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Optimization of the Hemolysis Assay for the Assessment of Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032914. [PMID: 36769243 PMCID: PMC9917735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro determination of hemolytic properties is a common and important method for preliminary evaluation of cytotoxicity of chemicals, drugs, or any blood-contacting medical device or material. The method itself is relatively straightforward, however, protocols used in the literature vary substantially. This leads to significant difficulties both in interpreting and in comparing the obtained values. Here, we examine how the different variables used under different experimental setups may affect the outcome of this assay. We find that certain key parameters affect the hemolysis measurements in a critical manner. The hemolytic effect of compounds tested here varied up to fourfold depending on the species of the blood source. The use of different types of detergents used for generating positive control samples (i.e., 100% hemolysis) produced up to 2.7-fold differences in the calculated hemolysis ratios. Furthermore, we find an expected, but substantial, increase in the number of hemolyzed erythrocytes with increasing erythrocyte concentration and with prolonged incubation time, which in turn affects the calculated hemolysis ratios. Based on our findings we propose an optimized protocol in an attempt to standardize future hemolysis studies.
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Yu Y, Chen P, Gao M, Lan W, Sun S, Ma Z, Sultani R, Cui Y, Umar MN, Khan SW, Cai X, Liang Z, Tan H. Amphotericin B Tamed by Salicylic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14690-14696. [PMID: 35557655 PMCID: PMC9088917 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although Amphotericin B (AmB) is considered as the "gold standard" treatment for deep fungal infections, owing to its excellent antifungal effect, it often causes severe hemolytic toxicity and nephrotoxicity, which limits its clinical use. We designed and synthesized AmB derivatives by attaching salicylic acid (SA) to the carboxyl group and confirmed their structures using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HR-MS, and IR. We evaluated its biological activity in vitro and measured its ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum. The AmB-SA conjugates exhibited good antifungal effects against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans compared with AmB, and the renal cytotoxicity toward HEK 293T cells in vitro was significantly reduced, with almost no nephrotoxicity in the therapeutic window of the drug. At the same time, the hemolytic toxicity was significantly reduced. Therefore, modification of AmB by introducing SA is an effective strategy to maintain the broad antifungal activity of AmB and reduce its cytotoxicity. These AmB derivatives could be applied in clinical therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department
of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Rome Sultani
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources; College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yincang Cui
- Physics and
Chemistry Detect Center, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Umar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
| | - Sher Wali Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University
Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Department
of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liang
- Pneumology
Department, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Pneumology
Department, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
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