surgery, HPCs were dramatically activated, as indicated by their enhanced expression of Brg1 and a subset of stem cell markers; however, Brg1 ablation in HPCs strongly suppressed HPC expansion and liver fibrosis. Furthermore, in a chemically induced iCCA model, inhibition of Brg1 by a specific inhibitor or inducible gene ablation markedly improved histology and suppressed iCCA growth. Mechanistically, in addition to transcriptionally promoting both Wnt receptor genes and target genes, Brg1 was found to bind to the β-catenin/transcription factor 4 transcription complex, suggesting a possible approach for regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the function of Brg1 in promoting HPC expansion, liver cirrhosis, and, ultimately, iCCA development in chronically injured livers, which is largely dependent on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our data suggest that therapies targeting Brg1-expressing HPCs are promising for the treatment of liver cirrhosis and iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Department of Liver SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing Xu
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenru Wu
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoyue Cao
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mingyang Shao
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuke Shu
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tao Lv
- Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Department of Liver SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Changli Lu
- Department of PathologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mingjun Xie
- Department of General SurgeryThe First People's Hospital of YibinYibinChina
| | - Tianfu Wen
- Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Department of Liver SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Department of Liver SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yujun Shi
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Laboratory of Liver TransplantationFrontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of PathologyKey Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and ImmunologyNHCWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina.,Department of PathologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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19
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Kim SY, Shen Q, Son K, Kim HS, Yang HD, Na MJ, Shin E, Yu S, Kang K, You JS, Yu KR, Jeong SM, Lee EK, Ahn YM, Park WS, Nam SW. SMARCA4 oncogenic potential via IRAK1 enhancer to activate Gankyrin and AKR1B10 in liver cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4652-4662. [PMID: 34140644 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) is a multiprotein complex essential for the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. SWI/SNF complex genes are genetically altered in over 20% of human malignancies, but the aberrant regulation of the SWI/SNF subunit genes and subsequent dysfunction caused by abnormal expression of subunit gene in cancer, remain poorly understood. Among the SWI/SNF subunit genes, SMARCA4, SMARCC1, and SMARCA2 were identified to be overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Modulation of SMARCA4, SMARCC1, and SMARCA2 inhibited in vitro tumorigenesis of HCC cells. However, SMARCA4-targeting elicited remarkable inhibition in an in vivo Ras-transgenic mouse HCC model (Ras-Tg), and high expression levels of SMARCA4 significantly associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Furthermore, most HCC patients (72-86%) showed SMARCA4 overexpression compared to healthy controls. To identify SMARCA4-specific active enhancers, mapping, and analysis of chromatin state in liver cancer cells were performed. Integrative analysis of SMARCA4-regulated genes and active chromatin enhancers suggested 37 genes that are strongly activated by SMARCA4 in HCC. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and luciferase assays, we demonstrated that SMARCA4 activates Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) expression through IRAK1 active enhancer in HCC. We then showed that transcriptional activation of IRAK1 induces oncoprotein Gankyrin and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) in HCC. The regulatory mechanism of the SMARCA4-IRAK1-Gankyrin, AKR1B10 axis was further demonstrated in HCC cells and in vivo Ras-Tg mice. Our results suggest that aberrant overexpression of SMARCA4 causes SWI/SNF to promote IRAK1 enhancer to activate oncoprotein Gankyrin and AKR1B10, thereby contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yean Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingyu Shen
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Son
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- NEORNAT Inc, Rm# 305 Medical School Building, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Doo Yang
- NEORNAT Inc, Rm# 305 Medical School Building, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Na
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Shin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Rok Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Ahn
- Department of Kidney System, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- NEORNAT Inc, Rm# 305 Medical School Building, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Mall R, Saad M, Roelands J, Rinchai D, Kunji K, Almeer H, Hendrickx W, M Marincola F, Ceccarelli M, Bedognetti D. Network-based identification of key master regulators associated with an immune-silent cancer phenotype. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6274817. [PMID: 33979427 PMCID: PMC8574720 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer immune phenotype characterized by an active T-helper 1 (Th1)/cytotoxic response is associated with responsiveness to immunotherapy and favorable prognosis across different tumors. However, in some cancers, such an intratumoral immune activation does not confer protection from progression or relapse. Defining mechanisms associated with immune evasion is imperative to refine stratification algorithms, to guide treatment decisions and to identify candidates for immune-targeted therapy. Molecular alterations governing mechanisms for immune exclusion are still largely unknown. The availability of large genomic datasets offers an opportunity to ascertain key determinants of differential intratumoral immune response. We follow a network-based protocol to identify transcription regulators (TRs) associated with poor immunologic antitumor activity. We use a consensus of four different pipelines consisting of two state-of-the-art gene regulatory network inference techniques, regularized gradient boosting machines and ARACNE to determine TR regulons, and three separate enrichment techniques, including fast gene set enrichment analysis, gene set variation analysis and virtual inference of protein activity by enriched regulon analysis to identify the most important TRs affecting immunologic antitumor activity. These TRs, referred to as master regulators (MRs), are unique to immune-silent and immune-active tumors, respectively. We validated the MRs coherently associated with the immune-silent phenotype across cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas and a series of additional datasets in the Prediction of Clinical Outcomes from Genomic Profiles repository. A downstream analysis of MRs specific to the immune-silent phenotype resulted in the identification of several enriched candidate pathways, including NOTCH1, TGF-$\beta $, Interleukin-1 and TNF-$\alpha $ signaling pathways. TGFB1I1 emerged as one of the main negative immune modulators preventing the favorable effects of a Th1/cytotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Mall
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamad Saad
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Kunji
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hossam Almeer
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Claudio 21, 80215 Naples, Italy.,Biogem, Istituto di Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino (AV)
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Mechanisms by Which Probiotic Bacteria Attenuate the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052606. [PMID: 33807605 PMCID: PMC7961993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chronic infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the major extrinsic risk factors of HCC development. Genetic background is pivotal in HCC pathogenesis, and both germline mutations and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are intrinsic risk factors of HCC. These HCC risk factors predispose to hepatic injury and subsequent activation of fibrogenesis that progresses into cirrhosis and HCC. Probiotic bacteria can mitigate HCC risk by modulating host gut microbiota (GM) to promote growth of beneficial microbes and inhibit HCC-associated dysbiosis, thus preventing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-mediated hepatic inflammation. Probiotics have antiviral activities against HBV and HCV infections, ameliorate obesity and risk of NAFLD/NASH, and their antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic effects can prevent the HCC pathogenesis. Probiotics also upregulate the expression of tumor suppressor genes and downregulate oncogene expression. Moreover, metabolites generated by probiotics through degradation of dietary phytochemicals may mitigate the risk of HCC development. These multiple anticancer mechanisms illustrate the potential of probiotics as an adjuvant strategy for HCC risk management and treatment.
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22
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Pyziak K, Sroka-Porada A, Rzymski T, Dulak J, Łoboda A. Potential of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 inhibitors for the treatment of SWI/SNF mutant cancers and tumor microenvironment modulation. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:730-753. [PMID: 33565092 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a catalytic component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), is commonly overexpressed or mutated in many cancer types, both of hematological and solid nature. Till now, plenty of EZH2 small molecule inhibitors have been developed and some of them have already been tested in clinical trials. Most of these inhibitors, however, are effective only in limited cases in the context of EZH2 gain-of-function mutated tumors such as lymphomas. Other cancer types with aberrant EZH2 expression and function require alternative approaches for successful treatment. One possibility is to exploit synthetic lethal strategy, which is based on the phenomenon that concurrent loss of two genes is detrimental but the deletion of either of them leaves cell viable. In the context of EZH2/PRC2, the most promising synthetic lethal target seems to be SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable chromatin remodeling complex (SWI/SNF), which is known to counteract PRC2 functions. SWI/SNF is heavily involved in carcinogenesis and its subunits have been found mutated in approximately 20% of tumors of different kinds. In the current review, we summarize the existing knowledge of synthetic lethal relationships between EZH2/PRC2 and components of the SWI/SNF complex and discuss in detail the potential application of existing EZH2 inhibitors in cancer patients harboring mutations in SWI/SNF proteins. We also highlight recent discoveries of EZH2 involvement in tumor microenvironment regulation and consequences for future therapies. Although clinical studies are limited, the fundamental research might help to understand which patients are most likely to benefit from therapies using EZH2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pyziak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Biology R&D, Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łoboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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23
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Liu X, Yuan X, Liang G, Zhang S, Zhang G, Qin Y, Zhu Q, Xiao Q, Hou N, Luo JD. BRG1 protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction by reducing oxidative damage through the activation of the NRF2/HO1 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:820-836. [PMID: 32950688 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) regulates the chromatin structure and expression of cardiac genes. Although BRG1 is downregulated in adult cardiomyocytes, it is reactivated during cardiac stress. The role of BRG1 in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been clearly defined. This study assessed the protective role of BRG1 in AMI using cell cultures and an animal model and explored the underlying molecular events. The results showed that in the peri-infarct zone, expression of BRG1 protein was significantly increased relative to the sham group, which was accompanied by NRF2 and HO1 upregulation and KEAP1 downregulation. BRG1 overexpression through adenoviral intramyocardial injection into AMI mice reduced the infarct size and improved cardiac functions with upregulation of NRF2 and its target HO1 and attenuated oxidative damage and cell apoptosis. However, shRNA-mediated Brg1 knockdown had the opposite effects. These results were further confirmed in cultured primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Moreover, the selective NRF2 inhibitor brusatol could partially reverse cardiomyocyte antioxidant ability and BRG1 overexpression-induced cardiac protection in vitro. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence data showed that BRG1 overexpression significantly promoted the BRG1/NRF2 co-localization in cardiomyocytes. The chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR revealed BRG1 interaction with the Ho1 promoter and BRG1 overexpression could induce BRG1 binding to the Ho1 promoter during the OGD. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that BRG1 upregulation during AMI in vitro and in vivo increased the NRF2 level and NRF2 nuclear accumulation for HO1 expression to alleviate cardiac myocyte oxidative stress and upregulate cardiomyocyte viability. The BRG1-NRF2-HO1 pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target in the prevention of cardiac dysfunction in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guanfeng Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shuyun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qiulian Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Jian-Dong Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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24
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Innis SM, Cabot B. GBAF, a small BAF sub-complex with big implications: a systematic review. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:48. [PMID: 33143733 PMCID: PMC7607862 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes is crucial for maintaining chromatin organization and facilitating gene transcription. In the SWI/SNF family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, distinct complexes such as BAF, PBAF, GBAF, esBAF and npBAF/nBAF are of particular interest regarding their implications in cellular differentiation and development, as well as in various diseases. The recently identified BAF subcomplex GBAF is no exception to this, and information is emerging linking this complex and its components to crucial events in mammalian development. Furthermore, given the essential nature of many of its subunits in maintaining effective chromatin remodeling function, it comes as no surprise that aberrant expression of GBAF complex components is associated with disease development, including neurodevelopmental disorders and numerous malignancies. It becomes clear that building upon our knowledge of GBAF and BAF complex function will be essential for advancements in both mammalian reproductive applications and the development of more effective therapeutic interventions and strategies. Here, we review the roles of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subcomplex GBAF and its subunits in mammalian development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Innis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Birgit Cabot
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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25
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Enhanced SMARCD1, a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, promotes liver cancer growth through the mTOR pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1457-1472. [PMID: 32514535 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF regulates the accessibility of target genes to transcription factors and plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The SWI/SNF complex is assembled from approximately 15 subunits, and most of these subunits have distinct roles and are often aberrantly expressed in HCC. A comprehensive exploration of the expression and clinical significance of these subunits would be of great value. In the present study, we obtained the gene expression profile of each SWI/SNF subunit and the corresponding clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that 14 out of the 15 SWI/SNF subunits were significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with paired normal liver tissues, and 11 subunits were significantly associated with overall survival (OS). We identified a four-gene prognostic signature including actin-like 6A (ACTL6A), AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A), SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 1 (SMARCC1) and SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily D, member 1 (SMARCD1) that could effectively predict OS in HCC patients. Among the genes, SMARCD1 has the most prognostic value. We further conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments and revealed that SMARCD1 promotes liver cancer growth by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study has revealed that the expression of SWI/SNF complex subunits, especially SMARCD1, is highly associated with HCC development and acts as a promising prognostic predictor.
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26
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The mechanisms of action of chromatin remodelers and implications in development and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Tian H, Zhu X, Lv Y, Jiao Y, Wang G. Glucometabolic Reprogramming in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment: Cause and Effect. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5957-5974. [PMID: 32765096 PMCID: PMC7381782 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s258196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor that exhibits glucometabolic reprogramming, with a high incidence and poor prognosis. Usually, HCC is not discovered until an advanced stage. Sorafenib is almost the only drug that is effective at treating advanced HCC, and promising metabolism-related therapeutic targets of HCC are urgently needed. The “Warburg effect” illustrates that tumor cells tend to choose aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is closely related to the features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The HCC microenvironment consists of hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and contributes to tumor glycolysis. In turn, the glycolysis of the tumor aggravates hypoxia, acidosis and immune suppression, and leads to tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis. In 2017, a mechanism underlying the effects of gluconeogenesis on inhibiting glycolysis and blockading HCC progression was proposed. Treating HCC by increasing gluconeogenesis has attracted increasing attention from scientists, but few articles have summarized it. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms associated with the TME, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and the current treatments for HCC. We believe that a treatment combination of sorafenib with TME improvement and/or anti-Warburg therapies will set the trend of advanced HCC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - You Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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